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id="toc-Post-WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Post-WWII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schools of thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools of thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_and_contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_and_contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-classical and contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_and_contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Revolutionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Evolutionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Key issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender,_sexuality,_and_free_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender,_sexuality,_and_free_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gender, sexuality, and free love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender,_sexuality,_and_free_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Tertiary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anarchism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anargisme" title="Anargisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anargisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%93%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ሥርዓት አልበኝነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥርዓት አልበኝነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B7ealdl%C4%ABste_r%C7%A3d" title="Ƿealdlīste rǣd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ƿealdlīste rǣd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لاسلطوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاسلطوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নৈৰাজ্যবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নৈৰাজ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismu" title="Anarquismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anarquismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko_mburuvicha%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Teko mburuvicha'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Teko mburuvicha'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarxizm" title="Anarxizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anarxizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آنارشیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنارشیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নৈরাজ্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৈরাজ্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA_Ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Bû-chèng-hú Chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-chèng-hú Chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анархізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анархізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Анархизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анархизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="གཞུང་མེད་ལམ་སྲོལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཞུང་མེད་ལམ་སྲོལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizam" title="Anarhizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anarhizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anveliouriezh" title="Anveliouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anveliouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquisme" title="Anarquisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anarquisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anarkismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchiaeth" title="Anarchiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anarchiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhism" title="Anarhism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anarhism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αναρχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναρχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkiismo" title="Anarkiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anarkiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismu" title="Anarquismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Anarquismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anarkismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آنارشیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنارشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalbali" title="Khalbali – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khalbali" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisma" title="Anarkisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Anarkisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchisme" title="Anarchisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anarchisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anargisme" title="Anargisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anargisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainrialachas" title="Ainrialachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainrialachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain-Riaghailteachd" title="Ain-Riaghailteachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ain-Riaghailteachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آنارشيسم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آنارشيسم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title="અશાસન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અશાસન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%ED%82%A4%EC%A6%98" title="아나키즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아나키즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Անարխիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անարխիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अराजकतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अराजकतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizam" title="Anarhizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anarhizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkiismo" title="Anarkiismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anarkiismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Anarkismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismo" title="Anarchismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anarchismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnleysisstefna" title="Stjórnleysisstefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnleysisstefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismo" title="Anarchismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anarchismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנרכיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרכיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಅರಾಜಕತಾವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಾಜಕತಾವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანარქიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანარქიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direwlieth" title="Direwlieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Direwlieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utawala_huria" title="Utawala huria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utawala huria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakizm" title="Anakizm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anakizm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anar%C5%9F%C3%AEzm" title="Anarşîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anarşîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkizmo" title="Anarkizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Anarkizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95" title="ອະນາທິປະໄຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອະນາທິປະໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhisms" title="Anarhisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anarhisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchizmas" title="Anarchizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anarchizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchisme" title="Anarchisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Anarchisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcisme" title="Anarcisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anarcisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nonje%27asi%27o" title="nonje'asi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nonje'asi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchizmus" title="Anarchizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anarchizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Анархизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анархизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarsisma" title="Anarsisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anarsisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അരാജകത്വവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരാജകത്വവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarki%C5%BCmu" title="Anarkiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Anarkiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अराजकता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अराजकता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანარქიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანარქიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اناركيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اناركيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="آنارشیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنارشیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="မင်းမဲ့ဝါဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မင်းမဲ့ဝါဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchisme" title="Anarchisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anarchisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अराजकतावाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अराजकतावाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="アナキズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナキズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquisme" title="Anarquisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anarquisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarxizm" title="Anarxizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anarxizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਰਾਜਕਤਾਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਾਜਕਤਾਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%85" title="انارکزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انارکزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="انارشيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انارشيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaakizam" title="Anaakizam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Anaakizam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismus" title="Anarchismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Anarchismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchizm" title="Anarchizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anarchizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anarquismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizm" title="Anarhizm – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Anarhizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhism" title="Anarhism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anarhism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анархізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkizmi" title="Anarkizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anarkizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="අරාජකවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අරාජකවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anarchism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchizmus" title="Anarchizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anarchizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizem" title="Anarhizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anarhizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئەنارکیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنارکیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Анархизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анархизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizam" title="Anarhizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anarhizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Anarkisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismi" title="Anarkismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anarkismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anarkism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anarkismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="அரசின்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசின்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Анархизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="అరాజకత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరాజకత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="ลัทธิอนาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิอนาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Беҳокимиятӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Беҳокимиятӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anar%C5%9Fizm" title="Anarşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anarşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Анархізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анархізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="نراج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نراج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ئانارخىزم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئانارخىزم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzcwngfujcujyi" title="Vuzcwngfujcujyi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuzcwngfujcujyi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismo" title="Anarchismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Anarchismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarhizm" title="Anarhizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Anarhizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_v%C3%B4_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Chủ nghĩa vô trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa vô trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naargidim" title="Naargidim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Naargidim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Anarkism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A5rtchisse" title="Anårtchisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anårtchisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="無政府主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="無政府主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarkismo" title="Anarkismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anarkismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无政府主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנארכיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנארכיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="無政府主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無政府主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anar%C5%9Fizm" title="Anarşizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Anarşizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anark%C4%97zmos" title="Anarkėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Anarkėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无政府主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anarchism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">movement</a> that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, typically including the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless societies</a> and voluntary <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(communism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (communism and anarchism)">free associations</a>. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>). </p><p>Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">workers' struggles</a> for <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>. <a href="#Schools_of_thought">Various anarchist schools of thought</a> formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in <a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">several revolutions</a>, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, whose end marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_era_of_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical era of anarchism">classical era of anarchism</a>. In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more, growing in popularity and influence within <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation">anti-globalisation</a> movements. </p><p>Anarchists employ <a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">diverse approaches</a>, which may be generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary strategies">evolutionary strategies</a>; there is significant overlap between the two. Evolutionary methods try to simulate what an anarchist society might be like, but revolutionary tactics, which have historically taken a <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent</a> turn, aim to overthrow authority and the state. Many facets of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">human civilization</a> have been influenced by anarchist theory, critique, and <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_terminology,_and_definition"><span id="Etymology.2C_terminology.2C_and_definition"></span>Etymology, terminology, and definition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary of anarchism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilhelmWeitling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WilhelmWeitling.jpg/220px-WilhelmWeitling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WilhelmWeitling.jpg/330px-WilhelmWeitling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/WilhelmWeitling.jpg/440px-WilhelmWeitling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a> is an example of a writer who added to anarchist theory without using the exact term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson197222–23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson197222–23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> origin of <i>anarchism</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>anarkhia</i> (ἀναρχία), meaning "without a ruler", composed of the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <i>an-</i> ("without") and the word <i>arkhos</i> ("leader" or "ruler"). The <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i><a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a></i> denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates2017128Long2013217_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates2017128Long2013217-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anarchism</i> appears in English from 1642 as <i>anarchisme</i> and <i>anarchy</i> from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2019"Anarchism"''Oxford_English_Dictionary''2005"Anarchism"Sylvan2007260_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2019"Anarchism"''Oxford_English_Dictionary''2005"Anarchism"Sylvan2007260-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various factions within the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> labelled their opponents as <i>anarchists</i>, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (1756–1836) and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a> (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use <i>anarchist</i> or <i>anarchism</i> in describing themselves or their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoll196427–37_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoll196427–37-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">political philosopher</a> to call himself an <i>anarchist</i> (French: <i lang="fr">anarchiste</i>) was <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> (1809–1865),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau1996162_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau1996162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a></i> has often been used as a synonym for