CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4951033e-74c7-482c-bff5-59291b6a7204","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war","wgTitle":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war","wgCurRevisionId":1259697138,"wgRevisionId":1259697138,"wgArticleId":43982103,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2024","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Articles that may be too long from June 2024", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles to be expanded from January 2023","All articles to be expanded","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2018","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Military operations involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","Military operations involving Turkey","Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war","2010s in Turkey","2020s in Turkey"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war","wgRelevantArticleId":43982103,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18208094","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="674"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/800px-Al-Bab_military_council.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/640px-Al-Bab_military_council.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war rootpage-Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_and_anti-government_forces_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_and_anti-government_forces_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Turkey and anti-government forces in Syria </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkey_and_anti-government_forces_in_Syria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkey and anti-government forces in Syria subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkey_and_anti-government_forces_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkish_support_to_anti-Government_forces_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_support_to_anti-Government_forces_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Turkish support to anti-Government forces in Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_support_to_anti-Government_forces_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Nusra_Front_and_the_Army_of_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Nusra_Front_and_the_Army_of_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Al-Nusra Front and the Army of Conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Nusra_Front_and_the_Army_of_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkistan_Islamic_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkistan_Islamic_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Turkistan Islamic Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkistan_Islamic_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_(ISIL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_(ISIL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_(ISIL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_Turkish_cooperation_with_and_support_for_ISIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_Turkish_cooperation_with_and_support_for_ISIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.1 Allegations of Turkish cooperation with and support for ISIL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_Turkish_cooperation_with_and_support_for_ISIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Idlib_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Idlib_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 2017 Idlib operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Idlib_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_clashes_with_the_Syrian_Arab_Army_in_Idlib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_clashes_with_the_Syrian_Arab_Army_in_Idlib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 2020 clashes with the Syrian Arab Army in Idlib </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_clashes_with_the_Syrian_Arab_Army_in_Idlib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish–Kurdish_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish–Kurdish_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Turkish–Kurdish conflict </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkish–Kurdish_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkish–Kurdish conflict subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkish–Kurdish_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2014_intervention_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_intervention_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2014 intervention plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_intervention_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014–2015:_Kobanî_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014–2015:_Kobanî_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2014–2015: Kobanî activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014–2015:_Kobanî_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_intervention_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_intervention_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 2015 intervention plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_intervention_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015–2016:_Rojava_expands_and_increased_Turkish_hostility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2016:_Rojava_expands_and_increased_Turkish_hostility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2015–2016: Rojava expands and increased Turkish hostility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2016:_Rojava_expands_and_increased_Turkish_hostility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–2017_military_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–2017_military_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2016–2017 military intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–2017_military_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_intervention_into_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_intervention_into_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Potential intervention into Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_intervention_into_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_military_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_military_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2018 military intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_military_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_military_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_military_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 2019 military intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_military_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_cross-border_airstrikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_cross-border_airstrikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2022 cross-border airstrikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_cross-border_airstrikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey–ISIL_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey–ISIL_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Turkey–ISIL conflict </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkey–ISIL_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkey–ISIL conflict subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkey–ISIL_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015–2016:_ISIL_terror_attacks_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2016:_ISIL_terror_attacks_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 2015–2016: ISIL terror attacks in Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2016:_ISIL_terror_attacks_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–May_2016:_Cross-border_confrontations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–May_2016:_Cross-border_confrontations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 April–May 2016: Cross-border confrontations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–May_2016:_Cross-border_confrontations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023:_Death_of_ISIS_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023:_Death_of_ISIS_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 2023: Death of ISIS leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023:_Death_of_ISIS_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 International collaboration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_collaboration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International collaboration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 NATO schism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incirlik_Air_Base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incirlik_Air_Base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Incirlik Air Base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incirlik_Air_Base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 United States role in the Syrian civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Russian Federation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-November_2015_Turkish_shootdown_of_Russian_Su-24" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_2015_Turkish_shootdown_of_Russian_Su-24"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 November 2015 Turkish shootdown of Russian Su-24 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_2015_Turkish_shootdown_of_Russian_Su-24-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_and_Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq_coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_and_Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq_coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Turkey and Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_and_Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq_coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_regularization_of_diplomatic_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_regularization_of_diplomatic_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Russo-Turkish regularization of diplomatic ties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_regularization_of_diplomatic_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Targeting_of_Kurds_and_alleged_collusion_with_Syrian_extremists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_of_Kurds_and_alleged_collusion_with_Syrian_extremists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Targeting of Kurds and alleged collusion with Syrian extremists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_of_Kurds_and_alleged_collusion_with_Syrian_extremists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Arms trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Oil smuggling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_maltreatment_of_refugees_and_of_other_humanitarian_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_maltreatment_of_refugees_and_of_other_humanitarian_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Criticism of maltreatment of refugees and of other humanitarian misconduct </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_maltreatment_of_refugees_and_of_other_humanitarian_misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Allegations of war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_of_journalists_and_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_of_journalists_and_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Targeting of journalists and politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_of_journalists_and_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquities_smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquities_smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Antiquities smuggling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquities_smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supplies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supplies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Water supplies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تدخل تركيا في الحرب الأهلية السورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدخل تركيا في الحرب الأهلية السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervenci%C3%B3n_militar_turca_en_la_guerra_civil_siria" title="Intervención militar turca en la guerra civil siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intervención militar turca en la guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="مداخله ترکیه در جنگ داخلی سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مداخله ترکیه در جنگ داخلی سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84_%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%85" title="튀르키예의 시리아 내전 개입 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 시리아 내전 개입" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध में तुर्की की भागीदारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध में तुर्की की भागीदारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="המעורבות הטורקית במלחמת האזרחים בסוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעורבות הטורקית במלחמת האזרחים בסוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB_(%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6)" title="トルコ軍によるシリア侵攻 (シリア内戦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ軍によるシリア侵攻 (シリア内戦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%87" title="د سوریې په کورنۍ جګړه کې د ترکیې مداخله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سوریې په کورنۍ جګړه کې د ترکیې مداخله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_turca_na_Guerra_Civil_S%C3%ADria" title="Intervenção turca na Guerra Civil Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Intervenção turca na Guerra Civil Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interven%C8%9Bia_Turciei_%C3%AEn_R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Sirian" title="Intervenția Turciei în Războiul Civil Sirian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Intervenția Turciei în Războiul Civil Sirian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1%27nda_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Suriye İç Savaşı'nda Türkiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye İç Savaşı'nda Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_(2016)" title="Турецька кампанія у Сирії (2016) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турецька кампанія у Сирії (2016)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_thi%E1%BB%87p_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3_v%C3%A0o_n%E1%BB%99i_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Syria" title="Can thiệp của Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ vào nội chiến Syria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Can thiệp của Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ vào nội chiến Syria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18208094#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1259697138" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&id=1259697138&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18208094" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkish invasion of Syria </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Talk:Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">talk page</a>. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:400px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Turkish operations in Syria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War">foreign involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:451px;max-width:451px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Bab_military_council.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/222px-Al-Bab_military_council.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/333px-Al-Bab_military_council.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Al-Bab_military_council.png/444px-Al-Bab_military_council.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg/221px-Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg/332px-Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg/442px-Turkish_Army_Captured_Afrin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="589" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png/222px-FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png/333px-FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png/444px-FSA_and_Turkish_flags_on_Barsaya_mountain.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg/221px-Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg/332px-Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg/442px-Afrine_ASL_Bursaya_29-01-18_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="684" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_(Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE)_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/222px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/333px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg/444px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_H%C3%A2rekat%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Resulayn_%28Ser%C3%AAkan%C3%AE%29_bombalan%C4%B1yor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="431" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/221px-Turkish_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/332px-Turkish_patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turkish_patrol.jpg/442px-Turkish_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Al-Bab military council fighters during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish soldiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">rebel</a> fighters at the building in <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> that had hosted the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a>-led government of <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">the region</a></li> <li>Rebel fighters hoist the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish flag">Turkish flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_independence_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian independence flag">Syrian independence flag</a> on the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Barsa" title="Mount Barsa">Mount Barsa</a></li> <li>Rebel fighters and a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish tank</a> on Mount Barsa</li> <li>Turkish shelling of Ras al-Ayn during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li>U.S. and Turkish troops rendezvous for a joint patrol in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>5 December 2011 (2011-12-05) – present (12 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> Ongoing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_Northern_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish occupation of Northern Syria">Turkish occupation of Northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> captured a total area of 8,835 square kilometres (3,411 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-30days-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> including over 1000 settlements<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supported by:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (2011-2017)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> (limited)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/23px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/35px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg/45px-International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">IFB</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supported by:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (2011-2017)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (2017-2018)<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-arabforce-17">[16]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-arabforce-17">[16]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (limited) </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a><a href="#cite_note-pkk-18">[17]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> (limited)</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> (2015–2023) <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metin_G%C3%BCrak" title="Metin Gürak">Metin Gürak</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kal%C4%B1n" title="İbrahim Kalın">İbrahim Kalın</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Metin_Temel" title="İsmail Metin Temel">İsmail Metin Temel</a> (2016–2018) <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zekai_Aksakall%C4%B1" title="Zekai Aksakallı">Zekai Aksakallı</a> (2016–2017) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albay_Ahmed_Berri" class="mw-redirect" title="Albay Ahmed Berri">Albay Ahmed Berri</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ebubekir Seyf <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Fehim Isa <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ahmed Othman</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hediya_Yousef" title="Hediya Yousef">Hediya Yousef</a><a href="#cite_note-recognition-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Selum" title="Mansur Selum">Mansur Selum</a><a href="#cite_note-recognition-26">[25]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Adnan Abu Amjad<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> (Manbij Military Council & Northern Sun Battalion commander) (Euphrates Liberation Brigade commander) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Talal_Silo" title="Talal Silo">Talal Silo</a> (spokesperson for the SDF, <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> in 2017) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />Abdulsettar Al-Cadiri (Jarabulus military council commander)</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Yunus Durmaz <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> ISIL leader in Turkey, Gaziantep <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Ansari <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> (Emir of al-Bab) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Hussein al-Tunusi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> ISIL southern Raqqa field commander <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Khalid Urduni <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> (Emir of al-Bab) <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> Abu Ja'fr Dagestani <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> (ISIL emir)</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a> (since 2016) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Turkmens_%28variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades" title="Syrian Turkmen Brigades">Syrian Turkmen Brigades</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/23px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/35px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/46px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/23px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/35px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/46px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Jaysh_al-Thuwar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">Various military councils</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/23px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/35px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/45px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/23px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/35px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/45px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML TİKKO</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/23px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/35px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg/45px-Birle%C5%9Fik_%C3%96zg%C3%BCrl%C3%BCk_G%C3%BC%C3%A7leri_%28United_Freedom_Forces%29_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Forces" title="United Freedom Forces">United Freedom Forces</a> </td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/22px-InfoboxNDF.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/33px-InfoboxNDF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/InfoboxNDF.png/43px-InfoboxNDF.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 685,862 servicemen 668 aircraft</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 65,000</td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 31,500–100,000 militants (2016)</td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> 178,000 servicemen 320 aircraft</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a>Turkey 299–356 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Syria" title="Turkish Armed Forces casualties in Syria">servicemen killed</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Equipment</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>15 Tanks<a href="#cite_note-36">[b]</a></li> <li>2 IFV's<a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a></li> <li>2 Helicopters<a href="#cite_note-43">[d]</a></li> <li>1 Aircraft<a href="#cite_note-45">[e]</a></li> <li>9 UAVs<a href="#cite_note-47">[f]</a> Destroyed</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> 2,299 killed<a href="#cite_note-55">[k]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Syrian Democratic Forces 2,477 killed<a href="#cite_note-65">[o]</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> Islamic State 3,000+ killed or captured<a href="#cite_note-66">[51]</a> (per Turkey) <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> 2 killed<a href="#cite_note-67">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lions_of_the_East_Army" title="Lions of the East Army">Lions of the East Army</a> 2 killed<a href="#cite_note-68">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[54]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Anti-Turkey factions of the Syrian National Army</a> 5 killed<a href="#cite_note-70">[55]</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>Syrian Government 442 killed<a href="#cite_note-81">[r]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Equipment</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>45 Tanks<a href="#cite_note-saaequipment-82">[64]</a></li> <li>33 Artillery<a href="#cite_note-saaequipment-82">[64]</a></li> <li>33 Vehicles<a href="#cite_note-saaequipment-82">[64]</a></li> <li>20 IFVs<a href="#cite_note-saaequipment-82">[64]</a></li> <li>5 AA guns and AM systems<a href="#cite_note-saaequipment-82">[64]</a></li> <li>4 Aircraft <a href="#cite_note-86">[s]</a></li> <li>3 Helicopters<a href="#cite_note-90">[t]</a></li></ul> Destroyed or captured</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah"><img alt="Hezbollah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> 9–14 killed<a href="#cite_note-91">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> 5 killed<a href="#cite_note-93">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 3 servicemen killed<a href="#cite_note-95">[75]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Equipment</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>1 Aircraft<a href="#cite_note-97">[u]</a></li> <li>1 Helicopter<a href="#cite_note-99">[v]</a> Destroyed or captured</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 765–1,517 civilians killed by Turkish Armed Forces and border guards<a href="#cite_note-103">[w]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_involvement_inthe_Syrian_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_involvement_inthe_Syrian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">2011 border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War">2012–2014 border clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">F-4 incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">2014 attacks on ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shah_Euphrates" title="Operation Shah Euphrates">Shah Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Operation Martyr Yalçın">Martyr Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">2015 Su-24 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)#SDF_push_north,_government_push_south_and_Turkish_shelling" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">1st al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">2nd al-Rai</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarabulus offensive">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">2017 incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">Arima</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 airstrikes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)#Syrian-Turkish_skirmishes_and_the_entry_of_the_Republican_Guard" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">2019 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">2020 clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_northern_Syria_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 northern Syria border clashes">2018 border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2019)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern Syria bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Ayn_Issa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Ayn Issa clashes">2020–21 Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">2022 Jarqli airstrikes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Spillover into Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Fence" title="Operation Active Fence">Active Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey">2014 Kurdish riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)">3rd PKK insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93ISIL_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–ISIL conflict">ISIL insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_rocket_attacks_on_Turkey_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL rocket attacks on Turkey (2016)">Kilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Karlov assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israel and the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> began diplomatically and later escalated militarily. Initially, Turkey condemned the Syrian government at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">civil unrest in Syria</a> during the spring of 2011;<a href="#cite_note-condemn-104">[81]</a> the Turkish government's involvement gradually evolved into military assistance for the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> in July 2011,<a href="#cite_note-manna-105">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War">border clashes in 2012</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Topic:_Syria1-106">[83]</a> and direct military interventions <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">in 2016–17</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wsjplan-107">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-tanks-109">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">in 2018</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nurettin-110">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">in 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">2020</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2019-111">[88]</a> The military operations have resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a> since August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-Occupation-112">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOA-occupation-113">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-occupation-114">[91]</a> After a decade of relatively friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from 2000 to 2010, Turkey condemned Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian Civil War">violent crackdown on protests</a> in 2011<a href="#cite_note-condemn-104">[81]</a> and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-115">[92]</a> From the beginning of the war, Turkey trained defectors of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> in its territory under the supervision of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">National Intelligence Organisation</a> (MİT), among whom emerged the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in July 2011. In May 2012, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">National Intelligence Organisation</a> (MİT) began arming and training the FSA<a href="#cite_note-manna-105">[82]</a> and provided them with a base of operations. Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces <a href="/wiki/June_2012_interception_of_Turkish_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2012 interception of Turkish aircraft">shot down a Turkish fighter jet</a> in June 2012, and border clashes erupted in October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Topic:_Syria1-106">[83]</a> On 24 August 2016, the Turkish Armed Forces began a direct military intervention into Syria by declaring <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a>, mainly targeting the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>. Turkey has strongly supported Syrian dissidents. Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul in May 2011 to discuss regime change,<a href="#cite_note-116">[93]</a> and Turkey hosted the head of the Free Syrian Army, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[94]</a> Turkey became increasingly hostile to the Assad government's policies and encouraged reconciliation among dissident factions. Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> declared his intent to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad."<a href="#cite_note-Dif_relationship_against_Assad-118">[95]</a> In 2017, it facilitated the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>, which it finances. A study by Metropoll in September 2019 found that 68% of Turks disapprove of the current government policies on Syria.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[97]</a> The poll also found that 47.5% of Turks see the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> as an "enemy". Three out of four Turks said that Syrian refugees should return to Syria "even if the war continues".<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[96]</a> According to another research by Metropoll, the amount of support for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> was at 79%, while <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> had 71% support.<a href="#cite_note-121">[98]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Before the Turkish government condemned the actions of the Syrian government after the outbreak of the civil war in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-122">[99]</a> the two countries had a rather good bond from the beginning of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-123">[100]</a> This bond could even be referred to as a close alliance.<a href="#cite_note-124">[101]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (or the AKP) was chosen as the ruling party in Turkey in 2002, it took a new direction in its policy in Middle eastern relations, which led to an improvement of the relations between Syria and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[102]</a> The normalization of relations started in late 2004, when the Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> flew to Damascus to sign a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[103]</a> Moving away from a mainly Western oriented policy, towards a <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> strategy aiming to become the <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[102]</a> Turkey wanted to change the idea that all the neighboring countries were its enemies. This more 'liberal' approach towards neighboring countries could be seen in Syria by the <a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">open border</a>-policies, and more dialogue between the countries, for example on cultural and civil-society levels.<a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey_and_anti-government_forces_in_Syria">Turkey and anti-government forces in Syria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Turkey and anti-government forces in Syria">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></div> At the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Turkey trained defectors of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> on its territory, and in July 2011, a group of them announced the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">Turkish intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manna-105">[82]</a> In October 2011, Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army, offering the group a safe zone and a base of operations. Together with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment. On 22 June 2012, a Turkish <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas RF-4E Phantom II</a> reconnaissance jet was intercepted and <a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">shot down by the Syrian Army</a> in international airspace and greatly escalated the tensions between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-aa0307-127">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[105]</a> In October 2012, numerous <a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War">clashes</a> took place along the <a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian–Turkish border">Syrian–Turkish border</a>, resulting in the deaths of 14 Syrian soldiers and 5 Turkish civilians.<a href="#cite_note-129">[106]</a> The clashes strained the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Syria–Turkey relations">relations between the countries</a> and resulting in dozens of civilians and military personnel killed. Syria has repeatedly urged UN Security Council action to "put an end to the crimes of the Turkish regime".<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-130">[107]</a> On 5 August 2012, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> criticised the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican People's Party (Turkey)">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP) leader <a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a> for siding with the Syrian regime over the Syrian people,<a href="#cite_note-131">[108]</a> when he said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Turkish opposition parties that supported the Syrian regime will be embarrassed in the near future to visit Damascus, whilst he [Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu] and the members of his party will go to Damascus to meet their brothers and sisters there; recite al-Fatiha (the opening chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">tomb of Salah Eldin Al Ayoubi</a>; pray in the courtyards of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad mosque">Umayyad mosque</a>; visit the grave of the Prophet's companion, <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal El-ibn Rabah</a>; the tomb of Imam <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Al-Arabi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyah College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway Station">al-Hijaz station</a>; and thank Allah side by side with our Syrian brothers.<a href="#cite_note-132">[109]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_support_to_anti-Government_forces_in_Syria">Turkish support to anti-Government forces in Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turkish support to anti-Government forces in Syria">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Nusra_Front_and_the_Army_of_Conquest">Al-Nusra Front and the Army of Conquest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Al-Nusra Front and the Army of Conquest">edit</a>]</div> Turkey, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have supported the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[110]</a> The coalition includes the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> (the Syrian affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>, but it also included non-al-Qaeda-linked Islamist factions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Legion" title="Sham Legion">Sham Legion</a>, that have received covert arms support from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-134">[111]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, some Turkish officials said they were giving logistical and intelligence support to the command center of the coalition, but said they did not give direct help to al-Nusra, while acknowledging that the group would be beneficiaries. It was also reported that some rebels and officials say that material support in the form of money and weapons to the Islamist groups was being given by Saudis with Turkey facilitating its passage.<a href="#cite_note-135">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a> reported that President Obama of the United States chose not to confront Saudi Arabia and Qatar over the issue at a May 2015 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, although al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham troops made up 90% of the troops in the <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> region, where they were making substantial gains against the Assad government.<a href="#cite_note-136">[113]</a> Turkey had reportedly criticised designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist organisation. <a href="/wiki/Feridun_Sinirlio%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Sinirlioğlu">Feridun Sinirlioğlu</a> had reportedly told his American interlocutors that it was more important to focus on the "chaos" that Assad has created instead of groups such as al-Nusra.<a href="#cite_note-137">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a> claimed in 2013 that Turkey was reconsidering its support for Nusra. Turkey's designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist group since June 2014 was seen as an indication of it giving up on the group.<a href="#cite_note-138">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey" title="List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey">Turkish opposition parties</a> have accused Erdogan and his government have supported terrorism in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-140">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[118]</a> In June 2014, İhsan Özkes, a parliamentarian from <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican People's Party (Turkey)">CHP</a>, stated that a directive had been signed by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Interior_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Interior Minister">Turkish Interior Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Muammer_G%C3%BCler" title="Muammer Güler">Muammer Güler</a>, ordering the provision of support to Al-Nusra against <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a>. Güler said this statement false and said that a directive with the letterhead of the Governor's Office of Hatay could not be possibly signed by a minister, which is a direct proof of the document's inauthenticity.<a href="#cite_note-142">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[120]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">United States Ambassador to Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ricciardone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Ricciardone">Francis Ricciardone</a> stated that Turkey had directly supported and worked with <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a> and al-Qaeda's wing in Syria for a period of time thinking that they could work with extremist Islamist groups and push them to become more moderate at the same time, an attempt which failed. He said that he tried to persuade the Turkish government to close its borders to the groups, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-144">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> in an article published on <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a> on 17 April 2014 said that senior US military leaders and the intelligence community were concerned about Turkey's role and stated that Erdogan was a supporter of al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebel groups.<a href="#cite_note-145">[122]</a> On 9 January 2017, Turkey summoned the Russian and Iranian ambassadors to express its disturbance over airstrikes of the Syrian Army in the Idlib Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-146">[123]</a> On 5 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_G%C3%B6rmez" title="Mehmet Görmez">Mehmet Görmez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkish president of religious affairs</a>, met with <a href="/wiki/Harith_al-Dhari" title="Harith al-Dhari">Harith al-Dhari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[124]</a> an Iraqi Sunni cleric who was designated by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaida_Sanctions_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee">Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee</a> as an "individual associated with al-Qaeda" in 2010. Al-Dhari was reported to have "provided operational guidance, financial support, and other services to or in support of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a>."<a href="#cite_note-148">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkistan_Islamic_Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turkistan Islamic Party">edit</a>]</div> Arab media stated that the village of <a href="/wiki/Zanbaqi" title="Zanbaqi">Az-Zanbaqi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a>'s countryside has become a base for a massive amount of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a> militants and their families in Syria, estimated at 3,500. They further stated the Turkish intelligence was being involved in transporting these Uyghurs via Turkey to Syria, with the aim of using them first in Syria to help <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Al-Nusra">Jabhat Al-Nusra</a> and gain combat experience fighting against the Syrian Army before sending them back to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> to fight against <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> if they manage to survive.<a href="#cite_note-149">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[127]</a> Arab news agencies reported that the Uyghurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party, the Chechens in <a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Sham" title="Junud al-Sham">Junud al-Sham</a>, Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham are being coordinated by Turkish intelligence to work with the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[128]</a> Turkish media agencies, on the other hand, denied this and stated that it was a scheme of the Chinese government to promise a holy cause and new lands to Uyghur forces with Islamic tendencies, which would eventually be cited by the government as the reason for more oppressive policies towards the Uyghur people.<a href="#cite_note-152">[129]</a> The validity of the Chinese statements had also been challenged by Sean Roberts of Georgetown University in an article on global terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-153">[130]</a> Conversely, other reports emphasized on the Uyghur fighters' ties with ISIL, which led to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting">2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting</a> against Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-154">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_(ISIL)">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93ISIL_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey–ISIL conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_National_Intelligence_Organisation_scandal_in_Turkey" title="2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey">2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Allegations_of_Turkish_cooperation_with_and_support_for_ISIL">Allegations of Turkish cooperation with and support for ISIL</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allegations of Turkish cooperation with and support for ISIL">edit</a>]</div> Ever since the formal founding of ISIL from its <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> predecessor groups in June 2014, Turkey has faced numerous allegations of collaboration with and support for ISIL in international media.<a href="#cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost-155">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[135]</a> Several of the allegations have focused on Turkish <a href="/wiki/Businessman" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessman">businessman</a> and politician Murat Çavuşdoğan, who has faced calls for his prosecution in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-159">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[137]</a> Turkey has, despite national and international criticism, largely refused to directly engage militants of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), despite continued threats from ISIL to pursue more operations on Turkish soil. The Turkish response to the ISIL-led <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a> as well as a series of terrorist attacks on Turkish soil reportedly linked to ISIL perpetrators, was largely subdued apart from a series of incidents on the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Turkish–Syrian border</a>. On 23 July 2014 one Turkish sergeant was killed by fire from <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> forces in Syria, and four Turkish tanks returned fire into ISIL held territory in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-161">[138]</a> The following day ISIL and Turkish soldiers actively engaged in the Turkish border town of <a href="/wiki/Kilis" title="Kilis">Kilis</a>, marking a dangerous new escalation in the ties between Turkey and ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-162">[139]</a> Turkish <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcons</a> struck <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> targets across the border from <a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis Province</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smart_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart bomb">smart bombs</a>, the Turkish government announced.<a href="#cite_note-163">[140]</a> The Turkish government stated that this was to prevent an attempted invasion by ISIL troops.<a href="#cite_note-164">[141]</a> On 25 August 2015, the Turkish newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bug%C3%BCn" title="Bugün">Bugün</a> ran a front-page story, illustrated with video stills, about what it said was the transfer, under the observation of Turkish border guards, of weapon and explosives from Turkey to ISIL through the Akcakale border post. Bugün reported that such transfers were occurring on a daily basis and had been going on for two months. In response, a couple of days later offices of Koza İpek Media Group, the owner of the newspaper, were raided by Turkish police.<a href="#cite_note-165">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[143]</a> In October 2015 control of Koza İpek Media Group was seized by the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office which then appointed new managers with links to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), and in July 2016 Bugün was <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_outlets_shut_down_in_the_2016_Turkish_purges" title="List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges">closed down</a> on the orders of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-167">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[145]</a> In late November 2015, Turkey started tougher controls to stop ISIL militants crossing on a 60-mile stretch of the border with Syria where ISIL had control of the Syrian side. The crossing was used for smuggling and for arms transfers. This followed Russian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">President Putin</a> directly said Turkey was aiding ISIL and al-Qaeda, and pressure from the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-independent-20151130-169">[146]</a> In <a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> 2018, an article was published by <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> in which it was stated that in 2013 alone, some 30,000 militants traversed Turkish soil, establishing the so-called jihadi highway, as the country became a conduit for fighters seeking to join the Islamic State. Furthermore, it was stated that wounded Islamic State militants were treated for free at hospitals across southeastern Turkey. Among those receiving the care was one of the top deputies of Islamic State chieftain Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Ahmet el-H, who was treated in a private hospital in Sanliurfa in August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-170">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_Idlib_operation">2017 Idlib operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2017 Idlib operation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></div> On 7 October 2017, Turkish forces launched an operation to establish observation posts in the northern <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[148]</a> in coordination with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-172">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_clashes_with_the_Syrian_Arab_Army_in_Idlib">2020 clashes with the Syrian Arab Army in Idlib</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020 clashes with the Syrian Arab Army in Idlib">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></div> On 3 February 2020, Syrian and Turkish forces exchanged fire in Idlib, Latakia and the northern Aleppo countryside during the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th northwestern Syria offensive</a>. Turkey and the SOHR reported seven Turkish soldiers, one civilian contractor, and 13 Syrian soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-173">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[151]</a> Turkey's president Erdoğan demanded that Russian forces in Idlib "stand aside"; he nevertheless dismissed the possibility of direct conflict with Russia saying Turkey and Russia would talk about the issue “without anger”.<a href="#cite_note-175">[152]</a> On 10 February, Syrian government forces shelled a recently built Turkish observation post at <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz_Military_Airbase" title="Taftanaz Military Airbase">Taftanaz Military Airbase</a>, killing five Turkish soldiers, according to the Turkish Defense Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-176">[153]</a> According to the SOHR, six Turkish soldiers and four Syrian rebels were killed in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-176">[153]</a> On 11 February, Turkish Armed Forces shot down a Syrian Government helicopter, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nayrab,_Idlib" title="Nayrab, Idlib">Nayrab</a> killing all its crew.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 27 February 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in an <a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">air-raid</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[154]</a> Therefore, Turkey and proxy forces started to target the regime forces and their allies until they recaptured <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a>, and cut the Damascus-Aleppo M5 highway once again.<a href="#cite_note-178">[155]</a> As the deadline to withdraw to the initial de-escalation lines behind the Turkish observation points, previously set by Turkish President Erdoğan to halt the Syrian regime assault in Idlib Governorate, ended by the end of February.<a href="#cite_note-179">[156]</a> On 1 March, Turkey initiated a military operation code-named as Operation Spring Shield (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Bahar Kalkanı Harekâtı), against the Syrian regime, which aims to protect local Syrians and to install a lasting ceasefire, according to the Turkish Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[157]</a> From 27 February to 5 March, Turkey claimed the Turkish military have neutralized 3,138 Syrian Army soldiers and militia, and destroyed the following material: 3 fighter jets, 8 helicopters, 3 UAVs, 151 tanks, 47 howitzers, 52 launchers, 12 antitank weapons, 4 mortars, 10 arsenal depots and 145 military, technical and combat vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-181">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> have also released a 12-minutes of drone footage that wrought havoc. According to the SOHR, Turkish troops killed 165 Syrian soldiers and fighters loyal to the regime.<a href="#cite_note-cassh-76">[59]</a> On 5 March 2020, Turkey alongside Russia announced that a ceasefire in Syria's north-west region of Idlib would come into force from the very midnight. The decision was taken in light of the rising number of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations, since the offensive began in region. However, Turkey informed that it still reserved "the right to retaliate with all its strength against any attack" carried out by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syrian government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish–Kurdish_conflict">Turkish–Kurdish conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkish–Kurdish conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">Foreign relations of Rojava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Islamist conflict">AANES–Islamist conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png/250px-Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png/375px-Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png/500px-Turkish_Army_bombards_SDF_in_northern_Aleppo.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Turkish Army artillery bombard a SDF position in the northern Aleppo countryside in July 2017</figcaption></figure> The Turkish government promotes a narrative according to which the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD), the leading political party of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES), and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) militia, the leading component group of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF), were reportedly "seizing and ethnically cleansing territories which don't belong to Kurds." No evidence has been provided for these assertions, which were refuted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[163]</a> Turkish president Erdogan has stated that "What is important is to prepare a controlled life in this enormous area, and the most suitable people for it are Arabs. These areas are not suitable for the lifestyle of Kurds ... because these areas are virtually desert", although <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a> is mostly north of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[167]</a> Turkey has received the co-chair of Syrian Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD), <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim" title="Salih Muslim">Salih Muslim</a>, for talks in 2013<a href="#cite_note-191">[168]</a> and in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-192">[169]</a> even entertaining the idea of opening a Rojava representation office in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> "if it's suitable with Ankara's policies."<a href="#cite_note-193">[170]</a> Nonwithstanding, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is persistently hostile, because it feels threatened by Rojava's emergence encouraging activism for autonomy among <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a>, and in this context in particular Rojava's leading <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD) and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) militia being members of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK) network of organisations, which also includes both political and militant Kurdish organizations in Turkey itself, including the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK). Turkey's policy towards Rojava is based on an economic blockade,<a href="#cite_note-194">[171]</a> persistent attempts of international isolation,<a href="#cite_note-OIC-195">[172]</a> opposition to the cooperation of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition with Rojava militias,<a href="#cite_note-196">[173]</a> and support of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> Syrian Civil War parties hostile towards Rojava,<a href="#cite_note-197">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[175]</a> in past times even including ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost-155">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[177]</a> Turkey has on several occasions also been militarily attacking Rojava territory and defence forces.<a href="#cite_note-201">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[180]</a> The latter has resulted in some of the most clearcut instances of international solidarity with Rojava.<a href="#cite_note-204">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tastekin-205">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[183]</a> In the perception of much of the Turkish public, the Rojava federal project as well as U.S. support against ISIL are elements of a wider conspiracy scheme by a "mastermind" with the aim to weaken or even dismember Turkey, in order to prevent its imminent rise as a global power.<a href="#cite_note-207">[184]</a> Opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirtas" class="mw-redirect" title="Selahattin Demirtas">Selahattin Demirtas</a> has suggested for Turkey and other countries to recognize Rojava and work with it as a partner.