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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Applicable_Copyright_Act_before_1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicable_Copyright_Act_before_1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Applicable Copyright Act before 1958</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicable_Copyright_Act_before_1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition of copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_works_protected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_works_protected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of works protected</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_works_protected-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of works protected subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_works_protected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_panorama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_panorama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Freedom of panorama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_panorama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_of_copyright_protection_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_of_copyright_protection_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Duration of copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_of_copyright_protection_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_of_copyright_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_of_copyright_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ownership of copyright under the Copyright Act 1957</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_of_copyright_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions_to_copyright_infringement_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_to_copyright_infringement_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exceptions to copyright infringement in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_to_copyright_infringement_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedies_available_against_copyright_infringement_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remedies_available_against_copyright_infringement_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Remedies available against copyright infringement in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remedies_available_against_copyright_infringement_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copyright law of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিলিপ্যধিকাৰ আইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিলিপ্যধিকাৰ আইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AD" title="कॉपीराइट अधिनियम १९५७ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉपीराइट अधिनियम १९५७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82,_1957_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF)" title="പകർപ്പവകാശ നിയമം, 1957 (ഇന്ത്യ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പകർപ്പവകാശ നിയമം, 1957 (ഇന്ത്യ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रताधिकार कायदा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रताधिकार कायदा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ہندوستان دا کاپی رائٹ قانون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستان دا کاپی رائٹ قانون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Авторское право в Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авторское право в Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upphovsr%C3%A4tt_i_Indien" title="Upphovsrätt i Indien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upphovsrätt i Indien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய பதிப்புரிமைச் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய பதிப்புரிமைச் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="భారతదేశ నకలు హక్కుల చట్టం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశ నకలు హక్కుల చట్టం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3520092#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Laws relating to copyright in India</div> <p>The Copyright Act 1957 as amended governs the subject of copyright law in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of copyright law in India can be traced back to its colonial era under the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended six times since 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas,_Law_of_Copyright202188_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas,_Law_of_Copyright202188-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India is a member of most of the important international conventions governing the area of copyright law, including the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention of 1886</a> (as modified at Paris in 1971), the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention of 1951</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention of 1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, India was not a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> (WCT) and the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a> (WPPT) but subsequently entered the treaty in 2013. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicable_Copyright_Act_before_1958">Applicable Copyright Act before 1958</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applicable Copyright Act before 1958"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 21 January 1958, the Indian Copyright Act, 1914, was applicable in India and still applicable for works created prior to 21 January 1958, when the new Act came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Copyright Act, 1914 was based on the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_1911" title="Copyright Act 1911">Imperial Copyright Act of 1911</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, but was slightly modified in terms of its application to Indian law.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this Act, the period of copyright for photographs was 50 years from the time it was created (Act language is: "the term for which copyright shall subsist in photographs shall be fifty years from the making of the original negative from which the photograph was directly or indirectly derived, and the person who was owner of such negative at the time when such negative was made shall be deemed to be the author of the work, and, where such owner is a body corporate, the body corporate shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to reside within the parts of His Majesty's dominions to which this Act extends if it has established a place of business within such parts.")<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For photographs published, before 21 January 1958 in India, the period of copyright is thus 50 years, as for them the old Act is applicable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_copyright">Definition of copyright</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyright is a bundle of rights given by the law to the creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and the producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. The rights provided under Copyright law include the rights of reproduction of the work, communication of the work to the public, adaptation of the work and translation of the work. The scope and duration of protection provided under copyright law varies with the nature of the protected work. </p><p>In a 2016 copyright lawsuit, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> states that copyright is "not an inevitable, divine, or natural right that confers on authors the absolute ownership of their creations. It is designed rather to stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of the public. Copyright is intended to increase and not to impede the harvest of knowledge. It is intended to motivate the creative activity of authors and inventors in order to benefit the public."