anarchism;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin1970"The_Basic_Ideas_of_Anarchism"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin1970"The_Basic_Ideas_of_Anarchism"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200462Goodway20064Skirda2002183Fernández20099_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200462Goodway20064Skirda2002183Fernández20099-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some usages of <i>libertarianism</i> refer to <a href="/wiki/Individualistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualistic">individualistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> philosophy only, and <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">free-market anarchism</a> in particular is termed <i>libertarian anarchism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200261_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200261-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term <i>libertarian</i> has been largely synonymous with anarchism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its meaning has more recently been diluted by wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including both the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxists">libertarian Marxists</a>, who do not associate themselves with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian socialists">authoritarian socialists</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>, and extreme <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural liberals">cultural liberals</a>, who are primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some anarchists use <i><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096LevyAdams2018104_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096LevyAdams2018104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anarchism</i> is broadly used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement">socialist movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state-oriented</a> or from above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201564_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201564-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being both liberal and socialist but more so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter200244_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter200244-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars reject <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">opposition to the state</a> is central to anarchist thought, defining <i>anarchism</i> is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–26_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_era">Pre-modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Napoli,_1969)_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/150px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/225px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/300px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 334</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 262 BC</span>), whose <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Zeno)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Zeno)">Republic</a></i> inspired <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>. In China, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a> (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoutinho2016Marshall199354_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoutinho2016Marshall199354-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, Taoism has been said to have had "significant anticipations" of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvan2007257_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvan2007257-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a> in Greece. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> used the myth of <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a> to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> questioned <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a> dismissed human law (<i><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(sociology)" title="Nomos (sociology)">nomos</a></i>) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (<i><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">physis</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934,_66–73_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934,_66–73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>, there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">religious anarchism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a> called for an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of monarchy</a>, only to be soon executed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, religious sects preached against the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, various religious sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau19968_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau19968-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewed interest in antiquity during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and in private judgment during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> restored elements of anti-authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in Europe, particularly in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993108_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993108-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">revolutions of the 1790s and 1848</a> all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018307_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018307-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, partisan groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i></span> saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> espoused <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">in England</a>, morally delegitimising the state, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>'s thinking paved the way to <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> found fertile soil <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">in France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934–5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934–5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wave of then-unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> occurred from 1880 to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201110–15_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201110–15-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era of <a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">classical anarchism</a> lasted until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and is considered the golden age of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934–5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934–5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bakunin.png/170px-Bakunin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bakunin.png/255px-Bakunin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bakunin.png/340px-Bakunin.png 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.</figcaption></figure> <p>Drawing from mutualism, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist anarchism</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>, a class <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> later known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a> that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Federation" title="Jura Federation">Jura Federation</a>) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, advocating political <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> and small property holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312Thomas1985187ChaliandBlin2007116_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312Thomas1985187ChaliandBlin2007116-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1872_Hague_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 Hague Congress">1872 Hague Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–336Marshall199324_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–336Marshall199324-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists were treated similarly in the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a>, being ultimately expelled in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201112_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201112-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">new tyrants of workers</a>. In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the <a href="/wiki/St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Imier International">St. Imier International</a>. Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, a Russian philosopher and scientist, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> overlapped with <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19935_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19935-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods <a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">according to one's needs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xii_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005xii-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, anarchism had spread all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoya2015327_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoya2015327-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a notable feature of the international <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalist</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201116_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201116-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a>, small groups of students imported the <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> pro-science version of anarcho-communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993519–521_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993519–521-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Tokyo</a> was a hotspot for <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellious</a> youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirlik1991133Ramnath2019681–682_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik1991133Ramnath2019681–682-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a> was a stronghold for <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201123Laursen2019157Marshall1993504–508_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201123Laursen2019157Marshall1993504–508-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–636_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–636-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a> to <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colonies</a> following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to prevent <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchists immigrating to the US</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act of 1903</a>, also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–636LutzUlmschneider201946_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993633–636LutzUlmschneider201946-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a> was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBantman2019374_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBantman2019374-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhno_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/220px-Makhno_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/330px-Makhno_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/440px-Makhno_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Nestor Makhno seen with members of the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite concerns, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">anarchists</a> enthusiastically participated in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a>; however, they met harsh suppression after the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik government">Bolshevik government</a> had stabilised, including during the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">anarchist movement there</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich2006204-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">platformism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">synthesis anarchism</a>. The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party. Seeing the victories of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, many workers and activists turned to <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a>, which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> left their organisations and joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENomad196688_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENomad196688-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–39, anarchists and syndicalists (<a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a>) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish anarchism">Spanish anarchism</a> led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a>. In response to the army <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist-inspired movement</a> of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and of large areas of rural Spain, where they <a href="/wiki/Collectivised" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivised">collectivised</a> the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolloten19841107_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten19841107-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight between communists and other leftists in a series of events known as the <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> asserted Soviet control of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> government, ending in another defeat of anarchists at the hands of the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi,_466_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi,_466-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-WWII">Post-WWII</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/220px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/330px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg/440px-Rojava_Sewing_Cooperative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava's</a> support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the anarchist movement had been severely weakened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and tensions built by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993539_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993539-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movements</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi,_539_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993xi,_539-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist reform">anti-capitalist reformism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20115_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism became associated with <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> as exemplified by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993493–494_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993493–494-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The established <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> tendencies of <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a> returned with vigour during the <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave of feminism">second wave of feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993556–557_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993556–557-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black anarchism</a> began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015680_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015680-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmon201170_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmon201170-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation">anti-globalisation</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupert200666_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupert200666-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a>, <i>ad hoc</i> <a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">leaderless</a> anonymous cadres known as <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black blocs</a> engaged in rioting, <a href="/wiki/Property_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Property destruction">property destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent</a> confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include <a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">affinity groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">security culture</a> and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the <a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Seattle WTO conference">1999 Seattle WTO conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupert200666_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupert200666-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatistas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a> and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">autonomous region</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnath2019691-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a> (following the theories of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a>), based on <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid" title="Mutual aid">mutual interdependence</a> and voluntary cooperation. Scholar Carissa Honeywell takes the example of <a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a> group of collectives, to highlight some features of how contemporary anarchist groups work: <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, working together and in solidarity with those left behind. While doing so, Food Not Bombs provides <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness raising</a> about the rising rates of world <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> and suggest policies to tackle hunger, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">de-funding</a> the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a> to addressing <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed_saving" title="Seed saving">seed-saving</a> policies and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, helping <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>, and resisting the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of food and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoneywell202134–44_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneywell202134–44-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honeywell also emphasizes that contemporary anarchists are interested in the flourishing not only of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">non-humans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environment</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoneywell20211–2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneywell20211–2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honeywell argues that their analysis of capitalism and governments results in anarchists <a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">rejecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and the state as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoneywell20211–3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoneywell20211–3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Branches"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2></div> <p>Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, owing to their different origins, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> and evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2003"Anarchism"Ostergaard200314"Anarchism"_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2003"Anarchism"Ostergaard200314"Anarchism"-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individualist current emphasises <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a> in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a> in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisonBoyd2003251_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisonBoyd2003251-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (<a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">post-anarchism</a>) developed thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdams20189_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdams20189-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">moral legitimacy</a>, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgoumenides20142_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgoumenides20142-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A component especially of individualist anarchism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstergaard200312Gabardi1986300–302_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstergaard200312Gabardi1986300–302-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Minimal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal state">minimal state</a> but claims that citizens have no <a href="/wiki/Moral_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral obligation">moral obligation</a> to obey government when it conflicts with individual <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlosko20054_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlosko20054-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2019549_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2019549-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism's emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, and for the extension of community and <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuality</a> sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of <a href="/wiki/Economic_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic libertarian">economic libertarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgHyUj9HFYBICpgPP15_xi]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgHyUj9HFYBICpgPP15_xi]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of its <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">legal philosophy</a> reflect <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-statist">anti-statist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a> interpretations of left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> politics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, among other <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> economic theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin197035"Critique_of_authoritarian_socialism"_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin197035"Critique_of_authoritarian_socialism"-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> from a single particular <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199314–17_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199314–17-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvan2007262_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvan2007262-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reaction against <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> within the anarchist milieu was <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">anarchism without adjectives</a>, a call for <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">toleration</a> and unity among anarchists first adopted by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Tarrida_del_M%C3%A1rmol" title="Fernando Tarrida del Mármol">Fernando Tarrida del Mármol</a> in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19966_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19966-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in political <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> has been espoused by anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter200252_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter200252-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of shared principles such as autonomy, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid" title="Mutual aid">mutual aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19931–6AngelbeckGrier2012551_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19931–6AngelbeckGrier2012551-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> is the primary proponent of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> and influenced many future <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchist</a> thinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216–218_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216–218-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualism</a>. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (<a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">syndicalist</a>). They differ on <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organisational</a> and economic aspects of their ideal society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdams20182_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdams20182-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include "abolishing the state",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">free association</a>, voluntary contract, federation and <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">monetary reform</a> of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–218_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–218-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19966Miller199111_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19966Miller199111-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Property?">What Is Property?</a></i> (1840), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson2013187_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson2013187-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectivist anarchism is a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary socialist">revolutionary socialist</a> form of anarchism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199376_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199376-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2019101_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2019101-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectivist anarchists advocate <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19963–4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19963–4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism. Collectivist anarchism arose alongside <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> but rejected the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood2017146–147Bakunin1990_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2017146–147Bakunin1990-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> with <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the means of production,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayne1999131_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayne1999131-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held by a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> network of <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_need" class="mw-redirect" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his need">From each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Turcato2019237–238_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Turcato2019237–238-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2005_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2005-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was first formulated as such in the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPernicone2009111–113_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPernicone2009111–113-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurcato2019239–244_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcato2019239–244-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy20116_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20116-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views <a href="/wiki/Labour_syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour syndicate">labour syndicates</a> as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, workers' <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Walt2019249_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Walt2019249-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a> over any kinds of external determinants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyley2019225_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyley2019225-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>. Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993440-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">illegalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">individual reclamation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImrie1994Parry198715_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImrie1994Parry198715-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_and_contemporary">Post-classical and contemporary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary anarchism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG/220px-Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG/330px-Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG/440px-Jarach_and_Zerzan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Lawrence Jarach (left) and <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a> and Jarach a notable advocate of <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">post-left anarchy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvren20111_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvren20111-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvren20112_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvren20112-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvren20112_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvren20112-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">combining disparate concepts</a> to create new philosophical approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007303_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007303-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black bloc</a> demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence. Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">history</a> to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academic</a> theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010110Evren20111AngelbeckGrier2012549_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010110Evren20111AngelbeckGrier2012549-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013385–386_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013385–386-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While theorists and activists have established "relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple <i>anarchisms</i>, rather than a singular <i>anarchism</i>, in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a> can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013386_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013386-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">hierarchical</a> forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun2009507–508_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJun2009507–508-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun2009507_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJun2009507-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of <a href="/wiki/Equal_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal liberty">equal liberty</a> is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgoumenides201491_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgoumenides201491-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2></div> <p>Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a> and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value" title="Instrumental and intrinsic value">unity of means and ends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019107–108_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019107–108-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184–5_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184–5-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary tactics embrace <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019125_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019125-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century. Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a <a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">broader array of approaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019112_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019112-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era">Classical era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/220px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/330px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/440px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">anarchism and violence</a> is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassinating</a> <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a>. Assassination attempts were carried out against <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a>, some of which were successful. Anarchists also took part in revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019112–113_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019112–113-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many anarchists, especially the <a href="/wiki/Galleanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleanists">Galleanists</a>, believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris20207–8_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris20207–8-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201113Nesser201262_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201113Nesser201262-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and of targeting and cataloging by state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmon201155_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmon201155-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1978320_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1978320-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifists</a> advocate for non-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2017section_3.1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2017section_3.1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other anarchist groups advocate <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, a tactic which can include acts of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019116–117_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019116–117-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_evil" title="Necessary evil">necessary evil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1978320–325_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1978320–325-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, seeing it as <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a>. They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019113_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019113-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">within the arts</a>, some of whom practiced <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">naturism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nudism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudism">nudism</a>. Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019114_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019114-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg/220px-Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg/330px-Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg/440px-Black_bloc_at_RNC_running.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Black bloc protesters parading anarcho-communism imagery such as the motto "<a href="/wiki/No_War_but_the_Class_War" class="mw-redirect" title="No War but the Class War">No War but the Class War</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the current era, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Alfredo Bonanno</a>, a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary anarchism</a>, has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group <a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee" title="The Invisible Committee">The Invisible Committee</a> advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression using <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies. <a href="/wiki/Tarnac_Nine" title="Tarnac Nine">Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008</a> on various charges, terrorism included.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019134–135_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019134–135-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors. They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a>. Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019115_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019115-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racists</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> action and mobilizing to prevent hate rallies from happening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019117_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019117-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary">Evolutionary</h3></div> <p>Anarchists commonly employ <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communes</a> and non-hierarchical collectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184–5_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20184–5-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">equal say in each decision</a>, an approach known as <a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">horizontalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019109–117_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019109–117-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary-era anarchists have been engaging with various <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations. In contrast with the "big-A Anarchism" of the classical era, the newly coined term "small-a anarchism" signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions. Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience, which they will later theorize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019145–149_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019145–149-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">prefigurative politics</a> is enacted by many contemporary anarchist groups, striving to embody the principles, organization and tactics of the changed social structure they hope to bring about. As part of this the decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019109,_119_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019109,_119-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists have employed various methods to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group. One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of <a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitator</a> to help achieve a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point. Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values. Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members. These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks. Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strikes</a> as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019119–121_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019119–121-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online to spread their message. Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019118–119_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019118–119-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free. The way these <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivists</a> work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">state surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019120–121_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019120–121-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchists organize themselves to <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squat</a> and reclaim <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public spaces</a>. During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary Autonomous Zones</a> (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> are blended to display the anarchist ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019139Mattern2019596Williams20185–6_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019139Mattern2019596Williams20185–6-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As seen by anarchists, <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2012250Williams2019119_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2012250Williams2019119-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019122_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019122-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a <a href="/wiki/Carnivalesque" title="Carnivalesque">carnivalesque</a> atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200437–38_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorland200437–38-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_issues">Key issues</h2></div> <p>As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and <a href="/wiki/Tactic_(method)" title="Tactic (method)">tactics</a> is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of <a href="/wiki/Definitional_concerns_in_anarchist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitional concerns in anarchist theory">definitional concerns in anarchist theory</a>. The compatibility of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">capitalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993565Honderich199531Meltzer200050Goodway20064Newman201053_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993565Honderich199531Meltzer200050Goodway20064Newman201053-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">religion</a> with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>, Marxism, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a>. Anarchists may be motivated by <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">divine authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_self-interest" title="Enlightened self-interest">enlightened self-interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veganarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veganarchism">veganism</a>, or any number of alternative ethical doctrines. Phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, technology (e.g. within anarcho-primitivism), and the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_statist_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and statist democracy">democratic process</a> may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_George200531–32_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_George200531–32-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_state">The state</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fight_the_state,_not_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg/220px-Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg/330px-Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Fight_the_state%2C_not_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Anarchist protesters in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> opposing state-waged war</figcaption></figure> <p>Objection to the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and its institutions is a <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a></i> of anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter197114Jun201929–30_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197114Jun201929–30-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparent</a>, as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> is distinct from the rest of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun201932–38_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJun201932–38-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Robert Paul Wolff</a> believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate. Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be." <a href="/wiki/A._John_Simmons" title="A. John Simmons">A. John Simmons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Green_(philosopher)" title="Leslie Green (philosopher)">Leslie Green</a>, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendt20202Ashwood2018727_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendt20202Ashwood2018727-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshwood2018735_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshwood2018735-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender,_sexuality,_and_free_love"><span id="Gender.2C_sexuality.2C_and_free_love"></span>Gender, sexuality, and free love</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and issues related to love and sex</a></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2019603_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2019603-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnarchaFeminism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AnarchaFeminism.png/260px-AnarchaFeminism.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AnarchaFeminism.png/390px-AnarchaFeminism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/AnarchaFeminism.png/520px-AnarchaFeminism.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Collection of <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcha-feminist">anarcha-feminist</a> protests, symbols, and flags</figcaption></figure> <p>Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucy2020162_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucy2020162-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, who opposed <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">age of consent laws</a>, believing they would benefit predatory men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucy2020178_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucy2020178-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>. In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">relationship anarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">queer anarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2019611JeppesenNazar2012175–176_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2019611JeppesenNazar2012175–176-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men. The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012175–176_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012175–176-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012177_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012177-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012175–177_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppesenNazar2012175–177-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement" title="Abortion-rights movement">pro-choice</a> (using a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda. Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage</a> but were supportive of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna2019166–167_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna2019166–167-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave of feminism">second wave of feminism</a>, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well. By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2019609–611_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2019609–611-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave of feminism">third wave of feminism</a>, sexual identity and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">compulsory heterosexuality</a> became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-structuralist">post-structuralist</a> critique of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">sexual normality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2019610–611_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2019610–611-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2019616–617_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2019616–617-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Anarchism and education</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="border: none; float: right;"> <caption>Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on education<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ruth Kinna (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna201997_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna201997-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Anarchist education </th> <th scope="col">State education </th></tr> <tr> <td>Concept</td> <td>Education as self-mastery</td> <td>Education as service </td></tr> <tr> <td>Management</td> <td>Community based</td> <td>State run </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methods</td> <td>Practice-based learning</td> <td>Vocational training </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aims</td> <td>Being a critical member of society</td> <td>Being a productive member of society </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna201983–85_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna201983–85-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (<i><a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a></i>) and Max Stirner ("<a href="/wiki/The_False_Principle_of_Our_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="The False Principle of Our Education">The False Principle of Our Education</a>") attacked both <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state education</a> and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019514,_521Kinna201983–86Marshall1993222_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019514,_521Kinna201983–86Marshall1993222-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> anarchist and free thinker <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Francisco Ferrer</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a> in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019511–512_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019511–512-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process while giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance. Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> among students. The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested. Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of <a href="/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern School (United States)">modern schools</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019511–514_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019511–514-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, who published the essay <i>Education and Culture</i>, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019517–518_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019517–518-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar token, <a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill" title="A. S. Neill">A. S. Neill</a> founded what became the <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill School</a> in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019518–519_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019518–519-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes <a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">manipulation</a>. Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803–33Suissa2019519–522_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich19803–33Suissa2019519–522-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a>) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state education</a>, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> as part of a consumer society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinna201989–96_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinna201989–96-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">socioeconomic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard197339–48_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard197339–48-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_movement" title="Children's rights movement">child autonomy</a> and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions. Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists' schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton, England</a>, and the Paideia School in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2019523–526_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuissa2019523–526-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Anarchism and the arts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/340px-Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/510px-Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg/680px-Apple_Harvest_by_Camille_Pissarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8501" data-file-height="6960" /></a><figcaption><i>Les chataigniers a Osny</i> (1888) by anarchist painter <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a> is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff199899_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff199899-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern2019592_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern2019592-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-romanticism</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford2019577_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford2019577-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993493–494Dunn2012EvrenKinnaRouselle2013_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993493–494Dunn2012EvrenKinnaRouselle2013-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a> stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern2019592–593_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern2019592–593-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern2019593_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern2019593-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas</i>, Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobé201744_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobé201744-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Berneri" title="Camillo Berneri">Camillo Berneri</a>) and publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_(magazine)" title="Anarchy (magazine)">Anarchy</a></i> wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerDirlikRosemontAugustyn20191_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerDirlikRosemontAugustyn20191-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists. It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests. As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern2019593–596_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern2019593–596-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Neo-impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-impressionist">neo-impressionist</a> movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff199878_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff199878-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Les chataigniers a Osny</i> by anarchist painter <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff199899_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff199899-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <p>The most common critique of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-govern</a> and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> supported this critique, stating that "[p]eace and war, <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, regulations of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitary</a> conditions and the sale of noxious <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, the preservation of a just system of distribution: these, among others, are functions which could hardly be performed in a community in which there was no central government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrimermanPerry1966494_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrimermanPerry1966494-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolation</a> in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200478_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200478-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism of anarchism is the belief that it is inherently unstable: that an anarchist society would inevitably evolve back into a state. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and other early social contract theorists argued that the state emerges in response to natural anarchy to protect the people's interests and keep order. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> argued that a "<a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>", or minarchy, would emerge from anarchy through the process of an <a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">invisible hand</a>, in which people would exercise their liberty and buy protection from protection agencies, evolving into a minimal state. Anarchists reject these criticisms by arguing that humans in a <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> would not just be in a state of war. <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivists</a> in particular argue that humans were better off in a state of nature in small tribes living close to the land, while anarchists in general argue that the negatives of state organization, such as hierarchies, monopolies and inequality, outweigh the benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well. Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically. This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it. The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory as a ruling theory that has no ruling theory. Anarchism also calls for collective action while endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken. Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2017"4._Objections_and_Replies"_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2017"4._Objections_and_Replies"-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as <a href="/wiki/A._John_Simmons" title="A. John Simmons">A. John Simmons</a>' <i>Moral Principles and Political Obligations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlosko1999536_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlosko1999536-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious. Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlosko1999536Kristjánsson2000896_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlosko1999536Kristjánsson2000896-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Problem of Political Authority</i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a> defends philosophical anarchism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDagger201835_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDagger201835-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that "political authority is a moral illusion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2020_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2020-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1886_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1886-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a> states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGans199237_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGans199237-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGans199238_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGans199238-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGans199234,_38_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGans199234,_38-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinn2020206_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinn2020206-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucy2020162_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucy2020162-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1978_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1978-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic <a href="/wiki/John_Molyneux_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molyneux (academic)">John Molyneux</a> writes in his book <i>Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism</i> that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2011_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2011-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values. According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence. Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act. In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaárFalinaJanowskiKopeček2016488_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaárFalinaJanowskiKopeček2016488-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">List of anarchist movements by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_political_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anarchist political ideologies">List of anarchist political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">List of books about anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">List of films dealing with anarchism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Anarchist communities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stateless_societies" title="List of stateless societies">List of stateless societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intentional_communities" title="List of intentional communities">List of intentional communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_self-managed_social_centers" title="List of self-managed social centers">List of self-managed social centers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</i> (1970),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anarchist historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a> described it as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, and wrote that anarchism "is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his many works on anarchism, historian <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> describes anarchism, alongside <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian Marxism</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> wing of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtero1994617_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtero1994617-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Herbert L. Osgood</a> claimed that anarchism is "the extreme antithesis" of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian communism">authoritarian communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Peter Marshall</a> states that "[i]n general anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. ... Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jennings" title="Jeremy Jennings">Jeremy Jennings</a>, "[i]t is hard not to conclude that these ideas", referring to <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, "are described as anarchist only on the basis of a misunderstanding of what anarchism is." Jennings adds that "anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1999147_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1999147-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Walter" title="Nicolas Walter">Nicolas Walter</a> wrote that "anarchism does derive from liberalism and socialism both historically and ideologically. ... In a sense, anarchists always remain liberals and socialists, and whenever they reject what is good in either they betray anarchism itself. ... We are liberals but more so, and socialists but more so."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter200244_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter200244-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Newman includes anarchism as one of many <a href="/wiki/Socialist_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist traditions">socialist traditions</a>, especially the more socialist-aligned tradition following Proudhon and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200515-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Brian Morris</a> argues that it is "conceptually and historically misleading" to "create a dichotomy between socialism and anarchism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201564_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201564-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One common definition adopted by anarchists is that anarchism is a cluster of political philosophies opposing <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical organisation">hierarchical organisation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">nationalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, and all associated institutions, in the conduct of all <a href="/wiki/Human_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human relations">human relations</a> in favour of a society based on <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a>. Scholars highlight that this definition has the same shortcomings as the definition based on anti-authoritarianism (<i><a href="/wiki/A_posteriori" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori">a posteriori</a></i> conclusion), anti-statism (anarchism is much more than that),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007166Jun2009507Franks2013386–388_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007166Jun2009507Franks2013386–388-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and etymology (negation of rulers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–29Long2013217_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–29Long2013217-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson197222–23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson197222–23_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlson1972">Carlson 1972</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates2017128Long2013217-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates2017128Long2013217_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates2017">Bates 2017</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2019"Anarchism"''Oxford_English_Dictionary''2005"Anarchism"Sylvan2007260-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster2019"Anarchism"''Oxford_English_Dictionary''2005"Anarchism"Sylvan2007260_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2019">Merriam-Webster 2019</a>, "Anarchism"; <a href="#CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2005"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> 2005</a>, "Anarchism"; <a href="#CITEREFSylvan2007">Sylvan 2007</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoll196427–37-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoll196427–37_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoll1964">Joll 1964</a>, pp. 27–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahn2000">Kahn 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau1996162-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau1996162_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettlau1996">Nettlau 1996</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin1970"The_Basic_Ideas_of_Anarchism"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin1970"The_Basic_Ideas_of_Anarchism"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuérin1970">Guérin 1970</a>, "The Basic Ideas of Anarchism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard200462Goodway20064Skirda2002183Fernández20099-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard200462Goodway20064Skirda2002183Fernández20099_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard2004">Ward 2004</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFGoodway2006">Goodway 2006</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2002">Skirda 2002</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFFernández2009">Fernández 2009</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200261-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200261_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2002">Morris 2002</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1992">Marshall 1992</a>, p. 641; <a href="#CITEREFCohn2009">Cohn 2009</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1992">Marshall 1992</a>, p. 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096LevyAdams2018104-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992641Cohn20096LevyAdams2018104_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1992">Marshall 1992</a>, p. 641; <a href="#CITEREFCohn2009">Cohn 2009</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFLevyAdams2018">Levy & Adams 2018</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdams2018104_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevyAdams2018">Levy & Adams 2018</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuérin197012_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuérin1970">Guérin 1970</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2017">Arvidsson 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtero1994617-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtero1994617_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtero1994">Otero 1994</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsgood18891_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsgood1889">Osgood 1889</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200515-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201564-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201564_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201564_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2015">Morris 2015</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter200244-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter200244_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter200244_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalter2002">Walter 2002</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1992564–565Jennings1993143GayGay199915Morris200813Johnson2008169Franks2013393–394_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1992">Marshall 1992</a>, pp. 564–565; <a href="#CITEREFJennings1993">Jennings 1993</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFGayGay1999">Gay & Gay 1999</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2008">Johnson 2008</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFFranks2013">Franks 2013</a>, pp. 393–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings1999147-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings1999147_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1999">Jennings 1999</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2013217-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2013217_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007166Jun2009507Franks2013386–388-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007166Jun2009507Franks2013386–388_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFJun2009">Jun 2009</a>, p. 507; <a href="#CITEREFFranks2013">Franks 2013</a>, pp. 386–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–29Long2013217-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–29Long2013217_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 25–29; <a href="#CITEREFLong2013">Long 2013</a>, pp. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–26-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin200725–26_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007">McLaughlin 2007</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199370_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoutinho2016Marshall199354-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoutinho2016Marshall199354_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoutinho2016">Coutinho 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvan2007257-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvan2007257_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvan2007">Sylvan 2007</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934,_66–73-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall19934,_66–73_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 4, 66–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199386_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone20003,_21–25_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2000">Crone 2000</a>, pp. 3, 21–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlau19968-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlau19968_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettlau1996">Nettlau 1996</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201110–15-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201110–15_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312Thomas1985187ChaliandBlin2007116-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2002312Thomas1985187ChaliandBlin2007116_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2002">Dodson 2002</a>, p. 312; <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 187; <a href="#CITEREFChaliandBlin2007">Chaliand & Blin 2007</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–336Marshall199324-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham2019334–336Marshall199324_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham2019">Graham 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"Cubism, Futurism, Anarchism: The 'Aestheticism' of the "Action d'art" Group, 1906–1920". <i>Oxford Art Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 101–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxartj%2F21.2.99">10.1093/oxartj/21.2.99</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1360616">1360616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Cubism%2C+Futurism%2C+Anarchism%3A+The+%27Aestheticism%27+of+the+%22Action+d%27art%22+Group%2C+1906%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-120&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxartj%2F21.2.99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1360616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Antliff&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219130121/http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel">"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>2</b> (28): 85–129. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel">the original</a> on 19 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=In+the+World-Shadow+of+Bismarck+and+Nobel&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=85-129&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F28%2Fbenedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvidsson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Arvidsson" title="Stefan Arvidsson">Arvidsson, Stefan</a> (2017). <i>The Style and Mythology of Socialism: Socialist Idealism, 1871–1914</i> (1st ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3673-4880-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3673-4880-9"><bdi>978-0-3673-4880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Style+and+Mythology+of+Socialism%3A+Socialist+Idealism%2C+1871%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-3673-4880-9&rft.aulast=Arvidsson&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshwood2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ashwood, Loka (2018). "Rural Conservatism or Anarchism? The Pro-state, Stateless, and Anti-state Positions". <i><a href="/wiki/Rural_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Sociology">Rural Sociology</a></i>. <b>83</b> (4): 717–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fruso.12226">10.1111/ruso.12226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158802675">158802675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rural+Sociology&rft.atitle=Rural+Conservatism+or+Anarchism%3F+The+Pro-state%2C+Stateless%2C+and+Anti-state+Positions&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=717-748&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fruso.12226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158802675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ashwood&rft.aufirst=Loka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Voices:_An_Oral_History_of_Anarchism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America">Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-4494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-4494-1"><bdi>978-0-6910-4494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Voices%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Anarchism+in+America&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-4494-1&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Anarchists" title="The Russian Anarchists"><i>The Russian Anarchists</i></a>. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9048-5948-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9048-5948-2"><bdi>978-1-9048-5948-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Anarchists&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-9048-5948-2&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1980" class="citation book cs1">—— (1980). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_School_Movement:_Anarchism_and_Education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States">The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 3–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5318-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5318-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489692159">489692159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+School+Movement%3A+Anarchism+and+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=3-33&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489692159&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5318-2&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaárFalinaJanowskiKopeček2016" class="citation book cs1">Baár, Monika; Falina, Maria; Janowski, Maciej; Kopeček, Michal; Trencsényi, Balázs Trencsényi (2016). <i>A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century'<span></span></i>. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-5695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-5695-6"><bdi>978-0-1910-5695-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Political+Thought+in+East+Central+Europe%3A+Negotiating+Modernity+in+the+%27Long+Nineteenth+Century%27&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-1910-5695-6&rft.aulast=Ba%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft.au=Falina%2C+Maria&rft.au=Janowski%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Kope%C4%8Dek%2C+Michal&rft.au=Trencs%C3%A9nyi%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs+Trencs%C3%A9nyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBantman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bantman, Constance (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372">"The Era of Propaganda by the Deed"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 371–388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Era+of+Propaganda+by+the+Deed&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=371-388&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Bantman&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm7BhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2017" class="citation book cs1">Bates, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">"Anarchism"</a>. In Wetherly, Paul (ed.). <i>Political Ideologies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-2785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-2785-9"><bdi>978-0-1987-2785-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111304/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Smashing the State Gently: Radical Realism and Realist Anarchism". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Theory" title="European Journal of Political Theory">European Journal of Political Theory</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): 206–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474885119865975">10.1177/1474885119865975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202278143">202278143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Smashing+the+State+Gently%3A+Radical+Realism+and+Realist+Anarchism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-227&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1474885119865975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202278143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brinn&rft.aufirst=Gear%C3%B3id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1994" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Frank H. (1994). <i>The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908)</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5600-0132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5600-0132-4"><bdi>978-1-5600-0132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Individualist+Anarchists%3A+An+Anthology+of+Liberty+%281881%E2%80%931908%29&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-5600-0132-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1972" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Andrew R. 