<a href="#cite_note-208">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-209">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_intervention_plans">2014 intervention plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2014 intervention plans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shah_Euphrates" title="Operation Shah Euphrates">Operation Shah Euphrates</a></div> On 27 March 2014 an audio tape recording of high-level Turkish officials discussing Turkey's Syria strategy was released on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. The officials discussed a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operation that would lead to an invasion of Syria. YouTube was subsequently blocked in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-210">[187]</a> A vote in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> was scheduled for 1 October 2014 on whether or not to invade Syria as part of the war on ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-211">[188]</a> while preparations for a possible intervention were made.<a href="#cite_note-212">[189]</a> It was later delayed a day. The de facto "declaration of war" took the form of two separate motions, one on Iraq and one on Syria, which would authorize Turkish troops to invade those countries.<a href="#cite_note-213">[190]</a> the opposition said they hadn't been able to read either motion, as the exact text had been delayed. Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç said that the gist of the resolutions was to extend the current mandate for "hot pursuit" against the PKK and Syrian Army into Syria and Iraq, which was to end the second week in October, to add the Islamic State to the list, and to set up a buffer zone on the Syrian side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-214">[191]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> opened the parliamentary session by saying that Turkey would fight against the Islamic State and other "terrorist" groups in the region, but would stick to its aim of seeing <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> removed from power.<a href="#cite_note-215">[192]</a> After two days of heated debate, the motion passed 298–98.<a href="#cite_note-216">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014–2015:_Kobanî_activity">2014–2015: Kobanî activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2014–2015: Kobanî activity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></div> With the Turkish government thinking that a declaration was enough, and with only a minimum of western airstrikes helping the defenders of Kobanî, ISIL troops edged closer to the city, eventually entering it from the south and east.<a href="#cite_note-217">[194]</a> Feeling betrayed by the Turkish government and hearing that Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu's previous vow not to let Kobanî fall was, in fact, a lie, refugees on the border and citizens in the cities of Istanbul, Ankara, Antakya, Antalya, Eskişehir, Denizli, Kocaeli, Diyarbakır, Siirt, Batman, and elsewhere began to protest. Turkish police responded with tear gas and water cannons, and live fire in the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, killing protestors.<a href="#cite_note-218">[195]</a> By 7 October, ISIL militants and Kurdish defenders were fighting in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, with many dead and scores wounded on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-219">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_will_not_save_Kobane-220">[197]</a> As the battle for Kobanî continued to rage, rioting continued in Turkey, and almost 40 people were killed in street clashes by mid-October. In late October, ISIL began shelling the border post near Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-221">[198]</a> On 11 October, Turkish President Erdogan denounced the protests, stating that they were attacking Turkey's "peace, stability, and environment of trust." He stated that the government was already caring for 200,000 Kurdish refugees from the Kobanî area and asked, "What does Kobanî have to do with Turkey?"<a href="#cite_note-222">[199]</a> By mid-October, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party#2014_action_against_Islamic_State_and_renewed_tensions_in_Turkey" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">fighting had also renewed</a> between Turkish military forces and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) elements in southeastern Turkey. On 29 November 2014, ISIL fighters began attacking YPG fighters in Kobanî from Turkish territory.<a href="#cite_note-auto-223">[200]</a> Kurdish sources in Kobane said that on 29 November ISIL fighters attacked Kobane from Turkish territory, and that the assault began with a vehicle driven by a suicide bomber coming from Turkish territory. During the attack, a group of ISIL fighters were seen atop granary silos on the Turkish side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com_2-224">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-225">[202]</a> According to the German news outlet 'Der Spiegel', ISIL fighters also attacked YPG positions near the border gate from Turkish soil.<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-226">[203]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR), YPG fighters crossed the Turkish border and attacked ISIL positions on Turkish soil, before pulling back to Syria. Soon afterward, the Turkish Army regained control of the border crossing and silos area.<a href="#cite_note-counter-227">[204]</a> On 25 June 2015, fighters from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/June_2015_Kobani_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2015 Kobani attack">attack against Kobanî</a>, detonating three <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[205]</a> The ISIL fighters were reported to have disguised themselves as Kurdish security forces, before entering the town and shooting civilians with assault rifles and RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-indyvoices-229">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[207]</a> Over 164 people were killed and 200 injured.<a href="#cite_note-indyvoices-229">[206]</a> Kurdish forces and the Syrian government stated the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-231">[208]</a> ISIS also committed a massacre in the village of Barkh Butan, about 20 kilometres south of Kobanî, executing at least 23 Syrian Kurds, among them women and children.<a href="#cite_note-232">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_intervention_plans">2015 intervention plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2015 intervention plans">edit</a>]</div> With the governing party losing its majority in the <a href="/wiki/June_2015_Turkish_general_election" title="June 2015 Turkish general election">Turkish general election on 7 June 2015</a>, rumors began to circulate that <a href="/wiki/Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayyip Erdoğan">President Erdoğan</a> would order an intervention of Syria to prevent the creation of a Kurdish state straddling northern Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-233">[210]</a> On 26 June, Erdogan said he would "never allow the establishment of a Kurdish state in northern Syria".<a href="#cite_note-econ,_Jul15-234">[211]</a> By the end of June, a number of Turkish newspapers reported that Ankara was considering a ground operation to establish a buffer zone in Northern Syria to prevent Syrian Kurds from declaring an independent state,<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-235">[212]</a> a zone 110 km long and 33 km deep along the Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-econ,_Jul15-234">[211]</a> The military demanded legal backing for such a move,<a href="#cite_note-236">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[214]</a> and on 29 June 2015, Erdoğan chaired a meeting of the National Security Council to provide just that.<a href="#cite_note-238">[215]</a> Leaked plans stated that, sometime during the first couple of weeks of July, up to 18,000 troops would invade Syria via the Jarablus and Aazaz border crossings, areas in the hands of ISIL and the Free Syrian Army, respectively, and set up a buffer zone to which refugees could be repatriated.<a href="#cite_note-239">[216]</a> Limiting intervention to airstrikes has also been discussed.<a href="#cite_note-240">[217]</a> The idea of going into Syria proved extremely unpopular with most sections of Turkish society, dissuading the government from invading.<a href="#cite_note-241">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2016:_Rojava_expands_and_increased_Turkish_hostility">2015–2016: Rojava expands and increased Turkish hostility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2015–2016: Rojava expands and increased Turkish hostility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_12_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in December 2015</figcaption></figure> On 24 and 25 October 2015, Kurds said the Turkish military opened fire at its forces in <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> after the majority Arab town was included into <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a>. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu confirmed it, saying "we hit it twice,".<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-242">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[220]</a> There were no casualties in the shooting and the Kurdish forces didn't return fire.<a href="#cite_note-244">[221]</a> On 25 October, Turkish forces also attacked the village of Buban. During the attack two civilians were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-245">[222]</a> In addition, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that Turkish troops were shelling the road to the west of the town of Tal Rifaat and also the region to the west of the Syrian border town of Azaz, but failed to stop the advance of the Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-246">[223]</a> On 16 February 2016, Turkish forces continued to shell the positions of Syrian Kurds in northern Syria for the fourth day. Turkish military said that it was retaliating to fire coming from the region.<a href="#cite_note-247">[224]</a> On 17 February 2016, in Ankara, a <a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">car bombing attack</a> happened at night. The attack targeted a convoy of military vehicles. Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu and President Erdogan blamed a Syrian Kurdish militia fighter working with Kurdish militants inside Turkey for a suicide car bombing, and vowed retaliation in both Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-reutersl-248">[225]</a> However the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Freedom Falcons">Kurdistan Freedom Falcons</a> (TAK) took responsibility for the attack and said they targeted security forces.<a href="#cite_note-ntv1-249">[226]</a> On 22 February 2016, U.S.–Russia joint cease-fire deal announced to take effect in Syria on 27 Feb, but the "cessation of hostilities" does not include ISIL and the al-Nusra Front, the main jihadist factions. On 24 Feb, Turkish president, Erdoğan, during a speech said that "The PYD and the YPG need to be out of the scope of the cease-fire, just like Daesh (ISIL) is,".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-250">[227]</a> Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that Turkey would continue shelling Kurdish militants across the border in Syria, despite calls from Washington and other Western capitals to halt the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-251">[228]</a> On 19 February Turkish artillery units shelled again PYD targets in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-252">[229]</a> Opposition groups reported that over the previous few days they had brought over 2,000 reinforcements with heavy equipment from the Idlib area, through Turkey assisted by Turkish forces, to fight against Kurdish militias north of Aleppo and to support rebels in Azaz.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20160218-253">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> Press Secretary Peter Cook said that Turkey's shelling of YPG forces in northern Syria would be an "ongoing topic of conversation" between USA and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-254">[231]</a> On 4 March 2016, the YPG militia said that Turkey's tanks had fired dozens of shells at its positions in the area of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> in northwest Syria.<a href="#cite_note-255">[232]</a> On 8 March, Mortar shells fired from Syria in Turkey and killed 2 civilians, the Turkish military returned fire into Syria. According to Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, Islamic State militants were responsible for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20160218-253">[230]</a> In the wake of the major military advances that Syrian government forces and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> made against jihadists during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)</a>, Ankara called for a safe zone and "<a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a>", "free from clashes", in northern <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo governorate">Aleppo governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-256">[233]</a> The proposal did not garner any real support from Washington or NATO allies who fear it would require an internationally patrolled no-fly zone and potentially put them in direct confrontation with Assad and his allies. Only, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, that such a "safe zone" would be "helpful in the current situation."<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-256">[233]</a> Russia with dominance over Syria's skies, came out against the idea and, also, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said: "This is not Merkel's initiative, this is a Turkish initiative." In addition, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Gennady Gatilov said that any decision to create a no-fly zone over Syria cannot be made without the approval of the government in Damascus as well as the UN Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-256">[233]</a> In February 2016, Turkey and Saudi Arabia were pressing for ground operations in Syria, hoping for the involvement of the U.S. and the other allies.<a href="#cite_note-usnews-257">[234]</a> Hezbollah said Turkey and Saudi Arabia were using the Islamic State group as a "pretext" to launch a ground operation in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-abcnews-258">[235]</a> In April 2016, factions of the SDF formed the <a href="/wiki/Manbij_Military_Council" title="Manbij Military Council">Manbij Military Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[237]</a> The U.S. asked for Turkey's support for the Manbij offensive, but Turkey had two demands that were rejected, namely that the forces in the offensive should leave the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> SDF umbrella, and that the U.S. should increase its airstrikes for jihadist groups Turkey supports.<a href="#cite_note-two_demands-261">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[240]</a> When the offensive started, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reported it under the headline of "Ignoring Turkey, U.S. backs Kurds in drive against ISIS in Syria".<a href="#cite_note-264">[241]</a> On 22 August 2016, Turkey fired artillery at ISIS in Jarablus, and it also shelled YPG fighters north of Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-265">[242]</a> The SDF is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Union Party">Kurdish Democratic Union Party</a> (PYD).<a href="#cite_note-266">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016–2017_military_intervention">2016–2017 military intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2016–2017 military intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Bab (2016)">Battle of al-Bab (2016)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_al-Bab_offensive_(2016)_(within_Northern_Syria).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg/220px-Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg/330px-Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg/440px-Western_al-Bab_offensive_%282016%29_%28within_Northern_Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3317" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>On 24 August 2016, Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian rebels launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 24 August 2016, the Turkish armed forces, supported by the U.S., began a declared <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">direct military intervention</a> into Syria. After 2 days of artillery bombardment<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-265">[242]</a> and airstrikes, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a> launched an attack on the ISIL-held town of <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, followed by hundreds of FSA fighters.<a href="#cite_note-267">[244]</a> They were backed by planes from the U.S.-led coalition, launched their first co-ordinated offensive into Syria.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-268">[245]</a> Turkey's president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> said on the first day of the operation, called Euphrates Shield, that it was aimed against both the ISIL and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG), a major component of the SDF, saying both ″terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria″.<a href="#cite_note-269">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[247]</a> The immediate goal of the military intervention was the capture of the Syrian town of <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a> from the ISIL, which was accomplished on the first day of the operation. It was the first time Turkish warplanes have struck in Syria since November 2015, when Turkey downed the Russian warplane, and the first significant incursion by Turkish special forces since a brief operation to relocate the tomb of Suleyman Shah, in February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-268">[245]</a> Turkey said the operation was an act of self-defence, in response to Isis shelling of Turkish border towns and suicide bombings and attacks targeting Turkish nationals.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-268">[245]</a> Also, the Turkish foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a>, said that YPG (Kurds) should return east of Syria's Euphrates River. Both Manbij and Jarablus are west of the river.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-265">[242]</a> Syrian Kurdish forces said that the Turkish operation is motivated more by the desire to stop their advance at Jarablus than by anti-ISIS sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-271">[248]</a> Turkey shelled Syrian Kurdish forces in the region during all the week before the attack, determined not to let them fill the vacuum if ISIS leaves.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-272">[249]</a> The SDF managed to take the town of Amarinah from the FSA after a brief firefight.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-268">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[251]</a> U.S. Special Operations Forces embedded with SDF forces, to successfully deter Turkey and Turkish-backed jihadi rebels from attacking SDF forces south of the Sajur river in Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-Tastekin-205">[182]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> confirmed that U.S. Special Operation Forces were flying U.S. flags in the town of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a> to deter Turkish harassment shelling or attacks against SDF forces there.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington_Post-275">[252]</a> On 20 September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> confirmed that <a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Operation_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Special Operation Forces">U.S. Special Operation Forces</a> were flying U.S. flags in the town of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a> to deter Turkish harassment shelling or attacks.<a href="#cite_note-276">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huffington_Post-275">[252]</a> On 21 September, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that the U.S. administration "is weighing a military plan to directly arm Syrian Kurdish fighters combating the Islamic State, a major policy shift that could speed up the offensive against the terrorist group but also sharply escalate tensions between Turkey and the United States."<a href="#cite_note-277">[254]</a> Reacting to these reports, Erdoğan said on 23 September that "arming another terrorist group for fighting another terrorist group is not acceptable."<a href="#cite_note-278">[255]</a> Following these statements, the Turkish army shelled two YPG positions in the Tell Abyad area.<a href="#cite_note-279">[256]</a> On 25 September 2016, the U.S. spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve</a> (CJTF–OIR) confirmed that the SDF, including the YPG, were also part of the "vetted forces" in the <a href="/wiki/Train-and-equip_program" title="Train-and-equip program">train-and-equip program</a> and would be supplied with weapons. Erdoğan condemned this and said that the SDF were "endangering our future".<a href="#cite_note-280">[257]</a> On 26 September, Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a> welcomed the withdrawal of some YPG units east of the Euphrates river.<a href="#cite_note-281">[258]</a> On 27 September, Turkey sent military units to the border area of <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akale" title="Akçakale">Akçakale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[259]</a> The same day, the Turkish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a> said that YPG units had not withdrawn from Manbij and its countryside and stated "this means USA either is not capable of influencing YPG or they do not want to influence them."<a href="#cite_note-283">[260]</a> On 3 October, the Turkish government on once again stated that fighters of YPG were still present west of the Euphrates and called on the U.S. to hold to its promise that they withdraw to the east of the river.<a href="#cite_note-284">[261]</a> The following day, Yıldırım said that Turkey could use force to expel YPG from Manbij.<a href="#cite_note-285">[262]</a> As a consequence of the continuing Turkish threats, on 4 October the SDF spokesman explicitly ruled out any Turkish participation in the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_offensive_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa offensive (2016–present)">upcoming joint military operation</a> of the SDF and the CJTF–OIR to capture <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> from ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-286">[263]</a> Later an Obama administration official said that at this point the administration's "Plan B", to "retake Raqqa by arming the Kurds", was adopted after the initial plan of using Turkish forces in the Raqqa offensive became unattainable.<a href="#cite_note-287">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg/220px-T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg/440px-T%C3%BCrk_Askeri_Suriye%27de.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Turkish military vehicles on the Syria–Turkey border, 16 January 2018.</figcaption></figure> On 18 October, Erdoğan said that the YPG would be removed from Manbij after ISIL was driven from <a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[265]</a> In a 21 October report from <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> assessed Turkish aims towards the SDF and as a conclusion quoted that "Mr Erdoğan is very good at perceptions. It is not important what reality is: people [in Turkey] love hearing Mr Erdoğan's ambitions on the eight o'clock news when they come home."<a href="#cite_note-289">[266]</a> On 25 October, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated that Turkey would dislodge "PYD/PKK" from Manbij if it did not leave the city.<a href="#cite_note-290">[267]</a> On 26 October, Erdoğan said: "We are determined to clear the PYD from Manbij."<a href="#cite_note-291">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[269]</a> On 27 October, Erdoğan said he told U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> that <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>-labeled rebels would advance on ISIL-held al-Bab, then march on to SDF-held <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>, and then toward the Islamic State capital of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[270]</a> On 11 November, Erdoğan stated the goal and roadmap of the Turkish intervention as "expanding the controlled area to cover 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) including Bab, Manbij and Tell Rifaat, creating a national structure and army for this expanded area to provide solid control and to allow the refugees return to these areas jointly with EU, and after these, focusing on IS's de facto capital Raqqa and PYD."<a href="#cite_note-294">[271]</a> On 22 November, Erdoğan said with respect to Manbij that "we want the place to be totally emptied of the PYD and YPG."<a href="#cite_note-295">[272]</a> On 29 November, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, said that the Turkish military launched its operations in Syria to end the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.<a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet_Daily_News-296">[273]</a> Days later Erdogan sought to retract his statement; media observers attributed his outburst to frustration due to failure of his government's Syria policies.<a href="#cite_note-dead-end-297">[274]</a> Days later, Erdoğan sought to retract his statement; media observers attributed his comment to frustration "due to failure of his government's Syria policies".<a href="#cite_note-dead-end-297">[274]</a> In an interview with the state-run <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a> on 8 December, Syria President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Assad">Bashar Assad</a> challenged Erdoğan's mental sanity.<a href="#cite_note-sana-298">[275]</a> On 20 January 2017, the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Şimşek, said that "we can't say that Assad must go anymore. A deal without Assad isn't realistic."<a href="#cite_note-ODA_TV-299">[276]</a> Acting U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Elissa Slotkin</a>, said on 16 January 2017 that the only target for the US-led coalition is ISIL, and not the city of Manbij that had been cleared from ISIL by the SDF. "We are all about hitting ISIS where there is ISIS. If there's no ISIS, that's not our mandate. So that is an important distinction. We have always made it in any kind of conversation we've been having with any ally on Syria."<a href="#cite_note-300">[277]</a> On 27 January 2017, after the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#January_2017_Astana_Process"_talks" title="Syrian peace process">multilateral peace talks in Astana</a>, Erdoğan said that "we should not go deeper than Al-Bab" and Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said "there are different opinions about YPG and Hezbollah. So an agreement can not be reached about the struggle against them".<a href="#cite_note-301">[278]</a> On 31 January, the Germany Defence Ministry ruled out giving Turkey unfiltered access to high-resolution aerial imagery gathered by Tornado fighter jets operating out of <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a> in southern Turkey as part of the anti-ISIL coalition, out of concern that Turkey might use it for military action against the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-302">[279]</a> On 24 April 2017, the Turkish Air Force <a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">conducted several airstrikes</a> on YPG and YPJ positions near <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a>, killing at least 20 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-303">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_intervention_into_Iraq">Potential intervention into Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential intervention into Iraq">edit</a>]</div> On 1 November 2016, the day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> forces entered Mosul in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–17)">Battle of Mosul (2016–17)</a> against ISIL, Turkey announced it was sending tanks and artillery from Ankara to <a href="/wiki/Silopi" title="Silopi">Silopi</a> near the Iraqi border. Turkey's Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Fikri_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Fikri Işık">Fikri Işık</a> said the deployment was a move to "prepare for "important developments" in the region and stated that "further action can be taken if Turkey's red lines are crossed".<a href="#cite_note-304">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[283]</a> Iraqi Prime Minister Al-Abadi warned Turkey not to invade Iraq, predicting war if they did. Al-Abadi, addressing journalists in Baghdad, said, "We warn Turkey if they want to enter Iraq, they will end up becoming fragmented. ... We do not want to fight Turkey. We do not want a confrontation with Turkey. God forbid, even if we engage in war with them, the Turks will pay a heavy price. They will be damaged. Yes, we too will be damaged, but whenever a country fights a neighboring country, there will be no winner, both will end up losing."<a href="#cite_note-307">[284]</a> On 5 April 2017, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan suggested that future stages of the – recently proclaimed concluded – Euphrates Shield Operation would be broader, suggesting that Turkey would also seek to occupy territory of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Erdogan said that "a future operation will have not [only] a Syrian dimension, [but] also an Iraqi dimension. There are the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a> situations [in Iraq] We also have kin in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>."<a href="#cite_note-308">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_military_intervention">2018 military intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2018 military intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Olive_Branch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Operation_Olive_Branch.svg/220px-Operation_Olive_Branch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Operation_Olive_Branch.svg/330px-Operation_Olive_Branch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Operation_Olive_Branch.svg/440px-Operation_Olive_Branch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3317" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>On 20 January 2018, Turkey launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> against <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin region</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 9 January 2018, while giving a parliamentary address to his ruling AKP, president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that Turkey will continue its military operation in Syria's <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a> and Manbij regions.<a href="#cite_note-309">[286]</a> On 20 January 2018, the Turkish military began an intervention in the Afrin region of Syria, code-named by Turkey as Operation Olive Branch (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Zeytin Dalı Harekâtı). On 28 October 2018, one day after a summit with the heads of state of France, Germany, Russia and Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-310">[287]</a> Turkey started shelling targets in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-311">[288]</a> On 12 December 2018, Erdoğan said during a televised speech that Turkey would launch a military operation against the Kurds east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates river">Euphrates river</a> in northern Syria within days. He added that since the US-backed Kurdish fighters in Syria had not left the town of Manbij and the Americans wouldn't remove them, as agreed in a US-Turkish deal, that Turkey would do it.<a href="#cite_note-312">[289]</a> The United States responded that such actions would be unacceptable and that "coordination and consultation between the U.S. and Turkey is the only approach to address issues of security concern in this area."<a href="#cite_note-313">[290]</a> Erdoğan also said that Turkey's "anti-terror" operations in northern Iraq would continue.<a href="#cite_note-314">[291]</a> Following the January <a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">2019 Manbij bombing</a>, Erdogan told Trump that Turkey was ready to take over security in the town.<a href="#cite_note-315">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_military_intervention">2019 military intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2019 military intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeastern_Syria_Situation_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/220px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/330px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg/440px-Northeastern_Syria_Situation_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/220px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/330px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png/440px-Claimed_and_de_facto_territory_of_Rojava.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>-controlled territory (green) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish-controlled territory</a> (red) in October 2019</figcaption></figure> In October, <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">another Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> began, after US President Trump ordered the withdrawal of US forces. According to Erdoğan, the operation was intended to expel the SDF from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees in Turkey">Syrian refugees in Turkey</a> would resettle.<a href="#cite_note-aj-turkey-begins-316">[293]</a> This intention was criticized as an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters_demographics-322">[299]</a> a criticism denied by the Turkish government who claimed they intended to "correct" the demographics that it alleges have been changed by the SDF.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_demographics-322">[299]</a> Turkey began to appoint mayors in several northern Syrian towns in late 2019.<a href="#cite_note-323">[300]</a> A journalist team from CNN consisting of correspondent Clarissa Ward, producer Salma Abdelaziz and cinematographer Christopher Jackson filmed exclusively as civilians fled the offensive from the town of Ras al-Ain, Syria.<a href="#cite_note-324">[301]</a> CNN received an Emmy award for Outstanding Breaking News Coverage for their reporting.<a href="#cite_note-325">[302]</a> The prospects for Kurdish autonomy in the region severely diminished, because the Kurds were exposed to the Turkish-led offensive by the U.S. withdrawal and the Russia-backed Syrian government forces under Assad—whose commonality is enmity towards Turkey and Sunni rebel militias—regained their foothold in northeast Syria after the Kurds had to seek their help.<a href="#cite_note-dvcopt-326">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[304]</a> In December 2019, various Kurdish faction that were historical rivals began to meet in order to work together more. Their stated reason was to stand together against Russia and Turkey more strongly if needed.<a href="#cite_note-328">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-what_now-329">[306]</a> The Russian government has informed the Kurdish factions that they should reconcile and come up with a unified set of demands to clarify to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-330">[307]</a> Various Kurdish factions blamed each other and their council for lack of progress.<a href="#cite_note-331">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_cross-border_airstrikes">2022 cross-border airstrikes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2022 cross-border airstrikes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing" title="2022 Istanbul bombing">2022 Istanbul bombing</a></div> On 26 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> stated that they halted operations against the Islamic State group due to Turkish attacks on northern Syria. He also accused Turkish strikes of causing severe damage to the region's infrastructure. Two rockets also targeted U.S.-led coalition forces at bases in the northeastern Syrian town of <a href="/wiki/Ash_Shaddadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash Shaddadi">Ash Shaddadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[309]</a> According to the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, in 2022, Turkish forces killed 138 Kurdish and SDF-fighters, 26 Syrian troops and 74 civilians, including 16 children.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-333">[310]</a> In addition, 16 Turkish troops were killed in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-333">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkey–ISIL_conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turkey–ISIL conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State-related_terrorist_attacks_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey">Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2016:_ISIL_terror_attacks_in_Turkey">2015–2016: ISIL terror attacks in Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2015–2016: ISIL terror attacks in Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg/220px-London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg/330px-London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg/440px-London_protest_2015_Ankara_bombings_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of the Turkish Labour Party protesting in London following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">2015 Ankara bombings</a></figcaption></figure> On 7 July 2015, reports surfaced that Turkish security forces seized a truck bound for Syria loaded with 10,000 detonators and explosive primers with total length of 290,000 metres (950,000 feet) in <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7akale" title="Akçakale">Akcakale, Sanliurfa</a> province, southeastern Turkey. Five people were arrested. The detainees said they attempted crossing the border from the village of Aegean into <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> city in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Raqqah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Raqqah Province">Al-Raqqah Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[311]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Suru%C3%A7_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Suruç bombing">2015 Suruç bombing</a></div> On 20 July 2015, a cultural center in <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Suruç</a> was bombed by a 20-year-old male Turkish ISIL member.<a href="#cite_note-335">[312]</a> 32 people were killed in the town of Suruç's municipal culture center in the southeastern province of Şanlıurfa, and at least 100 people were hospitalised.<a href="#cite_note-336">[313]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">2015 Ankara bombings</a></div> On 10 October 2015 at 10:04 local time (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, two bombs were detonated outside <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Central railway station">Ankara Central railway station</a>. With a death toll of 103 civilians,<a href="#cite_note-hdn103-337">[314]</a> the attack surpassed the 2013 <a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a> as the deadliest terror attack in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">modern Turkish history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[315]</a> Another 500 people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-NRC29Jun16-339">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-basbakanlik-340">[317]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">March 2016 Istanbul bombing</a></div> On 19 March 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a> district in front of the <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">district governor</a>'s office. The attack occurred at 10:55 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>) at the intersection of Balo Street with <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue" title="İstiklal Avenue">İstiklal Avenue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hurriyet-341">[318]</a> a central shopping street.<a href="#cite_note-t24patlama-342">[319]</a> The attack caused at least five deaths,<a href="#cite_note-ind-343">[320]</a> including that of the perpetrator. 36 people were injured, including seven whose injuries were severe.<a href="#cite_note-hurriyet-341">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-t24patlama-342">[319]</a> Among those injured were twelve foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-t24patlama-342">[319]</a> Among those killed, two were of <a href="/wiki/Dual_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual nationality">dual</a> Israel-US nationality.<a href="#cite_note-JPost20-344">[321]</a> On 22 March, the Turkish interior minister said that the bomber had links with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[322]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">2016 Atatürk Airport attack</a></div> On 28 June 2016, ISIL militants <a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">attacked Istanbul's Atatürk Airport</a>. The three suicide bombers opened fire at passengers before blowing themselves up.<a href="#cite_note-346">[323]</a> The attacks left 45 dead and 230 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-straitstimes_2016-07-02-347">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–May_2016:_Cross-border_confrontations">April–May 2016: Cross-border confrontations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: April–May 2016: Cross-border confrontations">edit</a>]</div> Turkish artillery strikes killed over 54 ISIL militants in April 2016,<a href="#cite_note-348">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[328]</a> whilst 5 people were killed and 22 others were wounded by ISIL rocket projectiles hitting the border province of Kilis.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-352">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[330]</a> The Turkish Foreign Ministry has demanded raising awareness on the Kilis to the U.S. Department of State. Turkey also demanded the deployment of <a href="/wiki/HIMARS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIMARS">High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)</a> rocket launchers at Turkey's Syria border. According to Turkey, such moves would push ISIL militants southwards, leaving the border province of Kilis out of battery ranges.<a href="#cite_note-354">[331]</a> From 3 May 2016 to 6 May rocket fire struck the Turkish city of Kilis from ISIS controlled territory with the Turkish Army responding with fire at every attack.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-355">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[334]</a> On 6 May the governor's office in Kilis released an official statement declared the province a "special security area," effective for 15 days until 5:00 p.m. on 20 May. Also, in the morning hours, the Turkish military carried out four separate air strikes against ISIL positions in northern Syria, as part of a joint effort and intelligence with the U.S.-led coalition forces. Two Katyusha rockets were fired from ISIL positions in Syria on the southeastern province of Kilis following the air strikes. Turkish armed forces responded to the attack by shelling ISIL targets with howitzers from the border.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-358">[335]</a> In the evening hours, reconnaissance and surveillance vehicles spotted ISIL positions in the Suran region north of Aleppo and the Baragidah and Kuşacık regions northeast of Tal el Hişn. Army shelled them. A total of 55 ISIL militants were killed in the shellings, while three vehicles and three rocket launchers belonging to the jihadist group were also destroyed. From 11 to 15 May a total of 55 ISIL militants were killed by Turkey and U.S.-led coalition in operations targeting positions belonging to the jihadist group in Syria, Turkish security sources have said.<a href="#cite_note-359">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023:_Death_of_ISIS_leader">2023: Death of ISIS leader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2023: Death of ISIS leader">edit</a>]</div> On 30 April 2023, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Turkish National Intelligence Organization</a> had allegedly tracked down and killed ISIS leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a> the previous day, on 29 April.<a href="#cite_note-361">[338]</a> Turkish media reported that the operation occurred at <a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a>, in a region controlled by Turkish-backed rebel groups, in which Abu al-Hussein detonated his suicide vest to avoid being captured.<a href="#cite_note-362">[339]</a> However, the United States could not verify claims by Turkey that its forces killed Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi.<a href="#cite_note-363">[340]</a> In August ISIS said Quraishi was killed during clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a>(HTS), whom it accused to be agents of Turkish intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-364">[341]</a> The United States believes the HTS is behind the killing despite the latter's denials.<a href="#cite_note-:2-365">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_collaboration">International collaboration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International collaboration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_schism">NATO schism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: NATO schism">edit</a>]</div> In late 2019, there were signs of a schism between Turkey and other <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members, in which NATO was seen as effectively "powerless" to manage Turkish interventions and the Turkish government is aware that NATO does not hold much leverage.<a href="#cite_note-367">[344]</a> Furthermore, US President Trump, as well as US military and diplomatic officials, has cited the NATO membership of Turkey as a key reason that the United States can not be involved in the conflict between the Turkish and Syrian Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-368">[345]</a> Meanwhile, due to Turkey's strategic position between Europe and the Middle East, the NATO alliance members are in a situation where they have limited themselves to relatively muted criticism.<a href="#cite_note-369">[346]</a> At the NATO summit in London in December 2019, President Emmanuel Macron of France highlighted major differences with Turkey over the definition of terrorism, and said there was little chance this aspect of the conflict could be resolved positively.<a href="#cite_note-370">[347]</a> Macron criticized Turkey strongly for fighting against groups who had been allied with France and the West in fighting terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-371">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[349]</a> Numerous issues in resolving the conflict emerged at the NATO summit in London. Turkey proposed a safe zone where Syrian refugees could be relocated, but this idea did not receive support from all parties.<a href="#cite_note-euobserver_nato-371">[348]</a> One professed "exclusive" press report claimed that prior to the NATO Summit, there was a meeting at 10 Downing Street of the leaders of France, the UK, Germany and Turkey. One key point that emerged that the Western countries insisted that refugees could only be relocated voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-373">[350]</a> Meanwhile, there were concerns in NATO about Turkey's growing closeness with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-374">[351]</a> Erdogan claimed that a four-way summit on Syria was scheduled to occur in Turkey in February 2020, to include Turkey, Germany, the UK and France.<a href="#cite_note-375">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incirlik_Air_Base">Incirlik Air Base</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Incirlik Air Base">edit</a>]</div> On 13 October 2014, Turkey denied the United States to use <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a> for attacking ISIS militants in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-376">[353]</a> The US has been frustrated that its efforts to build an international coalition to tackle ISIS forces from the air have been partly hobbled by the difficulty of getting Turkey engaged.<a href="#cite_note-377">[354]</a> Later, on 23 July 2015, after long negotiations with USA, Turkey has agreed to allow U.S. planes to launch airstrikes against Islamic State militants. The U.S. officials declined to give details of the agreement with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-378">[355]</a> On 25 February 2016, Saudi Arabian warplanes began arriving at the base as part of an anti-Isis build-up being deployed over Syria. The Saudi deployment added to US, German and British aircraft already using the base.<a href="#cite_note-379">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[358]</a> On 2 and 3 April 2016, the families of U.S. troops and civilian personnel stationed at İncirlik Air Base left the base after an order by the Pentagon and the U.S. State Department to leave several areas of Turkey for their security.<a href="#cite_note-382">[359]</a> In August 2016, four Danish F-16 fighter jets have entered combat in Syria for the first time, hitting targets in Raqqa. The four jets, which have been stationed at the İncirlik airbase since 17 June 2016, have been flying surveillance and reconnaissance missions over Syria with combat missions limited to Iraq until then.<a href="#cite_note-383">[360]</a> The New York Times reported that in response to the October 2019 Turkish intervention, the U.S. was reviewing the potential withdrawal of its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">nuclear weapons</a> from Incirlik airbase under NATO's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a>. .<a href="#cite_note-384">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[362]</a> Republican senator Lindsey Graham<a href="#cite_note-386">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[364]</a> and Democratic representative <a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[365]</a> called for possibly suspending Turkey's membership in NATO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war">United States role in the Syrian civil war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States role in the Syrian civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#Turkish_involvement" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war § Turkish involvement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg/220px-U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg/330px-U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg/440px-U.S._and_Turkish_military_forces_conduct_second_joint_ground_patrol_inside_of_the_security_mechanism_in_northeast_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Turkish and U.S. soldiers providing security for a joint ground patrol in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, 24 September 2019</figcaption></figure> In May 2016 Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mevlut_Cavusoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlut Cavusoglu">Mevlut Cavusoglu</a> was very angry because of some photos which showed US special forces in Syria wearing insignia of Kurdish militia (patch of the YPJ), during joint operations against Islamic State (IS). He called the U.S. "two-faced" and said the practice was "unacceptable". Pentagon press secretary Peter Cook said it is common for US soldiers to attempt to blend in with local partners.<a href="#cite_note-389">[366]</a> According to Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkey has proposed to the USA a detailed plan for a joint military operation against jihadists inside Syria with the Americans and other allied troops. But U.S. officials denied it and said that Turkey had not offered a detailed plan but only a few basic concepts which involved joint efforts only to support non-Kurdish forces.<a href="#cite_note-390">[367]</a> After U.S. forces allowed the October 2019 Turkish incursion into northeastern Syria, the Trump administration was criticized for "abandoning" its Kurdish allies in favor of Turkey. SDF commander-in-chief Mazloum Abdi stated that "We are disappointed and frustrated by the current crisis. Our people are under attack, and their safety is our paramount concern. Two questions remain: How can we best protect our people? And is the United States still our ally?"<a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-391">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[371]</a> Several U.S. lawmakers criticized the apparent abandonment, remarking that it undermined U.S. credibility as an ally while only benefiting Russia, Iran, and Assad's government.<a href="#cite_note-395">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russian Federation">edit</a>]</div> The Turco-Russian confrontation took place between Turkey and, initially, the Syrian government which turned into a military crisis between Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> after the November 2015 shoot-down of a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Su-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-24">Su-24</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> after a reported airspace violation. Increased Russian military intervention on behalf the Syrian Government and hostile Turkish territorial responses have all contributed to increasing escalation. Aerial confrontations between two nations have grown more common. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> said <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Forces</a> violated Turkish sovereign airspace committed <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[373]</a> The Russian military has said Turkey had illegal economic ties with <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> and planning was <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention">military intervention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[376]</a> On 22 February 2016, U.S. and Russia announced a deal for a truce to take effect in Syria on 27 February, referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)#Cessation_of_hostilities_(27_February_2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">cessation of hostilities</a>". On 24 February, Turkish president, Erdoğan, during a speech said that "The PYD and the YPG need to be out of the scope of the cease-fire, just like Daesh (ISIL) is."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-250">[227]</a> On 25 February, Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said that Turkey would not comply with the truce: "This deal is not binding for us when a party is of threat to Turkey, when Turkey's security is at stake".<a href="#cite_note-400">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="November_2015_Turkish_shootdown_of_Russian_Su-24">November 2015 Turkish shootdown of Russian Su-24</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: November 2015 Turkish shootdown of Russian Su-24">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></div> Turkish F-16s shoot down a Russian Su-24 operating in Northern Latakia. Both occupants ejected successfully. The pilot was shot and killed by Syrian Turkmen rebel ground fire while descending by parachute.<a href="#cite_note-National_Post-401">[378]</a> The weapon systems officer was rescued two days later.<a href="#cite_note-weapon-402">[379]</a> A Russian naval infantryman from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey_and_Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq_coalition">Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Turkey and Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">edit</a>]</div> In December 2015, Turkey rejected to join the anti-ISIL quartet of Syria, Iran, Iraq and Russia. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that he rejected it due to the presence of Syria's president Bashar al-Assad.<a href="#cite_note-Hurriyet-403">[380]</a> During an <a href="/wiki/International_Syria_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="International Syria Support Group">International Syria Support Group</a> (ISSG) meeting in Vienna on 17 May 2016, Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a> told his Russian counterpart <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lavrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a> that if Moscow has any evidence that shows Turkey helping the ISIL then he would resign.<a href="#cite_note-404">[381]</a> On 13 March 2016, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia has evidence of Turkey's "creeping expansion" in northern Syria. He said Turkey was fortifying positions hundreds of metres from the border, inside Syria and was also sending its military across the Syrian border for Operation Against Kurds and to prevent Kurdish groups there from consolidating their positions.<a href="#cite_note-405">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[383]</a> Turkey denied the Russian claims.<a href="#cite_note-407">[384]</a> A new round of meetings for the Astana summit process took place in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan in December 2019. The meeting includes Russia, Syria, Turkey and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-408">[385]</a> Several experts said the conflict was slowly moving towards resolution. One expert said that the "Astana" diplomatic process, involving Turkey, Russia, and Iran, was having some positive results. Experts also said that Bashar Assad had made progress in restoring rule by local councils in areas affected by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-409">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russo-Turkish_regularization_of_diplomatic_ties">Russo-Turkish regularization of diplomatic ties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish regularization of diplomatic ties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin,_Hassan_Rouhani,_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Hassan_Rouhani%2C_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in November 2017</figcaption></figure> On 26 June 2016 <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkish President</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> writes <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to offer condolences to the family of the deceased Russian pilot of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a> warplane shot down last November. The Kremlin has asked for a personal apology for months. A Turkish spokesman says this is a step toward improving bilateral relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-209">[186]</a> On 1 July 2016, Turkish and Russian foreign ministers said that the two countries will "coordinate" their policies over Syria.<a href="#cite_note-410">[387]</a> On 14 July 2016, Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a> has said that al-Assad must go before any change in Turkey's stance regarding Syria. He added that between al-Assad or ISIL, Turkey cannot choose either of them and that the main reason things have come to this point is because of al-Assad.<a href="#cite_note-411">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></div> Following Operation Peace Spring in October 2019, in which Turkish and Turkish-backed rebel forces invaded northern Syria again, Turkey and Russia increased collaboration in the area. Several commentators in Moscow stated at the time that the situation is not in the immediate Russian interests, as the Turkish intervention in Syria clashes with Russia's backing of the Syrian government in the region, but it may provide opportunities for Russia as mediator as the US withdraws from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-412">[389]</a> Russia arranged for negotiations between the Syrian government in Damascus and the Kurdish-led forces.<a href="#cite_note-413">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-414">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi" title="Mazloum Abdi">Mazloum Abdi</a>, the Syrian Kurdish commander-in-chief, announced that they were ready to partner with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (Syria), stating that "We know that we would have to make painful compromises with Moscow and Bashar al-Assad if we go down the road of working with them. But if we have to choose between compromises and the genocide of our people, we will surely choose life for our people."<a href="#cite_note-abma-if-we-391">[368]</a> The details of the agreement is unknown, but there are reports that suggest that the SDF will be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> and that northeastern Syria will come under direct rule of the Syrian government in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-415">[392]</a> According to Syrian Kurdish officials, the deal allowed Syrian government forces to take over security in some border areas, but their own administration would maintain control of local institutions.