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randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=CSS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=CSS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CSS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style_sheet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_sheet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Style sheet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_sheet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Selector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selector_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selector_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Selector types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selector_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudo-classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Pseudo-classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Combinators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_selector_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_selector_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Summary of selector syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_selector_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Declaration block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_style_sheets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_style_sheets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Multiple style sheets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_style_sheets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Cascading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CSS_priority_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_priority_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>CSS priority scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_priority_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specificity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specificity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Specificity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specificity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Inheritance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitespace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitespace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Whitespace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitespace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Indentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Positioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Position property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Static" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Static"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Static</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Static-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>Relative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Absolute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Fixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Float_and_clear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Float_and_clear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Float and clear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Float_and_clear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulty_with_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty_with_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Difficulty with adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty_with_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendor_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendor_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vendor prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendor_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CSS_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>CSS 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSS_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>CSS 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSS_2.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_2.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>CSS 2.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_2.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSS_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>CSS 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSS_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSS_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>CSS 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSS_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Browser support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannot_explicitly_declare_new_scope_independently_of_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannot_explicitly_declare_new_scope_independently_of_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannot_explicitly_declare_new_scope_independently_of_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudo-class_dynamic_behavior_not_controllable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-class_dynamic_behavior_not_controllable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-class_dynamic_behavior_not_controllable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannot_name_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannot_name_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cannot name rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannot_name_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannot_include_styles_from_a_rule_into_another_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannot_include_styles_from_a_rule_into_another_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannot_include_styles_from_a_rule_into_another_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannot_target_specific_text_without_altering_markup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannot_target_specific_text_without_altering_markup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cannot target specific text without altering markup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannot_target_specific_text_without_altering_markup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separation_of_content_from_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_content_from_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Separation of content from presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_content_from_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site-wide_consistency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site-wide_consistency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Site-wide consistency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site-wide_consistency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandwidth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandwidth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bandwidth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandwidth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Page_reformatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Page_reformatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Page reformatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Page_reformatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standardization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blueprint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blueprint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Blueprint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blueprint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootstrap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootstrap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Bootstrap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootstrap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Design methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CSS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أوراق الأنماط المتتالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوراق الأنماط المتتالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9B" title="চি এছ এছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চি এছ এছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্যাসকেডিং স্টাইল শীটস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাসকেডিং স্টাইল শীটস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Каскадныя табліцы стыляў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каскадныя табліцы стыляў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Каскадныя табліцы стыляў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каскадныя табліцы стыляў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask%C3%A1dov%C3%A9_styly" title="Kaskádové styly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaskádové styly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="سی‌اس‌اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌اس‌اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuilles_de_style_en_cascade" title="Feuilles de style en cascade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feuilles de style en cascade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ADlbhileoga_casc%C3%A1ideacha" title="Stílbhileoga cascáideacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stílbhileoga cascáideacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9" title="Կասկադային ոճաթերթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կասկադային ոճաթերթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="सीएसएस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीएसएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גיליונות סגנון מדורגים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיליונות סגנון מדורגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാസ്‌കേഡിങ്ങ് സ്റ്റൈൽ ഷീറ്റ്‌സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാസ്‌കേഡിങ്ങ് സ്റ്റൈൽ ഷീറ്റ്‌സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaran_Gaya_Lata" title="Lembaran Gaya Lata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembaran Gaya Lata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81" title="ꯀꯦꯁꯀꯗꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯁꯤꯠꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯁꯀꯗꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯁꯤꯠꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="စီအက်စ်အက်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီအက်စ်အက်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilark" title="Stilark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stilark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸੀ.ਐਸ.ਐਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀ.ਐਸ.ਐਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سی ایس ایس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سی ایس ایس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskadowe_arkusze_styl%C3%B3w" title="Kaskadowe arkusze stylów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaskadowe arkusze stylów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Css" title="Css – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Css" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletat_e_Stileve_t%C3%AB_Shkall%C3%ABzuar" title="Fletat e Stileve të Shkallëzuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fletat e Stileve të Shkallëzuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94(CSS)" title="සංයුක්ත සැරසුම් පි‍ටු(CSS) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංයුක්ත සැරසුම් පි‍ටු(CSS)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask%C3%A1dov%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%BDly" title="Kaskádové štýly – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaskádové štýly" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="سی ئێس ئێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سی ئێس ئێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cascading Style Sheets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விழுத்தொடர் பாணித் தாள்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விழுத்தொடர் பாணித் தாள்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiferkiyin_n_wa%C9%A3anen_ikussimen" title="Tiferkiyin n waɣanen ikussimen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiferkiyin n waɣanen ikussimen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แคสเคดดิงสไตล์ชีตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคสเคดดิงสไตล์ชีตส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سی ایس ایس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی ایس ایس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E5%8F%A0%E6%A0%B7%E5%BC%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="层叠样式表 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="层叠样式表" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS%C3%AA_xasi" title="CSSê xasi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="CSSê xasi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS" title="CSS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="CSS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&oldid=1258486556" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=CSS&id=1258486556&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCSS"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCSS"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=CSS&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cascading_Style_Sheets" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:CSS" hreflang="en"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/CSS" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46441" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascading_Style_Sheets&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style sheet language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the markup styling language. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CSS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CSS (disambiguation)">CSS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pseudo-element" redirects here. For pseudoelement symbols in chemistry, see <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula#Pseudoelement_symbols" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula § Pseudoelement symbols</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Html5_css3_styling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Html5_css3_styling.svg/120px-Html5_css3_styling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Html5_css3_styling.svg/180px-Html5_css3_styling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Html5_css3_styling.svg/240px-Html5_css3_styling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="463" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Icon for <a href="#CSS_3">CSS3</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg/160px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg/320px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_CSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Example of CSS <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .css</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> text/css</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.css</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">17 December 1996<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996-12-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">CSS 3 is being developed as multiple separate modules. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/">Regular snapshots</a> summarize their status.<br />7 December 2023<span class="noprint">; 11 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-12-07</span>)</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">Style sheet language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Container for</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Style rules for <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a> (tags)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Contained by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> Documents</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3.org/TR/CSS/#css">w3<wbr />.org<wbr />/TR<wbr />/CSS<wbr />/<wbr />#css</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="background:#ccccff;display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Zen_Garden" title="CSS Zen Garden">CSS Zen Garden</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_box_model" title="CSS box model">box model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_image_replacement" title="CSS image replacement">image replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">grid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Philosophies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">Responsive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_grail_(web_design)" title="Holy grail (web design)">"Holy grail"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Tools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sass (stylesheet language)">Sass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less (stylesheet language)">Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylus (stylesheet language)">Stylus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_stylesheet_languages" title="Comparison of stylesheet languages">Stylesheet languages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="background:#ddddff; display:block;margin-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CSS" title="Template:CSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CSS" title="Template talk:CSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_element" title="Article element">article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_video" title="HTML video">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Basic" title="XHTML Basic">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">Mobile Profile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div and span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTMX" class="mw-redirect" title="HTMX">HTMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3D" title="Web3D">Web3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Validator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">Rendering engine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">Document markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_browser_engines" title="Comparison of browser engines">Comparison of browser engines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTML" title="Template:HTML"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTML" title="Template talk:HTML"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HTML" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HTML"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cascading Style Sheets</b> (<b>CSS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">style sheet language</a> used for specifying the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_semantics" title="Presentation semantics">presentation</a> and styling of a document written in a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> (including XML dialects such as <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a>, <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a> or <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSS is a cornerstone technology of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, alongside HTML and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSS is designed to enable the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_content_and_presentation" title="Separation of content and presentation">separation of content and presentation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">layout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separation can improve content <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>, since the content can be written without concern for its presentation; provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics; enable multiple <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural content; and enable the .css file to be <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cached</a> to improve the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting. </p><p>Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a>), and on <a href="/wiki/Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille display">Braille-based</a> tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>cascading</i> comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which declaration applies if more than one declaration of a property match a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable. </p><p>The CSS specifications are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C). Internet media type (<a href="/wiki/MIME_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME media type">MIME type</a>) <code>text/css</code> is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free <a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service#CSS_validation" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">CSS validation service</a> for CSS documents.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain_Old_XML" title="Plain Old XML">plain XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a>. CSS is also used in the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkit</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS has a simple <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_sheet">Style sheet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Style sheet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheet (web development)</a></div> <p>A style sheet consists of a list of <i>rules</i>. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more <i><a href="#Selector">selectors</a></i>, and a <i><a href="#Declaration_block">declaration block</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selector">Selector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CSS class" redirects here. For non-CSS use of element classes in HTML, see <a href="/wiki/Class_attribute_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class attribute (HTML)">class attribute (HTML)</a>.</div> <p>In CSS, <i>selectors</i> declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selector_types">Selector types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selector types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selectors may apply to the following: </p> <ul><li>all <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">elements</a> of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Basic_text" title="HTML element">h2</a></li> <li>elements specified by <a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">attribute</a>, in particular: <ul><li><i>id</i>: an identifier unique within the document, denoted in the selector language by a <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">hash</a> prefix e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#id</code></li> <li><i>class</i>: an identifier that can annotate multiple elements in a document, denoted by a <a href="/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (punctuation)">dot</a> prefix e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.classname</code> (the phrase "CSS class", although sometimes used, is a misnomer, as element classes—specified with the <a href="/wiki/Class_attribute_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class attribute (HTML)">HTML class attribute</a>—is a markup feature that is distinct from browsers' CSS subsystem and the related W3C/WHATWG standards work on document styles; see <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">microformats</a> for the origins of the "class" system of the Web content model)</li></ul></li> <li>elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">document tree</a>.</li></ul> <p>Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters, hyphens, and underscores. A class may apply to any number of instances of any element. An ID may only be applied to a single element. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudo-classes">Pseudo-classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pseudo-classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pseudo-classes</i> are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree. </p><p>One example of a widely used pseudo-class is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">hover</span></code>, which identifies content only when the user "points to" the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">hover</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">elementid</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">hover</span></code>. </p><p>A pseudo-class classifies document elements, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">link</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">visited</span></code>, whereas a <i>pseudo-element</i> makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">first-line</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">first-letter</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note the distinction between the double-colon notation used for pseudo-elements and the single-colon notation used for pseudo-classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combinators">Combinators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combinators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple simple selectors may be joined using combinators to specify elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of the selectors is important. For example, <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">div</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">myClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;}</span></code> applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">myClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;}</span></code> applies to all div elements that are inside elements of class myClass. This is not to be confused with concatenated identifiers such as <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">myClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;}</span></code> which applies to div elements of class myClass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary_of_selector_syntax">Summary of selector syntax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Summary of selector syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pattern</th> <th>Matches</th> <th>First defined<br />in CSS level </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span></code></td> <td>an element of type E</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">link</span></code></td> <td>an E element that is the source anchor of a hyperlink whose target is either not yet visited (:link) or already visited (:visited)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">active</span></code></td> <td>an E element during certain user actions</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">first-line</span></code></td> <td>the first formatted line of an E element</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">first-letter</span></code></td> <td>the first formatted