<sup id="cite_ref-techdirt-indcopy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techdirt-indcopy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_works_protected">Types of works protected</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of works protected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian copyright law protects literary works, dramatic works, musical works, artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_panorama">Freedom of panorama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom of panorama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#India" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § India</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_panorama&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assembly_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/196px-Assembly_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/294px-Assembly_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/392px-Assembly_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Unity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/88px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/132px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Unity.jpg/176px-Statue_of_Unity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Left:</i> The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Assembly,_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh">Palace of Assembly</a> in Chandigarh, authored by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>. It has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 2016. <i>Right:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i>, the world's tallest statue, was completed in 2018 and authored by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ram_V._Sutar" title="Ram V. Sutar">Ram V. Sutar</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Freedom of panorama is dealt with in sections 52, s–u(i) of the copyright law of India. Both (s) and (t) of section 52 applies to depictions of architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship through drawing, painting, engraving, and photography, while (u)(i) applies to inclusion of all types of artistic works in films. These provisions are applicable if the work is "permanently situate in a public place or any premises to which the public has access." (u)(ii) is for the incidental cinematographic inclusion of works not located in public spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case <i>The Daily Calendar Supplying v. The United Concern</i> (1958) concerned the Daily Calendar Supplying Bureau's commercial distributions of slightly modified reproductions of an oil painting of Lord Subramania by the firm United Concern. The firm acquired artistic property rights over the painting from its artist T. M. Subramaniam, soon after the artistic work was created in 1947. The user was ordered to pay 1,000 rupees worth of copyright damage to the firm. The <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> rejected the argument of the Daily Calendar Supplying in their 1964 appeal, that their act falls under Section 52(t), since the original painting was still under the artist's private custody even if free copies were already being distributed to several temples in the south. This distribution is "not tantamount to his installing his original work in a public place."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> is expected to hear a recent case from February 2023, concerning <a href="/wiki/Acko_General_Insurance" title="Acko General Insurance">Acko General Insurance</a>'s exploitation of <i>Humanity</i> mural painted on a Mumbai building, in their advertising campaign, that prompted St+Art India Foundation and the mural author Paola Delfin Gaytan to send a legal notice urging the firm to take down both the billboard material and the social media posts of their campaign. Acko, in turn, denied copyright infringement and claimed their use is covered by freedom of panorama as the work is "permanently situated in a public place to which the public has access." The court, having said in a November 10 order that the billboard was "clearly an advertisement", will hear the case in February 2024, while ordering the firm to delete all online posts with the presence of the artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duration_of_copyright_protection_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957">Duration of copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duration of copyright protection under the Copyright Act 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>Literary</li> <li>dramatic,</li> <li>musical and</li> <li>artistic works</li></ul> </td> <td>lifetime of the author + sixty years<sup id="cite_ref-bits-pilani.ac.in_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bits-pilani.ac.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>Anonymous and pseudonymous works</li> <li>Cinematograph films</li> <li>Sound records</li> <li>Government work</li> <li>Public undertakings</li> <li>International Agencies</li> <li>photographs</li></ul> </td> <td>until sixty years<sup id="cite_ref-bits-pilani.ac.in_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bits-pilani.ac.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the beginning of the calendar years next following the year in which the work is first published<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_works">Foreign works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyrights of works of the countries mentioned in the International Copyright Order are protected in India, as if such works are Indian works. The term of copyright in a work shall not exceed that which is enjoyed by it in its country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_of_copyright_under_the_Copyright_Act_1957">Ownership of copyright under the Copyright Act 1957</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ownership of copyright under the Copyright Act 1957"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of a work is generally considered as the first owner of the copyright under the Copyright Act 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for works made in the course of an author's employment under a "contract of service" or apprenticeship, the employer is considered as the first owner of copyright, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Joint_authorship#Joint_Authorship:_The_law_in_India" title="Joint authorship">joint authorship</a> is recognised in Section. 2(z) of the Act which provides that "<i>a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of one author is not distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors"</i> is a work of joint authorship. This concept has been elucidated in cases like <a href="/wiki/Joint_authorship#Relevant_Case" title="Joint authorship">Najma Heptulla v. Orient Longman Ltd. and Ors</a>. </p><p>Section 19 of the Copyright Act 1957 lays down the modes of assignment of copyright in India. Assignment can only be in writing and must specify the work, the period of assignment and the territory for which assignment is made.