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-416">[393]</a> Russia's Ministry of Defense announced on 15 October that Russian forces had begun to patrol the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces,<a href="#cite_note-ko-il-rftv-414">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-416">[393]</a> indicating that Russia was filling the security vacuum from the sudden U.S. withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-416">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[394]</a> Video footage shows Russian soldiers and journalists touring a base that the US left behind.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ssgse-416">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-ol-ram-418">[395]</a> Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria was unacceptable and stated that Russia was seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.<a href="#cite_note-419">[396]</a> Russia said it would pledge to remove Turkish forces from a key highway in northern Syria, and replace them with Russian forces to maintain stability.<a href="#cite_note-420">[397]</a> It was reported that the Russian and Turkish armies had made a deal whereby electricity would be supplied to Tal Abyad by Russia's allies, the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) who support Assad; while water would be supplied by the Alouk water station that is controlled by Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-421">[398]</a> This deal was mainly facilitated by Russian military officials.<a href="#cite_note-422">[399]</a> In December 2019, it appeared that Turkey was withdrawing all of its forces away from the al-Shirkark silos, which hold important supplies of wheat, this seemed to be a result of Russian mediation.<a href="#cite_note-423">[400]</a> Mustafa Bali, head of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) said there were some agreements on the ground with the Syrian government, for Syrian forces to be deployed along the border.<a href="#cite_note-424">[401]</a> Russian military officials forged agreements between Syria, Turkey and Kurds for areas to be patrolled by each side.<a href="#cite_note-425">[402]</a> Russian and Turkish forces have continued their joint patrols.<a href="#cite_note-what_now-329">[306]</a> Questions remained about how much control Turkey has over its proxies, such as the Free Syrian Army.<a href="#cite_note-426">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugees">Refugees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Refugees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">Refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a></div> Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs and Hama were besieged.<a href="#cite_note-427">[404]</a> By June 2013, Turkey has accepted 400,000 Syrian refugees, half of whom are spread around a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government.<a href="#cite_note-428">[405]</a> In 2014, the number swelled over a million, as some 200–300,000 Syrian Kurds streamed into Turkey in September alone, upon the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kobane" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kobane">Siege of Kobane</a>. The population of Syrian refugees in Turkey has 30 percent in 22 government-run camps near the Syrian-Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-syrianrefugees.eu-429">[406]</a> The rest do their best to make ends meet in communities across the country. Turkey has accepted over 3.5 million <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Syrian refugees</a> since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[407]</a> Turkey has accommodated most of its Syrian refugees in tent cities administered by the country's emergency management agency.<a href="#cite_note-431">[408]</a> Erdogan stated that Turkey was ready to resettle the Syrian refugees in the northern area that Turkey had invaded in October 2019, and that Turkey would pay for it if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-432">[409]</a> On 9 December 2019, various local accounts indicated that Turkey was moving Syrian refugees into its zone of operations in Northern Syria for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-433">[410]</a> Erdogan said that Turkey was working to settle one million people in the cities of Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ain in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-434">[411]</a> This has led to fears of population change<a href="#cite_note-435">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War">Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_of_Kurds_and_alleged_collusion_with_Syrian_extremists">Targeting of Kurds and alleged collusion with Syrian extremists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Targeting of Kurds and alleged collusion with Syrian extremists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey" title="Block of Wikipedia in Turkey">Block of Wikipedia in Turkey</a></div> Turkey has been stated to be supporting or colluding with ISIL, especially by Syrian Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-436">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[414]</a> Syrian Kurds and Turkey's main Kurdish party, <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a>, said Turkey was allowing ISIL soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish town of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> in late 2014. They also stated that Islamic State snipers were hiding among grain depots on the Turkish side of the border and firing on the town.<a href="#cite_note-438">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-439">[416]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> said that the vehicle which is used in a car bombing attack at Kobanî had come from Turkish territory.<a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-439">[416]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Patrick Cockburn</a>, writing in late 2014, there is "strong evidence for a degree of collaboration" between the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">Turkish intelligence services</a> and ISIL, although the "exact nature of the relationship ... remains cloudy".<a href="#cite_note-440">[417]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_L._Phillips" title="David L. Phillips">David L. Phillips</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s Institute for the Study of Human Rights, who compiled a list of statements saying Turkey was assisting ISIL, wrote in late 2014 that these allegations "range from military cooperation and weapons transfers to logistical support, financial assistance, and the provision of medical services".<a href="#cite_note-441">[418]</a> Several ISIL fighters and commanders said in this period that Turkey supported ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-442">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faiola-444">[421]</a> A former ISIS member mentioned that the ISIS groups were given free rein by Turkey's army. He said: "ISIS commanders told us to fear nothing at all because there was full cooperation with the Turks. ... ISIS saw the Turkish army as its ally especially when it came to attacking the Kurds in Syria."<a href="#cite_note-445">[422]</a> Within Turkey itself, ISIL is reported to have caused increasing political polarisation between secularists and Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-446">[423]</a> A video taken in October 2014 shows Turkish soldiers fraternising with Isis fighters near Kobane.<a href="#cite_note-447">[424]</a> Turkish security forces dispersed Kurds who had gathered at the Turkish border with Syria to cross into Syria and fight with Kurdish militants against ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-448">[425]</a> Sadi Pria, a top Iraqi Kurdish official in <a href="/wiki/Irbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbil">Irbil</a> said: "Turkey shamelessly and openly backs IS and al-Qaeda terrorists against Kurdish freedom fighters".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-449">[426]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Delivers_Remarks_in_Honor_of_Turkish_Prime_Minister_Erdogan_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> apologised for saying Turkey was supporting jihadis in a speech at Harvard's <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School</a> on 2 October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-450">[427]</a></figcaption></figure> Kurds say Turkey was using the US-led coalition against IS as a cover to attack the Kurdish PKK in both Turkey and Iraq, and now against the YPG in northern Syria. The Kurds say that Turkey 's bombardment of their positions is helping IS to attack Kurdish-held frontline areas in Syria and Iraq. IS militants attacked Syrian Kurdish villages south of Kobane a day after Turkey began shelling the YPG.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-449">[426]</a> Turkey was further criticised in this period for allowing individuals from outside the region to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-451">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[429]</a> American website <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a> stated in June 2014 that Turkey, during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, by "ignoring its own border security", had allowed its Syrian border to become a "jihadist highway" for ISIL to let thousands of international jihadists, and other supplies, reach Syria.<a href="#cite_note-453">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[431]</a> British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> stated that Turkey late 2014 "for many months did little to stop foreign recruits crossing its border to Isis".<a href="#cite_note-455">[432]</a> An ISIL commander stated that "most of the fighters who joined us in the beginning of the war came via Turkey, and so did our equipment and supplies",<a href="#cite_note-Faiola-444">[421]</a> adding that ISIL fighters received treatment in Turkish hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Faiola-444">[421]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 attacks at Paris</a>, President Barack Obama administration told the Turkish government to close its borders to ISIS fighters. A USA senior official said in the Wall Street Journal "The game has changed. Enough is enough. The border needs to be sealed," "This is an international threat, and it's coming out of Syria and it's coming through Turkish territory."<a href="#cite_note-456">[433]</a> In January 2013, a Syrian Parliament member, Fares Shehabi, accused Turkey of stealing production lines and machines from hundreds of factories in Aleppo through its rebel allies there.<a href="#cite_note-457">[434]</a> Same accusation was mentioned by Syrian President, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, in 2019 by calling the Turkish President, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, a "thief".<a href="#cite_note-458">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ricciardone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Ricciardone">Francis Ricciardone</a>, United States Ambassador to Turkey from 2011 to 2014, told in an interview at 2014 that Turkey has directly supported <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in Syria. Turkish authorities supported and helped extremist Islamist groups like <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>. He also added that he tried to persuade the Turkish government to close its borders to the extremists, but to no avail. He said Turkey allowed its borders to be used as a conduit for aid, weapons and volunteers and did nothing to distinguish between "moderate" groups and extremists.<a href="#cite_note-459">[436]</a> In July 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Carver" title="James Carver">James Carver</a> made two questions in the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> after some press reports about the Turkey support on ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-460">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[438]</a> In August, the Commission responded that there are no evidence to support press allegations, adding that the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> has repeatedly dismissed such allegations, noting that ISIS poses a significant security threat to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-462">[439]</a> In October 2014, an Egyptian official said that <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MIT</a> was helping the ISIS with satellite images and other critical data.<a href="#cite_note-jerusalem_post_september_2020-463">[440]</a> In 2014, the Jordanian intelligence said that they arrested ISIS members who tried to enter Jordan from Syria in order to carry attacks against the country and the militants admitted upon interrogation that they have trained in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost-155">[132]</a> Turkey has openly supported jihadi groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_ash-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahrar ash-Sham">Ahrar ash-Sham</a>, which espouses much of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaida">al-Qaida</a>'s ideology, and <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</a>, which is proscribed as a terror organisation by much of the US and Europe,.<a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-464">[441]</a> Israel's defence minister, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a>, said that Turkey had "permitted jihadists to move from Europe to Syria and Iraq and back".<a href="#cite_note-bbc_israel-465">[442]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Clapper">James R. Clapper</a>, said in 2015 that he was not optimistic that Turkey would do more in the fight against the Islamic State. "I think Turkey has other priorities and other interests." He also cited public opinion polls in Turkey that show Turks do not see the Islamic State as a primary threat.<a href="#cite_note-466">[443]</a> US vice president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> during a speech at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> said Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf countries">Gulf countries</a> were funding, supplying and supporting ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-467">[444]</a> Later, he apologised over his remarks.<a href="#cite_note-468">[445]</a> In late 2015, both <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on Sirius XM's "Breitbart News Daily",<a href="#cite_note-469">[446]</a> and the Minister of Defense of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyran_Ohanyan" title="Seyran Ohanyan">Seyran Ohanyan</a>, said Turkey was supporting ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-470">[447]</a> In early 2016, the King of Jordan, Abdullah, said that the Turkish president "believes in a radical Islamic solution to the problems in the region" and the "fact that terrorists are going to Europe is part of Turkish policy, and Turkey keeps getting a slap on the hand, but they get off the hook".<a href="#cite_note-471">[448]</a> In September 2014, Egypt's foreign ministry under President Sisi said the Turkish president was being a supporter of terrorists who seek to "provoke chaos" in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-472">[449]</a> In 2014, Cypriot Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kasoulidis" title="Ioannis Kasoulidis">Ioannis Kasoulidis</a>, questioned Turkey's determination to fight ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-473">[450]</a> In 2015, Greek Cypriot Intelligence Agency chief said that people in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> could be helping members of the ISIL militant group travel between Europe and Syria. He added that the Greek Cypriot Intelligence Agency had received intelligence of a group of ISIL sympathizers who were traveling to the Greek Cypriot-controlled south of the island and had blocked their entry before sending them back.<a href="#cite_note-474">[451]</a> The CHP's <a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a> warned the Turkish government not to provide money and training to terror groups. He said, "It isn't right for armed groups to be trained on Turkish soil. You bring foreign fighters to Turkey, put money in their pockets, guns in their hands, and you ask them to kill Muslims in Syria. We told them to stop helping ISIS."<a href="#cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_List-475">[452]</a> He also said after the <a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">2015 Ankara bombings</a> that the Turkish Government is "protecting" the ISIL and that "the police department knows all", "the only reason for not having security measures taken or for not having them [suspects] detained is the absence of an instruction from the political authority to fulfill whatever was required. That's to say, its [the political authority's] protection of ISIL."<a href="#cite_note-476">[453]</a> A Russian anti-drug chief said that ISIS is using Turkey for trafficking heroin to Europe. He, also, said that ISIS makes about $1 billion from Afghan heroin trade.<a href="#cite_note-477">[454]</a> Syria's president <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> during an interview at 2015 mentioned that military and logistic support from Turkey was the key factor in ISIL takeover of <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> (<a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">2015 Idlib offensive</a>), he also blamed Turkey for the failure of a humanitarian ceasefire plan in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. He said that: "The Turks told the factions – the terrorists that they support and they supervise – to refuse to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/Staffan_de_Mistura" title="Staffan de Mistura">de Mistura</a>".<a href="#cite_note-478">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> said Turkey is the main culprits in supporting the terrorist movements of ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-479">[456]</a> In July 2016, a leaked confidential report produced by the German Interior Ministry said Turkey was supporting terrorist groups across the Middle East including various Islamist groups fighting in Syria. The report showed that Germany sees Turkey as platform for Islamist groups in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-480">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> Chief, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>, said Turkey and Qatar were supporting ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-481">[458]</a> A US-led raid, at which the ISIS official responsible for oil smuggling <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(ISIL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sayyaf (ISIL)">Abu Sayyaf</a> was killed, produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members. Senior Western official familiar with the captured intelligence told the Observer that "There are hundreds of flash drives and documents that were seized there,". "They are being analysed at the moment, but the links are already so clear that they could end up having profound policy implications for the relationship between us and Ankara."<a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-464">[441]</a> At January 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> obtained documents which show that ISIL ran a sophisticated immigration operation through the Syrian border town of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> with Turkey until its defeat by Kurds. The border crossing remained open until Kurdish forces took control of the town (<a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a>), at which point Turkey promptly sealed it. David Phillips, an academic at Columbia University and author of two recent research papers into links between Turkey and ISIS, says that the country "knows the movements of all persons and can control the flow across the border if it chooses". He said there was "a steady stream of vehicles, individuals, weapons, financing, oil going back and forth", adding: "It's not like people are putting on their hiking boots and crossing over rough terrain. There's an extensive surface transport network which is highly regulated and controlled ... on both sides of the border." Academic researcher Aymenn al-Tamimi, an expert on examining Isis documents, said he had no doubt about the authenticity of the manifests. "The documents ... coincide with other documents illustrating daily bus routes within Islamic State territory. Though private companies provide the actual transportation, the Islamic State bureaucracy is responsible for authorising and overseeing the routes," he said. A senior Turkish government official, in response to the Guardian's statements, said that Turkey was doing everything it could to stop the influx of foreign fighters, including cracking down on recruitment and logistic networks such as travel agents mentioned in the documents.<a href="#cite_note-482">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Cyber-attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-attack">Cyber-attacks</a> on Turkey after saying it was supporting ISIS by buying oil from them and treating their wounded in hospital. They have also told that they will continue the attacks as long as Turkey is supporting ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-483">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> assigned a team of researchers in the United States, Europe, and Turkey to examine Turkish and international media assessing the credibility of allegations and published a research paper entitled "ISIS-Turkey Links". The report draws on a variety of international sources and present many allegations that appeared in the media.<a href="#cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_List-475">[452]</a> In an email to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> said <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> is hypocrite. He said: "Turkey blamed Isis (<a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">for the attack on Istanbul at 2016</a>), which Erdoğan has been aiding in many ways, while also supporting the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, which is hardly different."<a href="#cite_note-484">[461]</a> Jacques Behnan Hindo, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Al_Hasakah-Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Al Hasakah-Nisibis">Syrian Catholic Archbishop of Hasakeh-Nisibi</a>, said Turkey was preventing Christians from fleeing Syria while allowing jihadists to cross its border unchecked. He said on the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>, "In the north, Turkey allows through lorries, Daesh (ISIS) fighters, oil stolen from Syria, wheat and cotton: all of these can cross the border but nobody (from the Christian community) can pass over.". He said it a day after ISIL abducted more than 90 Assyrian Christians from villages.<a href="#cite_note-485">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[463]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a> (Kurds) said the Turkish military of opened fire at its forces in <a href="/wiki/Tal_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Abyad">Tal Abyad</a> after the majority Arab town was included into a Kurdish enclave after fights with ISIS soldiers. The Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davutoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Davutoglu">Ahmet Davutoglu</a> confirmed it and he said that Turkey had warned the PYD not to cross to the "west of the Euphrates and that we would hit it the moment it did. We hit it twice".<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-242">[219]</a> Turkey, at January 2016, didn't allow Kurdish groups from northern Syria to take part in peace talks in Geneva. Turkish PM said that the participation of YPG represents a 'direct threat' to his country.<a href="#cite_note-487">[464]</a> In February 2016, US urged Turkey to stop the shelling of the Kurds and focus on fighting the ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-488">[465]</a> In February 2016, Syria and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> stated Turkey was allowing Islamist fighters to travel through Turkish territory to reinforce Islamist rebels in <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-130">[107]</a> In February 2016, Hezbollah said Turkey and Saudi Arabia were using the Islamic State group as a "pretext" to launch a ground operation in Syria, after Turkey's suggestion to the U.S. and other allies in an international coalition against the Islamic State group for ground operations in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-abcnews-258">[235]</a> On 10 February 2016, Russian Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Churkin" title="Vitaly Churkin">Vitaly Churkin</a> sent a letter to the UN Security Council. He said in the letter that recruiters from ISIL had reportedly established a network in the Turkish city of Antalya for foreign fighters from the former Soviet Union. He also said in the letter that, in September, a group of 1,000 IS fighters from Europe and Central Asia were taken from Turkey to Syria through the border crossing at Gaziantep. In addition, he said that in early 2015, Turkish intelligence services reportedly helped move ethnic Tatars who were fighting for the Al-Qaeda aligned Nusra Front from Antalya to Eskişehir and, also, that it was helping to fly ISIL militants from Syria through Turkey to Yemen using Turkish military air transport, or by sea to Yemen's port of Aden.<a href="#cite_note-489">[466]</a> On 17 February 2016, at least 500 armed fighters crossed the Turkish border heading for the Syrian town of Azaz to fight against the Kurdish forces according to the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-490">[467]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing" title="February 2016 Ankara bombing">February 2016 Ankara bombing</a> the head of the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) denied any involvement and said that Turkey is using this attack as a "pretext" to intervene in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-491">[468]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Syrian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a> uses the Turkish Postal Service and Turkish banks to solicit donations via the organization "Türkistan İslam Derneği" through the website "Doğu Türkistan Bulenti".<a href="#cite_note-492">[469]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_2018_Kurdish_Protest,_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg/220px-London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg/330px-London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg/440px-London_2018_Kurdish_Protest%2C_Afrin_Kurd_Turkey_Middle_East.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4675" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>Protest in London against the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a>, 31 March 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2018, Bassam Ishak, member of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a>, said that the Turkish military support Syrian and foreign jihadis to conquer Syrian land.<a href="#cite_note-algemeiner-493">[470]</a> In 2018, an ex-Isis source, said Turkey was recruiting and retraining Isis fighters in order to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military operation in Afrin">Turkish military operation in Afrin</a> against the Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-494">[471]</a> In addition, in a statement carried by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> said that Turkish military operations in Afrin are impeding the task to eliminate ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-495">[472]</a> In 2018, an article in a Turkish newspaper mentioned that the <a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a> escorted a Turkish military convoy in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-496">[473]</a> In May 2018, Syria's President Bashar al-Assad deprecated Erdoğan's affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, which is considered as a terrorist organisation in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-497">[474]</a> In another interview, in August 2023, Bashar al-Assad accused Turkey for terrorism and violence in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-498">[475]</a> In October 2019, Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> stated he would "introduce bipartisan sanctions against Turkey if they invade Syria". Graham said he would also "call for their suspension from <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> if they attack Kurdish forces who assisted the US in the destruction of the ISIS Caliphate".<a href="#cite_note-499">[476]</a> On 9 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Brett_McGurk" title="Brett McGurk">Brett McGurk</a>, the former US envoy for the global coalition to counter the ISIS tweeted that Turkey "foreclosed any serious cooperation on ISIS even as 40k foreign fighters flowed through its territory into Syria."<a href="#cite_note-500">[477]</a> According to documents revealed in 2019, the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) was secretly transported ammunition and fighters into Syria with buses in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-501">[478]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> imposed sanctions on Turkish individuals and companies for providing financial support to the ISIS. The sanctions raised questions about the Turkish commitment to fight the ISIS networks inside Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-502">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[480]</a> Also, in 2021 imposed sanctions on Alaa Khanfurah and his Turkey-based money service business, because in 2017-2020 provided support, including financial and material support, to ISIS throughout Syria.<a href="#cite_note-504">[481]</a> According to the 2021 Report on Human Rights, the Turkish supported group <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevrin Khalaf">Hevrin Khalaf</a> and integrated former ISIS members into its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a> According to the US report, "Operation Inherent Resolve And Other U.S. Government Activities Related To Iraq & Syria, October 1, 2023–December 31, 2023", the Turkish strikes in September and October 2023 caused the SDF to halt operations against ISIS, who until then was working together with Coalition forces to defeat the ISIS. Furthermore, Turkish forces killed SDF personnel, including senior commanders, who were working together with coalition forces. In addition, the Turkish strikes caused tensions between the SDF and US forces, partly because Turkey and USA are allies.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_And_Other_U.S._Government_Activities_Related_To_Iraq_&_Syria,_October_1,_2023–December_31,_2023-506">[483]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arms_trafficking">Arms trafficking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Arms trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_National_Intelligence_Organisation_scandal_in_Turkey" title="2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey">2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey</a></div> Turkey's state intelligence agency, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MIT</a> were said by Turkish judicial sources talking to Reuters that it was helping to deliver arms to parts of Syria under Islamist rebel control during late 2013 and early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-507">[484]</a> Turkish journalists who reporting this were charged with spying and "divulging state secrets" from the Turkish court.<a href="#cite_note-508">[485]</a> Also, Turkish officers, who intercepted some of the intelligence agency's weapons-filled trucks, have faced spying charges.<a href="#cite_note-509">[486]</a> Furthermore, the Turkish government have given orders to the officers to let the trucks pass into the Syria. In June 2019, a Turkish court convicted the group officers and prosecutors, who stopped the MIT trucks, of at least two decades behind bars for obtaining and disclosing confidential state documents. They were also said to be <a href="/wiki/Fethullah%C3%A7%C4%B1_Ter%C3%B6r_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü">FETÖ</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-510">[487]</a> In addition, Turkish newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a>, published video footage which it said showed security forces discovering weapons parts being sent to Syria on trucks belonging to the MIT state intelligence agency.<a href="#cite_note-511">[488]</a> In December 2020, Turkish court sentenced to prison 27 people because they stopped the MIT trucks in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-512">[489]</a> In 2015, Reuters revealed that according to a prosecutor and court testimony during 2013-2014 the MIT delivered arms to Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-513">[490]</a> In February 2016, Kılıçdaroğlu repeated statement that the Turkish government has sent arms to jihadist groups in Syria and built jihadist training camp in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-514">[491]</a> On 18 March 2016, Russia's UN Ambassador Vitaly Churkin sent a letter to the UN Security Council saying that three Turkish humanitarian organizations (NGOs) sent weapons and supplies to extremists in Syria on behalf of Turkey's MIT intelligence agency. The three NGOs were the Besar Foundation, the Iyilikder Foundation and the <a href="/wiki/IHH_(Turkish_NGO)" title="IHH (Turkish NGO)">Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms (IHH)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-515">[492]</a> In addition, in an interview at 2018, the former Turkish National Police official, Ahmet Yayla, said that the MIT has used Turkey's IHH as an intermediary to arm Islamist terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-algemeiner-493">[470]</a> In February 2022, the Turkish intelligence captured and abducted from Ukraine the Turkish arm dealer and former special forces captain in the Turkish armed forces, Nuri Bozkir, after he exposed the Turkish arms transfers to militant groups in Syria and Libya. In an interview before his arrest he said that he bought weapons in eastern European countries and shipped them to Turkey. Then the Turkish intelligence sent them to battlefields across the region.<a href="#cite_note-516">[493]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_smuggling">Oil smuggling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Oil smuggling">edit</a>]</div> Western intelligence officials said that they can track the ISIS oil shipments as they move across Iraq and into Turkey's southern border regions.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-517">[494]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama">Obama</a> administration was struggling to cut off the millions of dollars in oil revenue made by ISIS, but they were unable to persuade Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-517">[494]</a> In addition, the former Iraqi member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Mowaffak_al-Rubaie" title="Mowaffak al-Rubaie">Mowaffak al-Rubaie</a> has said Turkey was turning a blind eye to the black market ISIS oil trade. He said that there is "no shadow of a doubt" that the Turkish government knows about the oil smuggling operations. "The merchants, the businessmen [are buying oil] in the black market in Turkey under the noses – under the auspices if you like – of the Turkish intelligence agency and the Turkish security apparatus."<a href="#cite_note-518">[495]</a> In June 2014, a member of Turkey's parliamentary opposition, Ali Edibogluan, said that IS had smuggled $800 million worth of oil into Turkey from Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-519">[496]</a> Sadik Al Hiseni, the head of the security committee in the city of Diyala in Iraq, says they have arrested several Turkish tankers trying to take ISIS oil out of the province of Salahuddin.<a href="#cite_note-520">[497]</a> In late 2015, Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> said that most of the oil produced in Islamic State-held territory in Iraq and Syria was being smuggled through Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-521">[498]</a> He also mentioned that he sees no evidence that Turkey wants to fight ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-522">[499]</a> In addition he said that Turkey wants to revive the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc-522">[499]</a> In late 2015, Iran's Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> said that Iran has photographs of truck tankers bringing oil to Turkey from ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-523">[500]</a> Israel's defence minister, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a>, has said Turkey was buying oil from the ISIS and funds ISIS militants.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_israel-465">[442]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, Turkey was selling the oil and sharing some of the earnings with ISIS. In addition, claimed that the oil exports stopped in December 2015 after the Russia bombed the tankers which transferred the oil to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-jerusalem_post_september_2020-463">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_maltreatment_of_refugees_and_of_other_humanitarian_misconduct">Criticism of maltreatment of refugees and of other humanitarian misconduct</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Criticism of maltreatment of refugees and of other humanitarian misconduct">edit</a>]</div> Turkey has forcibly returned thousands of Syrian refugees to war zone since mid-January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-524">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[503]</a> On 10 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said Turkish border guards were shooting and beating Syrian refugees trying to reach Turkey, resulting in deaths and serious injuries.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-527">[504]</a> Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan denied it<a href="#cite_note-auto11-527">[504]</a> and a Turkish official said that the authenticity of the video is not verified.<a href="#cite_note-528">[505]</a> On 18 May 2016, lawmakers from the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Subcommittee_on_Human_Rights" title="European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights">European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights</a> (DROI) have said that Turkey should not use Syrian refugees as a bribe for the process of visa liberalization for Turkish citizens inside the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-529">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolution_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces">National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces</a> stated that 8 or 11<a href="#cite_note-auto12-530">[507]</a> Syrians refugees were killed by Turkish security forces on the night of 18 June 2016, as they attempted to cross the border into Turkey. The Turkish Foreign Ministry denied the statements.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-530">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[508]</a> In February 2018, Human Rights Watch reported incidents in which Turkish border guards shot on Syrian asylum seekers who tried to flee Syria. The reports mentioned that some refugees killed and injured. Turkish official denied the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-532">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[510]</a> Turkey reported that between 1957 and 1998, Turkish forces laid 615,419 antipersonnel mines along the Syrian border "to prevent illegal border crossings," These mines are killing Syrians stuck on the border or trying to cross near Kobani. Turkey is required under the <a href="/wiki/Mine_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine Ban Treaty">Mine Ban Treaty</a>, to destroy all antipersonnel mines, but has missed deadlines. Human Rights Watch states in its report that as of 18 November over 2,000 civilians were still in the Tel Shair corridor section of the mine belt due to the fact that Turkey had been refusing entry for cars or livestock, and the refugees did not want to leave behind their belongings.<a href="#cite_note-534">[511]</a> Following the European criticism of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>, the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan threatened to open the borders for migrants to Europe,<a href="#cite_note-535">[512]</a> and to expel foreign jihadists in its custody.<a href="#cite_note-536">[513]</a> In June 2020, the Syria's permanent representative to the UN accused the US and Turkey of having deliberately set fire to agrarian crops at the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira Region</a> in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-537">[514]</a> In March 2023, thousands protested at the town of <a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a> against the Turkish-backed armed groups controlling the area, after the killing of four Kurdish men who were celebrating <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>. Jaish al-Sharqiya, a splinter group of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> accused for the murders of the Kurdish men.<a href="#cite_note-538">[515]</a> Turkey launched 339 attacks on North and East Syria in early 2024, killing five civilians and injuring 52, according to the Syrian Democratic Forces. The attacks severely damaged infrastructure and essential services, with the SDF and international law experts labeling these actions as war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-539">[516]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_war_crimes">Allegations of war crimes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Allegations of war crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkish war crimes</a></div> In October 2019, a report of the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused Turkey and its allies for war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-540">[517]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kumi_Naidoo" title="Kumi Naidoo">Kumi Naidoo</a> said that the Turkish military and their allies do not care about civilian lives.<a href="#cite_note-541">[518]</a> Furthermore, USA special envoy for Syria said that they had seen evidence of war crimes during Turkey's offensive against the Kurds in Syria, and had demanded an explanation from Turkey. U.S. officials were investigating a report that the <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">restricted burning white phosphorus</a> had been used during the Turkish offensive. Turkish officials have denied that war crimes were committed.<a href="#cite_note-542">[519]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a>, said in an interview that Turkey “appears to be” committing war crimes in Syria, adding that there was footage showing the execution of Kurdish captives.<a href="#cite_note-543">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-544">[521]</a> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bar_Association" title="International Bar Association">International Bar Association</a> condemned the assaults against Syrian Kurds by Turkish forces in northern Syria, and called on Turkey to halt the attacks and respect the civilians as it is obligated by international laws, after the reports of Turkish-backed militias executing civilians.<a href="#cite_note-545">[522]</a> Furthermore, the same month during the hearing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">US Committee on Foreign Relations</a> when <a href="/wiki/Senator_Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator Cardin">Senator Cardin</a> asked the ambassador <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Jeffrey" title="James Franklin Jeffrey">Jeffrey</a> if he is aware of reports of the United Nations and other groups about war crimes which have been committed by the Turkish forces in their invasion into Syria, the ambassador said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have seen some preliminary concerns. We have not seen any detailed reporting. The detailed reporting, of course--and there are volumes of it--is on the Assad regime's actions throughout Syria. But we are very, very concerned about what we and all of us have seen on video footage and some of the reports that we have received from our SDF colleagues, and we are looking into those as I speak.</blockquote> When then was asked if he is aware about the Turkish war crimes which have been mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> he responded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We would say that the Turkish supported opposition forces, who were under general Turkish command, in at least one instance did carry out a war crime, and we have reached out to Turkey to demand an explanation.</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-546">[523]</a> In November 2019, Turkish-backed forces under the command of the Turkish army, have been accused of committing war crimes after mobile phones footage has been revealed. The UN has warned that Turkey could be held responsible for the actions of its allies, while Turkey has promised to investigate. US officials have said that some of the actions in these videos probably constitute war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-547">[524]</a> In addition, U.S. drones appeared to show Turkish-backed forces targeting civilians during their assault on Kurdish areas in Syria, these actions reported as possible war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-548">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-war-crimes-549">[526]</a> Democratic Maryland Senator <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a> accused the Erdogan of "using Jihadi proxies that include a lot of al Qaeda elements and they are committing human rights abuses, including that the Trump Administration has acknowledged are war crimes." The US State Department spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Ortagus" title="Morgan Ortagus">Morgan Ortagus</a> told CNN "we had serious concerns regarding reports that the Turkish-Supported Opposition may have engaged in violations of the law of armed conflict in northeast Syria, including reports of the killing of unarmed civilians and prisoners and reports of ethnic cleansing," adding that "those concerns remain."<a href="#cite_note-cnn-war-crimes-549">[526]</a> In March 2020, a UN report accused rebels allied to Turkey for abuses on Kurdish-held areas during an assault, and said if the rebels were acting under the control of Turkish forces, the Turkish commanders may be liable for war crimes. In addition, it called on Turkey to investigate whether it was responsible for an air raid on a civilian convoy near <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>. Turkey denied a role in the attack, while the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, said that it was conducted by Turkish aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-550">[527]</a> In September 2020, United Nations asked Turkey to investigate possible war crimes and other human rights violations carried out by Turkish-affiliated groups in the area that Turkey controls in Syria. Turkey accused the UN Human Rights Office of baseless claims and “undue criticism”.<a href="#cite_note-551">[528]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> said that in the areas controlled by Turkey the number of crimes against civilians have been increased.<a href="#cite_note-552">[529]</a> The 2021 and 2022 <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> mentioned that Turkish-affiliated groups committed human rights abuses in Syria, including killings, torture, sexual violence, transfer of detained civilians across the border into Turkey, enforce demographic change targeting Kurdish Syrians, recruitment of child soldiers, the looting and desecration of religious sites and private property and more.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-2022_Report_on_Human_Rights-553">[530]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> justice system and detention network is under the command of the Turkish forces. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">UN Commission of Inquiry for Syria</a> reported on the presence of Turkish officials in interrogation sessions where torture was used.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a> The Turkish supported <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a> has been accused of war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices:_Syria-554">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a> The UN Commission of Inquiry for Syria, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> and human rights organisations reported that groups supported by Turkey have tortured and killed civilians.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices:_Syria-554">[531]</a> By August 2022, <a href="/wiki/Airwars" title="Airwars">Airwars</a> estimated that 736–1,189 civilians were killed by Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq since 2015, including 146-170 children, 104-119 women, and 1,400 named victims. The Turkish military has denied that any of its strikes have resulted in civilian casualties. Turkish bombing also injured 1,707-2,331 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Military_in_Iraq_&_Syria-100">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Targeting_of_journalists_and_politicians">Targeting of journalists and politicians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Targeting of journalists and politicians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Serena_Shim" title="Serena Shim">Serena Shim</a>, a journalist of <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a> was killed at a car crash with a heavy vehicle in Turkey in what are said, by her employer and her parents, to be suspicious circumstances. The car crash happened just days after she said that the Turkey's state intelligence agency, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">MIT</a>, had threatened her and said she was spying, due to some of the stories she had covered about Turkey's stance on ISIL militants in Kobane. She also said that she had received images of ISIL militants crossing the Turkish border into Syria in World Food Organization and other <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> trucks.<a href="#cite_note-555">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[534]</a> Turkish journalist Arzu Yildiz was sentenced to 20 months in jail and lost her parental rights after showing a video related to a weapons-smuggling scandal denied by the Turkish government, in what her lawyer said was "an act of revenge" by Recep Tayyip Erdogan.<a href="#cite_note-558">[535]</a> On 12 October 2019, Turkish backed forces (<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sharqiya" title="Ahrar al-Sharqiya">Ahrar al-Sharqiya</a>) murdered the Kurdish-Syrian politician <a href="/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevrin Khalaf">Hevrin Khalaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-war-crimes-549">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquities_smuggling">Antiquities smuggling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Antiquities smuggling">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, Syria's antiquities chief has said Turkey was refusing to return looted objects from ancient heritage sites in Syria or to provide information about them.<a href="#cite_note-559">[536]</a> Also, Turkey have been said that it lets ISIL smuggles Syrian antiquities through it.<a href="#cite_note-560">[537]</a> In an official letter to UN, the Russian envoy Vitaly Churkin stated that antiquities from Syria and Iraq are exported to Turkey. The main center for the smuggling of cultural heritage items is the Turkish city of Gaziantep, where the stolen goods are sold at illegal auctions. According to the envoy, new smuggling hubs are popping up on the Turkish-Syrian border, with the "bulky goods" being delivered by the Turkish transport companies. Smuggled artifacts then arrive in the Turkish cities of Izmir, Mersin and Antalya, where representatives of international criminal groups produce fake documents on the origin of the antiquities. Turkey responded that she will investigate the claims but believes that the accusations are politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-561">[538]</a> Later on, reports emerged in 2019 that following the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, more than 16,000 artifacts such as glass, pottery and mosaics mostly from <a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a>, were looted and smuggled to Turkey by Syrian rebels.<a href="#cite_note-562">[539]</a> In 2022, the Russian Defence Ministry claimed that Turkish-backed forces illegally do excavations in northern Syria. They are using explosives and heavy equipments which destroy the ancient sites. Many also accused Turkey of turning a blind eye in these activities. Turkey in response, according to the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior (Turkey)">interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)">culture and tourism</a> ministries, deployed Turkish soldiers in some of the ancient sites in Syria and started operation to retrieve Syrian smuggled items in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-563">[540]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_supplies">Water supplies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Water supplies">edit</a>]</div> In March 2020, nongovernmental organizations, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and the Kurdish-led administration in northeast Syria said that the water supply from the Alouk pumping station has been repeatedly interrupted after Turkey and its allies took control of the Allouk water station after the Turkish offensive in October 2019. In addition, local authorities and humanitarian groups in Northeast Syria said that they are unable to bring additional supplies into the region because the border with the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is closed. They all warned that doing these in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> is very dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-564">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-566">[543]</a> In August 2020, the Bashar al-Assad government and the Kurds accused Turkey and its allies that they cut off water to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasaka province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-567">[544]</a><a href="#cite_note-568">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-569">[546]</a> The deputy <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator</a> for Syria said to the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> that there were frequent water cuts in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">Al-Hawl</a>. The Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Feridun_Sinirlio%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Sinirlioğlu">Feridun Sinirlioğlu</a>, denied the accusations and responded that the water station is powered from a dam, which is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-570">[547]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Child soldiers">edit</a>]</div> The Turkish government linked think tank SETA withdrew a report detailing the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> as it revealed the use of child soldiers. In addition, according to a report by Al-Monitor, citing sources on the ground, Turkey has deployed to Libya child soldiers from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-571">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[549]</a> In July 2021, the United States of America added Turkey to the list of countries that implicated in the use of child soldiers, because it used them in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-573">[550]</a> The 2021 and 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices mentioned the recruitment of child soldiers from Turkish-supported forces.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-2022_Report_on_Human_Rights-553">[530]</a> The 2021, 2022 and 2023 Trafficking in Persons Reports mentioned that Turkey provided support (operational, equipment and financial support) to armed groups in Syria which recruit and use child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-574">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[553]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Only against ISIL (2016–2017)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> 10 <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> and 5 <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60 Patton</a><a href="#cite_note-auto7-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/FNSS_ACV-15" title="FNSS ACV-15">ACV-15</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/UH-60_Black_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-60 Black Hawk">UH-60 Black Hawk</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/TAI/AgustaWestland_T129_ATAK" title="TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK">T129 ATAK</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom">F-4 Phantom</a><a href="#cite_note-uk.reuters.com-44">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> 2 <a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka#ANKA-S" title="TAI Anka">TAI Anka-S</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_TB2" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykar Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a>, 1 Bayraktar UAS, 2 unknown drones<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 133 in ES,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/321388/">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 37 in OB,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/321309/">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 79 in PS <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/321293/">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> 84 in ES,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/282841/">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 98 in OB,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/283297/">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 48 in PS <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/283607/">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> 61 in OB,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/232266/">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 48 in ES <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/232159/">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>], 59 in PS <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/231887/">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> 6,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/154617/">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 9,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/154972/">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/178293/">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 5,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/191847/">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 31,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/193766/">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/196463/">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <ul><li>2023: 249 killed<a href="#cite_note-48">[g]</a></li> <li>2022: 230 killed<a href="#cite_note-49">[h]</a></li> <li>2021: 168 killed<a href="#cite_note-50">[i]</a></li> <li>2020: 61 killed<a href="#cite_note-51">[j]</a></li> <li>Operation Peace Spring: 355 killed<a href="#cite_note-casps-52">[42]</a></li> <li>Operation Olive Branch: 613 killed<a href="#cite_note-casob-53">[43]</a></li> <li>Operation Euphrates Shield: 614 killed<a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> 12 killed in drone strikes.