letter of an E element</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">c</span></code></td> <td>all elements with class="c"</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">myid</span></code></td> <td>the element with id="myid"</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">warning</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose class is "warning" (the document language specifies how class is determined)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">myid</span></code></td> <td>an E element with ID equal to "myid"</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">c</span><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">myid</span></code></td> <td>the element with class="c" and ID equal to "myid"</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">F</span></code></td> <td>an F element descendant of an E element</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="o">*</span></code></td> <td>any element</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element with a "foo" attribute</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"bar"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute value is exactly equal to "bar"</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">~=</span><span class="s2">"bar"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute value is a list of whitespace-separated values, one of which is exactly equal to "bar"</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">|=</span><span class="s2">"en"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute has a hyphen-separated list of values beginning (from the left) with "en"</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">first-child</span></code></td> <td>an E element, first child of its parent</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">lang</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">fr</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an element of type E in language "fr" (the document language specifies how language is determined)</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">before</span></code></td> <td>generated content before an E element's content</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">after</span></code></td> <td>generated content after an E element's content</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">F</span></code></td> <td>an F element child of an E element</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">F</span></code></td> <td>an F element immediately preceded by an E element</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">^=</span><span class="s2">"bar"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute value begins exactly with the string "bar"</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">$=</span><span class="s2">"bar"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute value ends exactly with the string "bar"</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">foo</span><span class="o">*=</span><span class="s2">"bar"</span><span class="o">]</span></code></td> <td>an E element whose "foo" attribute value contains the substring "bar"</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">root</span></code></td> <td>an E element, root of the document</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">nth-child</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">n</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an E element, the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-th child of its parent</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">nth-last-child</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">n</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an E element, the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-th child of its parent, counting from the last one</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">nth-of-type</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">n</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an E element, the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-th sibling of its type</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">nth-last-of-type</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">n</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an E element, the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>-th sibling of its type, counting from the last one</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">last-child</span></code></td> <td>an E element, last child of its parent</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">first-of-type</span></code></td> <td>an E element, first sibling of its type</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">last-of-type</span></code></td> <td>an E element, last sibling of its type</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">only-child</span></code></td> <td>an E element, only child of its parent</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">only-of-type</span></code></td> <td>an E element, only sibling of its type</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">empty</span></code></td> <td>an E element that has no children (including text nodes)</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">target</span></code></td> <td>an E element being the target of the referring URI</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">enabled</span></code></td> <td>a user interface element E that is enabled</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">disabled</span></code></td> <td>a user interface element E that is disabled</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">checked</span></code></td> <td>a user interface element E that is checked (for instance a radio button or checkbox)</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">not</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">s</span><span class="o">)</span></code></td> <td>an E element that does not match simple selector s</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">E</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">~</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">F</span></code></td> <td>an F element preceded by an E element</td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_block">Declaration block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Declaration block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A declaration block consists of a pair of braces (<code>{}</code>) enclosing a semicolon-separated list of <i>declarations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration">Declaration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each declaration itself consists of a <i>property</i>, a colon (<code>:</code>), and a <i>value</i>. Optional white-space may be around the declaration block, declarations, colons, and semi-colons for readability.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Properties">Properties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Properties are specified in the CSS standard. Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Values">Values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Values may be keywords, such as "center" or "inherit", or numerical values, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">200px</span></code> (200 pixels), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">50vw</span></code> (50 percent of the viewport width) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">80%</span> (80 percent of the parent element's width). </p><p>Color values can be specified with keywords (e.g. "<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">red</span></code>"), hexadecimal values (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">FF0000</span></code>, also abbreviated as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">F00</span></code>), RGB values on a 0 to 255 scale (e.g. <code><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">rgb</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">255</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="o">)</span></code></code>), RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">rgba</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">255</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">8</span><span class="o">)</span></code>), or HSL or HSLA values (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">hsl</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">100</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">50</span><span class="o">%)</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">hsl</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">100</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">50</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">8</span><span class="o">)</span></code>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-zero numeric values representing linear measures must include a length unit, which is either an alphabetic code or abbreviation, as in <code>200px</code> or <code>50vw</code>; or a percentage sign, as in <code>80%</code>. Some units – <code>cm</code> (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a>); <code>in</code> (<a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a>); <code>mm</code> (<a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetre</a>); <code>pc</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">pica</a>); and <code>pt</code> (<a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">point</a>) – are <i>absolute</i>, which means that the rendered dimension does not depend upon the structure of the page; others – <code>em</code> (<a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">em</a>); <code>ex</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ex_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex (typography)">ex</a>) and <code>px</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This "such as" is carrying too much weight. The size of a px is relative not to the font size, but to screen resolution and viewing distance. Furthermore, in CSS 3 the "px" becomes the primordial absolute unit as the length units become anchored to it. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – are <i>relative</i>, which means that factors such as the font size of a parent element can affect the rendered measurement. These eight units were a feature of CSS 1<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retained in all subsequent revisions. The proposed CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 will, if adopted as a W3C Recommendation, provide seven further length units: <code>ch</code>; <code>Q</code>; <code>rem</code>; <code>vh</code>; <code>vmax</code>; <code>vmin</code>; and <code>vw</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use">Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders, and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML. And additionally, as more and more devices are able to access responsive web pages, different screen sizes and layouts begin to appear. Customizing a website for each device size is costly and increasingly difficult. The modular nature of CSS means that styles can be reused in different parts of a site or even across sites, promoting consistency and efficiency. </p><p>For example, headings (<code>h1</code> elements), sub-headings (<code>h2</code>), sub-sub-headings (<code>h3</code>), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">font</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">size</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a> for these elements is <i>presentational</i>. </p><p>Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographic</a> characteristics to, say, all <code>h2</code> headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> has now <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> the use of all presentational HTML markup.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, under pre-CSS HTML, a heading element defined with red text would be written as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">font</span> <span class="na">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"red"</span><span class="p">></span>Chapter 1.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">font</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>Using CSS, the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"color: red;"</span><span class="p">></span>Chapter 1.