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the period of assignment is not specified in the agreement, it shall be deemed to be five years and if the territorial extent of assignment is not specified, it shall be presumed to be limited to the territories of India.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recent judgement (<i>Pine Labs Private Limited vs Gemalto Terminals India Limited</i>), a division bench of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> confirmed this position and held that in cases wherein the duration of assignment is not specified, the duration shall be deemed to be five years and the copyright shall revert to the author after five years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exceptions_to_copyright_infringement_in_India">Exceptions to copyright infringement in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exceptions to copyright infringement in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Copyright Act 1957 exempts certain acts from the ambit of copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many people tend to use the term <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> to denote copyright exceptions in India, it is a factually wrong usage. While the US and certain other countries follow the broad <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> exception, India follows a different approach towards copyright exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India follows a hybrid approach that allows : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> with any copyrighted work for certain specifically mentioned purposes<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>certain specific activities enumerated in the statute.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> approach followed in the US can be applied for any kind of uses, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> approach followed in India is clearly limited towards the purposes of </p> <ol><li>private or personal use, including research,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and education,<sup id="cite_ref-ht-copyshop_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-copyshop-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>criticism or review,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>reporting of current events and current affairs, including the reporting of a lecture delivered in public.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>While the term <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> has not been defined anywhere in the Copyright Act 1957, the concept of '<a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>' has been discussed in different judgments, including the decision of the Supreme Court of India in Academy of General Education v. B. Malini Mallya (2009) and the decision of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Kerala">High Court of Kerala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Civic_Chandran_v._Ammini_Amma" title="Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma">Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, the Delhi High Court ruled in Delhi University's <a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Photocopy_Service_shop_copyright_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop copyright case">Rameshwari Photocopy Service shop case</a>, which sold photocopies of chapters from academic textbooks was not infringing on their publisher's copyright, arguing that the use of copyright to "stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of the public" outweighed its use by the publishers to maintain commercial control of their property.<sup id="cite_ref-techdirt-indcopy_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techdirt-indcopy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ht-copyshop_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ht-copyshop-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2016, the ruling was reversed and taken back to court, citing that there were "triable issues" in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remedies_available_against_copyright_infringement_in_India">Remedies available against copyright infringement in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Remedies available against copyright infringement in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Copyright Act 1957 provides three kinds of remedies - administrative remedies, civil remedies and criminal remedies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative remedies provided under the statute include detention of the infringing goods by the customs authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil remedies are provided under Chapter XII of the Copyright Act 1957 and the remedies provided include <a href="/wiki/Injunctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctions">injunctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Account_of_profits" title="Account of profits">account of profits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criminal remedies are provided under Chapter XIII of the statute and the remedies provided against copyright infringement include imprisonment (up to 3 years) along with a fine (up to 200,000 Rupees).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Jurisdiction [Place of Suing] Under Copyright Act, 1957</b> - in 2015 the jurisdiction law regarding copyright violation underwent significant change through the judgement of the Supreme Court in the 2015 case <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advocatespedia.com/Indian_Performing_Rights_Society_Ltd._V._Sanjay_Dalia_%26_Anr.">Indian Performing Rights Society Ltd. Vs. Sanjay Dalia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133509/https://advocatespedia.com/Indian_Performing_Rights_Society_Ltd._V._Sanjay_Dalia_%26_Anr.">Archived</a> 2022-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – If cause of action has arisen wholly or in part in place where plaintiff resides or is doing business suit has to be filed at such place – Plaintiff cannot drag defendant to far off place under guise that he carries business there also. --- Interpretation of statutes – Mischief Rule – Construction that suppresses even counter mischief has to be adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_of_Copyrights_(India)" title="Registrar of Copyrights (India)">Registrar of Copyrights (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Data_Sharing_and_Accessibility_Policy_%E2%80%93_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India">National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov.in/">"Introduction"</a>. Copyright Office, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613112652/http://www.copyright.gov.in:80/">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Copyright+Office%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822014224/http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/indianbrodcast/legalreso/Introforcopy.htm">"The Copyright Act 1957"</a>. <i>IndianTelevision.