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/232170/">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 7 killed,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/211091/">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/219071/">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/220223/">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 6 killed,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/147150/">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> 2 killed,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/180088/">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/188891/">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-63">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <ul><li>2024: 52</li></ul> killed<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> <ul><li>2023: 109 killed<a href="#cite_note-trattacks2023-59">[48]</a></li> <li>2022: 120 killed<a href="#cite_note-trattacks2022-60">[49]</a></li> <li>2021: 28 killed<a href="#cite_note-61">[l]</a></li> <li>2020: 4 killed<a href="#cite_note-62">[m]</a></li> <li>Operation Peace Spring: 445 killed<a href="#cite_note-casps-52">[42]</a></li> <li>Operation Olive Branch: 1,586 killed<a href="#cite_note-casob-53">[43]</a></li> <li>Operatation Euphrates Shield: 131 killed<a href="#cite_note-64">[n]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/213155/">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/217466/">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/217589/">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81/445420/">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/223235/">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> 2,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/159095/">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/159828/">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/169627/">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/184021/">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <ul><li>2024: 11 killed<a href="#cite_note-71">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[58]</a></li> <li>2023: 18 killed<a href="#cite_note-trattacks2023-59">[48]</a></li> <li>2022: 44 killed<a href="#cite_note-trattacks2022-60">[49]</a></li> <li>2021: 5 killed<a href="#cite_note-74">[p]</a></li> <li>2020: 5 killed<a href="#cite_note-75">[q]</a></li> <li>Operation Spring Shield: 197 killed<a href="#cite_note-cassh-76">[59]</a></li> <li>Operation Peace Spring: 29 killed<a href="#cite_note-casps-52">[42]</a></li> <li>Operation Olive Branch: 91 killed<a href="#cite_note-casob-53">[43]</a></li> <li>Operation Euphrates Shield: 30 killed<a href="#cite_note-77">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[62]</a></li> <li>2012: 12 killed<a href="#cite_note-80">[63]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> 2 <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">SU-24</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/MiG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23">MiG-23</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros" title="Aero L-39 Albatros">L-39</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> 3 <a href="/wiki/Mi-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-17">Mi-17</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> SU-24<a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> 1 CSAR helicopter<a href="#cite_note-nyt2-98">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> 764-1,225 civilians killed per Airwars<a href="#cite_note-Turkish_Military_in_Iraq_&_Syria-100">[78]</a> and 1,517 civilians killed per SOHR<a href="#cite_note-101">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[80]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDefensie2017" class="citation web cs1">Defensie, Ministerie van (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.defensie.nl/topics/historical-missions/mission-overview/2013/patriot-mission-in-turkey">"Operation Active Fence (Patriot mission Turkey) - Historical missions - Defensie.nl"</a>. english.defensie.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.defensie.nl&rft.atitle=Operation+Active+Fence+%28Patriot+mission+Turkey%29+-+Historical+missions+-+Defensie.nl&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Defensie&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.defensie.nl%2Ftopics%2Fhistorical-missions%2Fmission-overview%2F2013%2Fpatriot-mission-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102217/https://www.enca.com/hollande-confirms-french-delivery-arms-syrian-rebels">"Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enca.com/hollande-confirms-french-delivery-arms-syrian-rebels">the original</a> on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hollande+confirms+French+delivery+of+arms+to+Syrian+rebels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enca.com%2Fhollande-confirms-french-delivery-arms-syrian-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/is-turkey-planning-to-recruit-syrians-to-fight-armenia-643628">"Is Turkey planning to recruit Syrians to fight Armenia?"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Is+Turkey+planning+to+recruit+Syrians+to+fight+Armenia%3F&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fis-turkey-planning-to-recruit-syrians-to-fight-armenia-643628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepc.org/journal/eyes-bigger-stomachs-turkey-saudi-arabia-and-qatar-syria">"Eyes Bigger than Stomachs: Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar in Syria | Middle East Policy Council"</a>. mepc.org. March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mepc.org&rft.atitle=Eyes+Bigger+than+Stomachs%3A+Turkey%2C+Saudi+Arabia+and+Qatar+in+Syria+%26%23124%3B+Middle+East+Policy+Council&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmepc.org%2Fjournal%2Feyes-bigger-stomachs-turkey-saudi-arabia-and-qatar-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafiero2015" class="citation web cs1">Cafiero, Giorgio (10 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/turkey-and-qatar-close-al_b_8512336">"Turkey and Qatar: Close Allies, Sharing a Doomed Syria Policy"</a>. HuffPost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+Qatar%3A+Close+Allies%2C+Sharing+a+Doomed+Syria+Policy&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.aulast=Cafiero&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fturkey-and-qatar-close-al_b_8512336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-russia-continue-joint-airstrikes-against-isil-near-al-bab-108021">"Turkey, Russia continue joint airstrikes against ISIL near al-Bab"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Russia+continue+joint+airstrikes+against+ISIL+near+al-Bab&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-russia-continue-joint-airstrikes-against-isil-near-al-bab-108021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman" class="citation web cs1">Zaman, Amberin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aymennjawad.org/14400/syrian-kurds-courting-turkmens">"Syrian Kurds courting Turkmens"</a>. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aymenn+Jawad+Al-Tamimi&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+courting+Turkmens&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Amberin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aymennjawad.org%2F14400%2Fsyrian-kurds-courting-turkmens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/turkeys-erdogan-has-grand-plans-for-al-qaedas-syrian-spin-off">"Turkey's Erdogan Has Grand Plans for al Qaeda's Syrian Spin-Off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. 8 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+Has+Grand+Plans+for+al+Qaeda%27s+Syrian+Spin-Off&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fturkeys-erdogan-has-grand-plans-for-al-qaedas-syrian-spin-off&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=161766">"Five HTS fighters killed or wounded in attacks by Turkish drones in eastern Idlib • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+HTS+fighters+killed+or+wounded+in+attacks+by+Turkish+drones+in+eastern+Idlib+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D161766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-france-idUSKBN1WO1D5">"France's Macron met spokeswoman of Kurdish-led Syria SDF forces"</a>. Reuters. 9 October 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Macron+met+spokeswoman+of+Kurdish-led+Syria+SDF+forces&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-france-idUSKBN1WO1D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222185023/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-france-idUKKCN1OK1YC">"France assures Kurdish-dominated SDF of French support"</a>. Reuters. 21 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-france-idUKKCN1OK1YC">the original</a> on 22 December 2018 – via uk.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France+assures+Kurdish-dominated+SDF+of+French+support&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-syria-france-idUKKCN1OK1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013155041/http://www.mikrofonnews.com/en/turkey-warns-france-over-supporting-sdf/">"Turkey warns France over supporting SDF"</a>. 30 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikrofonnews.com/en/turkey-warns-france-over-supporting-sdf/">the original</a> on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+warns+France+over+supporting+SDF&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikrofonnews.com%2Fen%2Fturkey-warns-france-over-supporting-sdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2017/2/23/the-uae-has-it-in-for-the-muslim-brotherhood">"The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Araby_Al-Jadeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Araby Al-Jadeed">Al-Araby Al-Jadeed</a>. 22 February 2017. <q>Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Araby+Al-Jadeed&rft.atitle=The+UAE+has+it+in+for+the+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fcomment%2F2017%2F2%2F23%2Fthe-uae-has-it-in-for-the-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/4/16/17238058/syria-bombing-trump-business-interests">"The U.S. bombing of Syria implicates many of Trump's business interests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+bombing+of+Syria+implicates+many+of+Trump%27s+business+interests&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2018%2F4%2F16%2F17238058%2Fsyria-bombing-trump-business-interests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105644/http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349">"UAE, Kurds Standing against US, Turkey in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Farsnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsnews">Farsnews</a>. 22 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349">the original</a> on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Farsnews&rft.atitle=UAE%2C+Kurds+Standing+against+US%2C+Turkey+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.farsnews.ir%2Fnewstext.aspx%3Fnn%3D13951204000349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabforce-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabforce_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabforce_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-seeks-arab-force-and-funding-for-syria-1523927888">"U.S. Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. 16 April 2018. <q>Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Seeks+Arab+Force+and+Funding+for+Syria&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-seeks-arab-force-and-funding-for-syria-1523927888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pkk-18"><a href="#cite_ref-pkk_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/195385/">"On International Human Rights Day: Millions of Syrians robbed of "rights" and 593 thousand killed in a decade"</a>. SOHR. 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+International+Human+Rights+Day%3A+Millions+of+Syrians+robbed+of+%22rights%22+and+593+thousand+killed+in+a+decade&rft.pub=SOHR&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F195385%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/russia-turkey/stratfor-turkey-and-russia-wage-full-blown-proxy-war-syria">"Stratfor: Turkey and Russia wage "full-blown proxy war" in Syria"</a>. Ahval. 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Stratfor%3A+Turkey+and+Russia+wage+%22full-blown+proxy+war%22+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Frussia-turkey%2Fstratfor-turkey-and-russia-wage-full-blown-proxy-war-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811140124/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/assad-iran-support-kurdish-forces-turkey-syrias-afrin-key-weapon-systems-reports/">"Assad, Iran support Kurdish forces against Turkey in Syria's Afrin with key weapon systems – reports"</a>. Al Masdar News. 9 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/assad-iran-support-kurdish-forces-turkey-syrias-afrin-key-weapon-systems-reports/">the original</a> on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad%2C+Iran+support+Kurdish+forces+against+Turkey+in+Syria%27s+Afrin+with+key+weapon+systems+%E2%80%93+reports&rft.pub=Al+Masdar+News&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fassad-iran-support-kurdish-forces-turkey-syrias-afrin-key-weapon-systems-reports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30days-21"><a href="#cite_ref-30days_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/30-يوما-من-نبع-السلام-قسد-تخسر-نصف-مساحة/">"30 يوما من نبع السلام: "قسد" تخسر نصف مساحة سيطرتها تقريبا.. وروسيا و"النظام" لاعب جديد في الشمال السوري.. وانتهاكات الفصائل التركية تجبر المدنيين على الفرار.. وأكثر من 870 شهيداً وقتيلاً.. وأوضاع إنسانية وصحية كارثية تهدد المنطقة • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان"</a>. 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%3A+%22%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF%22+%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1+%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7..+%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%88%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%22+%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A..+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1..+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+870+%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B..+%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F30-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/firat-kalkani-harekatinin-216-gunluk-bilancosu-2423279">"Fırat Kalkanı Harekatının 216 günlük bilançosu"</a>. Milliyet. 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milliyet&rft.atitle=F%C4%B1rat+Kalkan%C4%B1+Harekat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+216+g%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk+bilan%C3%A7osu&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Ffirat-kalkani-harekatinin-216-gunluk-bilancosu-2423279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dha.com.tr/politika/bozdag-turkiyenin-afrin-de-isi-bitmemistir/haber-1571139">"Bozdağ: Türkiye'nin Afrin de işi bitmemiştir - Politika haberleri"</a>. www.dha.com.tr. 26 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dha.com.tr&rft.atitle=Bozda%C4%9F%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Afrin+de+i%C5%9Fi+bitmemi%C5%9Ftir+-+Politika+haberleri&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dha.com.tr%2Fpolitika%2Fbozdag-turkiyenin-afrin-de-isi-bitmemistir%2Fhaber-1571139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomson2016" class="citation web cs1">Tomson, Chris (19 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009020205/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-retakes-town-near-al-bab-deadly-ambush-turkish-backed-rebels/">"ISIS retakes town near al-Bab during deadly ambush on Turkish-backed rebels"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-retakes-town-near-al-bab-deadly-ambush-turkish-backed-rebels/">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+retakes+town+near+al-Bab+during+deadly+ambush+on+Turkish-backed+rebels&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft.aulast=Tomson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisis-retakes-town-near-al-bab-deadly-ambush-turkish-backed-rebels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2019/11/21/hulusi-akar-600-yerlesim-yeri-kontrol-altina-alindi/">"Akar: 600 yerleşim yeri kontrol altına alındı"</a>. www.gazeteduvar.com.tr. 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazeteduvar.com.tr&rft.atitle=Akar%3A+600+yerle%C5%9Fim+yeri+kontrol+alt%C4%B1na+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeteduvar.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2019%2F11%2F21%2Fhulusi-akar-600-yerlesim-yeri-kontrol-altina-alindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recognition-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recognition_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-recognition_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/kurdish-pyd-declares-federalism-northern-syria-1311505605">"Syrian Kurds declare new federation in bid for recognition"</a>. Middle East Eye. 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+declare+new+federation+in+bid+for+recognition&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fkurdish-pyd-declares-federalism-northern-syria-1311505605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldnet.com/news/turkey-calls-on-us-allies-to-reconsider-syria-no-fly-zone/">"Turkey calls on US, allies to reconsider Syria no-fly zone"</a>. AP. 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+calls+on+US%2C+allies+to+reconsider+Syria+no-fly+zone&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldnet.com%2Fnews%2Fturkey-calls-on-us-allies-to-reconsider-syria-no-fly-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhaberler2016" class="citation web cs1">haberler, Son (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonhaberler.com/m/guncel/gaziantep-teki-canli-bomba-yunus-durmaz-cikti-h110574.html">"Gaziantep'teki canlı bomba Yunus Durmaz çıktı – Son Dakika Haberler"</a>. www.sonhaberler.com. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sonhaberler.com&rft.atitle=Gaziantep%27teki+canl%C4%B1+bomba+Yunus+Durmaz+%C3%A7%C4%B1kt%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+Son+Dakika+Haberler&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.aulast=haberler&rft.aufirst=Son&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonhaberler.com%2Fm%2Fguncel%2Fgaziantep-teki-canli-bomba-yunus-durmaz-cikti-h110574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2016/12/31/deasin-sozde-emiri-ebu-ensari-olduruldu">"El Bab'da son dakika: DEAŞ'ın sözde emiri Ebu Ensari öldürüldü"</a> [Breaking news in Al-Bab : So-called ISIS emir Abu Ansari killed]. <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a> (in Turkish). 31 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013126/https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2016/12/31/deasin-sozde-emiri-ebu-ensari-olduruldu">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=El+Bab%27da+son+dakika%3A+DEA%C5%9E%27%C4%B1n+s%C3%B6zde+emiri+Ebu+Ensari+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BCld%C3%BC&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2016%2F12%2F31%2Fdeasin-sozde-emiri-ebu-ensari-olduruldu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2016" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Cristina (31 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.com/isis-leader-dead-islamic-state-emirs-killed-turkish-warplanes-syria-2467975">"ISIS Leader Dead? Islamic State Emirs Killed By Turkish Warplanes In Syria"</a>. International Business Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=ISIS+Leader+Dead%3F+Islamic+State+Emirs+Killed+By+Turkish+Warplanes+In+Syria&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fisis-leader-dead-islamic-state-emirs-killed-turkish-warplanes-syria-2467975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-neutralizes-isils-political-leader-in-al-bab-109380">"Turkey 'neutralizes' ISIL's political leader in al-Bab - World News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+%27neutralizes%27+ISIL%27s+political+leader+in+al-Bab+-+World+News&rft.date=2017-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-neutralizes-isils-political-leader-in-al-bab-109380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2014" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Scott (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eaworldview.com/2014/01/syria-turkey-hits-islamic-state-iraq-convoy-near-border/">"Syria: Turkey Hits Islamic State of Iraq Convoy Near Border – EA WorldView"</a>. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Turkey+Hits+Islamic+State+of+Iraq+Convoy+Near+Border+%E2%80%93+EA+WorldView&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feaworldview.com%2F2014%2F01%2Fsyria-turkey-hits-islamic-state-iraq-convoy-near-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222224629/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2016/02/syria-jaysh-thuwar-mission-accusations-links-immunity.html">"Why Jaish al-Thuwar was bombarded by Turkey"</a>. Al-Monitor. 18 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2016/02/syria-jaysh-thuwar-mission-accusations-links-immunity.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+Jaish+al-Thuwar+was+bombarded+by+Turkey&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F02%2Fsyria-jaysh-thuwar-mission-accusations-links-immunity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-34"><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htarm/articles/20190929.aspx">"Armor: Turkish Leopards Find Redemption"</a>. www.strategypage.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.strategypage.com&rft.atitle=Armor%3A+Turkish+Leopards+Find+Redemption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategypage.com%2Fhtmw%2Fhtarm%2Farticles%2F20190929.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023183848/https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=26703">"Lostarmour ID: 26703"</a>. lostarmour.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=26703">the original</a> on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lostarmour.info&rft.atitle=Lostarmour+ID%3A+26703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flostarmour.info%2Fsyria%2Fitem.php%3Fid%3D26703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626123040/https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22552">"Lostarmour ID: 22552"</a>. lostarmour.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22552">the original</a> on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lostarmour.info&rft.atitle=Lostarmour+ID%3A+22552&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flostarmour.info%2Fsyria%2Fitem.php%3Fid%3D22552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626080556/https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22513">"Lostarmour ID: 22513"</a>. lostarmour.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22513">the original</a> on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lostarmour.info&rft.atitle=Lostarmour+ID%3A+22513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flostarmour.info%2Fsyria%2Fitem.php%3Fid%3D22513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624045438/https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22531">"Lostarmour ID: 22531"</a>. lostarmour.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostarmour.info/syria/item.php?id=22531">the original</a> on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lostarmour.info&rft.atitle=Lostarmour+ID%3A+22531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flostarmour.info%2Fsyria%2Fitem.php%3Fid%3D22531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weaponews.com/news/65356054-turkish-f-16-fighter-destroyed-a-helicopter-black-hawk.html">"Turkish F-16 fighter destroyed a helicopter "Black hawk""</a>. weaponews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weaponews.com&rft.atitle=Turkish+F-16+fighter+destroyed+a+helicopter+%22Black+hawk%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweaponews.com%2Fnews%2F65356054-turkish-f-16-fighter-destroyed-a-helicopter-black-hawk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2018/02/10/erdogan-says-turkish-military-helicopter-shot-down-during-afrin-operation-in-syria">"erdogan says turkish military helicopter shot down during afrin operation in syria"</a>. dailysabah. 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dailysabah&rft.atitle=erdogan+says+turkish+military+helicopter+shot+down+during+afrin+operation+in+syria&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fwar-on-terror%2F2018%2F02%2F10%2Ferdogan-says-turkish-military-helicopter-shot-down-during-afrin-operation-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk.reuters.com-44"><a href="#cite_ref-uk.reuters.com_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311020341/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-turkey-syria-idUKKCN0WA1J3">"Two killed as rockets from Syria hit southern Turkish town – mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 8 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-turkey-syria-idUKKCN0WA1J3">the original</a> on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+killed+as+rockets+from+Syria+hit+southern+Turkish+town+%E2%80%93+mayor&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-turkey-syria-idUKKCN0WA1J3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> 1 Bayraktar UAS (12 Feb) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/02/12/turkey-drone-crash-afrin-bayraktar-sdf/">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 <a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka#ANKA-S" title="TAI Anka">TAI Anka-S</a> (25 February) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mbs.news/a/2020/02/agency-the-syrian-army-shot-down-a-turkish-plane-marching-over-idlib-video.html">[33]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311103302/https://www.mbs.news/a/2020/02/agency-the-syrian-army-shot-down-a-turkish-plane-marching-over-idlib-video.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-shoots-down-large-turkish-military-drone-in-idlib/">[34]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311103231/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-shoots-down-large-turkish-military-drone-in-idlib/">Archived</a> 11 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> (February 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://defence-point.com/2020/03/19/wreckage-of-turkish-combat-drone-uncovered-in-southeast-idlib-pics/">[35]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302060024/https://defence-point.com/2020/03/19/wreckage-of-turkish-combat-drone-uncovered-in-southeast-idlib-pics/">Archived</a> 2 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://t.me/anna_news/4437">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 TAI Anka-S (1 March)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://theaviationist.com/2020/03/01/two-syrian-su-24-fencer-jets-and-a-turkish-drone-shot-down-over-idlib-region-syria/">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/assad-regime-aircraft-downed-in-nw-idlib/news">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 Bayraktar TB-2 (3 March)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://en.muraselon.com/2020/03/pics-syrian-army-shoots-down-turkish-bayraktar-drone-near-idlib/">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mediaapakabar.com/2020/03/jadi-bintang-di-pertempuran-idlib.html">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 Bayraktar TB-2 (4 March) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=187369">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> (23 August 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102152433/https://rusvesna.su/news/1598190679">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 Unespecified <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/213288/">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/179967/">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-casps-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casps_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casps_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casps_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84/347802/">"The Syrian Democratic Forces continue to comb the villages and sites to which the pro-Turkish factions advanced on the outskirts of Ain Issa"</a> (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+continue+to+comb+the+villages+and+sites+to+which+the+pro-Turkish+factions+advanced+on+the+outskirts+of+Ain+Issa.&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d9%2582%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa-%25d8%25b3%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25a7-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2585%25d9%2582%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b7%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b5%25d9%2584-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2585%25d8%25b4%25d9%258a%25d8%25b7-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%2F347802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casob-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casob_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casob_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casob_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/121535/">"On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of "Olive Branch" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary"</a>. 6 February 2024. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=6+February+2024&rft.atitle=On+the+eve+of+Nowruz+festivals%E2%80%A6Afrin+witnesses+arrests+against+its+residents+by+the+factions+of+%22Olive+Branch%22+on+charge+of+celebrating+and+setting+fire+in+the+festival%27s+anniversary&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F121535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/erdogan-says-3-747-terrorists-neutralized-in-afrin-op/1099041">"Erdogan says 3,747 terrorists 'neutralized' in Afrin op"</a>. AA. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan+says+3%2C747+terrorists+%27neutralized%27+in+Afrin+op&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Ferdogan-says-3-747-terrorists-neutralized-in-afrin-op%2F1099041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/326687/">"Two consecutive attacks | 11 people kil*led and injured including six civilians under Turkish airstrikes on Al-Hasakah - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+consecutive+attacks+%26%23124%3B+11+people+kil%2Aled+and+injured+including+six+civilians+under+Turkish+airstrikes+on+Al-Hasakah+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F326687%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/327136/">"SDF-held areas in February 2024 | Nearly 55 fatalities in acts of violence…deteriorating security situation…11 infightings and murder crimes…considerable escalation by ISIS cells met by large-scale security operations - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SDF-held+areas+in+February+2024+%26%23124%3B+Nearly+55+fatalities+in+acts+of+violence%E2%80%A6deteriorating+security+situation%E2%80%A611+infightings+and+murder+crimes%E2%80%A6considerable+escalation+by+ISIS+cells+met+by+large-scale+security+operations+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F327136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/332388/">"Aleppo | Turkish and Kurdish forces trade fire on frontlines in northern countryside - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+%26%23124%3B+Turkish+and+Kurdish+forces+trade+fire+on+frontlines+in+northern+countryside+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F332388%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trattacks2023-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trattacks2023_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trattacks2023_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/321676/">"Turkey's presence in Syria in 2023 | Aerial and ground attacks by Turkish forces leave 72 civilians and nearly 140 combatants dead"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+presence+in+Syria+in+2023+%7C+Aerial+and+ground+attacks+by+Turkish+forces+leave+72+civilians+and+nearly+140+combatants+dead&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F321676%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trattacks2022-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trattacks2022_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trattacks2022_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/282630/">"Turkey's presence in Syria in 2022 | Aerial and ground attacks by Turkish forces leave 74 civilians and 164 combatants dead"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+presence+in+Syria+in+2022+%7C+Aerial+and+ground+attacks+by+Turkish+forces+leave+74+civilians+and+164+combatants+dead&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F282630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> 4 killed (28 August),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/turkish-bombardment-kills-20-civilians-syria-monitor-075502991.html">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 6 killed (7 September),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/070920165">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 22 killed (20–23 October),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=53026">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 6 killed (25 October),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/devrimci-gucler-9-sehidin-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">[48]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028022840/http://tr.hawarnews.com/devrimci-gucler-9-sehidin-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">Archived</a> 28 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 9 killed (27 October),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrinliler-2-sehidini-ugurladi/">[49]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116085755/http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrinliler-2-sehidini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 16 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 3 killed (8 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrinde-3-ozgurluk-savascisi-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">[50]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113070253/http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrinde-3-ozgurluk-savascisi-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 13 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (10 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/hpc-jin-ilk-sehitlerinin-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">[51]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117230234/http://tr.hawarnews.com/hpc-jin-ilk-sehitlerinin-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">Archived</a> 17 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (11 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/ypg-basin-merkezi-uyesi-rumet-cilonun-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">[52]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126064153/http://tr.hawarnews.com/ypg-basin-merkezi-uyesi-rumet-cilonun-kimlik-bilgilerini-acikladi/">Archived</a> 26 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 6 killed (12–19 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrin-halki-sehitlerini-ugurladi-2/">[53]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123055536/http://tr.hawarnews.com/efrin-halki-sehitlerini-ugurladi-2/">Archived</a> 23 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (20 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/servan-derwis-turk-ordusunun-saldirilari-terorle-mucadeleye-engeldir/">[54]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042856/http://tr.hawarnews.com/servan-derwis-turk-ordusunun-saldirilari-terorle-mucadeleye-engeldir/">Archived</a> 21 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 8 killed (21 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/10-ozgurluk-savascisi-efrin-ve-serekaniyeden-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">[55]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121232813/http://tr.hawarnews.com/10-ozgurluk-savascisi-efrin-ve-serekaniyeden-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 21 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (22 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/firatin-gazabi-ve-minbic-sehitleri-son-yolduluguna-ugurlandi/">[56]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124091132/http://tr.hawarnews.com/firatin-gazabi-ve-minbic-sehitleri-son-yolduluguna-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 24 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 6 killed (23 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=55427">[57]</a> 7 killed (27 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicde-hayat-7-ozgurluk-savascisi-icin-durdu/">[58]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082808/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicde-hayat-7-ozgurluk-savascisi-icin-durdu/">Archived</a> 29 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 4 killed (29 November),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-4-sehidini-ugurladi/">[59]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130041514/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-4-sehidini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 30 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (1 December),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-askeri-meclisi-2-enternasyonel-sehidin-kimligini-acikladi/">[60]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204084840/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-askeri-meclisi-2-enternasyonel-sehidin-kimligini-acikladi/">Archived</a> 4 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 3 killed (2 December),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/3-erka-xweparastine-sehidi-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">[61]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202171518/http://tr.hawarnews.com/3-erka-xweparastine-sehidi-sonsuzluga-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 2 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (7 December),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-sehidini-ugurladi/">[62]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082811/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-sehidini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (9 December),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/qamislolular-evlatlarini-ugurladi/">[63]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082213/http://tr.hawarnews.com/qamislolular-evlatlarini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (14 December),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-2-evladini-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">[64]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123152/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-2-evladini-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (10 February),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-bir-evladini-daha-ugurladi/">[65]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080028/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-bir-evladini-daha-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 11 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (11 February),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=55945">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (16 February),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/132880-2/">[67]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063829/http://tr.hawarnews.com/132880-2/">Archived</a> 18 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (19 February), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/ypg-turk-devleti-ve-cetelerinin-saldirilari-devam-ediyor/">[68]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010632/http://tr.hawarnews.com/ypg-turk-devleti-ve-cetelerinin-saldirilari-devam-ediyor/">Archived</a> 21 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 3 killed (21 February), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/ozgurluk-sehitleri-minbicde-ugurlandi/">[69]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222065332/http://tr.hawarnews.com/ozgurluk-sehitleri-minbicde-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 22 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 4 killed (1 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-4-sehidini-ugurladi-2/">[70]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044242/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-halki-4-sehidini-ugurladi-2/">Archived</a> 3 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 5 killed (3 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/5-ozgurluk-sehidi-minbicde-ugurlandi/">[71]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304042457/http://tr.hawarnews.com/5-ozgurluk-sehidi-minbicde-ugurlandi/">Archived</a> 4 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 5 killed (9 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ku.hawarnews.com/seniyen-minbice-5-lehengen-xwe-oxir-kirin/">[72]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312040912/http://ku.hawarnews.com/seniyen-minbice-5-lehengen-xwe-oxir-kirin/">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 3 killed (11 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-3-evladini-daha-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">[73]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195720/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-3-evladini-daha-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 12 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (14 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-iki-ozgurluk-savascisini-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">[74]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085720/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbicliler-iki-ozgurluk-savascisini-sonsuzluga-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 15 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (16 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/kobane-5-ozgurluk-sehidini-ugurladi/">[75]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054448/http://tr.hawarnews.com/kobane-5-ozgurluk-sehidini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 17 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 1 killed (18 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/category/haberler/">[76]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320120248/http://tr.hawarnews.com/category/haberler/">Archived</a> 20 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] 2 killed (23 March), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-2-ozgurluk-savascisini-ugurladi/">[77]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324083720/http://tr.hawarnews.com/minbic-2-ozgurluk-savascisini-ugurladi/">Archived</a> 24 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-neutralizes-3-000-isil-militants-in-syria-142147">"Turkey 'neutralizes' 3,000 ISIL militants in Syria - Turkey News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+%27neutralizes%27+3%2C000+ISIL+militants+in+Syria+-+Turkey+News&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-neutralizes-3-000-isil-militants-in-syria-142147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/161766/">"Five HTS fighters killed or wounded in attacks by Turkish drones in eastern Idlib • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+HTS+fighters+killed+or+wounded+in+attacks+by+Turkish+drones+in+eastern+Idlib+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F161766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/165457/">"Rising tension | Turkish forces kill fighter of "Jaysh Al-Sharqiyyah" in Sluk town • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rising+tension+%26%23124%3B+Turkish+forces+kill+fighter+of+%22Jaysh+Al-Sharqiyyah%22+in+Sluk+town+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F165457%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/340689/">"Ras Al-Ain | Guards of Turkish base ki*ll member of "Ahrar Al-Sharqiya" and injure three civilians - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 6 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ras+Al-Ain+%26%23124%3B+Guards+of+Turkish+base+ki%2All+member+of+%E2%80%9CAhrar+Al-Sharqiya%E2%80%9D+and+injure+three+civilians+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F340689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88-30-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5/719545/">"استشهاد وإصابة نحو 30 من السوريين برصاص القوات التركية خلال قمع المظاهرات الغاضبة في الشمال السوري | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان"</a>. 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88+30+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%26%23124%3B+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2586%25D8%25AD%25D9%2588-30-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%2F719545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/325472/">"Turkish attack | Two regime soldiers killed in eastern Aleppo countryside - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+attack+%26%23124%3B+Two+regime+soldiers+killed+in+eastern+Aleppo+countryside+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F325472%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/331700/">"Military escalation | Four regime soldiers killed and injured in Turkish artillery fire on regime positions in northern Aleppo countryside - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 23 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+escalation+%26%23124%3B+Four+regime+soldiers+killed+and+injured+in+Turkish+artillery+fire+on+regime+positions+in+northern+Aleppo+countryside+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F331700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/332899/">"Military escalation | Turkish artillery shelling kil*ls and injures three regime soldiers in Aleppo countryside - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+escalation+%26%23124%3B+Turkish+artillery+shelling+kil%2Als+and+injures+three+regime+soldiers+in+Aleppo+countryside+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F332899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassh-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassh_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassh_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/156424/">"Military escalation in "De-escalation zone" 51 days on: 1,200,000 people displaced…2,640 killed…276 areas fall to regime forces • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+escalation+in+%22De-escalation+zone%22+51+days+on%3A+1%2C200%2C000+people+displaced%E2%80%A62%2C640+killed%E2%80%A6276+areas+fall+to+regime+forces+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F156424%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomson2017" class="citation web cs1">Tomson, Chris (27 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009014725/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-neutralizes-turkish-backed-troops-near-al-bab/">"Syrian Army neutralizes Turkish-backed troops near Al-Bab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-neutralizes-turkish-backed-troops-near-al-bab/">the original</a> on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Army+neutralizes+Turkish-backed+troops+near+Al-Bab&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.aulast=Tomson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-army-neutralizes-turkish-backed-troops-near-al-bab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadel2017" class="citation web cs1">Fadel, Leith (9 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021012/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-turkish-forces-attack-syrian-army-units-west-menbeij-8-killed/">"Breaking: Turkish forces attack Syrian Army units west of Menbeij, 8 killed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-turkish-forces-attack-syrian-army-units-west-menbeij-8-killed/">the original</a> on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking%3A+Turkish+forces+attack+Syrian+Army+units+west+of+Menbeij%2C+8+killed&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Fadel&rft.aufirst=Leith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbreaking-turkish-forces-attack-syrian-army-units-west-menbeij-8-killed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomson2017" class="citation web cs1">Tomson, Chris (9 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627232333/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kurdish-forces-team-turkish-troops-aleppo-province/">"Syrian Army, Kurdish forces team up against Turkish troops in Aleppo province"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kurdish-forces-team-turkish-troops-aleppo-province/">the original</a> on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Army%2C+Kurdish+forces+team+up+against+Turkish+troops+in+Aleppo+province&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Tomson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-army-kurdish-forces-team-turkish-troops-aleppo-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL5E8LK1E3/">"Turkish retaliatory fire has killed 12 Syrian soldiers -report"</a>. Reuters. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+retaliatory+fire+has+killed+12+Syrian+soldiers+-report&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSL5E8LK1E3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saaequipment-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saaequipment_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saaequipment_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saaequipment_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saaequipment_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saaequipment_82-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/21043/syrian-military-equipment-captured-or-destroyed/">"Infographic: Turkey Hits Back Against Syria In Idlib"</a>. Statista Infographics. 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista+Infographics&rft.atitle=Infographic%3A+Turkey+Hits+Back+Against+Syria+In+Idlib&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fchart%2F21043%2Fsyrian-military-equipment-captured-or-destroyed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/syria-closes-airspace-idlib-plane-shot-200301094353040.html">"Turkey shoots down two Syrian government warplanes over Idlib"</a>. Al Jazeera. 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Turkey+shoots+down+two+Syrian+government+warplanes+over+Idlib&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2Fsyria-closes-airspace-idlib-plane-shot-200301094353040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065339/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html">"Al Qaeda-Linked Islamists Capture Christian Town"</a>. CBN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town/2014/03/26/1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda-Linked+Islamists+Capture+Christian+Town&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fsyrian-rebels-and-army-clash-over-coastal-town%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2F1c134e8c-b4cf-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.com/syrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor-2932931">"Syrian Pilot Killed As Turkey Downs Warplane: Monitor"</a>. International Business Times. 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+Pilot+Killed+As+Turkey+Downs+Warplane%3A+Monitor&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fsyrian-pilot-killed-turkey-downs-warplane-monitor-2932931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahimArsu2013" class="citation news cs1">Fahim, Kareem; Arsu, Sebnem (16 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/world/europe/turkey-syria.html?_r=0">"Turkey Says It Shot Down Syrian Military Helicopter Flying in Its Airspace"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Says+It+Shot+Down+Syrian+Military+Helicopter+Flying+in+Its+Airspace&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.aulast=Fahim&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.au=Arsu%2C+Sebnem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-syria.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2020" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Raf (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/13/syrian-rebels-used-sophisticated-surface-to-air-missile-shoot/">"Syrian rebels 'used sophisticated surface-to-air missile' to shoot down Assad regime helicopter"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/13/syrian-rebels-used-sophisticated-surface-to-air-missile-shoot/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+%27used+sophisticated+surface-to-air+missile%27+to+shoot+down+Assad+regime+helicopter&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F13%2Fsyrian-rebels-used-sophisticated-surface-to-air-missile-shoot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-rebels-shoot-down-second-government-helicopter-one-week">"Syrian rebels shoot down second government helicopter in a week"</a>. Middle East Eye.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+shoot+down+second+government+helicopter+in+a+week&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-rebels-shoot-down-second-government-helicopter-one-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulov2020" class="citation news cs1">Chulov, Martin (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/turkey-destroys-syrian-army-targets-says-defence-minister">"Turkey downs two Syrian fighter jets as it intensifies Idlib attacks"</a>. The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+downs+two+Syrian+fighter+jets+as+it+intensifies+Idlib+attacks&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmar%2F01%2Fturkey-destroys-syrian-army-targets-says-defence-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-hezbollah-idUSKBN20N0GI">"Turkish strike in Syria kills nine Hezbollah members, wounds 30: source"</a>. Reuters. 29 February 2020 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkish+strike+in+Syria+kills+nine+Hezbollah+members%2C+wounds+30%3A+source&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-hezbollah-idUSKBN20N0GI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/262962/">"Drone strike | Turkish and Iranian intelligence kill Iranian senior leader of Free Life party in Al-Qamishli • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drone+strike+%26%23124%3B+Turkish+and+Iranian+intelligence+kill+Iranian+senior+leader+of+Free+Life+party+in+Al-Qamishli+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F262962%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/المدفعية-والطائرات-التركية-تواصل-قصف/">"المدفعية والطائرات التركية تواصل قصفها المكثف على آليات ومواقع لقوات النظام في الريف الإدلبي • المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان"</a>. 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A+%E2%80%A2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/301197/">"Aleppo | Five members of Russian convoy killed and injured in Turkish bombardment and Russian helicopter fly over region to transport injured people - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleppo+%26%23124%3B+Five+members+of+Russian+convoy+killed+and+injured+in+Turkish+bombardment+and+Russian+helicopter+fly+over+region+to+transport+injured+people+-+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F301197%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/turkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear">"Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official"</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+rebels+fired+on+parachuting+Russian+pilots%2C+killing+at+least+one+after+Turkey+shot+down+warplane%3A+official&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fturkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2-98"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt2_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeginsuMacFarquhar2015" class="citation news cs1">Yeginsu, Ceylan; MacFarquhar, Neil (24 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/europe/turkey-syria-russia-military-plane.html">"Turkey Shoots Down Russian Warplane Near Syrian Border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Shoots+Down+Russian+Warplane+Near+Syrian+Border&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Yeginsu&rft.aufirst=Ceylan&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-syria-russia-military-plane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkish_Military_in_Iraq_&_Syria-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkish_Military_in_Iraq_&_Syria_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkish_Military_in_Iraq_&_Syria_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwars.org/conflict/turkish-military-in-iraq-and-syria/">"Turkish Military in Iraq & Syria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Military+in+Iraq+%26+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairwars.org%2Fconflict%2Fturkish-military-in-iraq-and-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/236981/">"Syria–Turkey border | Turkish Jandarma shot child while working in farmland west of Idlib • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 30 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%E2%80%93Turkey+border+%7C+Turkish+Jandarma+shot+child+while+working+in+farmland+west+of+Idlib+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F236981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/216969/">"Al-Assad's legacy in 3rd presidential term | over 371,000 people killed…unprecedented economic collapse…foreign interventions and large spread of drugs • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Assad%27s+legacy+in+3rd+presidential+term+%26%23124%3B+over+371%2C000+people+killed%E2%80%A6unprecedented+economic+collapse%E2%80%A6foreign+interventions+and+large+spread+of+drugs+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F216969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-condemn-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-condemn_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-condemn_104-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8569383/Turkey-condemns-violence-as-Assads-helicopters-open-fire.html">Turkey condemns violence as Assad's helicopters open fire</a> The Telegraph, 10 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-manna-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manna_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manna_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manna_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManna2012" class="citation news cs1">Manna, Haytham (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/22/syria-opposition-led-astray-by-violence">"Syria's opposition has been led astray by violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+opposition+has+been+led+astray+by+violence&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.aulast=Manna&rft.aufirst=Haytham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fjun%2F22%2Fsyria-opposition-led-astray-by-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Topic:_Syria1-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Topic:_Syria1_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Topic:_Syria1_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey" class="citation news cs1">Mackey, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html">"Syria News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria+News&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fsyria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsjplan-107"><a href="#cite_ref-wsjplan_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-launches-fresh-incursion-into-syria-1472911575">"Turkey Launches Fresh Incursion into Syria"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Turkey+Launches+Fresh+Incursion+into+Syria&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fturkey-launches-fresh-incursion-into-syria-1472911575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/turkey-strikes-islamic-state-and-kurds-in-syria-10548380">"Turkey Strikes Islamic State And Kurds in Syria"</a>. Sky News. 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Strikes+Islamic+State+And+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fturkey-strikes-islamic-state-and-kurds-in-syria-10548380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-tanks-109"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-tanks_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37171995">"Turkey sends tanks into northern Syria"</a>. BBC. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+sends+tanks+into+northern+Syria&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-37171995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurettin-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Nurettin_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey/turkey-shells-syrias-afrin-region-minister-says-operation-has-begun-idUSKBN1F80XX">"Turkey shells Syria's Afrin region, minister says operation has begun"</a>. Reuters. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+shells+Syria%27s+Afrin+region%2C+minister+says+operation+has+begun&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey%2Fturkey-shells-syrias-afrin-region-minister-says-operation-has-begun-idUSKBN1F80XX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-2019-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-2019_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2019" class="citation web cs1">McKernan, Bethan (9 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/09/turkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan">"Turkey launches military operation in northern Syria"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+launches+military+operation+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F09%2Fturkey-launches-military-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-Occupation-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel-Occupation_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydow2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sydow" title="Christoph Sydow">Sydow, Christoph</a> (14 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/syrien-willkommen-in-der-tuerkischen-besatzungszone-a-1172804.html">"Syrien: Willkommen in der türkischen Besatzungszone"</a> [Syria: Welcome to the Turkish occupation zone]. <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a>. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Syrien%3A+Willkommen+in+der+t%C3%BCrkischen+Besatzungszone&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.aulast=Sydow&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fsyrien-willkommen-in-der-tuerkischen-besatzungszone-a-1172804.