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>The advantages of this may not be immediately clear but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or, even better, an external CSS file. For example, suppose the document contains the style element: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>All <code>h1</code> elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make <code>h1</code> elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">blue</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual <code>h1</code> element. </p><p>The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file, as described below, and loaded using syntax similar to: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"path/to/file.css"</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"stylesheet"</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"text/css"</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>This further decouples the styling from the HTML document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, offers a flexible way to style web content, with styles originating from browser defaults, user preferences, or web designers. These styles can be applied inline, within an HTML document, or through external .css files for broader consistency. Not only does this simplify web development by promoting reusability and maintainability, it also improves site performance because styles can be offloaded into dedicated .css files that browsers can cache. Additionally, even if the styles cannot be loaded or are disabled, this separation maintains the accessibility and readability of the content, ensuring that the site is usable for all users, including those with disabilities. Its multi-faceted approach, including considerations for selector specificity, rule order, and media types, ensures that websites are visually coherent and adaptive across different devices and user needs, striking a balance between design intent and user accessibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_style_sheets">Multiple style sheets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Multiple style sheets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cascading">Cascading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cascading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. The process is called <i>cascading</i>. </p><p>One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)#Customization" title="Style sheet (web development)">control over presentation</a>. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the website, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles, and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes. Browser extensions like <a href="/wiki/Stylish_(software)" title="Stylish (software)">Stylish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(browser_extension)" title="Stylus (browser extension)">Stylus</a> have been created to facilitate the management of such user style sheets. In the case of large projects, cascading can be used to determine which style has a higher priority when developers do integrate third-party styles that have conflicting priorities, and to further resolve those conflicts. Additionally, cascading can help create themed designs, which help designers fine-tune aspects of a design without compromising the overall layout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="CSS_priority_scheme">CSS priority scheme</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: CSS priority scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>CSS priority scheme (highest to lowest) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Priority</th> <th>CSS source type</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Importance</td> <td>The "<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="o">!</span><span class="nt">important</span></code>" annotation overwrites the previous priority types </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Inline</td> <td>A style applied to an HTML element via HTML "style" attribute </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Media Type</td> <td>A property definition applies to all media types unless a media-specific CSS is defined </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>User defined</td> <td>Most browsers have the accessibility feature: a user-defined CSS </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Selector specificity</td> <td>A specific contextual selector (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">heading</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">p</span></code>) overwrites generic definition </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Rule order</td> <td>Last rule declaration has a higher priority </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parent inheritance</td> <td>If a property is not specified, it is inherited from a parent element </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>CSS property definition in HTML document</td> <td>CSS rule or CSS inline style overwrites a default browser value </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Browser default</td> <td>The lowest priority: browser default value is determined by W3C initial value specifications </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specificity">Specificity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Specificity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Specificity</i> refers to the relative weights of various rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Cascading_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cascading-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply. Based on the specification, a simple selector (e.g. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors have a specificity of 1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system, commas are used to separate the "digits"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11,11, not 121). </p><p>Thus the selectors of the following rule result in the indicated specificity: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Selectors</th> <th>Specificity </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">white</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 0, 0, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">em</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">green</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 0, 0, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">grape</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 0, 1, 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">bright</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">blue</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 0, 1, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">bright</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">em</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">dark</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">yellow</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 0, 2, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">id218</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">brown</span><span class="p">;}</span></code></td> <td>0, 1, 0, 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">" "</span></code></td> <td>1, 0, 0, 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consider this HTML fragment: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><!DOCTYPE html></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"utf-8"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">xyz</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">blue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"xyz"</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"color: green;"</span><span class="p">></span>To demonstrate specificity<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>In the above example, the declaration in the <code>style</code> attribute overrides the one in the <code><style></code> element because it has a higher specificity, and thus, the paragraph appears green: </p> <div class="html-box" style="min-width: 160pt; height: 80pt; background-color: white; border: 2pt solid #303030; padding: 5px; user-select: none;"> <p id="xyz" style="color: green;">To demonstrate specificity</p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inheritance">Inheritance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inheritance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-Cascading_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cascading-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text-related properties, but their box-related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font, letter spacing, line-height, list-style, text-align, text-indent, text-transform, visibility, white-space, and word-spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max-height and -width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text-decoration, vertical-align, and z-index. </p><p>Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet, allowing for shorter CSS. </p><p>Inheritance in CSS is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming#Inheritance" title="Class-based programming">inheritance in class-based programming languages</a>, where it is possible to define class B as "like class A, but with modifications".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With CSS, it is possible to style an <i>element</i> with "class A, but with modifications". However, it is not possible to define a CSS <i>class</i> B like that, which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example">Example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the following style sheet: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">pink</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>Suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element (<code class="nowrap" style=""><em></code>) inside: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> This is to <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">em</span><span class="p">></span>illustrate<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">em</span><span class="p">></span> inheritance <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>If no color is assigned to the em element, the emphasized word "illustrate" inherits the color of the parent element, p. The style sheet p has the color pink, hence, the em element is likewise pink: </p> <div class="html-box" style="min-width: 160pt; height: 80pt; background-color: white; border: 2pt solid #303030; padding: 5px; user-select: none;"> <p style="color: pink;">This is to <em>illustrate</em> inheritance</p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitespace">Whitespace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Whitespace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored. This code snippet: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">overflow</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="kc">hidden</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">background</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mh">#000000</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">background-image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sx">images/bg.gif</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="k">background-repeat</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="kc">no-repeat</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="k">background-position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="p">;}</span> </pre></div> <p>is functionally equivalent to this one: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">overflow</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">hidden</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">#000000</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">background-image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sx">images/bg.gif</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">background-repeat</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">no-repeat</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">background-position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indentation">Indentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Indentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indentation_style" title="Indentation style">Indentation style</a></div> <p>One common way to format CSS for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line. In addition to formatting CSS for readability, shorthand properties can be used to write out the code faster, which also gets processed more quickly when being rendered:<sup id="cite_ref-Mozilla_Developers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mozilla_Developers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">overflow</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">hidden</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">background</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">#000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sx">images/bg.gif</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">no-repeat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div><p>Sometimes, multiple property values are indented onto their own line:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">font-face</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">font-family</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Comic Sans'</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">font-size</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">20px</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">src</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'first.example.com'</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'second.example.com'</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'third.example.com'</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'fourth.example.com'</span><span class="o">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positioning">Positioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Positioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS 2.1 defines three positioning schemes: </p> <dl><dt>Normal flow</dt> <dd><i>Inline</i> items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in the text, one after the other across the available space until there is no more room, then starting a new line below. <i>Block</i> items stack vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes the relative positioning of block or inline items and run-in boxes.</dd> <dt>Floats</dt> <dd>A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item.</dd> <dt>Absolute positioning</dt> <dd>An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items. It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.