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/indianbrodcast/legalreso/Introforcopy.htm">the original</a> on 22 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndianTelevision.com&rft.atitle=The+Copyright+Act+1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Fold-html%2Findianbrodcast%2Flegalreso%2FIntroforcopy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaria2014" class="citation book cs1">Scaria, Arul George (2014-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4LRAwAAQBAJ"><i>Piracy in the Indian Film Industry: Copyright and Cultural Consonance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06543-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06543-7"><bdi>978-1-107-06543-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+in+the+Indian+Film+Industry%3A+Copyright+and+Cultural+Consonance&rft.pages=47-53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06543-7&rft.aulast=Scaria&rft.aufirst=Arul+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4LRAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas,_Law_of_Copyright202188-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas,_Law_of_Copyright202188_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDas,_Law_of_Copyright2021">Das, Law of Copyright (2021)</a>, pp. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/13230">"India. The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 (Act No. 27 of 2012)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Lex" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> of the World Intellectual Property Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725170751/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/13230">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India.+The+Copyright+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2012+%28Act+No.+27+of+2012%29&rft.pub=WIPO+Lex+of+the+World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwipolex.wipo.int%2Fen%2Flegislation%2Fdetails%2F13230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=IN">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Lex" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a>, World Intellectual Property Organization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/in/in121en.pdf">"The Indian Copyright Act, 1914"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> – via World Intellectual Property Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Copyright+Act%2C+1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fin%2Fin121en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/46/contents/enacted">"Copyright Act 1911"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives (United Kingdom)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Act+1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F1-2%2F46%2Fcontents%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techdirt-indcopy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techdirt-indcopy_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techdirt-indcopy_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasnick2016" class="citation web cs1">Masnick, Mike (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160917/00432335547/indian-court-says-copyright-is-not-inevitable-divine-natural-right-photocopying-textbooks-is-fair-use.shtml">"Indian Court Says 'Copyright Is Not An Inevitable, Divine, Or Natural Right' And Photocopying Textbooks Is Fair Use"</a>. <i>Techdirt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techdirt&rft.atitle=Indian+Court+Says+%27Copyright+Is+Not+An+Inevitable%2C+Divine%2C+Or+Natural+Right%27+And+Photocopying+Textbooks+Is+Fair+Use&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft.aulast=Masnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20160917%2F00432335547%2Findian-court-says-copyright-is-not-inevitable-divine-natural-right-photocopying-textbooks-is-fair-use.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 2(y) of Copyright Act 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntellectual_Property_India" class="citation web cs1">Intellectual Property India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov.in/Copyright_Act_1957/chapter_xi.html">"CHAPTER XI"</a>. <i>Copyright Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+XI&rft.au=Intellectual+Property+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov.in%2FCopyright_Act_1957%2Fchapter_xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan" class="citation web cs1">Ramakrishnan, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1613396/">"The Daily Calendar Supplying ... vs The United Concern on 16 January, 1964"</a>. <i>Indian Kanoon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Kanoon&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Calendar+Supplying+...+vs+The+United+Concern+on+16+January%2C+1964&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1613396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Soibam Rocky (November 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-high-court-to-examine-if-street-art-is-covered-under-copyright-rules/article67573844.ece">"Delhi High Court to examine if street art is covered under copyright rules"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Delhi+High+Court+to+examine+if+street+art+is+covered+under+copyright+rules&rft.date=2023-11-26&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Soibam+Rocky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FDelhi%2Fdelhi-high-court-to-examine-if-street-art-is-covered-under-copyright-rules%2Farticle67573844.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bits-pilani.ac.in-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bits-pilani.ac.in_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bits-pilani.ac.in_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/uploads/Patent_ManualOct_25th_07.pdf">Intellectual Property Rights. A Manual.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326101950/https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/uploads/Patent_ManualOct_25th_07.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Entrepreneurship Development and IPR unit. BITS-Pilani. 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 22-29 of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.gov.in/documents/international%20copyright%20order.htm">"International Copyright Order, 1999"</a> – via Copyright Office, Government of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Copyright+Order%2C+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov.in%2Fdocuments%2Finternational%2520copyright%2520order.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 17 of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec.19(2) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec 19(5) and 19(6) of Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201004419/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/AKS/judgement/01-10-2011/AKS03082011FAOOS6352009.pdf">"Pine Labs vs Gemalto Terminals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/AKS/judgement/01-10-2011/AKS03082011FAOOS6352009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pine+Labs+vs+Gemalto+Terminals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flobis.nic.in%2Fdhc%2FAKS%2Fjudgement%2F01-10-2011%2FAKS03082011FAOOS6352009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52 of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathod2012" class="citation web cs1">Rathod, Sandeep Kanak (28 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2012/05/sandeep-kanak-rathod-copyright/">"Fair Use: Comparing US and Indian Copyright Law"</a>. Jurist. University of Pittsburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129085659/https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2012/05/sandeep-kanak-rathod-copyright/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fair+Use%3A+Comparing+US+and+Indian+Copyright+Law&rft.pub=Jurist.