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOA-occupation-113"><a href="#cite_ref-VOA-occupation_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirwan_Kajjo2017" class="citation web cs1">Sirwan Kajjo (2 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/a/skirmishes-mar-fight-against-islamic-state-in-northern-syia/3747121.html">"Skirmishes Mar Fight Against IS in Northern Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <q>Turkish occupation "is an existential threat to the Assad government's ability to reclaim the entirety of its territory, which is a key argument that regime loyalists make in their support of Bashar al-Assad's government," Heras said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Skirmishes+Mar+Fight+Against+IS+in+Northern+Syria&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.au=Sirwan+Kajjo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fskirmishes-mar-fight-against-islamic-state-in-northern-syia%2F3747121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-occupation-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Independent-occupation_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Fisk2017" class="citation news cs1">Robert Fisk (29 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-aleppo-syria-defeated-fighters-leave-crucifixion-stands-scorched-earth-robert-fisk-a7656736.html">"In northern Syria, defeated Isis fighters leave behind only scorched earth, trenches – and a crucifixion stand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <q>You can't mistake the front line between the Syrian army and Turkey's occupation force east of Aleppo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=In+northern+Syria%2C+defeated+Isis+fighters+leave+behind+only+scorched+earth%2C+trenches+%E2%80%93+and+a+crucifixion+stand&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft.au=Robert+Fisk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisis-aleppo-syria-defeated-fighters-leave-crucifixion-stands-scorched-earth-robert-fisk-a7656736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-idUSL5E7MD0GZ20111122">Turkey tells Syria's Assad: Step down!</a> Reuters, 22 November 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110531-syria-middle-east-opposition-groups-turkey-assad-revolution-arab-spring">"Syrian dissidents convene in Turkey to discuss regime change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. Agence France-Presse. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+dissidents+convene+in+Turkey+to+discuss+regime+change&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110531-syria-middle-east-opposition-groups-turkey-assad-revolution-arab-spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaram2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zeina_Karam" title="Zeina Karam">Karam, Zeina</a> (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9880236">"Syrian dissident colonel takes refuge in Turkey"</a>. The Guardian. Beirut. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+dissident+colonel+takes+refuge+in+Turkey&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft.aulast=Karam&rft.aufirst=Zeina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffeedarticle%2F9880236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dif_relationship_against_Assad-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Dif_relationship_against_Assad_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpatko2012" class="citation web cs1">Epatko, Larisa (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/syria-and-turkey">"Syria and Turkey: A Complex Relationship"</a>. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Turkey%3A+A+Complex+Relationship&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Epatko&rft.aufirst=Larisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fsyria-and-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medyascope.tv/2019/09/11/metropoll-arastirdi-her-dort-kisiden-ucu-iktidarin-suriyeli-politikasini-onaylamiyor-uc-kisiden-biri-savas-surse-bile-geri-gonderilsinler-diyor/">"Metropoll araştırdı: Her dört kişiden üçü iktidarın Suriyeli politikasını onaylamıyor, üç kişiden biri "Savaş sürse bile geri gönderilsinler" diyor"</a>. Medyascope (in Turkish). 11 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medyascope&rft.atitle=Metropoll+ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rd%C4%B1%3A+Her+d%C3%B6rt+ki%C5%9Fiden+%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BC+iktidar%C4%B1n+Suriyeli+politikas%C4%B1n%C4%B1+onaylam%C4%B1yor%2C+%C3%BC%C3%A7+ki%C5%9Fiden+biri+%22Sava%C5%9F+s%C3%BCrse+bile+geri+g%C3%B6nderilsinler%22+diyor&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedyascope.tv%2F2019%2F09%2F11%2Fmetropoll-arastirdi-her-dort-kisiden-ucu-iktidarin-suriyeli-politikasini-onaylamiyor-uc-kisiden-biri-savas-surse-bile-geri-gonderilsinler-diyor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924074105/https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-refugees/three-quarters-turks-disapprove-governments-syrian-refugee-policy-poll">"Three-quarters of Turks disapprove of government's Syrian refugee policy – poll"</a>. Ahval. 12 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-refugees/three-quarters-turks-disapprove-governments-syrian-refugee-policy-poll">the original</a> on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Three-quarters+of+Turks+disapprove+of+government%27s+Syrian+refugee+policy+%E2%80%93+poll&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fsyrian-refugees%2Fthree-quarters-turks-disapprove-governments-syrian-refugee-policy-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2019/11/18/public-support-for-turkeys-syria-offensive-at-79-percent-poll/">"Public support for Turkey's Syria offensive at 79 percent: Poll"</a>. www.duvarenglish.com. 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duvarenglish.com&rft.atitle=Public+support+for+Turkey%27s+Syria+offensive+at+79+percent%3A+Poll&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duvarenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F11%2F18%2Fpublic-support-for-turkeys-syria-offensive-at-79-percent-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8569383/Turkey-condemns-violence-as-Assads-helicopters-open-fire.html">"Turkey condemns violence as Assad's helicopters open fire"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Turkey+condemns+violence+as+Assad%27s+helicopters+open+fire&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F8569383%2FTurkey-condemns-violence-as-Assads-helicopters-open-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahfudh2012" class="citation web cs1">Mahfudh, `Aqeel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12703">"Syria and Turkey: a turning point or a historical bet?"</a>. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Turkey%3A+a+turning+point+or+a+historical+bet%3F&rft.pub=Arab+Center+for+Research+%26+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mahfudh&rft.aufirst=%60Aqeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep12703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahfudh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mahfudh, `Aqeel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12703">"Syria and Turkey: a turning point or a historical bet?"</a>. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies: 2 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Center+for+Research+and+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Turkey%3A+a+turning+point+or+a+historical+bet%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mahfudh&rft.aufirst=%60Aqeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep12703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’Alema2017" class="citation journal cs1">D’Alema, Francesco (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17524">"The Evolution of Turkey's Syria Policy"</a>. IAI Working Papers 17: 1–2 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAI+Working+Papers+17&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Turkey%27s+Syria+Policy&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99Alema&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep17524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Chris2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Morris_(journalist)" title="Chris Morris (journalist)">Morris, Chris</a> (2005). "<a href="/wiki/The_New_Turkey#Introduction" title="The New Turkey">Introduction</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Turkey" title="The New Turkey">The New Turkey</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Granta_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Granta Books">Granta Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newturkeyquietre0000morr_l7s3/page/1">1–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-865-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-865-3"><bdi>1-86207-865-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+New+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86207-865-3&rft.au=Morris%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa0307-127"><a href="#cite_ref-aa0307_127-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/03/224145.html">"Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won’t allow open combat with Ankara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Arabiya News">Al Arabiya News</a>, 3 July 2012. Retrieved: 3 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18561219">"Syrian military says it downed Turkish fighter jet"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Reuters. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+military+says+it+downed+Turkish+fighter+jet&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18561219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalasPeker2012" class="citation news cs1">Malas, Nour; Peker, Emre (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB10000872396390443635404578035822373395226">"Turkey Strikes Syria, Adds War Powers"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+Strikes+Syria%2C+Adds+War+Powers&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Malas&rft.aufirst=Nour&rft.au=Peker%2C+Emre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Famp%2Farticles%2FSB10000872396390443635404578035822373395226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-strikes-kurdish-fighters-syria-second-day-114818315.html">"Hopes for Syria ceasefire dim as Turkey shells Kurds"</a>. yahoo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hopes+for+Syria+ceasefire+dim+as+Turkey+shells+Kurds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fturkey-strikes-kurdish-fighters-syria-second-day-114818315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/premier-vows-to-pray-in-damascus-mosque-soon-29505">"Premier vows to pray in Damascus mosque 'soon'"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 6 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Premier+vows+to+pray+in+Damascus+mosque+%27soon%27&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpremier-vows-to-pray-in-damascus-mosque-soon-29505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140130-erdogan-vows-to-pray-in-damascus-umayyad-mosque/">"Erdogan vows to pray in Damascus' Umayyad Mosque"</a>. Middle East Monitor. 30 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Erdogan+vows+to+pray+in+Damascus%27+Umayyad+Mosque&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20140130-erdogan-vows-to-pray-in-damascus-umayyad-mosque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLina_Sinjab2015" class="citation web cs1">Lina Sinjab (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32540436">"Syria: How a new rebel unity is making headway against the regime"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+How+a+new+rebel+unity+is+making+headway+against+the+regime&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.au=Lina+Sinjab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-32540436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Hubbard2015" class="citation news cs1">Ben Hubbard (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/02/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes-rebels-army-conquest-jaish-al-fatah.html?_r=0">"A Look at the Army of Conquest, a Prominent Rebel Alliance in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+Army+of+Conquest%2C+a+Prominent+Rebel+Alliance+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.au=Ben+Hubbard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-russia-airstrikes-rebels-army-conquest-jaish-al-fatah.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2015" class="citation news cs1">Sengupta, Kim (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001031126/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html">"Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria"</a>. The Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+Saudi+Arabia+alarm+the+West+by+backing+Islamist+extremists+the+Americans+had+bombed+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Porter2015" class="citation web cs1">Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204302/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx">"Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'"</a>. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx">the original</a> on 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulf+allies+and+%27Army+of+Conquest%27&rft.pub=Al-Ahram+Weekly&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.au=Gareth+Porter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F12392%2F21%2FGulf-allies-and-%25E2%2580%2598Army-of-Conquest%25E2%2580%2599.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanış2013" class="citation news cs1">Tanış, Tolga (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000415/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nid=39248">"Al-Assad in his last six months, US estimates"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nid=39248">the original</a> on 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Al-Assad+in+his+last+six+months%2C+US+estimates&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Tan%C4%B1%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Tolga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D517%26nid%3D39248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdiz2013" class="citation news cs1">Idiz, Semih (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105060637/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/08/turkey-considers-support-for-al-nusra.html">"Turkey Reconsiders Support for Jabhat al-Nusra"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/08/turkey-considers-support-for-al-nusra.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+Reconsiders+Support+for+Jabhat+al-Nusra&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.aulast=Idiz&rft.aufirst=Semih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Ftr%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F08%2Fturkey-considers-support-for-al-nusra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdiz2014" class="citation news cs1">Idiz, Semih (10 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140613180602/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/idiz-turkey-syria-opposition-nusra-terrorist-unsc-erdogan.html">"Why is Jabhat al-Nusra no longer useful to Turkey?"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/idiz-turkey-syria-opposition-nusra-terrorist-unsc-erdogan.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Jabhat+al-Nusra+no+longer+useful+to+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Idiz&rft.aufirst=Semih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F06%2Fidiz-turkey-syria-opposition-nusra-terrorist-unsc-erdogan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000611/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nID=95291&NewsCatID=338">"CHP head again accuses Turkish gov't of sending arms to jihadists"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 16 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=517&nID=95291&NewsCatID=338">the original</a> on 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CHP+head+again+accuses+Turkish+gov%27t+of+sending+arms+to+jihadists&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D517%26nID%3D95291%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150805074730/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/erdogan-his-governemnt-behind-terrorism-in-turkey-and-the-region-chp-leader-says/">"Erdogan, his government behind terrorism in Turkey and the region, CHP leader says"</a>. Al-Masdar News. 3 August 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/erdogan-his-governemnt-behind-terrorism-in-turkey-and-the-region-chp-leader-says/">the original</a> on 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan%2C+his+government+behind+terrorism+in+Turkey+and+the+region%2C+CHP+leader+says&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Ferdogan-his-governemnt-behind-terrorism-in-turkey-and-the-region-chp-leader-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614151223/http://www.radikal.com.tr/politika/mit_isidi_muammaer_gulerin_emriyle_agirladi-1196924">"MİT, IŞİD'i Muammer Güler'in emriyle ağırladı'"</a> (in Turkish). Radikal. 13 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/politika/mit_isidi_muammaer_gulerin_emriyle_agirladi-1196924">the original</a> on 14 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M%C4%B0T%2C+I%C5%9E%C4%B0D%27i+Muammer+G%C3%BCler%27in+emriyle+a%C4%9F%C4%B1rlad%C4%B1%27&rft.date=2015-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radikal.com.tr%2Fpolitika%2Fmit_isidi_muammaer_gulerin_emriyle_agirladi-1196924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811203302/http://t24.com.tr/haber/icisleri-bakani-gulerden-el-nusraya-destek-verin-belgesine-yalanlama,240653">"İçişleri Bakanı Güler'den 'El Nusra'ya destek verin' belgesine yalanlama"</a> (in Turkish). T24. 27 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://t24.com.tr/haber/icisleri-bakani-gulerden-el-nusraya-destek-verin-belgesine-yalanlama,240653">the original</a> on 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C4%B0%C3%A7i%C5%9Fleri+Bakan%C4%B1+G%C3%BCler%27den+%27El+Nusra%27ya+destek+verin%27+belgesine+yalanlama&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ft24.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Ficisleri-bakani-gulerden-el-nusraya-destek-verin-belgesine-yalanlama%2C240653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerSanchez2014" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard; Sanchez, Raf (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913194200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html">"Turkish government co-operated with al-Qaeda in Syria, says former US ambassador"</a>. Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+government+co-operated+with+al-Qaeda+in+Syria%2C+says+former+US+ambassador&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F11093478%2FTurkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2014" class="citation news cs1">Hersh, Seymour (17 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409101252/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n08/seymour-m-hersh/the-red-line-and-the-rat-line">"The Red Line and the Rat Line"</a>. London Review of Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n08/seymour-m-hersh/the-red-line-and-the-rat-line">the original</a> on 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Red+Line+and+the+Rat+Line&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv36%2Fn08%2Fseymour-m-hersh%2Fthe-red-line-and-the-rat-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-summons-russian-iranian-envoys-over-syrian-regime-strikes-in-idlib-125487">Turkey summons Russian, Iranian envoys over Syrian regime strikes in Idlib</a> Hurriyet News, 9 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517024236/https://komnews.org/al-qaeda-financier-meets-turkeys-religious-affairs-chief/">"Al-Qaeda financier meets Turkey's religious affairs chief"</a>. Kom News. 10 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komnews.org/al-qaeda-financier-meets-turkeys-religious-affairs-chief/">the original</a> on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kom+News&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+financier+meets+Turkey%27s+religious+affairs+chief&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkomnews.org%2Fal-qaeda-financier-meets-turkeys-religious-affairs-chief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/sc9893.doc.htm">"Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Adds Name of One Individual to Consolidated List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nation_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nation Security Council">United Nation Security Council</a>. 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nation+Security+Council&rft.atitle=Security+Council+Al-Qaida+and+Taliban+Sanctions+Committee+Adds+Name+of+One+Individual+to+Consolidated+List&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2010%2Fsc9893.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200748/http://syrianow.sy/index.php?d=72&id=9967">"Syria Now"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianow.sy/index.php?d=72&id=9967">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianow.sy%2Findex.php%3Fd%3D72%26id%3D9967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siasat.com/news/rise-chinese-jihadis-turkistan-islamic-party-syria-raises-concerns-beijing-1175183/">"RISE OF CHINESE JIHADIS OF TURKISTAN ISLAMIC PARTY IN SYRIA RAISES CONCERNS AT BEIJING"</a>. The Siasat Daily. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Siasat+Daily&rft.atitle=RISE+OF+CHINESE+JIHADIS+OF+TURKISTAN+ISLAMIC+PARTY+IN+SYRIA+RAISES+CONCERNS+AT+BEIJING&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siasat.com%2Fnews%2Frise-chinese-jihadis-turkistan-islamic-party-syria-raises-concerns-beijing-1175183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928230520/http://nabd-sy.net/index.php/lka2at/18166-2015-06-03-11-17-54">"بعد تداخل جبهتي العراق وسوريا ..تأهب ميداني لإعادة فتح معركة إدلب"</a>. نبض سوريا. 3 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nabd-sy.net/index.php/lka2at/18166-2015-06-03-11-17-54">the original</a> on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84+%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82+%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+..%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%A8+%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnabd-sy.net%2Findex.php%2Flka2at%2F18166-2015-06-03-11-17-54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇiçek2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Çiçek, Nevzat (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeturk.com/turkistan-islam-partisi-mi-yoksa-dogu-turkistan-islam-hareketi-mi/yazar-36752">"Türkistan İslam Partisi mi yoksa Doğu Türkistan İslam Hareketi mi?"</a>. Timeturk (in Turkish). Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Timeturk&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkistan+%C4%B0slam+Partisi+mi+yoksa+Do%C4%9Fu+T%C3%BCrkistan+%C4%B0slam+Hareketi+mi%3F&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=%C3%87i%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Nevzat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeturk.com%2Fturkistan-islam-partisi-mi-yoksa-dogu-turkistan-islam-hareketi-mi%2Fyazar-36752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Sean (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/RobertsWP.pdf">"Imaginary Terrorism? The Global War on Terror and the Narrative of the Uyghur Terrorist Threat"</a> (PDF). Ponars Eurasia Working Paper. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ponars+Eurasia+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Imaginary+Terrorism%3F+The+Global+War+on+Terror+and+the+Narrative+of+the+Uyghur+Terrorist+Threat&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~ieresgwu%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Fponars%2FRobertsWP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2017" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (5 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/istanbul-terror-highlights-central-asian-link-to-islamic-state/news-story/8bc5fa82af22379546dfee0b282016b4">"Istanbul terror highlights Central Asian link to Islamic State"</a>. The Australian. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Istanbul+terror+highlights+Central+Asian+link+to+Islamic+State&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fthe-times%2Fistanbul-terror-highlights-central-asian-link-to-islamic-state%2Fnews-story%2F8bc5fa82af22379546dfee0b282016b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_Links_-_huffingtonpost_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Phillips2014" class="citation web cs1">David L. Phillips (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html">"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links"</a>. Huffington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Paper%3A+ISIS-Turkey+Links&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.au=David+L.+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-l-phillips%2Fresearch-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7">"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'"</a>. Businessinsider. 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senior+Western+official%3A+Links+between+Turkey+and+ISIS+are+now+%27undeniable%27&rft.pub=Businessinsider&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flinks-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/29/turkey-pays-price-erdogan-blindness-to-isis-threat">"Turkey paying a price for Erdoğan's wilful blindness to Isis threat"</a>. The Guardian. 29 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+paying+a+price+for+Erdo%C4%9Fan%27s+wilful+blindness+to+Isis+threat&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjun%2F29%2Fturkey-pays-price-erdogan-blindness-to-isis-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2016/06/30/turkeys_double_game_on_isis_and_support_for_extremist_groups_highlighted_after_horrific_istanbul_attack/">"Turkey's 'double game' on ISIS and support for extremist groups highlighted after horrific Istanbul attack"</a>. Salon. 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+%27double+game%27+on+ISIS+and+support+for+extremist+groups+highlighted+after+horrific+Istanbul+attack&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2Fturkeys_double_game_on_isis_and_support_for_extremist_groups_highlighted_after_horrific_istanbul_attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepressproject.gr/article/103870/exclusive-wikileaks-documents-relations-erdogan-ISIS-oil-smuggling">"WikiLeaks documents highlight sinister relations between Erdogan and ISIS"</a>. ThePressProject. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WikiLeaks+documents+highlight+sinister+relations+between+Erdogan+and+ISIS&rft.pub=ThePressProject&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepressproject.gr%2Farticle%2F103870%2Fexclusive-wikileaks-documents-relations-erdogan-ISIS-oil-smuggling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Rubin2016" class="citation web cs1">Michael Rubin (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/publication/will-the-us-punish-isis-profiteers/">"Will the US punish ISIS profiteers?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+the+US+punish+ISIS+profiteers%3F&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.au=Michael+Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fpublication%2Fwill-the-us-punish-isis-profiteers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUSKCN0PX1SE20150723">"Turkish army returns fire on Islamic State after soldier killed: army"</a>. Reuters. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkish+army+returns+fire+on+Islamic+State+after+soldier+killed%3A+army&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-idUSKCN0PX1SE20150723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethaber.com/kiliste-son-dakika-isid-saldirisi-1-sehit-802998h.htm">"Kilis'te son dakika IŞİD saldırısı 1 Şehit"</a>. Internethaber. 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internethaber&rft.atitle=Kilis%27te+son+dakika+I%C5%9E%C4%B0D+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1+1+%C5%9Eehit&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethaber.com%2Fkiliste-son-dakika-isid-saldirisi-1-sehit-802998h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2015" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, Suzan (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/07/23/report-turkish-jets-strike-is-targets-in-syria">"Turkey says warplanes strike IS targets across the border in Syria"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Turkey+says+warplanes+strike+IS+targets+across+the+border+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Suzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2Freport-turkish-jets-strike-is-targets-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/world/europe/turkey-isis-syria-airstrikes.html">"Turkey, Anticipating Attack, Strikes 3 ISIS Targets in Syria With Jets"</a>. The New York Times. 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Anticipating+Attack%2C+Strikes+3+ISIS+Targets+in+Syria+With+Jets&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-isis-syria-airstrikes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127093851/http://www.todayszaman.com/_raid-on-koza-i-pek-media-group-comes-after-reports-on-transfer-of-weapons-to-isil_397966.html">"Raid on Koza İpek Media Group comes after reports on transfer of weapons to ISIL"</a>. TodaysZaman. 1 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/_raid-on-koza-i-pek-media-group-comes-after-reports-on-transfer-of-weapons-to-isil_397966.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TodaysZaman&rft.atitle=Raid+on+Koza+%C4%B0pek+Media+Group+comes+after+reports+on+transfer+of+weapons+to+ISIL&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2F_raid-on-koza-i-pek-media-group-comes-after-reports-on-transfer-of-weapons-to-isil_397966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> archived copy: </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnur_Ant,_Selcan_Hacaoglu_and_Isobel_Finkel2015" class="citation news cs1">Onur Ant, Selcan Hacaoglu and Isobel Finkel (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/turkish-police-raid-gulen-linked-koza-ipek-on-terrorism-charges">"Turkey Escalates Gulen Witch Hunt With Koza Ipek Raids"</a>. Bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+Escalates+Gulen+Witch+Hunt+With+Koza+Ipek+Raids&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.au=Onur+Ant%2C+Selcan+Hacaoglu+and+Isobel+Finkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-09-01%2Fturkish-police-raid-gulen-linked-koza-ipek-on-terrorism-charges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/court-seizes-control-of-gulen-linked-industry-media-group-90372">"Court seizes control of Gülen-linked industry, media group"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Court+seizes+control+of+G%C3%BClen-linked+industry%2C+media+group&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fcourt-seizes-control-of-gulen-linked-industry-media-group-90372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728144329/http://www.imctv.com.tr/khk-ile-131-yayin-organi-kapatildi/">"KHK ile 131 yayın organı kapatıldı -"</a>. 28 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imctv.com.tr/khk-ile-131-yayin-organi-kapatildi/">the original</a> on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KHK+ile+131+yay%C4%B1n+organ%C4%B1+kapat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1+-&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imctv.com.tr%2Fkhk-ile-131-yayin-organi-kapatildi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-20151130-169"><a href="#cite_ref-independent-20151130_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Cockburn2015" class="citation news cs1">Patrick Cockburn (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/war-with-isis-president-obama-demands-that-turkey-close-stretch-of-frontier-with-syria-a6753836.html">"War with Isis: President Obama demands that Turkey close stretch of border with Syria"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=War+with+Isis%3A+President+Obama+demands+that+Turkey+close+stretch+of+border+with+Syria&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.au=Patrick+Cockburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwar-with-isis-president-obama-demands-that-turkey-close-stretch-of-frontier-with-syria-a6753836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAHMET_S._YAYLA,_COLIN_P._CLARKE2018" class="citation news cs1">AHMET S. YAYLA, COLIN P. CLARKE (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/12/turkeys-double-isis-standard/">"Turkey's Double ISIS Standard"</a>. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Double+ISIS+Standard&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.au=AHMET+S.+YAYLA%2C+COLIN+P.+CLARKE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2018%2F04%2F12%2Fturkeys-double-isis-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/president-erdogan-announces-start-of-idlib-operation-120494">"Turkey announces start of Idlib operation"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+announces+start+of+Idlib+operation&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpresident-erdogan-announces-start-of-idlib-operation-120494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-cooperating-with-russia-in-idlib-operation-pm-yildirim-120507">"Turkey launches operation in Syria 'for security'"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+launches+operation+in+Syria+%27for+security%27&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-cooperating-with-russia-in-idlib-operation-pm-yildirim-120507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=154347">"The number of Turkish soldiers killed by regime fire on "Tarnabeh" military post rises to eight • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+number+of+Turkish+soldiers+killed+by+regime+fire+on+%22Tarnabeh%22+military+post+rises+to+eight+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D154347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/3d67f5af98809d06e47600ea3568c8be">"8 Turkish personnel, 13 Syrian troops killed in north Syria"</a>. AP NEWS. 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=8+Turkish+personnel%2C+13+Syrian+troops+killed+in+north+Syria&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F3d67f5af98809d06e47600ea3568c8be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/02/05/world/middleeast/04reuters-syria-security-turkey.html">"Turkey, Russia Can Tackle Syria Escalation 'Without Anger': Erdogan"</a>. 5 February 2020 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Russia+Can+Tackle+Syria+Escalation+%27Without+Anger%27%3A+Erdogan&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Freuters%2F2020%2F02%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F04reuters-syria-security-turkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51447114">"Syrian shellfire kills Turkish soldiers in Idlib"</a>. BBC News. 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+shellfire+kills+Turkish+soldiers+in+Idlib&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-51447114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/27/middleeast/turkish-soldiers-killed-syria/index.html">"At least 33 Turkish soldiers killed in an air attack by Syrian regime, Turkish governor says"</a>. CNN. 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=At+least+33+Turkish+soldiers+killed+in+an+air+attack+by+Syrian+regime%2C+Turkish+governor+says&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F02%2F27%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkish-soldiers-killed-syria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=155889">"Turkish forces and proxy factions capture Saraqeb city, cutting off Damascus-Aleppo international highway"</a>. SOHR. 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOHR&rft.atitle=Turkish+forces+and+proxy+factions+capture+Saraqeb+city%2C+cutting+off+Damascus-Aleppo+international+highway&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D155889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/02/turkey-warns-syria-halt-offensive-end-of-february.html">"Erdogan renews threat to hit Syrian troops to stop advance in Idlib"</a>. Al-Monitor. 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Erdogan+renews+threat+to+hit+Syrian+troops+to+stop+advance+in+Idlib&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2020%2F02%2Fturkey-warns-syria-halt-offensive-end-of-february.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/serkan-demirtas/turkey-launches-operation-spring-shield-152580">"Turkey launches Operation Spring Shield"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+launches+Operation+Spring+Shield&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fopinion%2Fserkan-demirtas%2Fturkey-launches-operation-spring-shield-152580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/eu-countries-welcome-syria-ceasefire-urge-aid-access-latest-updates-34168">EU countries welcome Syria ceasefire, urge aid access - latest updates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152755/https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/eu-countries-welcome-syria-ceasefire-urge-aid-access-latest-updates-34168">Archived</a> 6 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-51747592">"Syria war: Russia and Turkey agree Idlib ceasefire"</a>. BBC News. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Russia+and+Turkey+agree+Idlib+ceasefire&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-51747592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315003623/http://aranews.net/2017/03/un-says-no-ethnic-cleansing-by-kurds-in-northern-syria/">"UN says no ethnic cleansing by Kurds in northern Syria"</a>. ARA News. 15 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/03/un-says-no-ethnic-cleansing-by-kurds-in-northern-syria/">the original</a> on 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARA+News&rft.atitle=UN+says+no+ethnic+cleansing+by+Kurds+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2017%2F03%2Fun-says-no-ethnic-cleansing-by-kurds-in-northern-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Antonopoulos, Paul (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033742/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/un-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria/">"UN report counters Amnesty International's claim that Kurds are ethnically cleansing in Syria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/un-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria/">the original</a> on 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+report+counters+Amnesty+International%27s+claim+that+Kurds+are+ethnically+cleansing+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Antonopoulos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fun-report-counters-amnesty-internationals-claim-that-kurds-are-ethnically-cleansing-in-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Staff2017" class="citation web cs1">Editorial Staff (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekurd.net/ypg-changing-demographics-2017-03-14">"UN report refutes ethnic cleansing claims against Syrian Kurdish YPG, SDF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+report+refutes+ethnic+cleansing+claims+against+Syrian+Kurdish+YPG%2C+SDF&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.au=Editorial+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekurd.net%2Fypg-changing-demographics-2017-03-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzer2015" class="citation web cs1">Ozer, Verda (20 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/07/turkey-syria-kurds-ethnic-cleansing-arabs-turkmens.html">"Kurds push back against charges of ethnic cleansing"</a>. Al-Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Kurds+push+back+against+charges+of+ethnic+cleansing&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Ozer&rft.aufirst=Verda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F07%2Fturkey-syria-kurds-ethnic-cleansing-arabs-turkmens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2019/10/25/Turkey-s-Erdogan-Northeast-Syria-is-suitable-area-for-Arabs-not-Kurds-to-live">"Turkey's Erdogan: Northeast Syria is suitable area for Arabs, not Kurds, to live"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan%3A+Northeast+Syria+is+suitable+area+for+Arabs%2C+not+Kurds%2C+to+live&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2FTurkey-s-Erdogan-Northeast-Syria-is-suitable-area-for-Arabs-not-Kurds-to-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2019" class="citation web cs1">English, Duvar (28 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/politics/2019/10/28/new-parties-led-by-breakaway-akp-politicians-may-decide-next-election-latest-poll">"New parties led by breakaway AKP politicians may decide next election: latest poll"</a>. www.duvarenglish.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duvarenglish.com&rft.atitle=New+parties+led+by+breakaway+AKP+politicians+may+decide+next+election%3A+latest+poll&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Duvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duvarenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2Fnew-parties-led-by-breakaway-akp-politicians-may-decide-next-election-latest-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/turkish-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan-kurds-syria-kurdish-syrian-32892/">"What Is Erdogan's Real Plan for Kurds?"</a>. Fair Observer. 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Observer&rft.atitle=What+Is+Erdogan%27s+Real+Plan+for+Kurds%3F&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fmiddle_east_north_africa%2Fturkish-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan-kurds-syria-kurdish-syrian-32892%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-safe-zone/reports-turkish-held-syria-point-ethnic-cleansing-telegraph">"Reports from Turkish-held Syria point to ethnic cleansing - Telegraph"</a>. Ahval. 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Reports+from+Turkish-held+Syria+point+to+ethnic+cleansing+-+Telegraph&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fsyrian-safe-zone%2Freports-turkish-held-syria-point-ethnic-cleansing-telegraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pyd-leader-arrives-in-turkey-for-two-day-talks-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=51439&NewsCatID=338">"PYD leader arrives in Turkey for two-day talks: Report"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=PYD+leader+arrives+in+Turkey+for+two-day+talks%3A+Report&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpyd-leader-arrives-in-turkey-for-two-day-talks-report.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D51439%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233609/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-kurdish-leader-holds-secret-talks-turkey-reports-140034309.html">"Syrian Kurdish leader holds secret talks in Turkey: reports"</a>. Yahoo. 5 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/syrian-kurdish-leader-holds-secret-talks-turkey-reports-140034309.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Kurdish+leader+holds+secret+talks+in+Turkey%3A+reports&rft.pub=Yahoo&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-kurdish-leader-holds-secret-talks-turkey-reports-140034309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122221304/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/abdulkadirselvi/salih-muslims-trip-to-turkey-and-incirlik-base-2015919">"Salih Muslim's trip to Turkey and Incirlik Base"</a>. Yeni Safak. 7 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/abdulkadirselvi/salih-muslims-trip-to-turkey-and-incirlik-base-2015919">the original</a> on 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salih+Muslim%27s+trip+to+Turkey+and+Incirlik+Base&rft.pub=Yeni+Safak&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yenisafak.com%2Fen%2Fcolumns%2Fabdulkadirselvi%2Fsalih-muslims-trip-to-turkey-and-incirlik-base-2015919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith_Tax2016" class="citation journal cs1">Meredith Tax (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-10-14/rojava-model">"The Rojava Model"</a>. Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Rojava+Model&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.au=Meredith+Tax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2016-10-14%2Frojava-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIC-195"><a href="#cite_ref-OIC_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205011325/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-by-h_e_-mevlut-cavusoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-meeting-of-council-of-foreign-mini.en.mfa">"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-by-h_e_-mevlut-cavusoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-meeting-of-council-of-foreign-mini.en.mfa">the original</a> on 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Rep.+of+Turkey+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Fspeech-by-h_e_-mevlut-cavusoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-meeting-of-council-of-foreign-mini.en.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-erdogan-slams-us-over-ypg-support.aspx?PageID=238&NID=99783&NewsCatID=510">"Turkish President Erdoğan slams US over YPG support"</a>. Hurryiet Daily News. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurryiet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+President+Erdo%C4%9Fan+slams+US+over+YPG+support&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-president-erdogan-slams-us-over-ypg-support.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D99783%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobelog.com/how-can-turkey-overcome-its-foreign-policy-mess/">"How Can Turkey Overcome Its Foreign Policy Mess?"</a>. Lobolog (Graham E. Fuller). 19 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Can+Turkey+Overcome+Its+Foreign+Policy+Mess%3F&rft.pub=Lobolog+%28Graham+E.+Fuller%29&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flobelog.com%2Fhow-can-turkey-overcome-its-foreign-policy-mess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWladimir_van_Wilgenburg2015" class="citation news cs1">Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=44027">"The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria"</a>. Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Jaysh+al-Fateh+in+Northern+Syria&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.au=Wladimir+van+Wilgenburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D%3D44027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7">"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'"</a>. Businessinsider. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senior+Western+official%3A+Links+between+Turkey+and+ISIS+are+now+%27undeniable%27&rft.pub=Businessinsider&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flinks-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurak_Bekdil2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burak Bekdil (Summer 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/5317/turkey-isis">"Turkey's Double Game with ISIS"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Double+Game+with+ISIS&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Burak+Bekdil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F5317%2Fturkey-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/turkey-shells-kurdish-held-village-in-syria">"Turkey accused of shelling Kurdish-held village in Syria"</a>. The Guardian. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+accused+of+shelling+Kurdish-held+village+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F27%2Fturkey-shells-kurdish-held-village-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054447/http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/">"Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported"</a>. Ara News. 19 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/">the original</a> on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+strikes+Kurdish+city+of+Afrin+northern+Syria%2C+civilian+casualties+reported&rft.pub=Ara+News&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F02%2Fturkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Phillips2016" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Phillips (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.newsweek.com/turkeys-syria-intervention-sign-weakness-not-strength-501516">"Turkey's Syria Intervention: A Sign of Weakness Not Strength"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Syria+Intervention%3A+A+Sign+of+Weakness+Not+Strength&rft.pub=Newsweek&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.au=Christopher+Phillips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.newsweek.com%2Fturkeys-syria-intervention-sign-weakness-not-strength-501516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/germany-warns-turkey-attacking-kurds-syria/">"Germany warns Turkey from attacking Kurds in Syria"</a>. Iraqi News. 28 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iraqi+News&rft.atitle=Germany+warns+Turkey+from+attacking+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinews.com%2Fbaghdad-politics%2Fgermany-warns-turkey-attacking-kurds-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tastekin-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tastekin_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tastekin_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehim_Taştekin2016" class="citation web cs1">Fehim Taştekin (9 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909181341/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html">"US backing ensures Arab-Kurd alliance in Syria will survive"</a>. Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+backing+ensures+Arab-Kurd+alliance+in+Syria+will+survive&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.au=Fehim+Ta%C5%9Ftekin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F09%2Fturkey-syria-intervention-wreck-arab-kurdish-alliance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senator_John_McCain,_Chairman_of_the_United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Committee2016" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Senator John McCain, Chairman of the United States Senate Armed Services Committee (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084602/http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/10/statement-by-sasc-chairman-john-mccain-on-turkish-government-attacks-on-syrian-kurds">"Statement by SASC Chairman John McCain on Turkish Government Attacks on Syrian Kurds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2016/10/statement-by-sasc-chairman-john-mccain-on-turkish-government-attacks-on-syrian-kurds">the original</a> on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+SASC+Chairman+John+McCain+on+Turkish+Government+Attacks+on+Syrian+Kurds&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.au=U.S.+Senator+John+McCain%2C+Chairman+of+the+United+States+Senate+Armed+Services+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mccain.senate.gov%2Fpublic%2Findex.cfm%2F2016%2F10%2Fstatement-by-sasc-chairman-john-mccain-on-turkish-government-attacks-on-syrian-kurds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/12/the-tin-foil-hats-are-out-in-turkey/">"The Tin-Foil Hats Are Out in Turkey. From Zionist plots to CIA conspiracies, Turkey's favorite pastime is believing that the world is out to get it"</a>. Foreign Policy. 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tin-Foil+Hats+Are+Out+in+Turkey.+From+Zionist+plots+to+CIA+conspiracies%2C+Turkey%27s+favorite+pastime+is+believing+that+the+world+is+out+to+get+it.&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F09%2F12%2Fthe-tin-foil-hats-are-out-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/01/turkey-pro-kurdish-party-leader-demirtas-pkk-tamil-tigers.html">"HDP leader says Ankara has 'neither the power nor means' to eliminate Kurdish movement"</a>. Al Monitor. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDP+leader+says+Ankara+has+%27neither+the+power+nor+means%27+to+eliminate+Kurdish+movement&rft.pub=Al+Monitor&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F01%2Fturkey-pro-kurdish-party-leader-demirtas-pkk-tamil-tigers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/02/the-u-s-should-accept-a-syrian-kurdish-state-says-turkish-opposition-leader/">"The U.S. should accept a Syrian Kurdish region, says Turkish opposition leader"</a>. Washington Post. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+should+accept+a+Syrian+Kurdish+region%2C+says+Turkish+opposition+leader&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F02%2Fthe-u-s-should-accept-a-syrian-kurdish-state-says-turkish-opposition-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/03/turkeys_isil_problem.php#ixzz34knGEty5">"Turkey's ISIS problem"</a>. The Long War Journal. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+ISIS+problem&rft.pub=The+Long+War+Journal&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2014%2F03%2Fturkeys_isil_problem.php%23ixzz34knGEty5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/turkey-role-fight-islamic-state-isis">"Turkey prepares for bigger role in fight against Islamic State"</a>. The Guardian. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+prepares+for+bigger+role+in+fight+against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F29%2Fturkey-role-fight-islamic-state-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-tanks-take-up-position-on-syrian-border-next-to-besieged-kurdish-town.aspx?pageID=238&nID=72319&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish tanks take up position on Syrian border next to besieged Kurdish town"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+tanks+take+up+position+on+Syrian+border+next+to+besieged+Kurdish+town&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-tanks-take-up-position-on-syrian-border-next-to-besieged-kurdish-town.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D72319%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006194810/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_syria-and-iraq-motions-expected-to-come-to-parliament-on-tuesday_360234.html">"Syria and Iraq motions expected to come to Parliament on Tuesday"</a>. Today's Zaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_syria-and-iraq-motions-expected-to-come-to-parliament-on-tuesday_360234.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Iraq+motions+expected+to+come+to+Parliament+on+Tuesday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fdiplomacy_syria-and-iraq-motions-expected-to-come-to-parliament-on-tuesday_360234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/09/29/turkey-to-give-army-greater-crossborder-authorization">"Turkey to give army greater cross-border authorization"</a>. Daily Sabah. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+give+army+greater+cross-border+authorization&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F09%2F29%2Fturkey-to-give-army-greater-crossborder-authorization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Turkey-to-fight-Islamic-State-Erdogan-says-377766">"Turkey to fight Islamic State, Erdogan says"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+fight+Islamic+State%2C+Erdogan+says&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FBreaking-News%2FTurkey-to-fight-Islamic-State-Erdogan-says-377766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/10/02/turkish-parliament-votes-for-crossborder-troop-mandate">"Parliament passes mandate to send troops into Iraq and Syria"</a>. Daily Sabah. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Parliament+passes+mandate+to+send+troops+into+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Fturkish-parliament-votes-for-crossborder-troop-mandate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/kobane-is-about-to-fall-says-erdogan-calling-for-no-fly-zone-and-safe-havens.aspx?pageID=238&nID=72650&NewsCatID=510">"Turkish President Erdoğan says airstrikes not enough to save Kobane"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+President+Erdo%C4%9Fan+says+airstrikes+not+enough+to+save+Kobane&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fkobane-is-about-to-fall-says-erdogan-calling-for-no-fly-zone-and-safe-havens.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D72650%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-police-resort-to-tear-gas-and-water-cannon-as-anti-isil-protests-staged-across-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=72659&NewsCatID=341">"Wrap up: At least 26 killed in ISIL protests across Turkey as curfew declared in six provinces – LOCAL"</a>. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wrap+up%3A+At+least+26+killed+in+ISIL+protests+across+Turkey+as+curfew+declared+in+six+provinces+%E2%80%93+LOCAL&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fistanbul-police-resort-to-tear-gas-and-water-cannon-as-anti-isil-protests-staged-across-turkey.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D72659%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010194804/http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_16-dead-across-turkey-as-fate-of-kobani-stirs-up-tensions_360981.html">"22 killed in protests against ISIL siege of Kurdish town"</a>. Today's Zaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_16-dead-across-turkey-as-fate-of-kobani-stirs-up-tensions_360981.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=22+killed+in+protests+against+ISIL+siege+of+Kurdish+town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Flatest-news_16-dead-across-turkey-as-fate-of-kobani-stirs-up-tensions_360981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_will_not_save_Kobane-220"><a href="#cite_ref-US_will_not_save_Kobane_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/08/world/meast/isis-threat/index.html">"ISIS threat"</a>. cnn.com. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.atitle=ISIS+threat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-threat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017202824/http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_isil-shells-syrian-border-crossing-with-turkey-in-kobani-offensive_361195.html">"ISIL shells Syrian border crossing with Turkey in Kobani offensive"</a>. Today's Zaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news_isil-shells-syrian-border-crossing-with-turkey-in-kobani-offensive_361195.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=ISIL+shells+Syrian+border+crossing+with+Turkey+in+Kobani+offensive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Flatest-news_isil-shells-syrian-border-crossing-with-turkey-in-kobani-offensive_361195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019234443/http://www.todayszaman.com/_erdogan-what-does-kobani-have-to-do-with-turkey_361306.html">"Erdoğan: What does Kobani have to do with Turkey?"</a>. Today's Zaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/_erdogan-what-does-kobani-have-to-do-with-turkey_361306.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%3A+What+does+Kobani+have+to+do+with+Turkey%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2F_erdogan-what-does-kobani-have-to-do-with-turkey_361306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-223"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/29/isis-attack-kobani-inside-turkey-first-time">"Isis launches attack on Kobani from inside Turkey for first time"</a>. The Guardian. 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+launches+attack+on+Kobani+from+inside+Turkey+for+first+time&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fnov%2F29%2Fisis-attack-kobani-inside-turkey-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurriyetdailynews.com_2-224"><a href="#cite_ref-hurriyetdailynews.com_2_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-day-the-turkish-flag-was-taken-down-on-syria-border.aspx?pageID=238&nID=75150&NewsCatID=352">"The day the Turkish flag was taken down on Syria border"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+day+the+Turkish+flag+was+taken+down+on+Syria+border&rft.pub=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fthe-day-the-turkish-flag-was-taken-down-on-syria-border.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D75150%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-monitor.com-225"><a href="#cite_ref-al-monitor.com_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/12/turkey-syria-border-mursitpinar-kobane-kurds-isis.html##ixzz3Kru2JBlR">"Is Islamic State finding refuge in Turkey?"</a>. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Islamic+State+finding+refuge+in+Turkey%3F&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fsecurity%2F2014%2F12%2Fturkey-syria-border-mursitpinar-kobane-kurds-isis.html%23%23ixzz3Kru2JBlR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-226"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/kobane-islamischer-staat-greift-von-der-tuerkei-aus-an-a-1005699.html">"Schlacht um syrische Grenzstadt: IS-Kämpfer greifen Kobane aus der Türkei an"</a>. Der Spiegel (in German). Associated Press and Reuters. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Schlacht+um+syrische+Grenzstadt%3A+IS-K%C3%A4mpfer+greifen+Kobane+aus+der+T%C3%BCrkei+an&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fkobane-islamischer-staat-greift-von-der-tuerkei-aus-an-a-1005699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-counter-227"><a href="#cite_ref-counter_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201190100/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">"50 ISIS killed in Ein al-Arab"Kobane""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">the original</a> on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=50+ISIS+killed+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2F50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/isil-24-hour-killing-rampage-kobane-150626144824173.html">"ISIL on 24-hour 'killing rampage' in Syria's Kobane"</a>. aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=ISIL+on+24-hour+%27killing+rampage%27+in+Syria%27s+Kobane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2Fisil-24-hour-killing-rampage-kobane-150626144824173.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indyvoices-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indyvoices_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indyvoices_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Cockburn2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Patrick Cockburn</a> (27 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/isis-in-kobani-why-we-ignore-the-worst-of-the-massacres-10350268.html">"Isis in Kobani: Why we ignore the worst of the massacres"</a>. Independent Voices (opinion).