<sup id="cite_ref-W3C-positioning_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-positioning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_property">Position property</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Position property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five possible values of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">position</span></code> property. If an item is positioned in any way other than <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">static</span></code>, then the further properties <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">top</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">bottom</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">left</span></code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">right</span></code> are used to specify offsets and positions.The element having position static is not affected by the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">top</span></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">bottom</span></code> , <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">left</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">right</span></code> properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Static">Static</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Static"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The default value places the item in the <i>normal flow</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Relative">Relative</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Relative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The item is placed in the <i>normal flow</i>, and then shifted or offset from that position. Subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Absolute">Absolute</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Absolute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specifies <i>absolute positioning</i>. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static ancestor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fixed">Fixed</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The item is <i>absolutely positioned</i> in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled<sup id="cite_ref-W3C-positioning_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-positioning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Float_and_clear">Float and clear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Float and clear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">float</span></code> property may have one of three values. <i>Absolutely</i> positioned or <i>fixed</i> items cannot be floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing so by their <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">clear</span></code> property. </p> <dl><dt>left</dt> <dd>The item <i>floats</i> to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its right side.</dd> <dt>right</dt> <dd>The item <i>floats</i> to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its left side.</dd> <dt>clear</dt> <dd>Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">clear</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">left</span></code>), right (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">clear</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">right</span></code>) or both sides (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nt">clear</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">both</span></code>).<sup id="cite_ref-W3C-positioning_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-positioning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg/170px-H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg/255px-H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg/340px-H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Håkon Wium Lie</a>, chief technical officer of the Opera Software company and co-creator of the CSS web standards</figcaption></figure> <p>CSS was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Håkon Wium Lie</a> on 10 October 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-chss-proposal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chss-proposal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Lie was working with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time, and discussions on public mailing lists and inside <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1)<sup id="cite_ref-w3c-css1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3c-css1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being released in 1996. In particular, a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bos" title="Bert Bos">Bert Bos</a> was influential; he became co-author of CSS1, and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.<sup id="cite_ref-WWW3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized Markup Language (<a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>) in the 1980s, and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for the web.<sup id="cite_ref-css-phd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css-phd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web. Therefore, existing style sheet languages like <a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">DSSSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formatting_Output_Specification_Instance" title="Formatting Output Specification Instance">FOSI</a> were not suitable. CSS, on the other hand, let a document's style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of "cascading" styles.<sup id="cite_ref-css-phd_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css-phd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web developers</a>. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> implementations, such as <a href="/wiki/ViolaWWW" title="ViolaWWW">ViolaWWW</a> and <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made consistent site appearance difficult, and users had less control over how web content was displayed. The browser/editor developed by Tim Berners-Lee had style sheets that were hard-coded into the program. The style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a>, also of CERN, wanted to separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe different presentation for printing, screen-based presentations, and editors.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www-style mailing list.<sup id="cite_ref-css-phd_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css-phd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these nine proposals, two were especially influential on what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets<sup id="cite_ref-chss-proposal_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chss-proposal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP).<sup id="cite_ref-WWW3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals; Lie worked with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Lafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Lafon (page does not exist)">Yves Lafon</a> to implement CSS in <a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Dave Raggett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> browser.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in the <a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> browser.<sup id="cite_ref-WWW3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard (the 'H' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML).<sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lie's proposal was presented at the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_and_the_Web&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosaic and the Web (page does not exist)">Mosaic and the Web</a>" conference (later called WWW2) in Chicago, Illinois in 1994, and again with Bert Bos in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time the W3C was already being established and took an interest in the development of CSS. It organized a workshop toward that end chaired by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pemberton" title="Steven Pemberton">Steven Pemberton</a>. This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project, with additional members, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reardon" title="Thomas Reardon">Thomas Reardon</a> of Microsoft, participating as well. In August 1996, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> Communication Corporation presented an alternative style sheet language called <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JavaScript Style Sheets</a> (JSSS).<sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spec was never finished, and is deprecated.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1996, CSS was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in December. </p><p>Development of HTML, CSS, and the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups: <a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML Working Group</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Dan Connolly</a> of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood of <a href="/wiki/SoftQuad" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftQuad">SoftQuad</a>; and <a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS Working Group</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lilley_(W3C)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Lilley (W3C)">Chris Lilley</a> of W3C. </p><p>The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1, resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under development as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p><p>In 2005, the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly. This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors, and CSS 3 Text were pulled back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulty_with_adoption">Difficulty with adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Difficulty with adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CSS 1 specification was completed in 1996. Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3" title="Internet Explorer 3">Internet Explorer 3</a><sup id="cite_ref-chapter20_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was released that year, featuring some limited support for CSS. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4" title="Internet Explorer 4">IE 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape 4.x</a> added more support, but it was typically incomplete and had many <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> that prevented CSS from being usefully adopted. It was more than three years before any web browser achieved near-full implementation of the specification. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer 5.0</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, shipped in March 2000, was the first browser to have full (better than 99 percent) CSS 1 support,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surpassing <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support fifteen months earlier. Other browsers followed soon afterward, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS 2. </p><p>However, even when later "version 5" web browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still incorrect in certain areas. They were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs, and other <a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. x for Windows</a>, as opposed to the very different <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">IE for Macintosh</a>, had a flawed implementation of the <a href="/wiki/CSS_box_model" title="CSS box model">CSS box model</a>, as compared with the CSS standards. Such inconsistencies and variation in feature support made it difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across browsers and <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a> without the use of <a href="/wiki/Workaround" title="Workaround">workarounds</a> termed <a href="/wiki/CSS_hack" title="CSS hack">CSS hacks</a> and filters. The IE Windows box model bugs were so serious that, when <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> was released, Microsoft introduced a backward-compatible mode of CSS interpretation ("<a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>") alongside an alternative, corrected "standards mode". Other non-Microsoft browsers also provided mode-switch capabilities. It, therefore, became necessary for authors of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> files to ensure they contained special distinctive <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration#HTML5_DTD-less_DOCTYPE" title="Document type declaration">"standards-compliant CSS intended" marker</a> to show that the authors intended CSS to be interpreted correctly, in compliance with standards, as opposed to being intended for the now long-obsolete <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">IE5/Windows browser</a>. Without this marker, web browsers with the "quirks mode"-switching capability will size objects in web pages as IE 5 on Windows would, rather than following CSS standards. </p><p>Problems with the patchy adoption of CSS and errata in the original specification led the W3C to revise the CSS 2 standards into CSS 2.1, which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current CSS support in HTML browsers. Some CSS 2 properties that no browser successfully implemented were dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with