+University+of+Pittsburgh.&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft.aulast=Rathod&rft.aufirst=Sandeep+Kanak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurist.org%2Fcommentary%2F2012%2F05%2Fsandeep-kanak-rathod-copyright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secs.52(1)(aa)to(zc) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(i) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ht-copyshop-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ht-copyshop_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ht-copyshop_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Rocky Soibam (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/publishers-lose-copyright-case-against-du-s-photocopy-shop/story-Yly8FJ1mNjf71snIL8tpvO.html">"Publishers lose copyright case against DU's photocopy shop"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Publishers+lose+copyright+case+against+DU%27s+photocopy+shop&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rocky+Soibam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi%2Fpublishers-lose-copyright-case-against-du-s-photocopy-shop%2Fstory-Yly8FJ1mNjf71snIL8tpvO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(ii) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 52(1)(a)(iii) of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalakrishnanAgitha2014" class="citation book cs1">Gopalakrishnan, N. S.; Agitha, T. G. (2014). <i>Principles of Intellectual Property</i>. Eastern Book Company. pp. 369–393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7012-157-2"><bdi>978-81-7012-157-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Intellectual+Property&rft.pages=369-393&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-7012-157-2&rft.aulast=Gopalakrishnan&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft.au=Agitha%2C+T.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2016" class="citation news cs1">Jain, Akanksha (2016-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/DU-photocopy-case-court-restores-copyright-suit-by-publishers-for-trial/article16783415.ece">"DU photocopy case: court restores copyright suit by publishers for trial"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=DU+photocopy+case%3A+court+restores+copyright+suit+by+publishers+for+trial&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Akanksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FDelhi%2FDU-photocopy-case-court-restores-copyright-suit-by-publishers-for-trial%2Farticle16783415.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 53 of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 55 of Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secs. 63 and 63A of the Copyright Act 1957</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas,_Law_of_Copyright2021" class="citation book cs1">Das, Jatindra Kumar (2021). <i>Law of Copyright</i>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-948002-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-948002-1-7"><bdi>978-81-948002-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+of+Copyright&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-81-948002-1-7&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Jatindra+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The Copyright Act, 1957</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeka2017" class="citation journal cs1">Deka, Maitrayee (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23285/1/Calculation_in_the_pirate_bazaars.pdf">"Calculation in the pirate bazaars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Cultural Economy</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 450–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17530350.2017.1352009">10.1080/17530350.2017.1352009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56318191">56318191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Economy&rft.atitle=Calculation+in+the+pirate+bazaars&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=450-461&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17530350.2017.1352009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56318191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Maitrayee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.essex.ac.uk%2F23285%2F1%2FCalculation_in_the_pirate_bazaars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxi1986" class="citation journal cs1">Baxi, Upendra (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951048">"Copyright Law and Justice in India"</a>. <i>Journal of the Indian Law Institute</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 497–540. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5731">0019-5731</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951048">43951048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Law+Institute&rft.atitle=Copyright+Law+and+Justice+in+India&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-540&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43951048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5731&rft.aulast=Baxi&rft.aufirst=Upendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43951048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2002" class="citation journal cs1">James, T C (September 2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Copyright+law+in+digital+era&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fbusiness-laws%2Fcopyright-law-in-digital-era%2Farticle35004543.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamdasVenkatesan2020" class="citation web cs1">Ramdas, Varun; Venkatesan, Shweta (2020-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-needs-to-modernise-its-copyright-laws-for-the-digital-era/550243/">"Why India needs to modernise its copyright laws for the digital era"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Why+India+needs+to+modernise+its+copyright+laws+for+the+digital+era&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Ramdas&rft.aufirst=Varun&rft.au=Venkatesan%2C+Shweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-india-needs-to-modernise-its-copyright-laws-for-the-digital-era%2F550243%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaMandal2015" class="citation web cs1">Datta, Ameet; Mandal, Suvarna (2015-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.asia/originality-concept-under-indias-copyright-regime/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Originality' concept under India's copyright regime"</a>. <i>Law.asia</i>. India Business Law Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.asia&rft.atitle=%27Originality%27+concept+under+India%27s+copyright+regime&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Ameet&rft.au=Mandal%2C+Suvarna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.asia%2Foriginality-concept-under-indias-copyright-regime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+law+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf">Indian Copyright Act, 1957: Full text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.gov.in/Documents/handbook.html">A Handbook of Copyright Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyright.gov.in/Documents/CRACT_AMNDMNT_2012.pdf">Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l195-Copyright-Law-in-India.html">Copyright law in India</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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