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Voices+%28opinion%29&rft.atitle=Isis+in+Kobani%3A+Why+we+ignore+the+worst+of+the+massacres&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft.au=Patrick+Cockburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fisis-in-kobani-why-we-ignore-the-worst-of-the-massacres-10350268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-26/303885-civilian-death-toll-from-isis-attack-on-kobani-hits-146-2nd-largest-massacre-of-civilians-by.ashx">"ISIS commits major massacre in Syria's Kobani: activists"</a>. The Daily Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=ISIS+commits+major+massacre+in+Syria%27s+Kobani%3A+activists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FJun-26%2F303885-civilian-death-toll-from-isis-attack-on-kobani-hits-146-2nd-largest-massacre-of-civilians-by.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-231"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33266399">"Syria crisis: IS re-enters Kurdish-held city of Kobane"</a>. BBC News. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+crisis%3A+IS+re-enters+Kurdish-held+city+of+Kobane&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33266399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/executes-20-kurds-village-near-syrias-kobane-092329781.html">"IS 'executes 23 Kurds' in village near Syria's Kobane"</a>. Yahoo News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IS+%27executes+23+Kurds%27+in+village+near+Syria%27s+Kobane&rft.pub=Yahoo+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fexecutes-20-kurds-village-near-syrias-kobane-092329781.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-will-never-allow-kurdish-state-syria-erdogan-682463351">"Turkey will 'never allow' Kurdish state in Syria: Erdogan"</a>. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Turkey+will+%27never+allow%27+Kurdish+state+in+Syria%3A+Erdogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fturkey-will-never-allow-kurdish-state-syria-erdogan-682463351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ,_Jul15-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ,_Jul15_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ,_Jul15_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705014343/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656692-turkey-and-jordan-are-considering-setting-up-buffer-zones-war-scorched">"Drawing in the neighbours | The Economist"</a>. 4 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656692-turkey-and-jordan-are-considering-setting-up-buffer-zones-war-scorched">the original</a> on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drawing+in+the+neighbours+%26%23124%3B+The+Economist&rft.date=2015-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21656692-turkey-and-jordan-are-considering-setting-up-buffer-zones-war-scorched&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessinsider-235"><a href="#cite_ref-businessinsider_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jordan-is-mulling-a-serious-military-intervention-in-southern-syria-2015-6">"Jordan is mulling a significant military intervention in southern Syria"</a>. Business Insider. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Jordan+is+mulling+a+significant+military+intervention+in+southern+Syria&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fjordan-is-mulling-a-serious-military-intervention-in-southern-syria-2015-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714112438/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_army-asks-govt-to-work-out-political-and-diplomatic-avenues-before-syria-incursion_392191.html">"Army asks gov't to work out political and diplomatic avenues before Syria incursion"</a>. Today's Zaman. 28 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_army-asks-govt-to-work-out-political-and-diplomatic-avenues-before-syria-incursion_392191.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Army+asks+gov%27t+to+work+out+political+and+diplomatic+avenues+before+Syria+incursion&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fdiplomacy_army-asks-govt-to-work-out-political-and-diplomatic-avenues-before-syria-incursion_392191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-foreign-minister-possible-syria-operations-to-be-announced-after-mgk-meeting.aspx?PageID=238&NID=84676&NewsCatID=510">"Turkish Foreign Minister: Possible Syria operations to be announced after MGK meeting – DIPLOMACY"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+Foreign+Minister%3A+Possible+Syria+operations+to+be+announced+after+MGK+meeting+%E2%80%93+DIPLOMACY&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-foreign-minister-possible-syria-operations-to-be-announced-after-mgk-meeting.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D84676%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801185703/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkeys-security-council-convenes-amid-talk-of-syria-invasion_392284.html">"Turkey's security council convenes amid talk of Syria invasion"</a>. Today's Zaman. 29 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkeys-security-council-convenes-amid-talk-of-syria-invasion_392284.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+security+council+convenes+amid+talk+of+Syria+invasion&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fanasayfa_turkeys-security-council-convenes-amid-talk-of-syria-invasion_392284.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713134730/http://www.neurope.eu/article/turkey-believed-to-invade-syria-within-the-week/">"Turkey believed to invade Syria within the week"</a>. New Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurope.eu/article/turkey-believed-to-invade-syria-within-the-week/">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=Turkey+believed+to+invade+Syria+within+the+week&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fturkey-believed-to-invade-syria-within-the-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-mulls-bombing-isil-without-sending-troops-to-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=84696&NewsCatID=338">"Turkey mulls bombing ISIL without sending troops to Syria"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+mulls+bombing+ISIL+without+sending+troops+to+Syria&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-mulls-bombing-isil-without-sending-troops-to-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D84696%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160510/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-30/304476-turkey-seeks-to-calm-speculation-over-syria-invasion.ashx">"Turkey seeks to calm speculation over Syria invasion"</a>. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-30/304476-turkey-seeks-to-calm-speculation-over-syria-invasion.ashx">the original</a> on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Turkey+seeks+to+calm+speculation+over+Syria+invasion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FJun-30%2F304476-turkey-seeks-to-calm-speculation-over-syria-invasion.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/turkey-attacks-kurdish-fighters-syria-151027082432729.html">"Turkey attacks Kurdish fighters inside Syria"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+attacks+Kurdish+fighters+inside+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Fturkey-attacks-kurdish-fighters-syria-151027082432729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34645462">"Turkey confirms shelling Kurdish fighters in Syria"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+confirms+shelling+Kurdish+fighters+in+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-34645462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-is-militants-tie-captives-to-palmyra-columns-blow-them-up-2015-10">"IS militants tie captives to Palmyra columns, blow them up"</a>. Business Insider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=IS+militants+tie+captives+to+Palmyra+columns%2C+blow+them+up&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fap-is-militants-tie-captives-to-palmyra-columns-blow-them-up-2015-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango2015" class="citation news cs1">Arango, Tim (27 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/world/europe/turkey-syria-kurdish-militias.html?_r=0">"Turkey Confirms Strikes Against Kurdish Militias in Syria"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Confirms+Strikes+Against+Kurdish+Militias+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-syria-kurdish-militias.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-shells-advancing-kurds-syria-third-day-112940745.html">"Turkey shells advancing Kurds in Syria for third day"</a>. Yahoo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+shells+advancing+Kurds+in+Syria+for+third+day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fturkey-shells-advancing-kurds-syria-third-day-112940745.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-military-retaliates-to-pyd-fire-in-northern-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95260&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish military retaliates to PYD fire in northern Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkish+military+retaliates+to+PYD+fire+in+northern+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-military-retaliates-to-pyd-fire-in-northern-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95260%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersl-248"><a href="#cite_ref-reutersl_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-blast-idUSKCN0VQ25S">"Turkey blames Kurdish militants for Ankara bomb, vows response in Syria and Iraq"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+blames+Kurdish+militants+for+Ankara+bomb%2C+vows+response+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-turkey-blast-idUSKCN0VQ25S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntv1-249"><a href="#cite_ref-ntv1_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/tsk-saldiri-trafik-isiklarinda-meydana-geldi,wy4j4ItaPkS9Q9YokOungw">"TSK: Saldırı trafik ışıklarında meydana geldi"</a>. NTV. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TSK%3A+Sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1+trafik+%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1klar%C4%B1nda+meydana+geldi&rft.pub=NTV&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv.com.tr%2Fturkiye%2Ftsk-saldiri-trafik-isiklarinda-meydana-geldi%2Cwy4j4ItaPkS9Q9YokOungw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/keep-pyd-out-of-syria-truce-deal-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95635&NewsCatID=352">"Keep PYD out of Syria truce deal: Erdoğan"</a>. Hurriyet. 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Keep+PYD+out+of+Syria+truce+deal%3A+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fkeep-pyd-out-of-syria-truce-deal-erdogan.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95635%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-shelling-of-kurds-in-syria-will-continue-erdogan-says-1455725107">"Turkey's Shelling of Kurds in Syria Will Continue, Erdogan Says"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Shelling+of+Kurds+in+Syria+Will+Continue%2C+Erdogan+Says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fturkeys-shelling-of-kurds-in-syria-will-continue-erdogan-says-1455725107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-military-continues-shelling-pyd-targets-in-northern-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95417&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish military continues shelling PYD targets in northern Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkish+military+continues+shelling+PYD+targets+in+northern+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-military-continues-shelling-pyd-targets-in-northern-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95417%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-20160218-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters-20160218_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters-20160218_253-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleiman_Al-Khalidi2016" class="citation news cs1">Suleiman Al-Khalidi (18 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218110315/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKCN0VR0RH">"Syrian rebels say reinforcements get free passage via Turkey"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKCN0VR0RH">the original</a> on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+say+reinforcements+get+free+passage+via+Turkey&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.au=Suleiman+Al-Khalidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-syria-aleppo-idUKKCN0VR0RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/keep-pyd-out-of-syria-truce-deal-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95635&NewsCatID=352">"Keep PYD out of Syria truce deal: Erdoğan"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Keep+PYD+out+of+Syria+truce+deal%3A+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fkeep-pyd-out-of-syria-truce-deal-erdogan.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95635%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-ypg-idUSKCN0W61ZJ">"Syrian Kurdish YPG Turkish tanks shell its positions"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+YPG+Turkish+tanks+shell+its+positions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-ypg-idUSKCN0W61ZJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw.com-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_256-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/turkey-proposes-secure-strip-inside-syria-to-protect-border-and-refugees/a-19053732">"Turkey proposes 'secure strip' inside Syria to protect border and refugees"</a>. dw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+proposes+%27secure+strip%27+inside+Syria+to+protect+border+and+refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkey-proposes-secure-strip-inside-syria-to-protect-border-and-refugees%2Fa-19053732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usnews-257"><a href="#cite_ref-usnews_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-02-16/syrian-troops-kurdish-forces-make-gains-in-countrys-north">"Turkey is pressing for ground operations in Syria, hoping for the involvement of the US and other allies"</a>. U.S. News & World Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Turkey+is+pressing+for+ground+operations+in+Syria%2C+hoping+for+the+involvement+of+the+US+and+other+allies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2016-02-16%2Fsyrian-troops-kurdish-forces-make-gains-in-countrys-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-russia-denies-warplanes-hit-syria-hospital-36966872">"The Latest: Hezbollah Leader Slams Turkey, Saudi Arabia"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Latest%3A+Hezbollah+Leader+Slams+Turkey%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Flatest-russia-denies-warplanes-hit-syria-hospital-36966872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syria.liveuamap.com/en/2016/2-april-military-council-formed-and-announced-on-tishrin">"Military council formed and announced on Tishrin Dam, statement says: "We will make every effort to capture Manbij""</a>. Live UA Map. 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+UA+Map&rft.atitle=Military+council+formed+and+announced+on+Tishrin+Dam%2C+statement+says%3A+%22We+will+make+every+effort+to+capture+Manbij%22&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyria.liveuamap.com%2Fen%2F2016%2F2-april-military-council-formed-and-announced-on-tishrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isis.liveuamap.com/en/2016/2-april-several-sdf-factions-have-formed-the-military-council">"Several SDF factions have formed the military council for Manbij"</a>. Live UA Map. 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+UA+Map&rft.atitle=Several+SDF+factions+have+formed+the+military+council+for+Manbij&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisis.liveuamap.com%2Fen%2F2016%2F2-april-several-sdf-factions-have-formed-the-military-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-two_demands-261"><a href="#cite_ref-two_demands_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-has-two-demands-from-us-for-support-in-manbij-operation-sources-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=97246&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey has two demands from US for support in Manbij operation: Sources"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+has+two+demands+from+US+for+support+in+Manbij+operation%3A+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-has-two-demands-from-us-for-support-in-manbij-operation-sources-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D97246%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-manbij-idUSKCN0YN4HR">"Turkey not contributing to U.S.-backed Syria operation near Manbij: source"</a>. Reuters. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+not+contributing+to+U.S.-backed+Syria+operation+near+Manbij%3A+source&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-manbij-idUSKCN0YN4HR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-not-contributing-to-us-backed-syria-operation-near-manbij-source.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99932&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey not contributing to US-backed Syria operation near Manbij: Source"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+not+contributing+to+US-backed+Syria+operation+near+Manbij%3A+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-not-contributing-to-us-backed-syria-operation-near-manbij-source.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99932%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-backs-kurds-in-drive-against-isis-in-syria-despite-turkish-objections/2016/06/01/7bacf6fa-2808-11e6-8329-6104954928d2_story.html">"Ignoring Turkey, U.S. backs Kurds in drive against ISIS in Syria"</a>. The Washington Post. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ignoring+Turkey%2C+U.S.+backs+Kurds+in+drive+against+ISIS+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fus-backs-kurds-in-drive-against-isis-in-syria-despite-turkish-objections%2F2016%2F06%2F01%2F7bacf6fa-2808-11e6-8329-6104954928d2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition.cnn.com-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_265-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_265-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/24/middleeast/turkish-troops-isis-syria-operation/">"Turkey sends tanks into Syria to battle ISIS"</a>. CNN. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+sends+tanks+into+Syria+to+battle+ISIS&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F08%2F24%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkish-troops-isis-syria-operation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/8/23/turkey-shells-is-kurdish-positions-in-northern-syria">"Turkey shells IS, Kurdish positions in northern Syria"</a>. alaraby. 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=Turkey+shells+IS%2C+Kurdish+positions+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2016%2F8%2F23%2Fturkey-shells-is-kurdish-positions-in-northern-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20160824-turkey-us-led-forces-launch-joint-operation-northern-syria">"Turkey, US-led coalition launch major operation in northern Syria"</a>. France24. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+US-led+coalition+launch+major+operation+in+northern+Syria&rft.pub=France24&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160824-turkey-us-led-forces-launch-joint-operation-northern-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters.com-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_268-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters.com_268-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-idUSKCN10Z07J">"Turkish tanks, special forces launch first major push into Syria to battle IS"</a>. Reuters. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+tanks%2C+special+forces+launch+first+major+push+into+Syria+to+battle+IS&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-turkey-idUSKCN10Z07J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825183523/http://www.france24.com/en/20160824-erdogan-says-syria-operation-aimed-jihadists-kurdish-pyd">"Erdogan says Syria operation aimed at IS jihadists, Kurdish PYD"</a>. France24. 24 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20160824-erdogan-says-syria-operation-aimed-jihadists-kurdish-pyd">the original</a> on 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erdogan+says+Syria+operation+aimed+at+IS+jihadists%2C+Kurdish+PYD&rft.pub=France24&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160824-erdogan-says-syria-operation-aimed-jihadists-kurdish-pyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-army-backed-rebels-advance-inside-syria-on-isil.aspx?pageID=238&nID=103174&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish army-backed rebels advance inside Syria on ISIL"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+army-backed+rebels+advance+inside+Syria+on+ISIL&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-army-backed-rebels-advance-inside-syria-on-isil.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D103174%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-syria-offensive-aimed-at-kurdish-ypg/a-19497653">"Turkey's Syria offensive aimed at Kurdish YPG"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Syria+offensive+aimed+at+Kurdish+YPG&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkeys-syria-offensive-aimed-at-kurdish-ypg%2Fa-19497653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-272"><a href="#cite_ref-auto8_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37171995">"Turkey sends tanks into northern Syria"</a>. BBC News. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+sends+tanks+into+northern+Syria&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-37171995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharkatli2016" class="citation web cs1">Charkatli, Izat (24 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825194846/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-backed-rebels-fight-us-backed-rebels-aleppo/">"Turkish-backed rebels fight US-backed rebels in Aleppo"</a>. Al Masdar News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-backed-rebels-fight-us-backed-rebels-aleppo/">the original</a> on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish-backed+rebels+fight+US-backed+rebels+in+Aleppo&rft.pub=Al+Masdar+News&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft.aulast=Charkatli&rft.aufirst=Izat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fturkish-backed-rebels-fight-us-backed-rebels-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/turkey-launches-major-operation-against-isis-in-key-border-town">"Turkey sends tanks into Syria in operation aimed at Isis and Kurds"</a>. The Guardian. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+sends+tanks+into+Syria+in+operation+aimed+at+Isis+and+Kurds&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F24%2Fturkey-launches-major-operation-against-isis-in-key-border-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffington_Post-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffington_Post_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffington_Post_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/us-flags-northern-syria_us_57e138efe4b08cb14097dfa0">"Mysterious American Flags In Northern Syria Were Planted By U.S. Troops, Pentagon Says"</a>. Huffington Post. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mysterious+American+Flags+In+Northern+Syria+Were+Planted+By+U.S.+Troops%2C+Pentagon+Says&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fus-flags-northern-syria_us_57e138efe4b08cb14097dfa0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogandan-firat-operasyonu-cikisi-nereye-gitmemiz-gerekiyorsa-gidecegiz">"Erdoğan'dan Fırat operasyonu çıkışı: Nereye gitmemiz gerekiyorsa gideceğiz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_T%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera Türk">Al Jazeera Türk</a>. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%27dan+F%C4%B1rat+operasyonu+%C3%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1%3A+Nereye+gitmemiz+gerekiyorsa+gidece%C4%9Fiz&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Ferdogandan-firat-operasyonu-cikisi-nereye-gitmemiz-gerekiyorsa-gidecegiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/world/middleeast/obama-syria-kurds-isis-turkey-military-commandos.html">"Obama Administration Considers Arming Syrian Kurds Against ISIS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Administration+Considers+Arming+Syrian+Kurds+Against+ISIS&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fobama-syria-kurds-isis-turkey-military-commandos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogan-abd-3-gun-once-kobaniye-silah-gonderdi">"Erdoğan: ABD 3 gün önce Kobani'ye silah gönderdi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_T%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera Türk">Al Jazeera Türk</a>. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%3A+ABD+3+g%C3%BCn+%C3%B6nce+Kobani%27ye+silah+g%C3%B6nderdi&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Ferdogan-abd-3-gun-once-kobaniye-silah-gonderdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924012245/http://aranews.net/2016/09/turkey-bombs-kurdish-positions-near-syrias-tel-abyad/">"Turkey bombs Kurdish positions near Syria's Tel Abyad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 23 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/09/turkey-bombs-kurdish-positions-near-syrias-tel-abyad/">the original</a> on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+bombs+Kurdish+positions+near+Syria%27s+Tel+Abyad&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F09%2Fturkey-bombs-kurdish-positions-near-syrias-tel-abyad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031120226/http://aranews.net/2016/09/us-sending-arms-kurdish-led-sdf-syria-turkeys-erdogan-outraged/">"US sending arms to Kurdish-led SDF in Syria, Turkey's Erdoğan outraged"</a>. ARA News. 25 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/09/us-sending-arms-kurdish-led-sdf-syria-turkeys-erdogan-outraged/">the original</a> on 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+sending+arms+to+Kurdish-led+SDF+in+Syria%2C+Turkey%27s+Erdo%C4%9Fan+outraged&rft.pub=ARA+News&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F09%2Fus-sending-arms-kurdish-led-sdf-syria-turkeys-erdogan-outraged%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKKCN11W12R?il=0">"Turkey welcomes withdrawal of Syrian Kurdish fighters from Manbij – Deputy PM"</a>. Reuters. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+welcomes+withdrawal+of+Syrian+Kurdish+fighters+from+Manbij+%E2%80%93+Deputy+PM&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUKKCN11W12R%3Fil%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diken.com.tr/cerablus-operasyonu-suriyeye-takviye-zirhli-birlikler-sevk-edildi/">"Cerablus Operasyonu: Suriye'ye takviye zırhlı birlikler sevk edildi"</a>. Diken. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cerablus+Operasyonu%3A+Suriye%27ye+takviye+z%C4%B1rhl%C4%B1+birlikler+sevk+edildi&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diken.com.tr%2Fcerablus-operasyonu-suriyeye-takviye-zirhli-birlikler-sevk-edildi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aljazeera.com.tr/haber/cavusoglundan-abdye-ypgyi-munbicten-ya-gonderemiyor-ya-da-gondermek-istemiyor">"Çavuşoğlu'ndan ABD'ye: YPG'yi Münbiç'ten ya gönderemiyor, ya göndermek istemiyor"</a>. Al Jazeera Türk. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu%27ndan+ABD%27ye%3A+YPG%27yi+M%C3%BCnbi%C3%A7%27ten+ya+g%C3%B6nderemiyor%2C+ya+g%C3%B6ndermek+istemiyor&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fcavusoglundan-abdye-ypgyi-munbicten-ya-gonderemiyor-ya-da-gondermek-istemiyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1231KX?il=0">"Turkey says U.S. must ensure Kurdish militia withdraws to east of the Euphrates"</a>. Reuters. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+says+U.S.+must+ensure+Kurdish+militia+withdraws+to+east+of+the+Euphrates&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKCN1231KX%3Fil%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/pyd-ypg-are-pkk-under-other-names-pm-yildirim/658202">"PYD/YPG are PKK under other names: PM Yildirim"</a>. Anadolu Agency. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PYD%2FYPG+are+PKK+under+other+names%3A+PM+Yildirim&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fpyd-ypg-are-pkk-under-other-names-pm-yildirim%2F658202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdistan24.net/ar/newsreader/42a62559-5a41-48ea-8eab-05cf858dc9ff/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9">"قوات سوريا الديمقراطية ترفض اي مشاركة تركية بتحرير الرقة"</a>. Kurdistan24. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Far%2Fnewsreader%2F42a62559-5a41-48ea-8eab-05cf858dc9ff%2F%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25B6-%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/317624-trump-administration-scraps-obamas-plan-to-retake-raqqa/">"Report: Trump administration scraps Obama's plan to retake Raqqa"</a>. The Hill. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Trump+administration+scraps+Obama%27s+plan+to+retake+Raqqa&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fdefense%2F317624-trump-administration-scraps-obamas-plan-to-retake-raqqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN12I0YX">"Syrian Kurdish YPG to be removed from Manbij, Turkey's Erdoğan says"</a>. Reuters. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+YPG+to+be+removed+from+Manbij%2C+Turkey%27s+Erdo%C4%9Fan+says&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKCN12I0YX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehul_Srivastava2016" class="citation news cs1">Mehul Srivastava (21 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/762a6cc6-96cb-11e6-a1dc-bdf38d484582">"Turkey's Erdoğan struggles to realise his Middle East ambitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdo%C4%9Fan+struggles+to+realise+his+Middle+East+ambitions&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.au=Mehul+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F762a6cc6-96cb-11e6-a1dc-bdf38d484582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.com.tr/en/todays-headlines/turkey-resolute-to-clear-syrias-manbij-of-pyd-pkk/671910">"Turkey resolute to clear Syria's Manbij of PYD/PKK"</a>. Anadolu Agency. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+resolute+to+clear+Syria%27s+Manbij+of+PYD%2FPKK&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faa.com.tr%2Fen%2Ftodays-headlines%2Fturkey-resolute-to-clear-syrias-manbij-of-pyd-pkk%2F671910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-military-operations-in-syria-targets-manbij-not-aleppo-president-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nID=105389&NewsCatID=338">"Turkey's military operations in Syria targets Manbij not Aleppo: President Erdoğan"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+military+operations+in+Syria+targets+Manbij+not+Aleppo%3A+President+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkeys-military-operations-in-syria-targets-manbij-not-aleppo-president-erdogan.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D105389%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027115931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/eu-concerned-over-politicians-detention-in-turkey/2016/10/26/5a761f12-9b52-11e6-b552-b1f85e484086_story.html">"Suzan Fraser, Turkish leader threatens more involvement on Syrian border, The Washington Post. 26 October 2016 at 3:01 PM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/eu-concerned-over-politicians-detention-in-turkey/2016/10/26/5a761f12-9b52-11e6-b552-b1f85e484086_story.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Suzan+Fraser%2C+Turkish+leader+threatens+more+involvement+on+Syrian+border%2C+The+Washington+Post.+26+October+2016+at+3%3A01+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feu-concerned-over-politicians-detention-in-turkey%2F2016%2F10%2F26%2F5a761f12-9b52-11e6-b552-b1f85e484086_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/27/erdogan-reasserts-turkeys-role-in-wars-in-syria-and-iraq/">"Erdogan reasserts Turkey's role in wars in Syria and Iraq"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Erdogan+reasserts+Turkey%27s+role+in+wars+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F10%2F27%2Ferdogan-reasserts-turkeys-role-in-wars-in-syria-and-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahaber.com.tr/gundem/2016/11/11/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-ladin-icin-mahkeme-karari-mi-vardi?paging=9">"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Ladin için mahkeme kararı mı vardı"</a>. A Haber. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cumhurba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1+Erdo%C4%9Fan%3A+Ladin+i%C3%A7in+mahkeme+karar%C4%B1+m%C4%B1+vard%C4%B1&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahaber.com.tr%2Fgundem%2F2016%2F11%2F11%2Fcumhurbaskani-erdogan-ladin-icin-mahkeme-karari-mi-vardi%3Fpaging%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123134908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-issues-arrest-warrants-for-syrian-kurdish-leader/2016/11/22/8ea8ddbe-b0a2-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html">"Suzan Fraser and Sarah El Deeb, Turkey issues arrest warrants for Syrian Kurdish leader, The Washington Post. 22 November 2016 at 11:00 AM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-issues-arrest-warrants-for-syrian-kurdish-leader/2016/11/22/8ea8ddbe-b0a2-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Suzan+Fraser+and+Sarah+El+Deeb%2C+Turkey+issues+arrest+warrants+for+Syrian+Kurdish+leader%2C+The+Washington+Post.+22+November+2016+at+11%3A00+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fturkey-issues-arrest-warrants-for-syrian-kurdish-leader%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2F8ea8ddbe-b0a2-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurriyet_Daily_News-296"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurriyet_Daily_News_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-entered-syria-to-end-al-assads-rule-president-erdogan.aspx?PageID=238&NID=106709&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey entered Syria to end al-Assad's rule: President Erdoğan"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+entered+Syria+to+end+al-Assad%27s+rule%3A+President+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-entered-syria-to-end-al-assads-rule-president-erdogan.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D106709%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dead-end-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dead-end_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dead-end_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207190823/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/12/erdogan-syria-policy-turkey-dead-end-aleppo.html">"Erdogan's Syria policy hits dead end in Aleppo"</a>. Al-Monitor. 4 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/12/erdogan-syria-policy-turkey-dead-end-aleppo.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan%27s+Syria+policy+hits+dead+end+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F12%2Ferdogan-syria-policy-turkey-dead-end-aleppo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sana-298"><a href="#cite_ref-sana_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209002833/http://sana.sy/en/?p=95555">"President al-Assad: Failure of Western states and Turkey in the battle in Aleppo means failure of outside project and the transformation of the course of the war in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a>. 8 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=95555">the original</a> on 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+al-Assad%3A+Failure+of+Western+states+and+Turkey+in+the+battle+in+Aleppo+means+failure+of+outside+project+and+the+transformation+of+the+course+of+the+war+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D95555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODA_TV-299"><a href="#cite_ref-ODA_TV_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odatv.com/turkiye-artik-esad-gitsin-diyemez-2001171200.html">"Türkiye artık "Esad gitsin" diyemezo"</a>. ODA TV. 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+art%C4%B1k+%22Esad+gitsin%22+diyemezo&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodatv.com%2Fturkiye-artik-esad-gitsin-diyemez-2001171200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116171953/http://aranews.net/2017/01/us-assistant-secretary-of-defense-tells-turkey-only-isis-a-target-not-kurds/">"US Assistant Secretary of Defense tells Turkey: only ISIS a target, not Kurds"</a>. ARA News. 16 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2017/01/us-assistant-secretary-of-defense-tells-turkey-only-isis-a-target-not-kurds/">the original</a> on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+Assistant+Secretary+of+Defense+tells+Turkey%3A+only+ISIS+a+target%2C+not+Kurds&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2017%2F01%2Fus-assistant-secretary-of-defense-tells-turkey-only-isis-a-target-not-kurds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogan-ohalde-secim-olmaz-diye-bir-sey-yok">"Erdoğan: OHAL'de seçim olmaz diye bir şey yok"</a>. Al-Jazeera. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%3A+OHAL%27de+se%C3%A7im+olmaz+diye+bir+%C5%9Fey+yok&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Ferdogan-ohalde-secim-olmaz-diye-bir-sey-yok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201848/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-turkey-incirlik-idUKKBN15F28I">"Germany refuses Turkish demand for access to imagery from the campaign against Islamic State"</a>. Reuters. 31 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-turkey-incirlik-idUKKBN15F28I">the original</a> on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+refuses+Turkish+demand+for+access+to+imagery+from+the+campaign+against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-germany-turkey-incirlik-idUKKBN15F28I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_ColesJohn_Davison2017" class="citation web cs1">Isabel Coles; John Davison (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-iraq-idUSKBN17R0D2">"Turkish jets strike Kurdish fighters in Syria, Iraq's Sinjar"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+jets+strike+Kurdish+fighters+in+Syria%2C+Iraq%27s+Sinjar&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Isabel+Coles&rft.au=John+Davison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-turkey-iraq-idUSKBN17R0D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/savunma-bakani-sinirda">"Milli Savunma Bakanı Fikri Işık sınırda (National Defence Minister Fikri Işık on the border)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_T%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera Türk">Al Jazeera Türk</a>. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Milli+Savunma+Bakan%C4%B1+Fikri+I%C5%9F%C4%B1k+s%C4%B1n%C4%B1rda+%28National+Defence+Minister+Fikri+I%C5%9F%C4%B1k+on+the+border%29&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fsavunma-bakani-sinirda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/isik-kirmizi-cizgilerimiz-asilirsa">"Kırmızı çizgilerimiz aşılırsa... (If our red lines are crossed...)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_T%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera Türk">Al Jazeera Türk</a>. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1+%C3%A7izgilerimiz+a%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1rsa...+%28If+our+red+lines+are+crossed...%29&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fisik-kirmizi-cizgilerimiz-asilirsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/iraq-turkey-tension-rises-battle-mosul-161102062236590.html">"Iraq-Turkey tension rises amid battle for Mosul"</a>. Al Jazeera. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq-Turkey+tension+rises+amid+battle+for+Mosul&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2Firaq-turkey-tension-rises-battle-mosul-161102062236590.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/011120162">"Abadi warns Turkey: Don't enter Iraq or you will pay the price"</a>. Rudaw Media Agency. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abadi+warns+Turkey%3A+Don%27t+enter+Iraq+or+you+will+pay+the+price&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F011120162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/next-phase-of-euphrates-shield-operation-to-include-iraq-president-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nID=111631&NewsCatID=352">"Next phase of Euphrates Shield operation to include Iraq: President Erdoğan"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 5 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Next+phase+of+Euphrates+Shield+operation+to+include+Iraq%3A+President+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fnext-phase-of-euphrates-shield-operation-to-include-iraq-president-erdogan.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D111631%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-turkey-erdogan/turkey-to-continue-euphrates-shield-operation-in-northern-syria-erdogan-idUSKBN1EY0UN?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews">Turkey to continue Euphrates Shield operation in northern Syria: Erdogan</a> Reuters, 9 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/27/syria-leaders-call-for-ceasefire-at-last-rebel-held-stronghold-idlib">"Syria summit: call for 'lasting ceasefire' at last rebel-held stronghold, Idlib"</a>. The Guardian. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syria+summit%3A+call+for+%27lasting+ceasefire%27+at+last+rebel-held+stronghold%2C+Idlib&rft.date=2018-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Foct%2F27%2Fsyria-leaders-call-for-ceasefire-at-last-rebel-held-stronghold-idlib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/10/28/world/europe/ap-syria.html">"Turkey Strikes Kurdish Positions in Northern Syria"</a>. The New York Times. 28 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Strikes+Kurdish+Positions+in+Northern+Syria&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2018%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fap-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernanChulov2018" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Chulov, Martin (12 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/12/turkey-primed-to-start-offensive-against-us-backed-kurds-in-syria">"Turkey primed to start offensive against US-backed Kurds in Syria"</a>. The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+primed+to+start+offensive+against+US-backed+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft.au=Chulov%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fdec%2F12%2Fturkey-primed-to-start-offensive-against-us-backed-kurds-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-voices-grave-concern-over-turkeys-planned-syria-operation-139682">"US voices 'grave concern' over Turkey's planned Syria operation - Turkey News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=US+voices+%27grave+concern%27+over+Turkey%27s+planned+Syria+operation+-+Turkey+News&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fus-voices-grave-concern-over-turkeys-planned-syria-operation-139682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-will-enter-syrias-manbij-if-us-fails-to-remove-ypg-erdogan-139715">"Erdoğan, Trump discuss Syria as Turkey warns of new military operation - Turkey News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%2C+Trump+discuss+Syria+as+Turkey+warns+of+new+military+operation+-+Turkey+News&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-will-enter-syrias-manbij-if-us-fails-to-remove-ypg-erdogan-139715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/turkey-ready-syria-manbij-erdogan-tells-trump-190121011835123.html">"Turkey ready to take over Syria's Manbij, Erdogan tells Trump"</a>. www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+ready+to+take+over+Syria%27s+Manbij%2C+Erdogan+tells+Trump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fturkey-ready-syria-manbij-erdogan-tells-trump-190121011835123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj-turkey-begins-316"><a href="#cite_ref-aj-turkey-begins_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/turkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html">"Turkey begins ground offensive in northeastern Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Turkey+begins+ground+offensive+in+northeastern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Fturkey-begins-ground-offensive-northeastern-syria-191009212025006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/erdogan-turkey-kurds-border-syria-war-trump-ethnic-cleansing-a9204581.html">"Patrick Cockburn: Erdogan's ethnic cleansing of the Kurds is still happening now – and we have Trump to thank"</a>. The Independent. 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Patrick+Cockburn%3A+Erdogan%27s+ethnic+cleansing+of+the+Kurds+is+still+happening+now+%E2%80%93+and+we+have+Trump+to+thank&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Ferdogan-turkey-kurds-border-syria-war-trump-ethnic-cleansing-a9204581.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2019" class="citation web cs1">Abbas, Khabat (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/23/this-is-ethnic-cleansing-a-dispatch-from-kurdish-syria/">"'This Is Ethnic Cleansing': A Dispatch from Kurdish Syria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27This+Is+Ethnic+Cleansing%27%3A+A+Dispatch+from+Kurdish+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Khabat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2019%2F10%2F23%2Fthis-is-ethnic-cleansing-a-dispatch-from-kurdish-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/147525/">"Erdogan's ethnic cleansing of the Kurds is still happening now – and we have Trump to thank • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights"</a>. 17 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erdogan%27s+ethnic+cleansing+of+the+Kurds+is+still+happening+now+%E2%80%93+and+we+have+Trump+to+thank+%E2%80%A2+The+Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F147525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandar2019" class="citation web cs1">Candar, Cengiz (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/turkey-syria-united-states-erdogan-plans-for-east-euphrates.html">"Erdogan's Syria plan: Resettling the Syrian refugees or ousting Kurds from their land?"</a>. Al-Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Erdogan%27s+Syria+plan%3A+Resettling+the+Syrian+refugees+or+ousting+Kurds+from+their+land%3F&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Candar&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F09%2Fturkey-syria-united-states-erdogan-plans-for-east-euphrates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2019" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, David (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e40cb754-e456-11e9-b112-9624ec9edc59">"Syria is witnessing a violent demographic re-engineering"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Syria+is+witnessing+a+violent+demographic+re-engineering&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe40cb754-e456-11e9-b112-9624ec9edc59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_demographics-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_demographics_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_demographics_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-refugees-graphi-idUSKBN1WN28J">"Turkey's plan to settle refugees in northeast Syria alarms allies"</a>. Reuters. 8 October 2019 – via reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+plan+to+settle+refugees+in+northeast+Syria+alarms+allies&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-refugees-graphi-idUSKBN1WN28J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/06122019">Turkey appoints mayors in recently invaded northern Syrian towns</a>, 6 December 2019, Karwan Faidhi Dri. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2q2vlddkhA&t=6s">"Fleeing civilians tell CNN they don't know where to go as Turkey attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Fleeing+civilians+tell+CNN+they+don%27t+know+where+to+go+as+Turkey+attacks&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DB2q2vlddkhA%26t%3D6s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-wins-record-7-news-vice-news-tonight-is-most-awarded-nightly-newscast-for-3rd-straight-year/456387/">"CNN Wins Record 7 News & Doc Emmys; Vice News Tonight is Most Awarded Nightly Newscast for 3rd Straight Year"</a>. 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+Wins+Record+7+News+%26+Doc+Emmys%3B+Vice+News+Tonight+is+Most+Awarded+Nightly+Newscast+for+3rd+Straight+Year&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Ftvnewser%2Fcnn-wins-record-7-news-vice-news-tonight-is-most-awarded-nightly-newscast-for-3rd-straight-year%2F456387%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dvcopt-326"><a href="#cite_ref-dvcopt_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_EvansCoskunPerry2019" class="citation web cs1">Dominic Evans, Dominic; Coskun, Orhan; Perry, Tom (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-usa-power-analy/power-shift-who-gains-in-the-battle-for-syrias-northeast-idUSKBN1WU2K8">"Power shift: Who gains in the battle for Syria's northeast?"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Power+shift%3A+Who+gains+in+the+battle+for+Syria%27s+northeast%3F&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Dominic+Evans&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft.au=Coskun%2C+Orhan&rft.au=Perry%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-usa-power-analy%2Fpower-shift-who-gains-in-the-battle-for-syrias-northeast-idUSKBN1WU2K8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2019" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, Lara (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/30/iran-hawks-botched-trump-syria-policy-james-jeffrey-turkey/">"How the Iran Hawks Botched Trump's Syria Withdrawal"</a>. Foreign Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=How+the+Iran+Hawks+Botched+Trump%27s+Syria+Withdrawal&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Firan-hawks-botched-trump-syria-policy-james-jeffrey-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/sdf-woo-syria-kurd-rivals-turkey-assault.html">SDF woos Syrian Kurdish rivals in wake of Turkish assault</a>, Amberin Zaman 4 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-what_now-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_now_329-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/09122019">2 months of Operation Peace Spring: what now?</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/10122019">Russia wants Syrian Kurds to unify, clarify their demands of Moscow: Kurdish opposition</a> Karwan Faidhi Dri, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/kurds-syria-pyd-national-council-russia-syrian-regime.html">Syria’s Kurdish parties do not see eye to eye</a>, Shivan Ibrahim 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/islamic-state-group-middle-east-syria-europe-istanbul-9272b1dc1e6c1b4f1300ccf02d927bce">"Syrian Kurds say they have stopped operations against IS"</a>. The Associated Press. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+say+they+have+stopped+operations+against+IS&rft.date=2022-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fislamic-state-group-middle-east-syria-europe-istanbul-9272b1dc1e6c1b4f1300ccf02d927bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/282630/">"Turkey's presence in Syria in 2022 | Aerial and ground attacks by Turkish forces leave 74 civilians and 164 combatants dead • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+presence+in+Syria+in+2022+%26%23124%3B+Aerial+and+ground+attacks+by+Turkish+forces+leave+74+civilians+and+164+combatants+dead+%E2%80%A2+the+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F282630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhala2015" class="citation web cs1">hala (7 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=47522">"A truck loaded with 10,000 detonators bound for Syria seized southeastern Turkey, Turkish daily says"</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+truck+loaded+with+10%2C000+detonators+bound+for+Syria+seized+southeastern+Turkey%2C+Turkish+daily+says&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft.au=hala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D47522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstanze_Letsch2015" class="citation web cs1">Constanze Letsch (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/turkey-blocks-twitter-to-stop-broadcast-of-suruc-bombing-images">"Turkey releases bombing suspect details as Twitter temporarily shut down"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+releases+bombing+suspect+details+as+Twitter+temporarily+shut+down&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.au=Constanze+Letsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F22%2Fturkey-blocks-twitter-to-stop-broadcast-of-suruc-bombing-images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33593615">"Suruc massacre: At least 30 killed in Turkey border blast"</a>. BBC News. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suruc+massacre%3A+At+least+30+killed+in+Turkey+border+blast&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-33593615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdn103-337"><a href="#cite_ref-hdn103_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/does-turkey-have-to-learn-to-live-with-terror.aspx?pageID=238&nID=96501&NewsCatID=429">"Does Turkey have to learn to live with terror?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a>. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Does+Turkey+have+to+learn+to+live+with+terror%3F&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fdoes-turkey-have-to-learn-to-live-with-terror.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D96501%26NewsCatID%3D429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34495161">"BBC: Ankara explosions leave more than 80 dead – officials"</a>. BBC News. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+Ankara+explosions+leave+more+than+80+dead+%E2%80%93+officials&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-34495161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC29Jun16-339"><a href="#cite_ref-NRC29Jun16_339-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a>, 29 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-basbakanlik-340"><a href="#cite_ref-basbakanlik_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423104922/http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/Forms/_Article/pg_Article.aspx?Id=4fb00379-6412-4b85-ba20-8c8c630aec69">"BAŞBAKANLIK KOORDİNASYON MERKEZİ AÇIKLAMASI 11 EKİM – 12:24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/Forms/_Article/pg_Article.aspx?Id=4fb00379-6412-4b85-ba20-8c8c630aec69">the original</a> on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BA%C5%9EBAKANLIK+KOORD%C4%B0NASYON+MERKEZ%C4%B0+A%C3%87IKLAMASI+11+EK%C4%B0M+%E2%80%93+12%3A24&rft.pub=Prime+Minister+of+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basbakanlik.gov.tr%2FForms%2F_Article%2Fpg_Article.aspx%3FId%3D4fb00379-6412-4b85-ba20-8c8c630aec69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurriyet-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hurriyet_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurriyet_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-istanbul-istiklal-caddesinde-patlama-meydana-geldi-40071967">"SON DAKİKA: İstanbul İstiklal Caddesi'nde patlama meydana geldi"</a>. Hürriyet. Retrieved 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SON+DAK%C4%B0KA%3A+%C4%B0stanbul+%C4%B0stiklal+Caddesi%27nde+patlama+meydana+geldi&rft.pub=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fson-dakika-istanbul-istiklal-caddesinde-patlama-meydana-geldi-40071967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t24patlama-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t24patlama_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t24patlama_342-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t24patlama_342-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://t24.com.tr/haber/istiklal-caddesinde-patlama-yaralilar-var,332710">"İstiklal Caddesi'nde canlı bomba saldırısı; 5 kişi öldü, 3'ü ağır 36 yaralı var!"</a>. T24. Retrieved 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0stiklal+Caddesi%27nde+canl%C4%B1+bomba+sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1%3B+5+ki%C5%9Fi+%C3%B6ld%C3%BC%2C+3%27%C3%BC+a%C4%9F%C4%B1r+36+yaral%C4%B1+var%21&rft.pub=T24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ft24.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fistiklal-caddesinde-patlama-yaralilar-var%2C332710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-343"><a href="#cite_ref-ind_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/istanbul-explosion-injuries-reported-as-tourist-shopping-area-hit-by-blast-in-turkish-city-a6940706.html">"Istanbul explosion: At least five dead as tourist shopping area Istiklal Street hit by suicide bombing in Turkey"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 19 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Istanbul+explosion%3A+At+least+five+dead+as+tourist+shopping+area+Istiklal+Street+hit+by+suicide+bombing+in+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fistanbul-explosion-injuries-reported-as-tourist-shopping-area-hit-by-blast-in-turkish-city-a6940706.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPost20-344"><a href="#cite_ref-JPost20_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Israeli-authorities-publicize-name-of-fatality-from-Istanbul-attack-448493">"Israeli authorities confirm two fatalities from Istanbul bombing were dual US-Israeli citizens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli+authorities+confirm+two+fatalities+from+Istanbul+bombing+were+dual+US-Israeli+citizens&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FIsraeli-authorities-publicize-name-of-fatality-from-Istanbul-attack-448493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=96674&NewsCatID=509">"CRIME – Police identifies Istanbul bomber as ISIL member"</a>. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRIME+%E2%80%93+Police+identifies+Istanbul+bomber+as+ISIL+member&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D96674%26NewsCatID%3D509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/at-least-36-killed-in-terror-attack-on-istanbuls-ataturk-airport.aspx?PageID=238&NID=101035&NewsCatID=341">"At least 42 killed in terror attack on Istanbul's Atatürk Airport"</a>. hurriyetdailynews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=At+least+42+killed+in+terror+attack+on+Istanbul%27s+Atat%C3%BCrk+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fat-least-36-killed-in-terror-attack-on-istanbuls-ataturk-airport.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D101035%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-straitstimes_2016-07-02-347"><a href="#cite_ref-straitstimes_2016-07-02_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/istanbul-airport-attack-toll-rises-to-45-as-child-dies">"Toll rises to 45 as child dies"</a>. The Straits Times. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Toll+rises+to+45+as+child+dies&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fistanbul-airport-attack-toll-rises-to-45-as-child-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-artillery-shells-missile-launchers-kills-11-isil-militants.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98371&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish artillery shells missile launchers, kills 11 ISIL militants"</a>. hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+artillery+shells+missile+launchers%2C+kills+11+ISIL+militants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-artillery-shells-missile-launchers-kills-11-isil-militants.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98371%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/eight-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-shelling-in-syria-army.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98309&NewsCatID=509">"Eight ISIL militants killed in Turkish shelling in Syria: Army"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Eight+ISIL+militants+killed+in+Turkish+shelling+in+Syria%3A+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Feight-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-shelling-in-syria-army.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98309%26NewsCatID%3D509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/13-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-shelling-in-northern-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98393&NewsCatID=352">"13 ISIL militants killed in Turkish shelling in northern Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=13+ISIL+militants+killed+in+Turkish+shelling+in+northern+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2F13-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-shelling-in-northern-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98393%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/isil-fires-five-mortar-shells-near-turkish-border-post.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98455&NewsCatID=341">"ISIL fires five mortar shells near Turkish border post"</a>. hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIL+fires+five+mortar+shells+near+Turkish+border+post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fisil-fires-five-mortar-shells-near-turkish-border-post.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98455%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-352"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/16-wounded-as-two-rocket-projectiles-fired-from-syria-land-in-turkeys-kilis.