the predominant existing implementations. CSS 2.1 became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but CSS 2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these problems, the <code>.css</code> extension was used by a software product used to convert <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint" title="Microsoft PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> files into Compact Slide Show files,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so some web servers served all <code>.css</code><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">MIME type</a> <code>application/x-pointplus</code><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than <code>text/css</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendor_prefixes">Vendor prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Vendor prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual browser vendors occasionally introduced new parameters ahead of standardization and universalization. To prevent interfering with future implementations, vendors prepended unique names to the parameters, such as <code>-moz-</code> for <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <code>-webkit-</code> named after <a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">the browsing engine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Safari" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Safari">Apple Safari</a>, <code>-o-</code> for <a href="/wiki/Opera_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Browser">Opera Browser</a> and <code>-ms-</code> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Explorer">Microsoft Internet Explorer</a> and early versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> that use EdgeHTML. </p><p>Occasionally, the parameters with vendor prefixes such as <code>-moz-radial-gradient</code> and <code>-webkit-linear-gradient</code> have slightly different syntax as compared to their non-vendor-prefix counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prefixed properties are rendered obsolete by the time of standardization. Programs are available to automatically add prefixes for older browsers and to point out standardized versions of prefixed parameters. Since prefixes are limited to a small subset of browsers, removing the prefix allows other browsers to see the functionality. An exception is certain obsolete <code>-webkit-</code> prefixed properties, which are so common and persistent on the web that other families of browsers have decided to support them for compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png/220px-W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png/330px-W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png/440px-W3C_CSS_Snapshot.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>CSS Snapshot 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically adding new features and typically denoted<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4. Profiles are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface. Currently, there are profiles for mobile devices, printers, and television sets. Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were added in CSS 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_1">CSS 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: CSS 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1, published on 17 December 1996. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Håkon Wium Lie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bos" title="Bert Bos">Bert Bos</a> are credited as the original developers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its capabilities are support for </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Font</a> properties such as typeface and emphasis</li> <li>Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements</li> <li>Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alignment (typesetting)">Alignment</a> of text, images, <a href="/wiki/Table_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Table (HTML)">tables</a> and other elements</li> <li>Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements</li> <li>Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes</li></ul> <p>The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_2">CSS 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: CSS 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and <a href="/wiki/Z-index" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-index">z-index</a>, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets (which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech modules)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows. </p><p>The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_2.1">CSS 2.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: CSS 2.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS level 2 revision 1, often referred to as "CSS 2.1", fixes errors in CSS 2, removes poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser extensions to the specification. To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing technical specifications, CSS 2.1 went back and forth between Working Draft status and Candidate Recommendation status for many years. CSS 2.1 first became a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-CSS21-20040225/">Candidate Recommendation</a> on 25 February 2004, but it was reverted to a Working Draft on 13 June 2005 for further review. It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and then updated twice in 2009. However, because changes and clarifications were made, it again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December 2010. </p><p>CSS 2.1 went to Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being reviewed by the W3C Advisory Committee, it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2—but low-priority work on CSS 2.2 began in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_3">CSS 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: CSS 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CSS3" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CSS3_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CSS3 (disambiguation)">CSS3 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Unlike CSS 2, which is a large single specification defining various features, CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called "modules". Each module adds new capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2, preserving backward compatibility. Work on CSS level 3 started around the time of publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation. The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Wide_Web_Consortium_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Wide_Web_Consortium-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the modularization, different modules have different stability and statuses.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modules have <i><a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation#Candidate_recommendation_(CR)" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">Candidate Recommendation</a></i> (<i>CR</i>) status and are considered moderately stable. At <i>CR</i> stage, implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Summary of main module-specifications<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Module </th> <th>Specification title </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-background</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/">CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3</a>  </td> <td><i>Candidate</i> Rec.</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002023-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 2023</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css-box-3</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-box-3/">CSS Box Model Module Level 3</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002023-04-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Apr 2023</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css-cascade-3</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-cascade-3/">CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3</a>  </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002021-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Feb 2021</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css-color-3</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color">CSS Color Module Level 3</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002022-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jan 2022</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-content</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-content-3/">CSS Generated Content Module Level 3</a>  </td> <td>Working <i>Draft</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002019-08-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Aug 2019</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css-fonts-3</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/">CSS Fonts Module Level 3</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002018-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Sep 2018</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-gcpm</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-gcpm-3/">CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module</a> </td> <td>Working <i>Draft</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 2014</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-layout</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-template-3/">CSS Template Layout Module</a> </td> <td><i>Note</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002015-03-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Mar 2015</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-mediaqueries</samp>  </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/">Media Queries</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002012-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jun 2012</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>mediaqueries-4</samp>  </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/mediaqueries-4/">Media Queries Level 4</a> </td> <td><i>Candidate</i> Rec.</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002021-12-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Dec 2021</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-multicol</samp>  </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-multicol-1/">Multi-column Layout Module Level 1</a> </td> <td><i>Candidate</i> Rec.</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002021-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Oct 2021</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-page</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-page/">CSS Paged Media Module Level 3</a> </td> <td>Working <i>Draft</i>, and part migrated to css3-break</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002018-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Oct 2018</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-break</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-break/">CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3</a> </td> <td><i>Candidate</i> Rec.</td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002018-12-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Dec 2018</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>selectors-3</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-3/">Selectors Level 3</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002018-11-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Nov 2018</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>selectors-4</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-4/">Selectors Level 4</a> </td> <td>Working <i>Draft</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002022-11-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Nov 2022</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><samp>css3-ui</samp> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-ui-3/">CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI)</a> </td> <td><i>Recommendation</i></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="000000002018-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Jun 2018</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSS_4">CSS 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: CSS 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CSS4" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CSS4_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CSS4 (disambiguation)">CSS4 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/220px--CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1279" data-mwtitle="CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm/CSS_Standardization_-_The_State_of_the_Web.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jen_Simmons" title="Jen Simmons">Jen Simmons</a> discussing the state of CSS in 2019, as several CSS<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 modules were being advanced</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no single, integrated CSS4 specification,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the specification has been split into many separate modules which level independently. </p><p>Modules that build on things from CSS Level 2 started at Level 3. Some of them have already reached Level 4 or are already approaching Level 5. Other modules that define entirely new functionality, such as <a href="/wiki/Flexbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexbox">Flexbox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been designated as Level 1 and some of them are approaching Level 2. </p><p>The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes "Snapshots", a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable enough to be implemented by browser developers. So far, five such "best current practices" documents have been published as Notes, in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since these specification snapshots are primarily intended for developers, there has been a growing demand for a similar versioned reference document targeted at authors, which would present the state of interoperable implementations as meanwhile documented by sites like Can I Use...