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in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">e-pee-<span style="font-size:90%">KEYE</span>-reem</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a compound <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> in which at least one of the premises is stated along with a justification for itself.<sup id="cite_ref-maritain_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cothran_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cothran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epicheirema are abridged <a href="/wiki/Polysyllogism" title="Polysyllogism">polysyllogisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">enthymeme</a>, epicheirema are often used in everyday speech.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_form">Basic form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicheireme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An epicheireme is a compound <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> in which at least one of the premises is stated along with a justification for itself. The justificatory portion is referred to as a <i>causal proposition</i>, and is usually introduced by the words "for", "since", or "because". An example of an epicheireme is as follows, with the causal proposition marked in bold italics:<sup id="cite_ref-maritain_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cothran_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cothran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>All waiters are beneficent <i><b>because they cater to the needs of their customers.</b></i></dd> <dd>Darryl is a waiter.</dd> <dd>Therefore, Darryl is beneficent.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_kinds_of_epicheirema">Three kinds of epicheirema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicheireme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Three kinds of epicheirema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epicheirema are categorized in three varieties, depending on which premise (or premises) contain a causal proposition. In a first order epicheireme, the causal proposition is in the major premise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>First Order Epicheireme</b> </p> <dl><dd>All M are P, <i><b>since r</b></i></dd> <dd>S is M</dd> <dd>Therefore, S is P</dd></dl> <p>(where <b>r</b> is the justification for the proposition that precedes it) </p><p>In a second order epicheireme, the causal proposition is in the minor premise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Second Order Epicheireme</b> </p> <dl><dd>All M are P</dd> <dd>S is M, <i><b>since r</b></i></dd> <dd>Therefore, S is P</dd></dl> <p>In a third order epichireme, there are causal propositions in both premises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Third Order Epicheireme</b> </p> <dl><dd>All M are P, <i><b>since r<sub>1</sub></b></i></dd> <dd>S is M, <i><b>since r<sub>2</sub></b></i></dd> <dd>Therefore, S is P</dd></dl> <p>A concrete example of a third order epicheireme is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>All waiters are beneficent <i><b>because they cater to the needs of their customers.</b></i></dd> <dd>Darryl is a waiter <i><b>since Darryl serves tables at Chez Casimir</b></i></dd> <dd>Therefore, Darryl is beneficent.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicheireme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">plural "epicheirema" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">e-pee-keye-<span style="font-size:90%">REEM</span>-ə</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicheireme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-maritain-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maritain_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maritain_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Maritain" class="citation book cs1">J. Maritain. <i>Formal Logic</i>. Sheed & Ward. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007F0HL0">B0007F0HL0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formal+Logic&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007F0HL0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=J.+Maritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpicheireme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cothran-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cothran_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cothran_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Cothran2017" class="citation book cs1">Martin Cothran (2017). <i>Traditional Logic II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Memoria_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoria Press">Memoria Press</a>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Logic+II&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Memoria+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Martin+Cothran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpicheireme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSister_Miriam_Joseph,_C.S.C.,_Ph.D." class="citation book cs1">Sister Miriam Joseph, C.S.C., Ph.D. <i>The Trivium - The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric</i>. PAUL DRY BOOKS. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0967967509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0967967509"><bdi>978-0967967509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trivium+-+The+Liberal+Arts+of+Logic%2C+Grammar%2C+and+Rhetoric&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=PAUL+DRY+BOOKS&rft.isbn=978-0967967509&rft.au=Sister+Miriam+Joseph%2C+C.S.C.%2C+Ph.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpicheireme" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_of_opposition" title="Square of opposition">Square of opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_multiple_generality" title="Problem of multiple generality">Problem of multiple generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictum_de_omni_et_nullo" title="Dictum de omni et nullo">Dictum de omni et nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncategorematic_term" title="Syncategorematic term">Syncategorema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Predicable" title="Predicable">Predicable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus_(philosophy)" title="Genus (philosophy)">Genus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">Accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodicticity" title="Apodicticity">Apodictic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertoric" title="Assertoric">Assertoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorical_proposition" title="Categorical proposition">Categorical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosleptic_syllogism" title="Prosleptic syllogism">Prosleptic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Terms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_term" class="mw-redirect" title="End term">End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle term">Middle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baralipton" title="Baralipton">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroco" title="Baroco">Baroco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organon" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isagoge" title="Isagoge">Isagoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Logic" title="Port-Royal Logic">Port-Royal Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_of_Logic" title="Sum of Logic">Sum of Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_False_Subtlety_of_the_Four_Syllogistic_Figures" title="The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures">The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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