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98241&NewsCatID=341">"16 wounded as two rocket projectiles fired from Syria land in Turkey's Kilis"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=16+wounded+as+two+rocket+projectiles+fired+from+Syria+land+in+Turkey%27s+Kilis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2F16-wounded-as-two-rocket-projectiles-fired-from-syria-land-in-turkeys-kilis.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98241%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/death-toll-from-kilis-rocket-strikes-hits-19.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98613&NewsCatID=341">"Death toll from Kilis rocket strikes hits 19"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Death+toll+from+Kilis+rocket+strikes+hits+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fdeath-toll-from-kilis-rocket-strikes-hits-19.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98613%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/coalition-drones-take-off-from-turkey-hit-isils-bomb-factory-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98567&NewsCatID=352">"Coalition drones take off from Turkey, hit ISIL's bomb factory in Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Coalition+drones+take+off+from+Turkey%2C+hit+ISIL%27s+bomb+factory+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fcoalition-drones-take-off-from-turkey-hit-isils-bomb-factory-in-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98567%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-355"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/six-isil-militants-killed-after-rocket-projectiles-hit-turkeys-kilis-army.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98656&NewsCatID=341">"Six ISIL militants killed after rocket projectiles hit Turkey's Kilis: Army"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Six+ISIL+militants+killed+after+rocket+projectiles+hit+Turkey%27s+Kilis%3A+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsix-isil-militants-killed-after-rocket-projectiles-hit-turkeys-kilis-army.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98656%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/two-rockets-hit-turkeys-kilis-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98707&NewsCatID=509">"Two rockets hit Turkey's Kilis"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Two+rockets+hit+Turkey%27s+Kilis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Ftwo-rockets-hit-turkeys-kilis-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98707%26NewsCatID%3D509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/under-isil-fire-kilis-locals-demand-more-protection.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98821&NewsCatID=341">"Under ISIL fire, Kilis locals demand more protection"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Under+ISIL+fire%2C+Kilis+locals+demand+more+protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Funder-isil-fire-kilis-locals-demand-more-protection.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98821%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-358"><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-stages-cross-border-operations-against-pkk-and-isil-in-iraq-and-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=98873&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey stages cross-border operations against PKK and ISIL in Iraq and Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkey+stages+cross-border+operations+against+PKK+and+ISIL+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-stages-cross-border-operations-against-pkk-and-isil-in-iraq-and-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D98873%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/28-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-coalition-operations-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99072&NewsCatID=352">"28 ISIL militants killed in Turkish, coalition operations in Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=28+ISIL+militants+killed+in+Turkish%2C+coalition+operations+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2F28-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-coalition-operations-in-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99072%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/27-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-coalition-operations-in-northern-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99216&NewsCatID=352">"27 ISIL militants killed in Turkish, coalition operations in northern Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=27+ISIL+militants+killed+in+Turkish%2C+coalition+operations+in+northern+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2F27-isil-militants-killed-in-turkish-coalition-operations-in-northern-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99216%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-mit-deasin-sozde-liderini-etkisiz-hale-getirdi-763852.html">"Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: MİT, DEAŞ'ın sözde liderini etkisiz hale getirdi"</a> [President Erdoğan: The so-called leader of the terrorist organization DAESH was neutralized by the operation carried out by the MIT in Syria.]. <a href="/wiki/TRT_Haber" title="TRT Haber">TRT Haber</a> (in Turkish). 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230501-turkey-offers-details-of-islamic-state-chief-s-death">"Turkey offers details of Islamic State chief's death".</a> France 24. 1 May 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/us-not-backing-turkish-claims-islamic-state-leader-is-dead/7073730.html">"US Not Backing Turkish Claims Islamic State Leader is Dead".</a> Voice of America News. 1 May 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-364"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-and-turkey-reach-agreement-temporarily-suspend-military-operation-syria">"US and Turkey reach agreement to suspend military operation in Syria"</a>. Middle East Eye. 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=US+and+Turkey+reach+agreement+to+suspend+military+operation+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fus-and-turkey-reach-agreement-temporarily-suspend-military-operation-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-365"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50091305">"Turkey to suspend Syria offensive, US says"</a>. BBC. 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+suspend+Syria+offensive%2C+US+says&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-50091305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/isis-leader-killed-syria-abu-al-hussein-al-husseini-al-qurayshi-rcna98020">"ISIS says its leader was killed by militants in Syria and names successor"</a>. NBC News. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=ISIS+says+its+leader+was+killed+by+militants+in+Syria+and+names+successor&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fisis-leader-killed-syria-abu-al-hussein-al-husseini-al-qurayshi-rcna98020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolton2019" class="citation web cs1">Stolton, Samuel (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/turkey-relationship-nato-tested-syria-operation-191013190857028.html">"Turkey's relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation"</a>. Aljazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+relationship+with+NATO+tested+over+Syria+operation&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Stolton&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2Fturkey-relationship-nato-tested-syria-operation-191013190857028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgangGlenn2019" class="citation web cs1">Wolfgang, Ben; Glenn, Mike (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/oct/16/turkey-nato-status-complicates-response-erdogan-sy/">"Turkey's NATO status complicates U.S. response to Erdogan's Syria incursion"</a>. The Washington Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+NATO+status+complicates+U.S.+response+to+Erdogan%27s+Syria+incursion&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Wolfgang&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Foct%2F16%2Fturkey-nato-status-complicates-response-erdogan-sy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/turkey-syria-wrong-direction-russia-mark-esper-says-us-nato-ally-donald-trump-lauds-ceasefire-2019-10-24/">"Esper chides NATO ally Turkey for "heading in the wrong direction" with Russia in Syria"</a>. CBS News. 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Esper+chides+NATO+ally+Turkey+for+%22heading+in+the+wrong+direction%22+with+Russia+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fturkey-syria-wrong-direction-russia-mark-esper-says-us-nato-ally-donald-trump-lauds-ceasefire-2019-10-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191204-macron-says-no-consensus-turkey-definition-terrorism-syria-kurds-nato">"Macron says 'no consensus' with Turkey over definition of terrorism"</a>. France 24. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Macron+says+%27no+consensus%27+with+Turkey+over+definition+of+terrorism&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191204-macron-says-no-consensus-turkey-definition-terrorism-syria-kurds-nato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-euobserver_nato-371">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euobserver_nato_371-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-euobserver_nato_371-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/146810">Macron spars with US and Turkey over Nato</a>, By NIKOLAJ NIELSEN BRUSSELS, 4. DEC, euobserver.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-summit-macron-turkey-idUSKBN1Y71VE">"Macron says time for Turkey to clarify ambiguous stance on Islamic State"</a>. Reuters. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Macron+says+time+for+Turkey+to+clarify+ambiguous+stance+on+Islamic+State&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-nato-summit-macron-turkey-idUSKBN1Y71VE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/yahya_bostan/2019/12/09/exclusive-details-of-erdogans-meeting-with-johnson-merkel-and-macron">Exclusive details of Erdoğan's meeting with Johnson, Merkel and Macron</a>, by Yahya Bostan, dailysabah.com </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/turkey-united-states-russia-is-erdogan-trojan-horse-in-nato.html">Erdogan in NATO: Russia’s ‘Trojan horse’?</a>, by Cengiz Candar 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/a-four-way-summit-on-syria-will-be-in-turkey-149498">A four-way summit on Syria will be in Turkey</a>, NewsTurkey 5 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/10/13/Turkey-approves-U-S-use-of-its-air-base-to-fight-ISIS-.html">"Turkey denies giving U.S. access to Incirlik airbase"</a>. Al Arabiya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+denies+giving+U.S.+access+to+Incirlik+airbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F10%2F13%2FTurkey-approves-U-S-use-of-its-air-base-to-fight-ISIS-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/tensions-grow-between-ankara-and-washington-over-use-of-air-bases-for-attacks-9792248.html">"Isis air strikes: Tensions grow between Ankara and Washington over use of air bases for attacks"</a>. Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Isis+air+strikes%3A+Tensions+grow+between+Ankara+and+Washington+over+use+of+air+bases+for+attacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftensions-grow-between-ankara-and-washington-over-use-of-air-bases-for-attacks-9792248.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-airbase-idUSKCN0PX2B520150723">"Turkey lets U.S. strike Islamic State from Incirlik base: U.S."</a> Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+lets+U.S.+strike+Islamic+State+from+Incirlik+base%3A+U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-usa-airbase-idUSKCN0PX2B520150723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/059d3690-dbb5-11e5-98fd-06d75973fe09.html#axzz43TPnYR00">"Saudi war planes begin arriving at Turkey's Incirlik air base"</a>. Financial Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+war+planes+begin+arriving+at+Turkey%27s+Incirlik+air+base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F059d3690-dbb5-11e5-98fd-06d75973fe09.html%23axzz43TPnYR00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/partial-no-fly-zone-included-in-us-turkey-consensus-turkish-sources.aspx?PageID=238&NID=85850&NewsCatID=510">"Partial no-fly zone included in US-Turkey consensus: Turkish sources"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Partial+no-fly+zone+included+in+US-Turkey+consensus%3A+Turkish+sources&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fpartial-no-fly-zone-included-in-us-turkey-consensus-turkish-sources.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D85850%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160719210408/http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/07/24/report-turkey-us-airbase-deal-envisages-syria-no-fly-zone/30621439/">"Report: Turkey-US Airbase Deal Envisages Syria No-Fly Zone"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 24 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/07/24/report-turkey-us-airbase-deal-envisages-syria-no-fly-zone/30621439/">the original</a> on 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Turkey-US+Airbase+Deal+Envisages+Syria+No-Fly+Zone&rft.pub=Agence+France-Presse&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fstory%2Fdefense%2F2015%2F07%2F24%2Freport-turkey-us-airbase-deal-envisages-syria-no-fly-zone%2F30621439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-families-of-us-personnel-left-incirlik-airbase-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=97326&NewsCatID=341">"The families of US personnel left İncirlik airbase"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=The+families+of+US+personnel+left+%C4%B0ncirlik+airbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fthe-families-of-us-personnel-left-incirlik-airbase-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D97326%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/danish-jets-stationed-at-turkeys-incirlik-bomb-isil-for-the-first-time.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102549&NewsCatID=352">"Danish jets stationed at Turkey's İncirlik bomb ISIL for the first time"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Danish+jets+stationed+at+Turkey%27s+%C4%B0ncirlik+bomb+ISIL+for+the+first+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fdanish-jets-stationed-at-turkeys-incirlik-bomb-isil-for-the-first-time.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D102549%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstaff" class="citation web cs1">staff, T. O. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/amid-rising-tensions-us-said-considering-plan-to-remove-nukes-from-turkish-base/">"US said considering plan to remove nukes from Turkish base near Syrian border"</a>. timesofisrael.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=US+said+considering+plan+to+remove+nukes+from+Turkish+base+near+Syrian+border&rft.aulast=staff&rft.aufirst=T.+O.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Famid-rising-tensions-us-said-considering-plan-to-remove-nukes-from-turkish-base%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2019" class="citation web cs1">Brennan, David (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/u-s-turkey-tensions-fears-future-nuclear-weapons-syria-donald-trump-erdogan-1465331">"U.S.-Turkey tensions raise fears over future of nuclear weapons near Syria"</a>. Newsweek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.-Turkey+tensions+raise+fears+over+future+of+nuclear+weapons+near+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fu-s-turkey-tensions-fears-future-nuclear-weapons-syria-donald-trump-erdogan-1465331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/10/turkey-and-nato-troubled-relationship/599890/">"Why is Turkey in NATO Anyway?"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Turkey+in+NATO+Anyway%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2019%2F10%2Fturkey-and-nato-troubled-relationship%2F599890%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lindsey-graham-warns-turkey-nato-suspension-sanctions-if-kurds-attacked-2019-10">"Lindsey Graham says Congress will call for Turkey to be suspended from NATO and hit it with sanctions if it attacks Kurds"</a>. Business Insider. 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lindsey+Graham+says+Congress+will+call+for+Turkey+to+be+suspended+from+NATO+and+hit+it+with+sanctions+if+it+attacks+Kurds&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flindsey-graham-warns-turkey-nato-suspension-sanctions-if-kurds-attacked-2019-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/465847-democratic-lawmaker-expelling-turkey-from-nato-should-be-on-the-table/">"Democratic lawmaker: Expelling Turkey from NATO 'should be on the table'"</a>. The Hill. 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democratic+lawmaker%3A+Expelling+Turkey+from+NATO+%27should+be+on+the+table%27&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F465847-democratic-lawmaker-expelling-turkey-from-nato-should-be-on-the-table%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36396248">"Syria war: Turkey anger over US commando photos"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Turkey+anger+over+US+commando+photos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36396248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-wants-ops-with-us-in-syria-no-plan-yet.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99871&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey wants ops with US in Syria, no plan yet"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+wants+ops+with+US+in+Syria%2C+no+plan+yet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-wants-ops-with-us-in-syria-no-plan-yet.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99871%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abma-if-we-391">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abma-if-we_391-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abma-if-we_391-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2019" class="citation web cs1">Abdi, Mazloum (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/13/kurds-assad-syria-russia-putin-turkey-genocide/">"If We Have to Choose Between Compromise and Genocide, We Will Choose Our People"</a>. Foreign Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=If+We+Have+to+Choose+Between+Compromise+and+Genocide%2C+We+Will+Choose+Our+People&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Mazloum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fkurds-assad-syria-russia-putin-turkey-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Margaret (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/syria-turkey-1.5328109">"Turkey 'outsourcing war crimes' to armed groups, Amnesty says after Kurdish politician's murder"</a>. CBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Turkey+%27outsourcing+war+crimes%27+to+armed+groups%2C+Amnesty+says+after+Kurdish+politician%27s+murder&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsyria-turkey-1.5328109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryFrancis2019" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Tom; Francis, Ellen (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-kurds-future/for-syrian-kurds-a-leaders-killing-deepens-sense-of-us-betrayal-idUSKBN1X11HZ">"For Syrian Kurds, a leader's killing deepens sense of U.S. betrayal"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=For+Syrian+Kurds%2C+a+leader%27s+killing+deepens+sense+of+U.S.+betrayal&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Francis%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-kurds-future%2Ffor-syrian-kurds-a-leaders-killing-deepens-sense-of-us-betrayal-idUSKBN1X11HZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbardKirkpatrick2019" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Ben; Kirkpatrick, David D. (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/world/middleeast/kurds-sense-of-betrayal-compounded-by-empowerment-of-unsavory-rivals.html">"Kurds' Sense of Betrayal Compounded by Empowerment of Unsavory Rivals"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kurds%27+Sense+of+Betrayal+Compounded+by+Empowerment+of+Unsavory+Rivals&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkurds-sense-of-betrayal-compounded-by-empowerment-of-unsavory-rivals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlorunnipaKim2019" class="citation news cs1">Olorunnipa, Toluse; Kim, Seung Min (8 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mcconnell-joins-other-republicans-in-rebuking-trumps-syria-withdrawal/2019/10/07/aef0d11e-e914-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html">"Republicans deliver rare rebuke of Trump, slamming his Syria withdrawal decision"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Republicans+deliver+rare+rebuke+of+Trump%2C+slamming+his+Syria+withdrawal+decision&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.aulast=Olorunnipa&rft.aufirst=Toluse&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seung+Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fmcconnell-joins-other-republicans-in-rebuking-trumps-syria-withdrawal%2F2019%2F10%2F07%2Faef0d11e-e914-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkmens-escape-to-turkey-from-russian-al-assad-fire-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=94550&NewsCatID=352">"MIDEAST – Turkmens escape to Turkey from Russian, al-Assad fire in Syria"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=MIDEAST+%E2%80%93+Turkmens+escape+to+Turkey+from+Russian%2C+al-Assad+fire+in+Syria&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkmens-escape-to-turkey-from-russian-al-assad-fire-in-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D94550%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdsu.com/national/russian-aggression-criticized-amid-syria-talks/37773120">"No Longer Available"</a>. WDSU. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WDSU&rft.atitle=No+Longer+Available&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdsu.com%2Fnational%2Frussian-aggression-criticized-amid-syria-talks%2F37773120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201222010/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/31/c_135060254.htm">"Turkish air forces on alert after alleged airspace violation by Russian warplane"</a>. Xinhua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/31/c_135060254.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+air+forces+on+alert+after+alleged+airspace+violation+by+Russian+warplane&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2016-01%2F31%2Fc_135060254.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VC169">"Russia and Turkey trade accusations over Syria"</a>. Reuters. 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Turkey+trade+accusations+over+Syria&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VC169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-pm-turkey-will-not-comply-with-syrian-cease-fire-if-under-threat-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95677&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish PM: Turkey will not comply with Syrian cease-fire if under threat"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkish+PM%3A+Turkey+will+not+comply+with+Syrian+cease-fire+if+under+threat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-pm-turkey-will-not-comply-with-syrian-cease-fire-if-under-threat-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95677%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Post-401"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Post_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/turkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear">"Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+fired+on+parachuting+Russian+pilots%2C+killing+at+least+one+after+Turkey+shot+down+warplane%3A+official&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fturkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weapon-402"><a href="#cite_ref-weapon_402-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2015" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/26/world/europe/turkey-russia-jet.html">"Navigator Rescued After Turkey Shot Down Warplane, Russia Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Navigator+Rescued+After+Turkey+Shot+Down+Warplane%2C+Russia+Says&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-russia-jet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurriyet-403"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurriyet_403-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-rejected-joining-anti-isil-quartet-in-baghdad-due-to-assad-says-erdogan.aspx?PageID=238&NID=93085&NewsCatID=352">"Turkey rejected joining anti-ISIL quartet in Baghdad due to Assad, says Erdoğan"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkey+rejected+joining+anti-ISIL+quartet+in+Baghdad+due+to+Assad%2C+says+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-rejected-joining-anti-isil-quartet-in-baghdad-due-to-assad-says-erdogan.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D93085%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/i-will-resign-if-evidence-of-link-between-turkey-isil-emerges-turkish-fm.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99325&NewsCatID=510">"I will resign if evidence of link between Turkey, ISIL emerges: Turkish FM"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=I+will+resign+if+evidence+of+link+between+Turkey%2C+ISIL+emerges%3A+Turkish+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fi-will-resign-if-evidence-of-link-between-turkey-isil-emerges-turkish-fm.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99325%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/turkey-declares-24-hour-curfew-kurdish-town-37612064">"Russia: Turkish Troops in Syria for Operation Against Kurds"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Turkish+Troops+in+Syria+for+Operation+Against+Kurds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fturkey-declares-24-hour-curfew-kurdish-town-37612064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Lavrov-Russia-has-evidence-Turkish-troops-on-Syrian-territory-447759">"Lavrov: Russia has evidence Turkish troops on Syrian territory"</a>. The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Lavrov%3A+Russia+has+evidence+Turkish+troops+on+Syrian+territory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FBreaking-News%2FLavrov-Russia-has-evidence-Turkish-troops-on-Syrian-territory-447759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-military-denies-russian-claims-of-turkish-deployment-inside-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=96459&NewsCatID=352">"Turkish military denies Russian claims of Turkish deployment inside Syria"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkish+military+denies+Russian+claims+of+Turkish+deployment+inside+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-military-denies-russian-claims-of-turkish-deployment-inside-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D96459%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/astana-round-begins-with-a-meeting-between-the-meeting-sponsors-h13118.html">Astana round begins with a meeting between the meeting sponsors</a> The 14th round of the Astana meetings began in the Kazakh capital Nur Sultan on Tuesday morning with a series of meetings of the meeting sponsors (Russia, Turkey and Iran). 10 December 2019, Tue - 14:07 2019-12-10T14:07:00 NEWS DESK </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyprus-mail.com/2019/12/08/syria-the-most-complex-conflict-of-our-time/">Syria: the most complex conflict of our time</a>, By Elias Hazou, 8 December 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantWeise2016" class="citation news cs1">Oliphant, Roland; Weise, Zia (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/01/russia-and-turkey-to-coordinate-syria-policy/">"Russia and Turkey to 'coordinate' Syria policy"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/01/russia-and-turkey-to-coordinate-syria-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Turkey+to+%27coordinate%27+Syria+policy&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Weise%2C+Zia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2Frussia-and-turkey-to-coordinate-syria-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101580&NewsCatID=510">"Turkish PM says Assad must go before any change in Turkey's stance – DIPLOMACY"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+PM+says+Assad+must+go+before+any+change+in+Turkey%27s+stance+%E2%80%93+DIPLOMACY&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D101580%26NewsCatID%3D510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin2019" class="citation web cs1">Sherwin, Emily (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-offensive-in-syria-forces-russia-into-a-balancing-act/a-50828950">"Turkey offensive in Syria forces Russia into a balancing act"</a>. Deutsche Welle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Turkey+offensive+in+Syria+forces+Russia+into+a+balancing+act&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkey-offensive-in-syria-forces-russia-into-a-balancing-act%2Fa-50828950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoy2019" class="citation news cs1">Foy, Henry (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195">"Russia calls Turkey's invasion of north Syria 'unacceptable'"</a>. Financial Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+calls+Turkey%27s+invasion+of+north+Syria+%27unacceptable%27&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Foy&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ko-il-rftv-414">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ko-il-rftv_414-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ko-il-rftv_414-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottasováIlyushina2019" class="citation web cs1">Kottasová, Ivana; Ilyushina, Mary (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/15/middleeast/turkey-syria-russian-troops-intl/index.html">"Russians fill the void left by US troops in Syria"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russians+fill+the+void+left+by+US+troops+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Kottasov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft.au=Ilyushina%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F15%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkey-syria-russian-troops-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2019" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Raf (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/14/assad-troops-enter-northeast-syria-russia-backed-deal-kurds/">"Assad troops enter north-east Syria after Russia-backed deal with Kurds"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/14/assad-troops-enter-northeast-syria-russia-backed-deal-kurds/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Assad+troops+enter+north-east+Syria+after+Russia-backed+deal+with+Kurds&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fassad-troops-enter-northeast-syria-russia-backed-deal-kurds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-ssgse-416">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-ssgse_416-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-ssgse_416-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-ssgse_416-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo-ssgse_416-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahim,_KareemDadouch,_SarahEnglund,_Will2019" class="citation news cs1">Fahim, Kareem; Dadouch, Sarah; Englund, Will (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syria-says-government-soldiers-enter-manbij-after-us-troops-withdraw/2019/10/15/d494405a-eeb8-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html">"Russia patrolling between Turkish and Syrian forces after U.S. troops withdraw"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+patrolling+between+Turkish+and+Syrian+forces+after+U.S.+troops+withdraw&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.au=Fahim%2C+Kareem&rft.au=Dadouch%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Englund%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fsyria-says-government-soldiers-enter-manbij-after-us-troops-withdraw%2F2019%2F10%2F15%2Fd494405a-eeb8-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortazavi2019" class="citation news cs1">Mortazavi, Negar (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/trump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html">"How Russia is filling the gap left by Trump's withdrawal of US troops in Syria"</a>. The Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+Russia+is+filling+the+gap+left+by+Trump%27s+withdrawal+of+US+troops+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Mortazavi&rft.aufirst=Negar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Ftrump-syria-kurds-russia-putin-assad-a9157656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ol-ram-418"><a href="#cite_ref-ol-ram_418-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant2019" class="citation news cs1">Oliphant, Roland (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/15/russia-assumes-mantle-supreme-power-broker-middle-east-us-retreats/">"Russia assumes mantle of supreme power broker in Middle East as US retreats from Syria"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/15/russia-assumes-mantle-supreme-power-broker-middle-east-us-retreats/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Russia+assumes+mantle+of+supreme+power+broker+in+Middle+East+as+US+retreats+from+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F15%2Frussia-assumes-mantle-supreme-power-broker-middle-east-us-retreats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevastopuloWilliamsPitelFoy2019" class="citation web cs1">Sevastopulo, Demetri; Williams, Aime; Pitel, Laura; Foy, Henry (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195">"US delegation to press Turkey for Syrian ceasefire"</a>. Financial Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=US+delegation+to+press+Turkey+for+Syrian+ceasefire&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Sevastopulo&rft.aufirst=Demetri&rft.au=Williams%2C+Aime&rft.au=Pitel%2C+Laura&rft.au=Foy%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3123143a-ef41-11e9-ad1e-4367d8281195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/051220193">Russia has pledged to remove Turkish forces from strategic highway</a>, 5 December 2019 by Karwan Faidhi Dri. </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191209-russia-and-turkey-armies-strike-deal-to-swap-water-for-electricity/">Russia and Turkey armies strike deal to swap water for electricity</a>, 9 December 2019, middleeastmonitor.com </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/860c5e68-1e9e-4bb5-a014-6a3505d90ad4">Russians appear to broker deal with Turkey in electricity for water swap in Syria</a>, Wladimir van Wilgenburg Wladimir van Wilgenburg | 9–2 December, 019. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/what-is-happening-in-al-shirkark-silos-in-ain-issa-district-h13119.html">What is happening in al-Shirkark silos in Ain Issa district?</a> The Turkish occupation army withdrew from al-Shirkrak silo, according it seems agreement with Russia, while yesterday, the Russian forces headed with the Syrian regime to remove mines in the silos' vicinity, we have no precise information about the forces which will be stationed in the silos. 10 December 2019, Tue - 14:38 2019-12-10T14:38:00 AIN ISSA – SHARVIN MUSTAFA. hawarnews.com </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/interview/09122019">Mustafa Bali: Turkey continues to violate ceasefire deals, targets Kurds</a>, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Russian forces in Syria, SDF discuss phase two in border security deal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183004/https://ahvalnews.com/northern-syria/russian-forces-syria-sdf-discuss-phase-two-border-security-deal">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/23/life-on-the-front-lines-in-northern-syria/">Life on the Front Lines in Northern Syria</a>; With echoes of shelling from Turkish-allied forces nearby, families sheltering in abandoned villages wonder when they can go home. BY JADE SACKER, 23 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120725/http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/4807-syrian-refugee-camps-in-turkish-territory-interactive-web-report">"Syrian refugee camps in Turkish territory tracked by satellite"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/4807-syrian-refugee-camps-in-turkish-territory-interactive-web-report">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+refugee+camps+in+Turkish+territory+tracked+by+satellite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrium-geo.com%2Fen%2F4807-syrian-refugee-camps-in-turkish-territory-interactive-web-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610001901/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay/">"Escape to Uncertainty"</a>. National Geographic. 7 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay/">the original</a> on 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Escape+to+Uncertainty&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F06%2F130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syrianrefugees.eu-429"><a href="#cite_ref-syrianrefugees.eu_429-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312005943/http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=80">"Turkey – Syrian Refugees"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=80">the original</a> on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+Syrian+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianrefugees.eu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113">"Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey"</a>. UNHCR. Retrieved 8 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Regional+Refugee+Response%3A+Turkey&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata2.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fsituations%2Fsyria%2Flocation%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610001901/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay/">"Escape to Uncertainty"</a>. National Geographic. 7 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay/">the original</a> on 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Escape+to+Uncertainty&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F06%2F130607-refugee-crisis-war-migration-turkey-syria-afghanistan-iran-chechnya-gay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey/erdogan-says-turkey-aims-to-settle-1-million-refugees-in-syria-offensive-area-idUSKBN1YD27R">"Erdogan says Turkey aims to settle 1 million refugees in Syria offensive area"</a>. Reuters. 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Erdogan+says+Turkey+aims+to+settle+1+million+refugees+in+Syria+offensive+area&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey%2Ferdogan-says-turkey-aims-to-settle-1-million-refugees-in-syria-offensive-area-idUSKBN1YD27R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/09/turkey-resettling-refugees-northeastern-syria/">Turkey Begins Resettling Refugees in Northeastern Syria: Continued reports of atrocities by Turkish-backed forces raise concerns about ethnic cleansing</a>. BY LARA SELIGMAN | 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Erdogan announces start working to house one million people in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724181315/https://www.shafaaq.com/en/world/erdogan-announces-start-working-to-house-one-million-people-in-northern-syria/">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation magazine cs1">Wright, Robin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/americas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey">"America's Ally in Syria Warns of Ethnic Cleansing by Turkey"</a>. The New Yorker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=America%27s+Ally+in+Syria+Warns+of+Ethnic+Cleansing+by+Turkey&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fq-and-a%2Famericas-ally-in-syria-warns-of-ethnic-cleansing-by-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman2014" class="citation news cs1">Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426105227/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2014/06/zaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html">"Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2014/06/zaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+continue+to+blame+Turkey+for+backing+ISIS+militants&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Amberin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fru%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F06%2Fzaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgenburg2014" class="citation news cs1">Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201031351/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/syria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html">"Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/syria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurdish+security+chief%3A+Turkey+must+end+support+for+jihadists&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft.aulast=Wilgenburg&rft.aufirst=Wladimir+van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F08%2Fsyria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Spencer2015" class="citation news cs1">Richard Spencer (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11699969/Turkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html">"Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11699969/Turkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+accused+of+allowing+Islamic+State+fighters+to+cross+its+border+in+Kobane+attack&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.au=Richard+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11699969%2FTurkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Telegraph-439">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph_439-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph_439-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11262748/Kobane-attackers-came-from-Turkey-claims-Turkeys-main-Kurdish-party.html">"Kobane attackers came from Turkey, claims Turkey's main Kurdish party"</a>. The Telegraph. 29 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11262748/Kobane-attackers-came-from-Turkey-claims-Turkeys-main-Kurdish-party.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kobane+attackers+came+from+Turkey%2C+claims+Turkey%27s+main+Kurdish+party&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F11262748%2FKobane-attackers-came-from-Turkey-claims-Turkeys-main-Kurdish-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Cockburn, Patrick</a> (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n21/patrick-cockburn/whose-side-is-turkey-on">"Whose side is Turkey on?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 36 (21): 8–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Whose+side+is+Turkey+on%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv36%2Fn21%2Fpatrick-cockburn%2Fwhose-side-is-turkey-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, David L. (9 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html">"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Research+Paper%3A+ISIS-Turkey+List&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-l-phillips%2Fresearch-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiton2014" class="citation news cs1">Guiton, Barney (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/isis-and-turkey-cooperate-destroy-kurds-former-isis-member-reveals-turkish-282920">"'ISIS Sees Turkey as Its Ally': Former Islamic State Member Reveals Turkish Army Cooperation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=%27ISIS+Sees+Turkey+as+Its+Ally%27%3A+Former+Islamic+State+Member+Reveals+Turkish+Army+Cooperation&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Guiton&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fisis-and-turkey-cooperate-destroy-kurds-former-isis-member-reveals-turkish-282920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Solomon2014" class="citation news cs1">Ben-Solomon, Ariel (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Islamic-State-fighter-Turkey-paved-the-way-for-us-369443">"Islamic State fighter: 'Turkey paved the way for us'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+fighter%3A+%27Turkey+paved+the+way+for+us%27&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Ben-Solomon&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FIslamic-State-fighter-Turkey-paved-the-way-for-us-369443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faiola-444">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faiola_444-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faiola_444-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faiola_444-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiolaMekhennet2014" class="citation news cs1">Faiola, Anthony; Mekhennet, Souad (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/how-turkey-became-the-shopping-mall-for-the-islamic-state/2014/08/12/5eff70bf-a38a-4334-9aa9-ae3fc1714c4b_story.html">"In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Turkey%2C+a+late+crackdown+on+Islamist+fighters&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.aulast=Faiola&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Mekhennet%2C+Souad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fhow-turkey-became-the-shopping-mall-for-the-islamic-state%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2F5eff70bf-a38a-4334-9aa9-ae3fc1714c4b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/links-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7">"Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'"</a>. Business Insider. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Senior+Western+official%3A+Links+between+Turkey+and+ISIS+are+now+%27undeniable%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flinks-between-turkey-and-isis-are-now-undeniable-2015-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Williams2015" class="citation news cs1">Lauren Williams (4 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102524/http://www.aina.org/news/20150104175714.htm">"ISIS Has Polarized Turkey Domestically"</a>. Daily Star, Lebanon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/news/20150104175714.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIS+Has+Polarized+Turkey+Domestically&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft.au=Lauren+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fnews%2F20150104175714.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.in/isis-fighters-seen-fraternising-turkish-soldiers-near-kobani-border-video-612629">"ISIS Fighters Seen Mingling with Turkish Soldiers Near Kobani Border [VIDEO]"</a>. International Business Times. 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=ISIS+Fighters+Seen+Mingling+with+Turkish+Soldiers+Near+Kobani+Border+%5BVIDEO%5D&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.in%2Fisis-fighters-seen-fraternising-turkish-soldiers-near-kobani-border-video-612629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/sep/21/kurds-volunteering-fight-isis-turned-away-turkish-border-video">"Kurds volunteering to fight Isis turned away at Turkish border – video"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kurds+volunteering+to+fight+Isis+turned+away+at+Turkish+border+%E2%80%93+video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fvideo%2F2014%2Fsep%2F21%2Fkurds-volunteering-fight-isis-turned-away-turkish-border-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_449-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_449-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33690060">"Turkey v Syria's Kurds v Islamic State"</a>. BBC News. 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+v+Syria%27s+Kurds+v+Islamic+State&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33690060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-29528482">"Joe Biden apologised over IS remarks, but was he right?"</a>. BBC News. 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+apologised+over+IS+remarks%2C+but+was+he+right%3F&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-29528482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattersallKarouny2014" class="citation news cs1">Tattersall, Nick; Karouny, Mariam (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713101635/http://www.businessinsider.com/r-turkey-struggles-as-lone-gatekeeper-against-islamic-state-recruitment-2014-8">"Turkey's 'Open Border' Policy With Syria Has Backfired As ISIS Recruitment Continues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-turkey-struggles-as-lone-gatekeeper-against-islamic-state-recruitment-2014-8">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+%27Open+Border%27+Policy+With+Syria+Has+Backfired+As+ISIS+Recruitment+Continues&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.aulast=Tattersall&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Karouny%2C+Mariam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fr-turkey-struggles-as-lone-gatekeeper-against-islamic-state-recruitment-2014-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanzer2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schanzer" title="Jonathan Schanzer">Schanzer, Jonathan</a> (25 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2014/09/25/boosting-turkey-as-it-backs-terror/">"Boosting Turkey as it backs terror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Boosting+Turkey+as+it+backs+terror&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.aulast=Schanzer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F25%2Fboosting-turkey-as-it-backs-terror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/gursel-al-qaeda-isis-turkey-mosul-iraq-syria-consulate.html">"Turkey paying price for jihadist highway on border"</a>. Al-Monitor. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+paying+price+for+jihadist+highway+on+border&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F06%2Fgursel-al-qaeda-isis-turkey-mosul-iraq-syria-consulate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/turkey-isis-border-close.html">"Turkey should close its border to ISIS"</a>. Al-Monitor. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+should+close+its+border+to+ISIS&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F06%2Fturkey-isis-border-close.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Tisdall2015" class="citation web cs1">Simon Tisdall (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/24/us-deal-turkey-isis-incirlik-airbase-erdogan-obama">"US deal with Turkey over Isis may go beyond simple use of an airbase"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+deal+with+Turkey+over+Isis+may+go+beyond+simple+use+of+an+airbase&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.au=Simon+Tisdall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F24%2Fus-deal-turkey-isis-incirlik-airbase-erdogan-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/war-with-isis-president-obama-demands-that-turkey-close-stretch-of-frontier-with-syria-a6753836.html">"War with Isis: Obama demands Turkey closes stretch of border with Syria"</a>. Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=War+with+Isis%3A+Obama+demands+Turkey+closes+stretch+of+border+with+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwar-with-isis-president-obama-demands-that-turkey-close-stretch-of-frontier-with-syria-a6753836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syrianews.cc/syria-al-shihabi-we-have-decisive-evidence-on-turkeys-involvement-in-robbing-factories-in-aleppo/">"Syria al Shihabi we have decisive evidence on turkeys involvement in robbing factories in Aleppo"</a>. syrianews.cc. 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syrianews.cc&rft.atitle=Syria+al+Shihabi+we+have+decisive+evidence+on+turkeys+involvement+in+robbing+factories+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syrianews.cc%2Fsyria-al-shihabi-we-have-decisive-evidence-on-turkeys-involvement-in-robbing-factories-in-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/assad-calls-erdogan-thief-rare-visit-idlib-frontline-191022163333341.html">"Assad calls Erdogan a 'thief' in rare visit to Idlib front line"</a>. Al Jazeera. 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Assad+calls+Erdogan+a+%27thief%27+in+rare+visit+to+Idlib+front+line&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Fassad-calls-erdogan-thief-rare-visit-idlib-frontline-191022163333341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerSanchez2014" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard; Sanchez, Raf (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html">"Turkish government co-operated with al-Qaeda in Syria, says former US ambassador"</a>. Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913194200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11093478/Turkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+government+co-operated+with+al-Qaeda+in+Syria%2C+says+former+US+ambassador&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Raf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fturkey%2F11093478%2FTurkish-government-co-operated-with-al-Qaeda-in-Syria-says-former-US-ambassador.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2014-005877_EN.html">"Turkey and support for ISIS"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+support+for+ISIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FE-8-2014-005877_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2014-006115_EN.html">"Turkey and medical assistance to ISIS"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+medical+assistance+to+ISIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FE-8-2014-006115_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2014-005877-ASW_EN.html">"Answer to Question No E-005877/14, E-006115/14"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Answer+to+Question+No+E-005877%2F14%2C+E-006115%2F14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FE-8-2014-005877-ASW_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jerusalem_post_september_2020-463">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jerusalem_post_september_2020_463-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jerusalem_post_september_2020_463-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/turkeys-relationship-with-isis-proves-its-deserting-its-european-allies-643187">"Turkey's relationship with ISIS proves it's deserting its European allies"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+relationship+with+ISIS+proves+it%27s+deserting+its+European+allies&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fturkeys-relationship-with-isis-proves-its-deserting-its-european-allies-643187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_guardian-464">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_464-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_464-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/26/isis-syria-turkey-us">"Turkey sends in jets as Syria's agony spills over every border"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+sends+in+jets+as+Syria%27s+agony+spills+over+every+border&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F26%2Fisis-syria-turkey-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_israel-465">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_israel_465-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_israel_465-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35415956">"Israeli defence minister accuses Turkey of buying IS oil"</a>. BBC News. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+defence+minister+accuses+Turkey+of+buying+IS+oil&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35415956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArangoSchmitt2015" class="citation news cs1">Arango, Tim; Schmitt, Eric (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/world/europe/despite-crackdown-path-to-join-isis-often-winds-through-porous-turkish-border.html?_r=0">"A Path to ISIS, Through a Porous Turkish Border"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Path+to+ISIS%2C+Through+a+Porous+Turkish+Border&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdespite-crackdown-path-to-join-isis-often-winds-through-porous-turkish-border.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11l8nLZNPSY">"Anyone but US! Biden blames allies for ISIS rise"</a>. RT. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anyone+but+US%21+Biden+blames+allies+for+ISIS+rise&rft.pub=RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D11l8nLZNPSY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/unitedarabemirates/11142683/Joe-Biden-forced-to-apologise-to-UAE-and-Turkey-over-Syria-remarks.html">"Joe Biden forced to apologise to UAE and Turkey over Syria remarks"</a>. telegraph. 6 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/unitedarabemirates/11142683/Joe-Biden-forced-to-apologise-to-UAE-and-Turkey-over-Syria-remarks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Biden+forced+to+apologise+to+UAE+and+Turkey+over+Syria+remarks&rft.pub=telegraph&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Funitedarabemirates%2F11142683%2FJoe-Biden-forced-to-apologise-to-UAE-and-Turkey-over-Syria-remarks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/trump-putin-isil-turkey-216309">"Trump aligns with Putin in accusing Turkey of siding with ISIL"</a>. Politico. 1 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616050648/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/trump-putin-isil-turkey-216309">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+aligns+with+Putin+in+accusing+Turkey+of+siding+with+ISIL&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2015%2F12%2Ftrump-putin-isil-turkey-216309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.am/eng/news/302337.html">"Armenia defense minister accuses Turkey of supporting ISIS"</a>. news.am. 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.am&rft.atitle=Armenia+defense+minister+accuses+Turkey+of+supporting+ISIS&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F302337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/25/sas-deployed-libya-start-year-leaked-memo-king-abdullah">"SAS deployed in Libya since the start of the year, says leaked memo"</a>. The Guardian. 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=SAS+deployed+in+Libya+since+the+start+of+the+year%2C+says+leaked+memo&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F25%2Fsas-deployed-libya-start-year-leaked-memo-king-abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/egypt-slams-turkeys-erdogan-terrorism-supporter-after-critical-un-speech-1467151">"Egypt Slams Turkey's Erdogan as 'Terrorism Supporter' After Critical UN Speech"</a>. International Business Times. 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Egypt+Slams+Turkey%27s+Erdogan+as+%27Terrorism+Supporter%27+After+Critical+UN+Speech&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fegypt-slams-turkeys-erdogan-terrorism-supporter-after-critical-un-speech-1467151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/cyprus-questions-turkeys-determination-fight-isis-312013">"questions Turkey's determination to fight ISIS"</a>. EURACTIV. 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=questions+Turkey%27s+determination+to+fight+ISIS&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsections%2Fglobal-europe%2Fcyprus-questions-turkeys-determination-fight-isis-312013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbulletin.net/cyprus/greek-cypriot-spy-chief-turkish-cypriots-helping-isil-h144903.html">"Greek Cypriot spy chief: Turkish Cypriots 'helping' ISIL"</a>. www.worldbulletin.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldbulletin.net&rft.atitle=Greek+Cypriot+spy+chief%3A+Turkish+Cypriots+%27helping%27+ISIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2Fcyprus%2Fgreek-cypriot-spy-chief-turkish-cypriots-helping-isil-h144903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_List-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_List_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Research_Paper:_ISIS-Turkey_List_475-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html">"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List"</a>. The Huffington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Research+Paper%3A+ISIS-Turkey+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-l-phillips%2Fresearch-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chp-leader-accuses-govt-of-protecting-isil-laying-ground-for-ankara-massacre.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90099&NewsCatID=338">"CHP leader accuses gov't of 'protecting' ISIL, laying ground for Ankara massacre"</a>. Hurriyet. 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=CHP+leader+accuses+gov%27t+of+%27protecting%27+ISIL%2C+laying+ground+for+Ankara+massacre&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fchp-leader-accuses-govt-of-protecting-isil-laying-ground-for-ankara-massacre.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D90099%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valuewalk.com/2015/12/russia-warns-world-over-isis-heroin-trade/">"Russia Warns World Over ISIS Heroin Trade"</a>. ValueWalk. 