<sup id="cite_ref-caniuse_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caniuse-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the MDN Web Docs.<sup id="cite_ref-mdn_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdn-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A W3C Community Group has been established in early 2020 in order to discuss and define such a resource.<sup id="cite_ref-css4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual kind of <a href="/wiki/Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">versioning</a> is also up to debate, which means that the document, once produced, might not be called "CSS4". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Browser_support">Browser support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Browser support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each web browser uses a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">layout engine</a> to render web pages, and support for CSS functionality is not consistent between them. Because browsers do not parse CSS perfectly, multiple coding techniques have been developed to target specific browsers with workarounds (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/CSS_hacks" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS hacks">CSS hacks</a> or CSS filters). The adoption of new functionality in CSS can be hindered by a lack of support in major browsers. For example, Internet Explorer was slow to add support for many CSS 3 features, which slowed the adoption of those features and damaged the browser's reputation among developers. Additionally, a proprietary syntax for the non-vendor-prefixed <code>filter</code> property was used in some versions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to ensure a consistent experience for their users, web developers often test their sites across multiple operating systems, browsers, and browser versions, increasing development time and complexity. Tools such as <a href="/wiki/BrowserStack" title="BrowserStack">BrowserStack</a> have been built to reduce the complexity of maintaining these environments. </p><p>In addition to these testing tools, many sites maintain lists of browser support for specific CSS properties, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caniuse.com/">CanIUse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MDN_Web_Docs" title="MDN Web Docs">MDN Web Docs</a>. Additionally, CSS 3 defines feature queries, which provide an <code>@supports</code> directive that will allow developers to target browsers with support for certain functionality directly within their CSS.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSS that is not supported by older browsers can also sometimes be patched in using JavaScript <a href="/wiki/Polyfill_(programming)" title="Polyfill (programming)">polyfills</a>, which are pieces of JavaScript code designed to make browsers behave consistently. These workarounds—and the need to support fallback functionality—can add complexity to development projects, and consequently, companies frequently define a list of browser versions that they will and will not support. </p><p>As websites adopt newer code standards that are incompatible with older browsers, these browsers can be cut off from accessing many of the resources on the web (sometimes intentionally).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the most popular sites on the internet are not just visually degraded on older browsers due to poor CSS support but do not work at all, in large part due to the evolution of JavaScript and other web technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some noted limitations of the current capabilities of CSS include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannot_explicitly_declare_new_scope_independently_of_position">Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scoping rules for properties such as z-index look for the closest parent element with a position: absolute or position: relative attribute. This odd coupling has undesired effects. For example, it is impossible to avoid declaring a new scope when one is forced to adjust an element's position, preventing one from using the desired scope of a parent element. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-class_dynamic_behavior_not_controllable">Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS implements pseudo-classes that allow a degree of user feedback by conditional application of alternate styles. One CSS pseudo-class, "<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">hover</span></code>", is dynamic (equivalent of JavaScript "onmouseover") and has potential for misuse (e.g., implementing cursor-proximity popups),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but CSS has no ability for a client to disable it (no "disable"-like property) or limit its effects (no "nochange"-like values for each property). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannot_name_rules">Cannot name rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cannot name rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no way to name a CSS rule, which would allow (for example) client-side scripts to refer to the rule even if its selector changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannot_include_styles_from_a_rule_into_another_rule">Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CSS styles often must be duplicated in several rules to achieve the desired effect, causing additional maintenance and requiring more thorough testing. Some new CSS features were proposed to solve this but were abandoned afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, authors may gain this ability by using more sophisticated stylesheet languages which compile to CSS, such as <a href="/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sass (stylesheet language)">Sass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Less_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less (stylesheet language)">Less</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(stylesheet_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylus (stylesheet language)">Stylus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannot_target_specific_text_without_altering_markup">Cannot target specific text without altering markup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Cannot target specific text without altering markup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-css mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">::</span><span class="nd">first-letter</span></code> pseudo-element, one cannot target specific ranges of text without needing to utilize placeholder elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_content_from_presentation">Separation of content from presentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Separation of content from presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_content_and_presentation" title="Separation of content and presentation">Separation of content and presentation</a></div> <p>CSS facilitates the publication of content in multiple presentation formats by adjusting styles based on various nominal parameters. These parameters include explicit user preferences (such as themes or font size), compatibility with different web browsers, the type of device used to view the content (e.g., desktop, tablet, or mobile device), screen resolutions, the geographic location of the user, and many other variables. CSS also enables responsive design, ensuring that content dynamically adapts to different screen sizes and orientations, enhancing accessibility and user experience across a wide range of environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site-wide_consistency">Site-wide consistency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Site-wide consistency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheet (web development)</a></div> <p>When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet can be used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the elements should be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in the global style sheet. Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandwidth">Bandwidth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bandwidth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected by <code>class</code>, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating style information inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually stored in the <a href="/wiki/Browser_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser cache">browser cache</a>, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded, further reducing data transfer over a network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Page_reformatting">Page reformatting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Page reformatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_enhancement" title="Progressive enhancement">Progressive enhancement</a></div> <p>With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display the content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design#Accessibility" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web design § Accessibility</a></div> <p>Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users (see <a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design#Accessibility" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web design § Accessibility</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS frameworks</a> are prepared <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-compliant styling of <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks include <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_(CSS_framework)" title="Blueprint (CSS framework)">Blueprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)" title="Bootstrap (front-end framework)">Bootstrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(framework)" title="Foundation (framework)">Foundation</a> and Materialize. Like programming and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external .css sheets referenced in the HTML <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span></code>. They provide a number of ready-made options for designing and laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have been published, some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design, maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site's styling.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blueprint">Blueprint</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Blueprint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_(CSS_framework)" title="Blueprint (CSS framework)">Blueprint (CSS framework)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueprint_(CSS_framework)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_(CSS_framework)" title="Blueprint (CSS framework)">Blueprint</a> is a <a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a> designed to reduce development time and ensure <a href="/wiki/Cross-browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-browser">cross-browser</a> compatibility when working with <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS). It also serves as a foundation for many tools designed to make CSS development easier and more accessible to beginners.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bootstrap">Bootstrap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bootstrap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)" title="Bootstrap (front-end framework)">Bootstrap (front-end framework)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)" title="Bootstrap (front-end framework)">Bootstrap</a> (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/CSS_framework" title="CSS framework">CSS framework</a> directed at responsive, <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design#Related_concepts" title="Responsive web design">mobile-first</a> <a href="/wiki/Front-end_web_development" title="Front-end web development">front-end web development</a>. It contains <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, CSS and (optionally) <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based design templates for <a href="/wiki/Web_design#Typography" title="Web design">typography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (HTML)">forms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)#HTML" title="Button (computing)">buttons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_navigation#Local_website_navigation" title="Web navigation">navigation</a>, and other interface components.