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Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0484-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-0484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+in+Germany%3B+Vol.+1%3A+The+Early+Movement&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0484-5&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/April_Carter" title="April Carter">Carter, April</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlWPgAACAAJ"><i>The Political Theory of Anarchism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4155-5593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4155-5593-7"><bdi>978-0-4155-5593-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214125/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlWPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Theory+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-4155-5593-7&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mlWPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1978" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, April (1978). "Anarchism and violence". <i>Nomos</i>. <b>19</b>. American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy: 320–340. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24219053">24219053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nomos&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+violence&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=320-340&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24219053%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaliandBlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Chaliand, Gerard; Blin, Arnaud, eds. 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Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-4709-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-4709-3"><bdi>978-0-5202-4709-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634891265">634891265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Terrorism%3A+From+Antiquity+to+Al-Quaeda&rft.place=Berkeley%3B+Los+Angeles%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634891265&rft.isbn=978-0-5202-4709-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofterrori00grar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cohn, Jesse (2009). "Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Ness, Immanuel</a> (ed.). <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210845/https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Ninth_Century_Muslim_Anarchists.pdf">"Ninth-Century Muslim Anarchists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> (167): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F167.1.3">10.1093/past/167.1.3</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Ninth_Century_Muslim_Anarchists.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Ninth-Century+Muslim+Anarchists&rft.issue=167&rft.pages=3-28&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F167.1.3&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.ias.edu%2Ffiles%2FCrone_Articles%2FCrone_Ninth_Century_Muslim_Anarchists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagger2018" class="citation book cs1">Dagger, Tristan J. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1993-8883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1993-8883-7"><bdi>978-0-1993-8883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+Fair%3A+Political+Obligation+and+the+Problems+of+Punishment&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-1993-8883-7&rft.aulast=Dagger&rft.aufirst=Tristan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik1991" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif (1991). <i>Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-7297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-7297-8"><bdi>978-0-5200-7297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+in+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-7297-8&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Dodds, Jonathan (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111328/http://socialistreview.org.uk/362/anarchism-marxist-criticism">"Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism"</a>. <i>Socialist Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistreview.org.uk/362/anarchism-marxist-criticism">the original</a> on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Marxist+Criticism&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistreview.org.uk%2F362%2Fanarchism-marxist-criticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2002" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Edward (2002). <i>The Discovery of First Principles</i>. Vol. 2. Authorhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5952-4912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5952-4912-1"><bdi>978-0-5952-4912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+First+Principles&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-5952-4912-1&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Kevin (August 2012). "Anarcho-Punk and Resistance in Everyday Life". <i>Punk & Post-Punk</i>. <b>1</b> (2). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2445-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2445-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-2445-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111334/https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEMBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Anarchism+and+Political+Obligation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2445-6&rft.aulast=Egoumenides&rft.aufirst=Magda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qEMBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvren2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyyya_Evren" title="Süreyyya Evren">Evren, Süreyyya</a> (2011). "How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Duane_Rousselle" title="Duane Rousselle">Rousselle, Duane</a>; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyyya_Evren" title="Süreyyya Evren">Evren, Süreyyya</a> (eds.). <i>Post-Anarchism: A Reader</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3086-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3086-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-3086-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+New+Anarchism+Changed+the+World+%28of+Opposition%29+after+Seattle+and+Gave+Birth+to+Post-Anarchism&rft.btitle=Post-Anarchism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3086-0&rft.aulast=Evren&rft.aufirst=S%C3%BCreyyya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvrenKinnaRouselle2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCreyyya_Evren" title="Süreyyya Evren">Evren, Süreyyya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Duane_Rousselle" title="Duane Rousselle">Rouselle, Duane</a> (2013). <i>Blasting the Canon</i>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/Punctum_Books" title="Punctum Books">Punctum Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6158-3862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6158-3862-5"><bdi>978-0-6158-3862-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blasting+the+Canon&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Punctum+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-6158-3862-5&rft.aulast=Evren&rft.aufirst=S%C3%BCreyyya&rft.au=Kinna%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Rouselle%2C+Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1886" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Francis L. (August 1886). "The Mistakes of Anarchism". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>143</b> (357). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a>: 204–206. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2397">0029-2397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101094">25101094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mistakes+of+Anarchism&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=357&rft.pages=204-206&rft.date=1886-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101094%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0029-2397&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández2009" class="citation book cs1">Fernández, Frank (2009) [2001]. <i>Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement</i>. 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In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 385–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=385-404&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2019" class="citation book cs1">—— (2019). "Anarchism and Ethics". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 549–570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=549-570&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabardi1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gabardi, Wayne (1986). "Anarchism. By David Miller. (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1984. pp. 216 [book review])". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>. <b>80</b> (1): 300–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1957102">10.2307/1957102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/446800">446800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151950709">151950709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Anarchism.+By+David+Miller.+%28London%3A+J.+M.+Dent+and+Sons%2C+1984.+pp.+216+%5Bbook+review%5D%29&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=300-302&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151950709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F446800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1957102&rft.aulast=Gabardi&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans1992" class="citation book cs1">Gans, Chaim (1992). <i>Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience</i> (reprint ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-1450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-1450-0"><bdi>978-0-5214-1450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Anarchism+and+Political+Disobedience&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-1450-0&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayGay1999" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Kathlyn; Gay, Martin (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8743-6982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8743-6982-3"><bdi>978-0-8743-6982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Anarchy&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8743-6982-3&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Kathlyn&rft.au=Gay%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford2019" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, James (2019). "Literature and Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodway2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Goodway" title="David Goodway">Goodway, David</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Seeds_Beneath_the_Snow" title="Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow">Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow</a></i>. Liverpool Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8463-1025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8463-1025-6"><bdi>978-1-8463-1025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Seeds+Beneath+the+Snow&rft.pub=Liverpool+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-8463-1025-6&rft.aulast=Goodway&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Graham, Robert</a> (2005). <i>Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism</i>. Montréal: <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5516-4250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5516-4250-5"><bdi>978-1-5516-4250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+a+Documentary+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas%3A+from+Anarchy+to+Anarchism&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-5516-4250-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2019" class="citation book cs1">—— (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">"Anarchism and the First International"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 325–342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+the+First+International&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=325-342&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRyQswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuérin1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin, Daniel</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/daniel-guerin-anarchism-from-theory-to-practice"><i>Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</i></a>. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8534-5128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8534-5128-0"><bdi>978-0-8534-5128-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714125723/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/daniel-guerin-anarchism-from-theory-to-practice">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+From+Theory+to+Practice&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8534-5128-0&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9rin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fdaniel-guerin-anarchism-from-theory-to-practice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonBoyd2003" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Kevin; Boyd, Tony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qrJCgAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding Political Ideas and Movements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6151-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6151-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308074910/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qrJCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Political+Ideas+and+Movements&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6151-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qrJCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon, Christopher C. (2011). "How Terrorist Groups End: Studies of the Twentieth Century". <i>Connections</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 51–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26310649">26310649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connections&rft.atitle=How+Terrorist+Groups+End%3A+Studies+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-104&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26310649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Heywood" title="Andrew Heywood">Heywood, Andrew</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy8hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146"><i>Political Ideologies: An Introduction</i></a> (6th ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1376-0604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1376-0604-4"><bdi>978-1-1376-0604-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111410/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy8hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1376-0604-4&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSy8hDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonderich1995" class="citation book cs1">Honderich, Ted (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-6132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-6132-0"><bdi>978-0-1986-6132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-1986-6132-0&rft.aulast=Honderich&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoneywell2021" class="citation book cs1">Honeywell, C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzKOzQEACAAJ"><i>Anarchism</i></a>. Key Concepts in Political Theory. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-2390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-2390-0"><bdi>978-1-5095-2390-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism&rft.series=Key+Concepts+in+Political+Theory&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-2390-0&rft.aulast=Honeywell&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzKOzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImrie1994" class="citation news cs1">Imrie, Doug (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072801/http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm">"The Illegalists"</a>. <i>Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anarchy%3A+A+Journal+of+Desire+Armed&rft.atitle=The+Illegalists&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Imrie&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecollectionbooks.com%2Fsiml%2Flibrary%2FillegalistsDougImrie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jennings" title="Jeremy Jennings">Jennings, Jeremy</a> (1993). "Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eatwell" title="Roger Eatwell">Eatwell, Roger</a>; Wright, Anthony (eds.). <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies</i>. London: Pinter. pp. 127–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8618-7096-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8618-7096-7"><bdi>978-0-8618-7096-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127-146&rft.pub=Pinter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8618-7096-7&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jennings" title="Jeremy Jennings">Jennings, Jeremy</a> (1999). "Anarchism". 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"Genders and Sexualities in Anarchist Movements". In <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4270-2"><bdi>978-1-4411-4270-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214158/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genders+and+Sexualities+in+Anarchist+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Anarchism&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2&rft.aulast=Jeppesen&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Nazar%2C+Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNuoAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Charles (2008). "Liberty, Equality, Solidarity Toward a Dialectical Anarchism". In Long, Roderick T.; <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan, Tibor R.</a> (eds.). <i>Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 155–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6066-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-6066-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Solidarity+Toward+a+Dialectical+Anarchism&rft.btitle=Anarchism%2FMinarchism%3A+Is+a+Government+Part+of+a+Free+Country%3F&rft.pages=155-188&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6066-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoll1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joll" title="James Joll">Joll, James</a> (1964). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchists_(book)" title="The Anarchists (book)">The Anarchists</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-3642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-3642-0"><bdi>978-0-6740-3642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchists&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-3642-0&rft.aulast=Joll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJun2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jun, Nathan (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/JUNAPA-2">"Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WorkingUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="WorkingUSA">WorkingUSA</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): 505–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-4580.2009.00251.x">10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-7011">1089-7011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorkingUSA&rft.atitle=Anarchist+Philosophy+and+Working+Class+Struggle%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Commentary&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-519&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-4580.2009.00251.x&rft.issn=1089-7011&rft.aulast=Jun&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FJUNAPA-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJun2019" class="citation book cs1">Jun, Nathan (2019). "The State". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Obligations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-5104-0&rft.aulast=Klosko&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToHmfIj8d_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrimermanPerry1966" class="citation book cs1">Krimerman, Leonard I.; Perry, Lewis, eds. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/patternsofanarch00krim"><i>Patterns of Anarchy: A Collection of Writings on the Anarchist Tradition</i></a>. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Anarchy%3A+A+Collection+of+Writings+on+the+Anarchist+Tradition&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsofanarch00krim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristjánsson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kristjánsson, Kristján (2000). "Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority by William A. Edmundson". <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. <b>109</b> (436): 896–900. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2660038">2660038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Three+Anarchical+Fallacies%3A+An+Essay+on+Political+Authority+by+William+A.+Edmundson&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=436&rft.pages=896-900&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2660038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kristj%C3%A1nsson&rft.aufirst=Kristj%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaursen2019" class="citation book cs1">Laursen, Ole Birk (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">"Anti-Imperialism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 149–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Imperialism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=149-168&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Laursen&rft.aufirst=Ole+Birk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRyQswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a> (8 May 2011). "Social Histories of Anarchism". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsr.2010.0003">10.1353/jsr.2010.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1197">1930-1197</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144317650">144317650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=Social+Histories+of+Anarchism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2011-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144317650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1930-1197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsr.2010.0003&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyAdams2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S., eds. (2018). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5619-6"><bdi>978-3-3197-5619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5619-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roderick T. (2013). Gaud, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7MzEHaJgKAC"><i>The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4158-7456-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4158-7456-4"><bdi>978-0-4158-7456-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809085833/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7MzEHaJgKAC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-4158-7456-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7MzEHaJgKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucy2020" class="citation book cs1">Lucy, Nicholas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7KDwAAQBAJ">"Anarchism and Sexuality"</a>. <i>The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. pp. 160–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5297-2194-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5297-2194-2"><bdi>978-1-5297-2194-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214344/https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7KDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Sexuality&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Global+Sexualities&rft.pages=160-183&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5297-2194-2&rft.aulast=Lucy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t7KDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutzUlmschneider2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lutz, James M.; Ulmschneider, Georgia Wralstad (2019). "Civil Liberties, National Security and U.S. Courts in Times of Terrorism". <i>Perspectives on Terrorism</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 43–57. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26853740">26853740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Civil+Liberties%2C+National+Security+and+U.S.+Courts+in+Times+of+Terrorism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26853740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Ulmschneider%2C+Georgia+Wralstad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Marshall, Peter</a> (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0021-7855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0021-7855-6"><bdi>978-0-0021-7855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-0021-7855-6&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1993" class="citation book cs1">—— (1993). <i>Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</i>. Oakland, California: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6048-6064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6048-6064-1"><bdi>978-1-6048-6064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-6048-6064-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattern2019" class="citation book cs1">Mattern, Mark (2019). "Anarchism and Art". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 589–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Art&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=589-602&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Mattern&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Mayne, Alan James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+believes+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131"><i>From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-6151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-6151-0"><bdi>978-0-2759-6151-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013303/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+believes+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Politics+Past+to+Politics+Future%3A+An+Integrated+Analysis+of+Current+and+Emergent+Paradigms&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-6151-0&rft.aulast=Mayne&rft.aufirst=Alan+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MkTz6Rq7wUC%26q%3DCommunist%2Banarchism%2Bbelieves%2Bin%2Bcollective%2Bownership%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Paul (2007). <i>Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism</i>. Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6196-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Authority%3A+A+Philosophical+Introduction+to+Classical+Anarchism&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorland2004" class="citation book cs1">Morland, Dave (2004). "Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism". In Purkis, Jonathan; Bowen, James (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etb2UFzCBv4C"><i>Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 23–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6694-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6694-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111517/https://books.google.com/books?id=etb2UFzCBv4C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-capitalism+and+poststructuralist+anarchism&rft.btitle=Changing+Anarchism%3A+Anarchist+Theory+and+Practice+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=23-38&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6694-8&rft.aulast=Morland&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Detb2UFzCBv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltzer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Meltzer, Albert</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe"><i>Anarchism: Arguments For and Against</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8731-7657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8731-7657-3"><bdi>978-1-8731-7657-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+Arguments+For+and+Against&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-8731-7657-3&rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanarchism00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Brian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJXy5eCpPawC"><i>Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8954-3166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8954-3166-7"><bdi>978-1-8954-3166-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175003/https://books.google.com/books?id=GJXy5eCpPawC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bakunin%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-8954-3166-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGJXy5eCpPawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2015" class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). <i>Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader</i>. Marshall, Peter (illustrated ed.). Oakland: <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6048-6093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6048-6093-1"><bdi>978-1-6048-6093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Anarchism%3A+A+Brian+Morris+Reader&rft.place=Oakland&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-6048-6093-1&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2002" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Christopher W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuyJ9Bw8w7QC"><i>An Essay on the Modern State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-2407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-2407-0"><bdi>978-0-5215-2407-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214335/https://books.google.com/books?id=uuyJ9Bw8w7QC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+Modern+State&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-5215-2407-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuyJ9Bw8w7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoya2015" class="citation book cs1">Moya, Jose C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikt6AQAACAAJ">"Transference, culture, and critique The Circulation of Anarchist Ideas and Practices"</a>. In Laforcade, Geoffroy de (ed.). <i>In Defiance of Boundaries: Anarchism in Latin American History</i>. Kirwin R. Shaffer. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-5138-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-5138-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809085903/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikt6AQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transference%2C+culture%2C+and+critique+The+Circulation+of+Anarchist+Ideas+and+Practices&rft.btitle=In+Defiance+of+Boundaries%3A+Anarchism+in+Latin+American+History&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-5138-3&rft.aulast=Moya&rft.aufirst=Jose+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dikt6AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesser2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nesser, Petter (2012). "Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations". <i>Perspectives on Terrorism</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 61–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26296894">26296894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Research+Note%3A+Single+Actor+Terrorism%3A+Scope%2C+Characteristics+and+Explanations&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=61-73&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26296894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nesser&rft.aufirst=Petter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Anarchism" title="A Short History of Anarchism">A Short History of Anarchism</a></i>. Freedom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9003-8489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9003-8489-9"><bdi>978-0-9003-8489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9003-8489-9&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Michael (2005). <i>Socialism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0431-0"><bdi>978-0-1928-0431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0431-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2010" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Saul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43"><i>The Politics of Postanarchism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3495-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-3495-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103005542/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-1005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4150-1005-4"><bdi>978-0-4150-1005-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+Critical+Assessments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-4150-1005-4&rft.aulast=Otero&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Peregr%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1987" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Richard (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bonnotgang0000parr"><i>The Bonnot Gang</i></a></span>. Rebel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9460-6104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9460-6104-4"><bdi>978-0-9460-6104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bonnot+Gang&rft.pub=Rebel+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9460-6104-4&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbonnotgang0000parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPernicone2009" class="citation book cs1">Pernicone, Nunzio (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ttgjwEACAAJ"><i>Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6916-3268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6916-3268-1"><bdi>978-0-6916-3268-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819161516/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ttgjwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Property%3A+Enlightenment%2C+Revolution%2C+and+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1996-7329-2&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jvKDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamnath2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramnath, Maia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">"Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-Western+Anarchisms+and+Postcolonialism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Ramnath&rft.aufirst=Maia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRyQswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobé2017" class="citation book cs1">Robé, Chris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336710855"><i>Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6296-3233-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6296-3233-9"><bdi>978-1-6296-3233-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221022844/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336710855_Breaking_the_Spell_A_History_of_Anarchist_Filmmakers_Videotape_Guerrillas_and_Digital_Ninjas">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Spell%3A+A+History+of+Anarchist+Filmmakers%2C+Videotape+Guerrillas%2C+and+Digital+Ninjas&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-6296-3233-9&rft.aulast=Rob%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F336710855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2020" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Tristan J. (2020). <i>The Authority of Virtue: Institutions and Character in the Good Society</i>. 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Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2943-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-2943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+International+Political+Economy&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2943-4&rft.aulast=Rupert&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationint00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyley2019" class="citation book cs1">Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". 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(eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. pp. 225–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Individualism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pages=225-236&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Ryley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2019" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Deric (2019). "Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy". 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"Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Goodin" title="Robert E. Goodin">Goodin, Robert E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pogge" title="Thomas Pogge">Pogge, Thomas</a> (eds.). <i>A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy</i>. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3653-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-3653-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Contemporary+Political+Philosophy&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3653-2&rft.aulast=Sylvan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuissa2019" class="citation book cs1">Suissa, Judith (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">"Anarchist Education"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchist+Education&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Suissa&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRyQswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(Marx_scholar)" title="Paul Thomas (Marx scholar)">Thomas, Paul</a> (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_and_the_Anarchists" title="Karl Marx and the Anarchists">Karl Marx and the Anarchists</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5"><bdi>978-0-7102-0685-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1978" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Robert C., ed. (1978). <i>The Marx-Engels Reader</i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3930-5684-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-3930-5684-8"><bdi>0-3930-5684-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3415145">3415145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marx-Engels+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3415145&rft.isbn=0-3930-5684-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurcato2019" class="citation book cs1">Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. 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"The Role of the State". <i>Education Without Schools</i>: 39–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Without+Schools&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+State&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkgSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0477-8"><bdi>978-0-1928-0477-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304153805/https://books.google.com/books?id=nkgSDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0477-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkgSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2002" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Nicholas (2002). <i>About Anarchism</i>. London: Freedom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9003-8490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9003-8490-5"><bdi>978-0-9003-8490-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9003-8490-5&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wendt, Fabian (2020). "Against Philosophical Anarchism". <i>Law and Philosophy</i>. <b>39</b> (5): 527–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10982-020-09377-4">10.1007/s10982-020-09377-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213742949">213742949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Against+Philosophical+Anarchism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=527-544&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10982-020-09377-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213742949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wendt&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Shawn (2019). "Mutualism". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mutualism&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Dana M. (2015). "Black Panther Radical Factionalization and the Development of Black Anarchism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a></i>. <b>46</b> (7). Thousand Oaks: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 678–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934715593053">10.1177/0021934715593053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24572914">24572914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145663405">145663405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Black+Panther+Radical+Factionalization+and+the+Development+of+Black+Anarchism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=678-703&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145663405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24572914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021934715593053&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2018). "Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements". <i>Sociology Compass</i>. <b>12</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: e12582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoc4.12582">10.1111/soc4.12582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9020">1751-9020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Anarchist+and+Anarchistic+Movements&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e12582&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsoc4.12582&rft.issn=1751-9020&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation book cs1">—— (2019). "Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation". In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levy_(political_scientist)" title="Carl Levy (political scientist)">Levy, Carl</a>; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tactics%3A+Conceptions+of+Social+Change%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Anarchist+Organisation&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Leonard (September 2007). "Anarchism Revived". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="New Political Science">New Political Science</a></i>. <b>29</b> (3): 297–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140701510160">10.1080/07393140701510160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-3148">0739-3148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220354272">220354272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Anarchism+Revived&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-312&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220354272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0739-3148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140701510160&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2010). "Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>4</b> (2). East Lansing: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>: 109–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsr.2010.0009">10.1353/jsr.2010.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887660">41887660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143304524">143304524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=Hakim+Bey+and+Ontological+Anarchism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-137&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143304524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41887660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsr.2010.0009&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutinho2016" class="citation web cs1">Coutinho, Steve (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/zhuangzi">"Zhuangzi"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175106/http://www.iep.utm.edu/zhuangzi">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zhuangzi&rft.pub=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.aulast=Coutinho&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fzhuangzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_George2005" class="citation book cs1">De George, Richard T. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich, Ted</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-6479-7"><bdi>978-0-1992-6479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-6479-7&rft.aulast=De+George&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiala2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fiala, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism">"Anarchism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210847/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fiala&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fanarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerDirlikRosemontAugustyn2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Martin A.; Dirlik, Arif; Rosemont, Franklin; Augustyn, Adam; Duignan, Brian; Lotha, Gloria (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism/Anarchism-in-the-arts#info-article-contributors">"Anarchism In The Arts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128002441/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism/Anarchism-in-the-arts#info-article-contributors">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+In+The+Arts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft.au=Dirlik%2C+Arif&rft.au=Rosemont%2C+Franklin&rft.au=Augustyn%2C+Adam&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Brian&rft.au=Lotha%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fanarchism%2FAnarchism-in-the-arts%23info-article-contributors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morris, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT51">"Anarcho-capitalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. SAGE; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n8">10.4135/9781412965811.n8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191924853">191924853</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT51">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarcho-capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191924853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n8&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2003" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordconcisedic00iain"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0276-7"><bdi>978-0-1928-0276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0276-7&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordconcisedic00iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anarchism">"Definition of Anarchism"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111728/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anarchism">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Anarchism&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1991" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC"><i>The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-7944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-7944-3"><bdi>978-0-6311-7944-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-6311-7944-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIZfQTd3nSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergaard2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ostergaard" title="Geoffrey Ostergaard">Ostergaard, Geoffrey</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJmdpqJwkwwC&pg=PA12">"Anarchism"</a>. In Outhwaite, William (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6312-2164-7"><bdi>978-0-6312-2164-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49704935">49704935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418004719/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJmdpqJwkwwC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Modern+Social+Thought&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49704935&rft.isbn=978-0-6312-2164-7&rft.aulast=Ostergaard&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJmdpqJwkwwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2005" class="citation book cs1">"Anarchy". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchy&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Voices:_An_Oral_History_of_Anarchism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America">Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America</a></i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-3412-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-3412-6"><bdi>978-0-6910-3412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Voices%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Anarchism+in+America&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-3412-6&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Barclay" title="Harold Barclay">Barclay, Harold B.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrFHQgAACAAJ"><i>People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy</i></a>. Kahn & Averill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9393-0609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9393-0609-1"><bdi>978-0-9393-0609-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+Without+Government%3A+An+Anthropology+of+Anarchy&rft.pub=Kahn+%26+Averill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9393-0609-1&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrFHQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe Baker">Baker, Zoe</a> (2023). <i>Means and Ends: The Revolutionary Practice of Anarchism in Europe and the United States</i>. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8493-5498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8493-5498-1"><bdi>978-1-8493-5498-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345217229">1345217229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Means+and+Ends%3A+The+Revolutionary+Practice+of+Anarchism+in+Europe+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1345217229&rft.isbn=978-1-8493-5498-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (2005). Pateman, Barry (ed.). <i>Chomsky on Anarchism</i>. Oakland: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9048-5926-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9048-5926-0"><bdi>978-1-9048-5926-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chomsky+on+Anarchism&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-9048-5926-0&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson2007" class="citation book cs1">Edmundson, William A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_gClKUbJyYC"><i>Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-3751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-3751-8"><bdi>978-0-5210-3751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Anarchical+Fallacies%3A+An+Essay+on+Political+Authority&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-3751-8&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_gClKUbJyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span> Criticism of philosophical anarchism.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsenwein1989" class="citation book cs1">Esenwein, George (1989). <i>Anarchist Ideology and the Working-Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-6398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-6398-3"><bdi>978-0-5200-6398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Ideology+and+the+Working-Class+Movement+in+Spain%2C+1868%E2%80%931898&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-6398-3&rft.aulast=Esenwein&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Harper" title="Clifford Harper">Harper, Clifford</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W63aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Anarchy: A Graphic Guide</i></a>. Camden Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9484-9122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9484-9122-1"><bdi>978-0-9484-9122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy%3A+A+Graphic+Guide&rft.pub=Camden+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9484-9122-1&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW63aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuemer2012" class="citation book cs1">Huemer, Michael (2012). <i>The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1372-8164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1372-8164-7"><bdi>978-1-1372-8164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Political+Authority%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Right+to+Coerce+and+the+Duty+to+Obey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-1372-8164-7&rft.aulast=Huemer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span> A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2000" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Joseph (5 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/05/arts/anarchism-creed-that-won-t-stay-dead-spread-world-capitalism-resurrects-long.html">"Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. B9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anarchism%2C+the+Creed+That+Won%27t+Stay+Dead%3B+The+Spread+of+World+Capitalism+Resurrects+a+Long-Dormant+Movement&rft.pages=B9&rft.date=2000-08-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F08%2F05%2Farts%2Fanarchism-creed-that-won-t-stay-dead-spread-world-capitalism-resurrects-long.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinna2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a> (2005). <i>Anarchism: A Beginners Guide</i>. Oneworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8516-8370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8516-8370-3"><bdi>978-1-8516-8370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Beginners+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-8516-8370-3&rft.aulast=Kinna&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Guin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Le Guin, Ursula K.</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed"><i>The Dispossessed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dispossessed&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Le+Guin&rft.aufirst=Ursula+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span> Anarchistic popular fiction novel.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartwell2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Sartwell" title="Crispin Sartwell">Sartwell, Crispin</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-aaMVGKO0C"><i>Against the State: An Introduction to Anarchist Political Theory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-7447-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+State%3A+An+Introduction+to+Anarchist+Political+Theory&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7447-1&rft.aulast=Sartwell&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbk-aaMVGKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott, James C.</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Two_Cheers_for_Anarchism" title="Two Cheers for Anarchism"><i>Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-5529-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6911-5529-6"><bdi>978-0-6911-5529-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Cheers+for+Anarchism%3A+Six+Easy+Pieces+on+Autonomy%2C+Dignity%2C+and+Meaningful+Work+and+Play&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-6911-5529-6&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuissa2019b" class="citation journal cs1">Suissa, Judith (1 July 2019b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11217-019-09662-3">"Education and Non-domination: Reflections from the Radical Tradition"</a>. <i>Studies in Philosophy and Education</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 359–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11217-019-09662-3">10.1007/s11217-019-09662-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151210357">151210357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philosophy+and+Education&rft.atitle=Education+and+Non-domination%3A+Reflections+from+the+Radical+Tradition&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-375&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11217-019-09662-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151210357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Suissa&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11217-019-09662-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Wolff" title="Robert Paul Wolff">Wolff, Robert Paul</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Anarchism" title="In Defense of Anarchism"><i>In Defense of Anarchism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-1573-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-1573-3"><bdi>978-0-5202-1573-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-5202-1573-3&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Robert+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span> An argument for philosophical anarchism.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">Woodcock, George</a> (January 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/anarchism-spain">"Anarchism in Spain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 22–32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Anarchism+in+Spain&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-32&rft.date=1962-01&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fanarchism-spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyAdams2019" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2">10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3197-5620-2"><bdi>978-3-3197-5620-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149333615">149333615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anarchism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149333615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2&rft.isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Adams%2C+Matthew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu">Anarchy Archives</a> – an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Anarchism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Anarchism">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anarchism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Anarchism">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6199" class="extiw" title="d:Q6199">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu-Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li> <li><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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colspan="2"><div id="Branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_political_culture" title="Parochial political culture">Parochial political culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political culture of the United Kingdom">Political culture of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/15px-Plato-raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6199#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/808387/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001887-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004812">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318443m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318443m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567925">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText 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[\"CITEREFPernicone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamnath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobé2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartwell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkirda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuissa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuissa2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSylvan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurcato2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Walt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbur2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcock1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarian socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 174,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 36,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","20.8"],["?","300","14.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","200","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","7.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.7"],["recursiveClone 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