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation">Foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(framework)" title="Foundation (framework)">Foundation (framework)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(framework)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(framework)" title="Foundation (framework)">Foundation</a> is a free <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">responsive</a> <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">front-end</a> framework, providing a responsive grid and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and CSS <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">UI</a> components, templates, and code snippets, including typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface elements, as well as optional functionality provided by <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> extensions. Foundation is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> project, and was formerly maintained by ZURB. Since 2019, Foundation has been maintained by volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_(framework)_Github_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_(framework)_Github-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_methodologies">Design methodologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Design methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the size of CSS resources used in a project increases, a development team often needs to decide on a common design methodology to keep them organized. The goals are ease of development, ease of collaboration during development, and performance of the deployed stylesheets in the browser. Popular methodologies include OOCSS (object-oriented CSS), ACSS (atomic CSS), CSS (organic Cascade Style Sheet), SMACSS (scalable and modular architecture for CSS), and BEM (block, element, modifier).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_of_unstyled_content" title="Flash of unstyled content">Flash of unstyled content</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/html/logo/">"W3C HTML5 Logo"</a>. <i>W3C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Beijing; Farnham: O'Reilly. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-9385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-9385-4"><bdi>978-1-4493-9385-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/686709345">686709345</a>. <q>JavaScript is part of the triad of technologies that all Web developers must learn: HTML to specify the content of web pages, CSS to specify the presentation of web pages, and JavaScript to specify the behavior of web pages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JavaScript%3A+the+definitive+guide&rft.place=Beijing%3B+Farnham&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F686709345&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-9385-4&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F686709345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/htmlcss#whatcss">"What is CSS?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Call+for+Participation+in+CSS4+Community+Group&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fcommunity%2Fcss4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaris2010" class="citation news cs1">Lazaris, Louis (2010-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/04/css3-solutions-for-internet-explorer/">"CSS3 Solutions for Internet Explorer"</a>. <i>Smashing Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012224430/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/04/css3-solutions-for-internet-explorer/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smashing+Magazine&rft.atitle=CSS3+Solutions+for+Internet+Explorer&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Lazaris&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smashingmagazine.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fcss3-solutions-for-internet-explorer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2016" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Jen (August 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2016/08/using-feature-queries-in-css/">"Using Feature Queries in CSS"</a>. <i>Mozilla Hacks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011151259/https://hacks.mozilla.org/2016/08/using-feature-queries-in-css/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Hacks&rft.atitle=Using+Feature+Queries+in+CSS&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhacks.mozilla.org%2F2016%2F08%2Fusing-feature-queries-in-css%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2019" class="citation news cs1">Hutchinson, Lee (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/04/looking-at-the-web-with-internet-explorer-6-one-last-time/">"Looking at the Web with Internet Explorer 6, one last time"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012151514/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/04/looking-at-the-web-with-internet-explorer-6-one-last-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Looking+at+the+Web+with+Internet+Explorer+6%2C+one+last+time&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2014%2F04%2Flooking-at-the-web-with-internet-explorer-6-one-last-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091209071014/https://meyerweb.com/eric/css/edge/popups/demo.html">"Pure CSS Popups"</a>. meyerweb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meyerweb.com/eric/css/edge/popups/demo.html">the original</a> on 2009-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pure+CSS+Popups&rft.pub=meyerweb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeyerweb.com%2Feric%2Fcss%2Fedge%2Fpopups%2Fdemo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTab_Atkins_Jr." class="citation web cs1">Tab Atkins Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222160949/https://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-apply-rule/">"CSS apply rule"</a>. GitHub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tabatkins.github.io/specs/css-apply-rule/">the original</a> on 2016-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSS+apply+rule&rft.pub=GitHub&rft.au=Tab+Atkins+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftabatkins.github.io%2Fspecs%2Fcss-apply-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xanthir.com/b4o00">"Why I Abandoned @apply — Tab Completion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Abandoned+%40apply+%E2%80%94+Tab+Completion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xanthir.com%2Fb4o00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederholmEthan_Marcotte2009" class="citation book cs1">Cederholm, Dan; Ethan Marcotte (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgrUeIwsS60C&pg=PA114"><i>Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design</i></a>. New Riders. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-64338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-64338-4"><bdi>978-0-321-64338-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgrUeIwsS60C&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handcrafted+CSS%3A+More+Bulletproof+Web+Design&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-64338-4&rft.aulast=Cederholm&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Ethan+Marcotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgrUeIwsS60C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundation_(framework)_Github-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foundation_(framework)_Github_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/foundation/foundation-sites/issues/11767">"Is Zurb Foundation in active development?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Nov</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Is+Zurb+Foundation+in+active+development%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ffoundation%2Ffoundation-sites%2Fissues%2F11767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntti" class="citation web cs1">Antti, Hiljá. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602231126/https://clubmate.fi/oocss-acss-bem-smacss-what-are-they-what-should-i-use/">"OOCSS, ACSS, BEM, SMACSS: what are they? What should I use?"</a>. <i>clubmate.fi</i>. Hiljá. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clubmate.fi/oocss-acss-bem-smacss-what-are-they-what-should-i-use/">the original</a> on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clubmate.fi&rft.atitle=OOCSS%2C+ACSS%2C+BEM%2C+SMACSS%3A+what+are+they%3F+What+should+I+use%3F&rft.aulast=Antti&rft.aufirst=Hilj%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclubmate.fi%2Foocss-acss-bem-smacss-what-are-they-what-should-i-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerWeyl2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Meyer" title="Eric A. Meyer">Meyer, Eric A.</a>; Weyl, Estelle (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/css-the-definitive/9781098117603/"><i>Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, Fifth Edition</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-09-811761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-09-811761-0"><bdi>978-1-09-811761-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cascading+Style+Sheets%3A+The+Definitive+Guide%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-09-811761-0&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Weyl%2C+Estelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fcss-the-definitive%2F9781098117603%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2018" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Keith J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/css-in-depth/9781617293450/"><i>CSS in Depth</i></a>. Manning Publications Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61729-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61729-345-0"><bdi>978-1-61729-345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CSS+in+Depth&rft.pub=Manning+Publications+Co&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61729-345-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Keith+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearning.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fcss-in-depth%2F9781617293450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/">MDN CSS reference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/CSS_basics/">MDN Getting Started with CSS</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSS&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>CSS</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/CSS" class="extiw" title="wikt:CSS">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cascading Style Sheets">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="extiw" title="b:Cascading Style Sheets">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/CSS" class="extiw" title="v:CSS">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46441" class="extiw" title="d:Q46441">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Cascading_style_sheets" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Cascading style sheets">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/27px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/41px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/54px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:CSS" class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:CSS">Documentation</a> from MediaWiki</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46441#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor Browser</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Style_sheet_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stylesheet_languages" title="Template:Stylesheet languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stylesheet_languages" title="Template talk:Stylesheet languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stylesheet_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stylesheet languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Style_sheet_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">Style sheet languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(desktop_publishing)" title="Style sheet (desktop publishing)">Desktop publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Web development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_style_sheet_language" title="User interface style sheet language">User interfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cascading (CSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">DSSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">Extensible (XSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprocessor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JavaScript (JSSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formatting_Output_Specification_Instance" title="Formatting Output Specification Instance">FOSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sass_(style_sheet_language)" title="Sass (style sheet language)">Sass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_(style_sheet_language)" title="Less (style sheet language)">Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus_(style_sheet_language)" title="Stylus (style sheet language)">Stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostCSS" title="PostCSS">PostCSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_sheet_languages" title="List of style sheet languages">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_stylesheet_languages" title="Comparison of stylesheet languages">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:W3C_standards" title="Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W3C_standards" title="Template talk:W3C standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W3C_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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