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Warns+World+Over+ISIS+Heroin+Trade&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valuewalk.com%2F2015%2F12%2Frussia-warns-world-over-isis-heroin-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/assad-accuses-turkey-of-helping-terrorists-gain-ground-in-syria/a-18389840">"Assad accuses Turkey of helping 'terrorists' gain ground in Syriay"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Assad+accuses+Turkey+of+helping+%27terrorists%27+gain+ground+in+Syriay&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fassad-accuses-turkey-of-helping-terrorists-gain-ground-in-syria%2Fa-18389840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2015/12/15/iran-slams-turkey-s-role-in-anti-isil-alliance-as-hypocrisy/">"Iran slams Turkey's role in anti-ISIL alliance as hypocrisy"</a>. Euronews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+slams+Turkey%27s+role+in+anti-ISIL+alliance+as+hypocrisy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2015%2F12%2F15%2Firan-slams-turkey-s-role-in-anti-isil-alliance-as-hypocrisy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-17/germany-sees-turkey-as-platform-for-islamist-groups-leak-shows">"Germany Sees Turkey as Platform for Islamist Groups, Leak Shows"</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+Sees+Turkey+as+Platform+for+Islamist+Groups%2C+Leak+Shows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-08-17%2Fgermany-sees-turkey-as-platform-for-islamist-groups-leak-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Aug-14/267252-nasrallah-turkey-and-qatar-supporting-isis.ashx#axzz3AImleeCM">"Nasrallah: Turkey and Qatar supporting ISIS"</a>. The Daily Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Nasrallah%3A+Turkey+and+Qatar+supporting+ISIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLebanon-News%2F2014%2FAug-14%2F267252-nasrallah-turkey-and-qatar-supporting-isis.ashx%23axzz3AImleeCM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/10/isis-immigration-operation-turkey-syria-border-passenger-manifests-tel-abyad-islamic-state">"Isis 'ran sophisticated immigration operation' on Turkey-Syria border"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+%27ran+sophisticated+immigration+operation%27+on+Turkey-Syria+border&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F10%2Fisis-immigration-operation-turkey-syria-border-passenger-manifests-tel-abyad-islamic-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-declares-war-on-turkey-opsis-russia-cyberattack-erdogan-a6784026.html">"Anonymous have declared war on Turkey for 'supporting Isis'"</a>. The Independent. 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Anonymous+have+declared+war+on+Turkey+for+%27supporting+Isis%27&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fnews%2Fanonymous-declares-war-on-turkey-opsis-russia-cyberattack-erdogan-a6784026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/chomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul">"Chomsky hits back at Erdoğan, accusing him of double standards on terrorism"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chomsky+hits+back+at+Erdo%C4%9Fan%2C+accusing+him+of+double+standards+on+terrorism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fjan%2F14%2Fchomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-25/288720-bishop-accuses-turkey-over-syrian-christians.ashx">"Bishop accuses Turkey over Syrian Christians"</a>. Daily Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Bishop+accuses+Turkey+over+Syrian+Christians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FFeb-25%2F288720-bishop-accuses-turkey-over-syrian-christians.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/bishop-accuses-turkey-over-syrian-christians-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=78846&NewsCatID=352">"Bishop accuses Turkey over Syrian Christians"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Bishop+accuses+Turkey+over+Syrian+Christians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fbishop-accuses-turkey-over-syrian-christians-.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D78846%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-peace-talks-turkey-will-not-allow-kurdish-groups-to-join-meeting-of-those-opposed-to-assad-a6821996.html">"Syria peace talks: Turkey will not allow Kurdish groups to join meeting of those opposed to Assad regime"</a>. Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Syria+peace+talks%3A+Turkey+will+not+allow+Kurdish+groups+to+join+meeting+of+those+opposed+to+Assad+regime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-peace-talks-turkey-will-not-allow-kurdish-groups-to-join-meeting-of-those-opposed-to-assad-a6821996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-488"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_488-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35571663">"Syria conflict: Turkey shells Kurdish militia"</a>. BBC News. 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Turkey+shells+Kurdish+militia&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35571663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/russia-accuses-turkey-of-helping-jihadists-recruit-fighters-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95413&NewsCatID=352">"Russia accuses Turkey of helping jihadists recruit fighters"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Russia+accuses+Turkey+of+helping+jihadists+recruit+fighters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Frussia-accuses-turkey-of-helping-jihadists-recruit-fighters-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95413%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/500-rebels-cross-turkish-border-towards-syrian-town-of-azaz-observatory-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95369&NewsCatID=352">"500 rebels cross Turkish border towards Syrian town of Azaz: Observatory"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=500+rebels+cross+Turkish+border+towards+Syrian+town+of+Azaz%3A+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2F500-rebels-cross-turkish-border-towards-syrian-town-of-azaz-observatory-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95369%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.yahoo.com-491"><a href="#cite_ref-news.yahoo.com_491-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/syrian-kurdish-pyd-denies-involvement-ankara-attack-111913088.html">"Syrian Kurdish PYD denies involvement in Ankara attack"</a>. Yahoo News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+PYD+denies+involvement+in+Ankara+attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fsyrian-kurdish-pyd-denies-involvement-ankara-attack-111913088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodeheffer2016" class="citation web cs1">Rodeheffer, Luke (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310012253/https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/turkish-organizations-exploited-in-terror-finance-scheme/">"Turkish Organizations Exploited in Terror Finance Scheme"</a>. Flashpoint – BUSINESS RISK INTELLIGENCE. Flashpoint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flashpoint-intel.com/turkish-organizations-exploited-in-terror-finance-scheme/">the original</a> on 10 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flashpoint+%E2%80%93+BUSINESS+RISK+INTELLIGENCE&rft.atitle=Turkish+Organizations+Exploited+in+Terror+Finance+Scheme&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=Rodeheffer&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flashpoint-intel.com%2Fturkish-organizations-exploited-in-terror-finance-scheme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-algemeiner-493">^ <a href="#cite_ref-algemeiner_493-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-algemeiner_493-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/10/17/turkey-experts-worry-erdogan-might-use-al-qaeda-against-kurds/">"Turkey Experts Worry Erdogan Might Use Al Qaeda Against Kurds"</a>. algemeiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+Experts+Worry+Erdogan+Might+Use+Al+Qaeda+Against+Kurds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2018%2F10%2F17%2Fturkey-experts-worry-erdogan-might-use-al-qaeda-against-kurds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-isis-afrin-syria-kurds-free-syrian-army-jihadi-video-fighters-recruits-a8199166.html">"Turkey accused of recruiting ex-Isis fighters in their thousands to attack Kurds in Syria"</a>. independent. 7 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=Turkey+accused+of+recruiting+ex-Isis+fighters+in+their+thousands+to+attack+Kurds+in+Syria&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkey-isis-afrin-syria-kurds-free-syrian-army-jihadi-video-fighters-recruits-a8199166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-says-turkey-helping-isis-bombing-kurds-syria-791274">"U.S. SAYS TURKEY IS HELPING ISIS BY BOMBING KURDS IN SYRIA"</a>. newsweek. 25 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.+SAYS+TURKEY+IS+HELPING+ISIS+BY+BOMBING+KURDS+IN+SYRIA&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fus-says-turkey-helping-isis-bombing-kurds-syria-791274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/New-sanctions-show-Turkeys-double-standards-on-terror-608376">"New sanctions show Turkey's double standards on terror"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=New+sanctions+show+Turkey%27s+double+standards+on+terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FNew-sanctions-show-Turkeys-double-standards-on-terror-608376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/assad-accuses-erdogan-of-close-ties-to-muslim-brotherhood/">"Assad accuses Erdogan of close ties to Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. EURACTIV. 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=Assad+accuses+Erdogan+of+close+ties+to+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fglobal-europe%2Fnews%2Fassad-accuses-erdogan-of-close-ties-to-muslim-brotherhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/bashar-assad-ap-syria-recep-tayyip-erdogan-turkish-b2390495.html">"Assad blames Erdogan for violence in Syria and insists on a pullout of Turkish troops"</a>. independent. 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=Assad+blames+Erdogan+for+violence+in+Syria+and+insists+on+a+pullout+of+Turkish+troops&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-independent.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Fbashar-assad-ap-syria-recep-tayyip-erdogan-turkish-b2390495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-syria-turkey-lindsey-graham-twitter-pomepo-isis-assad-iran-middle-east-a9146161.html">"Lindsey Graham turns on Trump over 'disaster' Syria move"</a>. The Independent. 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lindsey+Graham+turns+on+Trump+over+%27disaster%27+Syria+move&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Ftrump-syria-turkey-lindsey-graham-twitter-pomepo-isis-assad-iran-middle-east-a9146161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordicmonitor.com/2019/10/former-us-envoy-claims-40000-isis-fighters-came-via-turkey/">"Former US envoy claims 40,000 ISIS fighters traveled to Syria via Turkey"</a>. nordicmonitor. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nordicmonitor&rft.atitle=Former+US+envoy+claims+40%2C000+ISIS+fighters+traveled+to+Syria+via+Turkey&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicmonitor.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fformer-us-envoy-claims-40000-isis-fighters-came-via-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrdc.wpengine.com/2019/01/turkish-intelligence-agency-moved-busloads-of-jihadists-in-syria-as-reinforcement/">"Turkish intelligence agency moved busloads of jihadists into Syria as reinforcements"</a>. nordicmonitor. 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordicmonitor&rft.atitle=Turkish+intelligence+agency+moved+busloads+of+jihadists+into+Syria+as+reinforcements&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnrdc.wpengine.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fturkish-intelligence-agency-moved-busloads-of-jihadists-in-syria-as-reinforcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-isis/us-blacklist-raises-questions-about-turkeys-commitment-war-terror">"U.S. blacklist raises questions about Turkey's commitment to war on terror"</a>. ahvalnews. 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ahvalnews&rft.atitle=U.S.+blacklist+raises+questions+about+Turkey%27s+commitment+to+war+on+terror&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fturkey-isis%2Fus-blacklist-raises-questions-about-turkeys-commitment-war-terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-blacklists-four-turkish-companies-for-aiding-isis-11574110776">"U.S. Blacklists Four Turkish Companies for Aiding ISIS"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Blacklists+Four+Turkish+Companies+for+Aiding+ISIS&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-blacklists-four-turkish-companies-for-aiding-isis-11574110776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0179">"Treasury Targets ISIS Financial Facilitators in Syria and Turkey"</a>. United States Department of the Treasury. 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=Treasury+Targets+ISIS+Financial+Facilitators+in+Syria+and+Turkey&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.treasury.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fjy0179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights-505">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Report_on_Human_Rights_505-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711123043/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/turkey/">"2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/turkey/">the original</a> on 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_And_Other_U.S._Government_Activities_Related_To_Iraq_&_Syria,_October_1,_2023–December_31,_2023-506"><a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_And_Other_U.S._Government_Activities_Related_To_Iraq_&_Syria,_October_1,_2023–December_31,_2023_506-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2024/Feb/09/2003392203/-1/-1/1/OIR_Q1_DEC2023_GOLD_508.PDF">"Operation Inherent Resolve And Other U.S. Government Activities Related To Iraq & Syria, October 1, 2023–December 31, 2023"</a> (PDF). Lead Inspector General (Lead IG) report to Congress on Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lead+Inspector+General+%28Lead+IG%29+report+to+Congress+on+Operation+Inherent+Resolve+%28OIR%29&rft.atitle=Operation+Inherent+Resolve+And+Other+U.S.+Government+Activities+Related+To+Iraq+%26+Syria%2C+October+1%2C+2023%E2%80%93December+31%2C+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2024%2FFeb%2F09%2F2003392203%2F-1%2F-1%2F1%2FOIR_Q1_DEC2023_GOLD_508.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0O61L220150521">"Exclusive: Turkish intelligence helped ship arms to Syrian Islamist rebel areas"</a>. Reuters. 21 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Turkish+intelligence+helped+ship+arms+to+Syrian+Islamist+rebel+areas&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0O61L220150521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/27/turkish-journalists-charged-over-claim-that-secret-services-armed-syrian-rebels">"Turkish journalists charged over claim that secret services armed Syrian rebels"</a>. The Guardian. 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkish+journalists+charged+over+claim+that+secret+services+armed+Syrian+rebels&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fnov%2F27%2Fturkish-journalists-charged-over-claim-that-secret-services-armed-syrian-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/turkey-syria-intelligence-service-shipping-weapons.html">"Turkish military says MIT shipped weapons to al-Qaeda"</a>. al-monitor. 15 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+military+says+MIT+shipped+weapons+to+al-Qaeda&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F01%2Fturkey-syria-intelligence-service-shipping-weapons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-court-sentences-defendants-in-mit-trucks-case-144568">"Turkish court sentences defendants in MİT trucks case"</a>. hurriyetdailynews. 29 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+court+sentences+defendants+in+M%C4%B0T+trucks+case&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-court-sentences-defendants-in-mit-trucks-case-144568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0OE28T20150529">"Video purports to show Turkish intelligence shipping arms to Syria"</a>. Reuters. 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Video+purports+to+show+Turkish+intelligence+shipping+arms+to+Syria&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0OE28T20150529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-court-issues-detailed-ruling-on-mit-trucks-case-161253">"Turkish court issues detailed ruling on MIT trucks case"</a>. hurriyetdailynews. 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+court+issues+detailed+ruling+on+MIT+trucks+case&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-court-issues-detailed-ruling-on-mit-trucks-case-161253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0O61L220150521">"Exclusive: Turkish intelligence helped ship arms to Syrian Islamist rebel areas"</a>. reuters. 21 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Turkish+intelligence+helped+ship+arms+to+Syrian+Islamist+rebel+areas&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-turkey-arms-idUSKBN0O61L220150521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chp-head-again-accuses-turkish-govt-of-sending-arms-to-jihadists.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95291&NewsCatID=338">"CHP head again accuses Turkish gov't of sending arms to jihadists"</a>. Hurriyet. 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=CHP+head+again+accuses+Turkish+gov%27t+of+sending+arms+to+jihadists&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fchp-head-again-accuses-turkish-govt-of-sending-arms-to-jihadists.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95291%26NewsCatID%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/russia-claims-turkish-ngos-are-main-supplier-of-extremists-in-syria/a-19159685">"Russia claims Turkish NGOs are 'main supplier' of extremists in Syria"</a>. Deutsche WElle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+WElle&rft.atitle=Russia+claims+Turkish+NGOs+are+%27main+supplier%27+of+extremists+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Frussia-claims-turkish-ngos-are-main-supplier-of-extremists-in-syria%2Fa-19159685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/turkeys-intelligence-agency-abducts-arms-dealer-in-ukraine/a-60634563">"Turkey's intelligence agency abducts arms dealer in Ukraine"</a>. DW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+intelligence+agency+abducts+arms+dealer+in+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkeys-intelligence-agency-abducts-arms-dealer-in-ukraine%2Fa-60634563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-517">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_517-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_517-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangerDavis2014" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David E.; Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (13 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/world/middleeast/struggling-to-starve-isis-of-oil-revenue-us-seeks-assistance-from-turkey.html?_r=0">"Struggling to Starve ISIS of Oil Revenue, U.S. Seeks Assistance From Turkey"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Struggling+to+Starve+ISIS+of+Oil+Revenue%2C+U.S.+Seeks+Assistance+From+Turkey&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Julie+Hirschfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F14%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fstruggling-to-starve-isis-of-oil-revenue-us-seeks-assistance-from-turkey.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/nov/30/l-todd-wood-iraq-turkey-buying-isis-oil/">"Turkey buying ISIS oil"</a>. The Washington Times. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+buying+ISIS+oil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fnov%2F30%2Fl-todd-wood-iraq-turkey-buying-isis-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-01/is-turkey-is-buying-oil-smuggled-by-islamic-state/6991526">"Is Turkey buying oil smuggled by Islamic State?"</a>. ABC news Australia. December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Turkey+buying+oil+smuggled+by+Islamic+State%3F&rft.pub=ABC+news+Australia&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-12-01%2Fis-turkey-is-buying-oil-smuggled-by-islamic-state%2F6991526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdishdailynews.org/2015/03/19/turkish-trucks-carrying-isis-oil-captured-in-iraq/">"Turkish trucks carrying ISIS oil captured in Iraq"</a>. Kurdish Daily News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurdish+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+trucks+carrying+ISIS+oil+captured+in+Iraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurdishdailynews.org%2F2015%2F03%2F19%2Fturkish-trucks-carrying-isis-oil-captured-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065729/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-idUKKBN0TQ2A520151207">"Iraq PM says Turkey main conduit for Islamic State oil-smuggling"</a>. Reuters. 7 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-idUKKBN0TQ2A520151207">the original</a> on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iraq+PM+says+Turkey+main+conduit+for+Islamic+State+oil-smuggling&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-idUKKBN0TQ2A520151207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc-522">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnbc_522-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnbc_522-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/21/no-evidence-turkey-wants-to-fight-isis-iraq-pm.html">"No evidence Turkey wants to fight ISIS: Iraq PM"</a>. CNBC. 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+evidence+Turkey+wants+to+fight+ISIS%3A+Iraq+PM&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Fno-evidence-turkey-wants-to-fight-isis-iraq-pm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/research-paper-turkey-isi_b_8808024">"Research Paper: Turkey-ISIS Oil Trade"</a>. huffpost. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=huffpost&rft.atitle=Research+Paper%3A+Turkey-ISIS+Oil+Trade&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fresearch-paper-turkey-isi_b_8808024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/amnesty-turkey-illegally-sending-syrians-back-to-war-zone/a-19157179-0">"Amnesty: Turkey illegally sending Syrians back to war zone"</a>. dw. 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw&rft.atitle=Amnesty%3A+Turkey+illegally+sending+Syrians+back+to+war+zone&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Famnesty-turkey-illegally-sending-syrians-back-to-war-zone%2Fa-19157179-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/world/europe/turkey-forcibly-returned-refugees-to-syria-amnesty-report.html">"Turkey Has Forcibly Returned Thousands of Refugees to Syria, Amnesty International Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turkey+Has+Forcibly+Returned+Thousands+of+Refugees+to+Syria%2C+Amnesty+International+Says&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-forcibly-returned-refugees-to-syria-amnesty-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35941947">"Turkey 'illegally returning Syrian refugees' - Amnesty"</a>. bbc. 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc&rft.atitle=Turkey+%27illegally+returning+Syrian+refugees%27+-+Amnesty&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35941947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-527">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_527-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_527-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-denies-using-force-against-syrian-refugees-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99053&NewsCatID=339">"Turkey denies using force against Syrian refugees"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Turkey+denies+using+force+against+Syrian+refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-denies-using-force-against-syrian-refugees-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99053%26NewsCatID%3D339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-turkey-hrw-idUSKCN0Y11TZ">"Syrian refugees beaten, shot by Turkish border guards: rights group"</a>. reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+refugees+beaten%2C+shot+by+Turkish+border+guards%3A+rights+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-europe-migrants-turkey-hrw-idUSKCN0Y11TZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrian-refugees-should-not-be-used-as-bribe-for-visa-free-travel-says-ep-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=99401&NewsCatID=351">"Syrian refugees should not be used as bribe for visa-free travel, says EP"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Syrian+refugees+should+not+be+used+as+bribe+for+visa-free+travel%2C+says+EP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsyrian-refugees-should-not-be-used-as-bribe-for-visa-free-travel-says-ep-.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D99401%26NewsCatID%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-530">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_530-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_530-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-foreign-ministry-rejects-claims-of-killings-on-syrian-border.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100689&NewsCatID=341">"Turkish Foreign Ministry rejects claims of killings on Syrian border"</a>. hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+Foreign+Ministry+rejects+claims+of+killings+on+Syrian+border&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkish-foreign-ministry-rejects-claims-of-killings-on-syrian-border.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D100689%26NewsCatID%3D341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuysuzMcKirdy" class="citation news cs1">Tuysuz, Gul; McKirdy, Euan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/middleeast/sohr-turkey-syria-border-shooting/index.html">"Syrian monitors: Turkish security kill eight"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+monitors%3A+Turkish+security+kill+eight&rft.aulast=Tuysuz&rft.aufirst=Gul&rft.au=McKirdy%2C+Euan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F06%2F20%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsohr-turkey-syria-border-shooting%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkish-border-police-shoot-syria-refugee-asylum-seeker-a8193276.html">"Turkish border guards are shooting Syrian refugees fleeing war, says Human Rights Watch"</a>. The Independent. 4 February 2018 – via www.independent.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Turkish+border+guards+are+shooting+Syrian+refugees+fleeing+war%2C+says+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2018-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkish-border-police-shoot-syria-refugee-asylum-seeker-a8193276.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/03/middleeast/turkey-border-guard-syria-hrw/index.html">"Turkish border guards are shooting at Syrian refugees, rights group says"</a>. 3 February 2018 – via cnn.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+border+guards+are+shooting+at+Syrian+refugees%2C+rights+group+says&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F02%2F03%2Fmiddleeast%2Fturkey-border-guard-syria-hrw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203022432/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_hrw-turkish-landmines-killing-syrian-civilians-fleeing-kobani_365916.html">"HRW: Turkish landmines killing Syrian civilians fleeing Kobani"</a>. Today's Zaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_hrw-turkish-landmines-killing-syrian-civilians-fleeing-kobani_365916.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=HRW%3A+Turkish+landmines+killing+Syrian+civilians+fleeing+Kobani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fdiplomacy_hrw-turkish-landmines-killing-syrian-civilians-fleeing-kobani_365916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/05/turkey-s-erdogan-threatens-to-open-the-gates-for-migrants-to-europe">"Turkey's Erdogan threatens to 'open the gates' for migrants to Europe"</a>. euronews. 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews.&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+threatens+to+%27open+the+gates%27+for+migrants+to+Europe&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2019%2F09%2F05%2Fturkey-s-erdogan-threatens-to-open-the-gates-for-migrants-to-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/12/turkey-will-free-isis-fighters-and-send-them-to-europe-says-erdogan">"American Isis suspect stuck on border 'not our problem', says Erdoğan"</a>. The Guardian. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=American+Isis+suspect+stuck+on+border+%27not+our+problem%27%2C+says+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F12%2Fturkey-will-free-isis-fighters-and-send-them-to-europe-says-erdogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=192931">"Al-Jaafari: US and Turkish governments set fire to agrarian crops in Syria"</a>. sana. 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Jaafari%3A+US+and+Turkish+governments+set+fire+to+agrarian+crops+in+Syria&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D192931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/kurds-jinderis-nowruz-killing-syria-998f9b47df8324b66e6c419963c34ba0">"Killing of Kurds in northern Syria sparks protests, tensions"</a>. apnews. 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Killing+of+Kurds+in+northern+Syria+sparks+protests%2C+tensions&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fkurds-jinderis-nowruz-killing-syria-998f9b47df8324b66e6c419963c34ba0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709131843/https://medyanews.net/turkeys-bombardment-of-north-and-east-syria-amounts-to-war-crimes-sdf-report/">"Turkey's bombardment of North and East Syria amounts to war crimes: SDF report"</a>. 8 July 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medyanews.net/turkeys-bombardment-of-north-and-east-syria-amounts-to-war-crimes-sdf-report/">the original</a> on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+bombardment+of+North+and+East+Syria+amounts+to+war+crimes%3A+SDF+report&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedyanews.net%2Fturkeys-bombardment-of-north-and-east-syria-amounts-to-war-crimes-sdf-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/10/syria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies/">"Syria: Damning evidence of war crimes and other violations by Turkish forces and their allies"</a>. Amnesty International. 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Damning+evidence+of+war+crimes+and+other+violations+by+Turkish+forces+and+their+allies&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Fsyria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/turkish-forces-commit-war-crimes-syria-offensive-fresh-evidence">"Turkish forces commit war crimes in Syria offensive - fresh evidence"</a>. Amnesty International. 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish+forces+commit+war+crimes+in+Syria+offensive+-+fresh+evidence&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org.uk%2Fpress-releases%2Fturkish-forces-commit-war-crimes-syria-offensive-fresh-evidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-turkey-usa-idUSKBN1X224H">"Evidence found of war crimes during Turkish offensive in Syria, says U.S. official"</a>. Reuters. 23 October 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Evidence+found+of+war+crimes+during+Turkish+offensive+in+Syria%2C+says+U.S.+official&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-security-turkey-usa-idUSKBN1X224H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/465564-esper-turkey-appears-to-be-committing-war-crimes-in-northern-syria/">"Esper: Turkey 'appears to be' committing war crimes in northern Syria"</a>. thehill. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thehill&rft.atitle=Esper%3A+Turkey+%27appears+to+be%27+committing+war+crimes+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsunday-talk-shows%2F465564-esper-turkey-appears-to-be-committing-war-crimes-in-northern-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/esper-reported-executions-by-turkish-forces-in-syria-may-be-war-crimes/2019/10/13/8661675b-da44-4468-95ce-efad63b99649_video.html">"Esper: Reported executions by Turkish forces in Syria may be 'war crimes'"</a>. washingtonpost. 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost&rft.atitle=Esper%3A+Reported+executions+by+Turkish+forces+in+Syria+may+be+%27war+crimes%27&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2Fesper-reported-executions-by-turkish-forces-in-syria-may-be-war-crimes%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2F8661675b-da44-4468-95ce-efad63b99649_video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=ce27b775-eb14-40d0-92d5-5ddfabc3805f">"IBAHRI condemns Turkish military operation in northern Syria"</a>. International Bar Association. 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bar+Association&rft.atitle=IBAHRI+condemns+Turkish+military+operation+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FArticle%2FNewDetail.aspx%3FArticleUid%3Dce27b775-eb14-40d0-92d5-5ddfabc3805f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116shrg38991/html/CHRG-116shrg38991.htm">"- ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TURKEY'S OFFENSIVE IN NORTHEAST SYRIA"</a>. www.govinfo.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=-+ASSESSING+THE+IMPACT+OF+TURKEY%27S+OFFENSIVE+IN+NORTHEAST+SYRIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-116shrg38991%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-116shrg38991.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50250330">"Syria conflict: The 'war crimes' caught in brutal phone footage"</a>. bbc. 3 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+The+%27war+crimes%27+caught+in+brutal+phone+footage&rft.date=2019-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-50250330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-drones-appear-to-show-turkish-backed-forces-accosting-civilians-in-syria-11573558898">"U.S. Drones Appear to Show Turkish-Backed Forces Targeting Civilians in Syria"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Drones+Appear+to+Show+Turkish-Backed+Forces+Targeting+Civilians+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-drones-appear-to-show-turkish-backed-forces-accosting-civilians-in-syria-11573558898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-war-crimes-549">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn-war-crimes_549-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn-war-crimes_549-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn-war-crimes_549-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/12/politics/us-video-possible-war-crime/index.html">"US has surveillance video of a possible war crime by Turkish-backed forces in Syria"</a>. cnn. 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnn&rft.atitle=US+has+surveillance+video+of+a+possible+war+crime+by+Turkish-backed+forces+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Fpolitics%2Fus-video-possible-war-crime%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/russia-turkey-committed-war-crimes-syria-200302171624209.html">"Russia, Turkey may have committed war crimes in Syria: UN"</a>. aljazeera. 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Turkey+may+have+committed+war+crimes+in+Syria%3A+UN&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2Frussia-turkey-committed-war-crimes-syria-200302171624209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/18/un-urges-turkey-to-investigate-possible-war-crimes-in-north-syria">"UN urges Turkey to investigate possible war crimes in north Syria"</a>. aljazeera. 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+urges+Turkey+to+investigate+possible+war+crimes+in+north+Syria&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F9%2F18%2Fun-urges-turkey-to-investigate-possible-war-crimes-in-north-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2515761/un-warns-possible-war-crimes-turkish-controlled-syria">"UN Warns of Possible War Crimes in Turkish-Controlled Syria"</a>. aaawsat. 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+Warns+of+Possible+War+Crimes+in+Turkish-Controlled+Syria&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F2515761%2Fun-warns-possible-war-crimes-turkish-controlled-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> "In a statement, Bachelet's UN Human Rights Office (OHCHR) said it had noted an "alarming pattern in recent months of grave violations", having documented increased killings, kidnappings, unlawful transfers of people, seizures of land and properties and forcible evictions." "Those affiliated groups have also seized and looted houses, land and property without any apparent military necessity, said OHCHR. Furthermore, increased infighting among the various Turkish-affiliated armed groups over power-sharing was causing civilian casualties and damage to civilian infrastructure." "Bachelet's office said it had documented the abduction and disappearance of civilians, including women and children." </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_Report_on_Human_Rights-553">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Report_on_Human_Rights_553-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Report_on_Human_Rights_553-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608075734/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/turkey/">"2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey (Türkiye)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/turkey/">the original</a> on 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Turkey+%28T%C3%BCrkiye%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices:_Syria-554">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices:_Syria_554-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices:_Syria_554-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/syria">"2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Syria"</a>. www.state.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=2021+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/oct/20/journalist-safety-turkey">"Iranian broadcaster raises suspicions about death of reporter on Syrian border"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+broadcaster+raises+suspicions+about+death+of+reporter+on+Syrian+border&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fgreenslade%2F2014%2Foct%2F20%2Fjournalist-safety-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-lebanese-reporter-dies-in-turkey-iranian-tv-calls-accident-suspicious.aspx?pageID=238&nID=73214&NewsCatID=352">"US-Lebanese reporter dies in Turkey, Iranian TV calls accident 'suspicious'"</a>. Hurriyet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=US-Lebanese+reporter+dies+in+Turkey%2C+Iranian+TV+calls+accident+%27suspicious%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fus-lebanese-reporter-dies-in-turkey-iranian-tv-calls-accident-suspicious.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D73214%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/family-suspects-foul-play-in-death-of-us-journalist-in-turkey">"Family suspects foul play in death of US journalist in Turkey"</a>. Fox News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Family+suspects+foul+play+in+death+of+US+journalist+in+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Ffamily-suspects-foul-play-in-death-of-us-journalist-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-media-idUSKCN0Y92D4">"Turkish journalist stripped of parental rights over court coverage: lawyer"</a>. Reuters. 18 May 2016 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkish+journalist+stripped+of+parental+rights+over+court+coverage%3A+lawyer&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-turkey-media-idUSKCN0Y92D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-antiquities-idUSKBN0TU19420151211">"Syrian antiquities chief says Turkey refuses to return looted art"</a>. Reuters. 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+antiquities+chief+says+Turkey+refuses+to+return+looted+art&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-antiquities-idUSKBN0TU19420151211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141109/http://www.turkishweekly.net/2015/03/04/news/isil-smuggles-syrian-antiquities-through-turkey/">"ISIL smuggles Syrian antiquities through Turkey"</a>. The Journal of Turkish Weekly. 4 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/2015/03/04/news/isil-smuggles-syrian-antiquities-through-turkey/">the original</a> on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Turkish+Weekly&rft.atitle=ISIL+smuggles+Syrian+antiquities+through+Turkey&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2F2015%2F03%2F04%2Fnews%2Fisil-smuggles-syrian-antiquities-through-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-antiquities-turkey-idUSKCN0X42K9">"Turkey investigating Russian claims on smuggled Syrian antiquities"</a>. 7 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+investigating+Russian+claims+on+smuggled+Syrian+antiquities&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-antiquities-turkey-idUSKCN0X42K9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawarnews.com/en///haber/did-there-remain-monuments-in-afrin-that-were-not-stolen-by-turkey-h10333.html">"Did there remain monuments in Afrin that were not stolen by Turkey?"</a>. ANHA. 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANHA&rft.atitle=Did+there+remain+monuments+in+Afrin+that+were+not+stolen+by+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawarnews.com%2Fen%2F%2F%2Fhaber%2Fdid-there-remain-monuments-in-afrin-that-were-not-stolen-by-turkey-h10333.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ministries-working-to-retrieve-smuggled-syrian-artifacts-176845">"Ministries working to retrieve smuggled Syrian artifacts"</a>. hurriyetdailynews. 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hurriyetdailynews&rft.atitle=Ministries+working+to+retrieve+smuggled+Syrian+artifacts&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fministries-working-to-retrieve-smuggled-syrian-artifacts-176845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/31/turkey/syria-weaponizing-water-global-pandemic">"Turkey/Syria: Weaponizing Water in Global Pandemic?"</a>. World Health Organization. 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey%2FSyria%3A+Weaponizing+Water+in+Global+Pandemic%3F&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F31%2Fturkey%2Fsyria-weaponizing-water-global-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/05/turkey-weaponize-water-northeast-syria-covid19-coronavirus.html">"Turkey throttles water as pandemic looms over northeast Syria"</a>. al-monitor. 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+throttles+water+as+pandemic+looms+over+northeast+Syria&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2020%2F05%2Fturkey-weaponize-water-northeast-syria-covid19-coronavirus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/turkish-occupied-syria-cuts-off-water-to-400000-during-pandemic-622467">"Turkish-occupied Syria cuts off water to 400,000 during pandemic"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkish-occupied+Syria+cuts+off+water+to+400%2C000+during+pandemic&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkish-occupied-syria-cuts-off-water-to-400000-during-pandemic-622467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1724611/middle-east">"In northeast Syria town, families say Turkey cut their water"</a>. arabnews. 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+northeast+Syria+town%2C+families+say+Turkey+cut+their+water&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1724611%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/21/c_139306304.htm">"Water supply in Syria's Hasakah cut off by Turkey for week"</a>. xinhuanet. 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Water+supply+in+Syria%27s+Hasakah+cut+off+by+Turkey+for+week&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-08%2F21%2Fc_139306304.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/syria-are-water-supplies-being-weaponized-by-turkey/a-56314995">"Syria: Are water supplies being weaponized by Turkey?"</a>. dw.com. 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Are+water+supplies+being+weaponized+by+Turkey%3F&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsyria-are-water-supplies-being-weaponized-by-turkey%2Fa-56314995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200829-turkey-responds-to-accusation-of-cutting-off-drinking-water-in-al-hasakah/">"Turkey responds to accusation of cutting off drinking water in Al-Hasakah"</a>. middleeastmonitor. 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Turkey+responds+to+accusation+of+cutting+off+drinking+water+in+Al-Hasakah&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20200829-turkey-responds-to-accusation-of-cutting-off-drinking-water-in-al-hasakah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182028/https://ahvalnews.com/seta/pro-erdogan-think-tanks-survey-shows-child-soldiers-among-turkish-backed-syrian-opposition">"Pro-Erdoğan think tank's survey shows child soldiers among Turkish-backed Syrian opposition"</a>. Ahval. 20 November 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/seta/pro-erdogan-think-tanks-survey-shows-child-soldiers-among-turkish-backed-syrian-opposition">the original</a> on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Pro-Erdo%C4%9Fan+think+tank%27s+survey+shows+child+soldiers+among+Turkish-backed+Syrian+opposition&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fseta%2Fpro-erdogan-think-tanks-survey-shows-child-soldiers-among-turkish-backed-syrian-opposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/05/child-soldiers-libya-syria-national-army-turkey.html">"Report: Child soldiers deployed to Libya by Turkish-backed Syrian National Army - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East"</a>. www.al-monitor.com. 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-monitor.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Child+soldiers+deployed+to+Libya+by+Turkish-backed+Syrian+National+Army+-+Al-Monitor%3A+The+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2020%2F05%2Fchild-soldiers-libya-syria-national-army-turkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2021/07/01/Turkey-used-child-soldiers-in-Syria-and-Libya-US">"Turkey used child soldiers in Syria and Libya: US"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Turkey+used+child+soldiers+in+Syria+and+Libya%3A+US&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2021%2F07%2F01%2FTurkey-used-child-soldiers-in-Syria-and-Libya-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220073555/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">"2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">the original</a> on 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-trafficking-in-persons-report%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731054931/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">"2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">the original</a> on 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-trafficking-in-persons-report%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917151840/https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">"2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Türkiye"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkey/">the original</a> on 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2023-trafficking-in-persons-report%2Fturkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+involvement+in+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_State" title="Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_State" title="Template talk:Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Names of the Islamic State">Names of the Islamic State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Islamic_State" title="List of leaders of the Islamic State">List of leaders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhayfah_Al-Ansari" title="Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari">Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Fatima_al-Jaheishi" title="Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi">Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusaf" title="Abu Yusaf">Abu Yusaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" title="Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habib_al-Libi" title="Abu Habib al-Libi">Abu Habib al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Masri" title="Abu Jandal al-Masri">Abu Jandal al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfi_Hoxha" title="Zulfi Hoxha">Zulfi Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajro_Ikanovi%C4%87" title="Bajro Ikanović">Bajro Ikanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ahmad_Ali_al-Zahrani" title="Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani">Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Mejjati" title="Fatiha Mejjati">Fatiha Mejjati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_al-Nasr" title="Ahlam al-Nasr">Ahlam al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abuanza" title="Issam Abuanza">Issam Abuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_al-Alwani" title="Abu Ahmad al-Alwani">Abu Ahmad al-Alwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Usamah_al-Maghrebi" title="Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi">Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi" title="Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi">Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhannad_al-Suwaydawi" title="Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi">Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_Aliza" title="Abdul Rauf Aliza">Abdul Rauf Aliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(Islamic_State_leader)" title="Abu Sayyaf (Islamic State leader)">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Awni_al-Harzi" title="Ali Awni al-Harzi">Ali Awni al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Harzi" title="Tariq al-Harzi">Tariq al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khattab_al-Tunisi" title="Abu Khattab al-Tunisi">Abu Khattab al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Meshaal" title="Maher Meshaal">Maher Meshaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani" title="Abu Muslim al-Turkmani">Abu Muslim al-Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saleh" title="Abu Saleh">Abu Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_John" title="Jihadi John">Mohammed Emwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nabil_al-Anbari" title="Abu Nabil al-Anbari">Abu Nabil al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Waheeb" title="Abu Waheeb">Abu Waheeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Aswad_al-Jiburi" title="Ali Aswad al-Jiburi">Ali Aswad al-Jiburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hassen_Ould_Khalill_Jouleibib" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib">El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Furqan" title="Abu Muhammad al-Furqan">Abu Muhammad al-Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Kuwaiti" title="Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti">Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_al-Harbi" title="Abu Bilal al-Harbi">Abu Bilal al-Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abousamra" title="Ahmad Abousamra">Ahmad Abousamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Binali" title="Turki al-Binali">Turki al-Binali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Kamleh" title="Tareq Kamleh">Tareq Kamleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavdrim_Muhaxheri" title="Lavdrim Muhaxheri">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osama_al-Masri" title="Abu Osama al-Masri">Abu Osama al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Muhajir" title="Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir">Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali" title="Abu Muhammad al-Shimali">Abu Muhammad al-Shimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yasser_al-Issawi" title="Abu Yasser al-Issawi">Abu Yasser al-Issawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Hindi">Yusuf al-Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Omar al-Muhajir">Abu Omar al-Muhajir</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Udeen_Al-Harith" title="Jamal Udeen Al-Harith">Jamal Udeen Al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aine_Davis" title="Aine Davis">Aine Davis</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanda_Kotey" title="Alexanda Kotey">Alexanda Kotey</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shafee_Elsheikh" title="El Shafee Elsheikh">El Shafee Elsheikh</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cuspert" title="Denis Cuspert">Denis Cuspert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abaaoud" title="Abdelhamid Abaaoud">Abdelhamid Abaaoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubaker_El_Hakim" title="Boubaker El Hakim">Boubaker El Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State#Name" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2018)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2019)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2021" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2022" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2023" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2024)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Specific_territorial_claims" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Libya_Province" title="Islamic State – Libya Province">Libyan Provinces (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sinai_Province" title="Islamic State – Sinai Province">Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Algeria_Province" title="Islamic State – Algeria Province">Algeria Province (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Province" title="Islamic State – Yemen Province">Yemen Province (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Bengal_Province" title="Islamic State – Bengal Province">Bengal Province (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Hind_Province" title="Islamic State – Hind Province">Hind Province (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Pakistan_Province" title="Islamic State – Pakistan Province">Pakistan Province ((Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Turkey_Province" title="Islamic State – Turkey Province">Turkey Province (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State – Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Mozambique Province (Mozambique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Omar_Hadid_Brigade" title="Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade">Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa (Philippines)</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Khilafah_Brazil" title="Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil">Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indonesia_Mujahideen" title="East Indonesia Mujahideen">East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia)</a> (2014–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorganized cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Azerbaijan" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Kurdistan" title="Islamic State in Kurdistan">Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Saudi_Arabia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Lebanon Province (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Jund al Khilafah in Tunisia (Tunisia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict (1968–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Military intervention against IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes" title="2013 Hawija clashes">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Ali_Ben_Aoun" title="Battle of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun">Sidi Ali Ben Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">Anbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah" title="Fall of Fallujah">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">N Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">N Iraq (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baiji" title="Fall of Baiji">Baiji (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">N Iraq (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Baiji (14–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Amirli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nofaliya_(2015)" title="Fall of Nofaliya (2015)">Nofaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">E al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2015)" title="Battle of Sirte (2015)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">W al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Ramadi (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs (Nov–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">E Aleppo (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Niveneh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Guerdane" title="Battle of Ben Guerdane">Ben Guerdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Hīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Tipo-Tipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Ar-Rutbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">N Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">N al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">W al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">E Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Nineveh_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Western Nineveh offensive">W Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Syrian Desert (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">S Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">C Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (17–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">E Syria (Sep–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">W Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">S Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)#Battle_of_Hajin" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">Chinagodrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danag" title="Battle of Danag">Danag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia_offensive" title="Mocímboa da Praia offensive">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_offensive" title="Al Bayda offensive">Al Bayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palma" title="Battle of Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi#Death" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Atme raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">Talataye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falagountou" title="Battle of Falagountou">Falagountou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Beheading of Copts in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corinthia_Hotel_attack" title="2015 Corinthia Hotel attack">Corinthia Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qubbah_bombings" title="Al Qubbah bombings">Al Qubbah bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">Bardo National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombings" title="March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings">Sanaa bombings (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Culwell_Center_attack" title="Curtis Culwell Center attack">Curtis Culwell Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_and_Dammam_mosque_bombings" title="Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings">Qatif & Dammam bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks" title="26 June 2015 Islamist attacks">26 June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">Kuwait mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks" title="2015 Sousse attacks">Sousse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khan_Bani_Saad_bombing" title="2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing">Khan Bani Saad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing" title="Suruç bombing">Suruç bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2015_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2015 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombing" title="September 2015 Sanaa mosque bombing">Sanaa bombing (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">Ankara bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saihat_shooting" title="2015 Saihat shooting">Saihat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">Beirut bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tunis_bombing" title="2015 Tunis bombing">Tunis bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_truck_bombing" title="Zliten truck bombing">Zliten truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ramadi_bombing" title="2016 Ramadi bombing">Ramadi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasin_mosque_attack" title="Mahasin mosque attack">Mahasin mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attack">Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mosul_massacre" title="2016 Mosul massacre">Mosul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings">Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aden_car_bombing" title="2016 Aden car bombing">Aden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandariya_suicide_bombing" title="Iskandariya suicide bombing">Iskandariya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2016 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samawa_bombing" title="2016 Samawa bombing">Samawa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Gaziantep_bombing" title="May 2016 Gaziantep bombing">Gaziantep bombing (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (11 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres" title="Real Madrid fan club massacres">Real Madrid fan club massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taji_gas_plant_attack" title="2016 Taji gas plant attack">Baghdad gas plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Yemen_police_bombings" title="May 2016 Yemen police bombings">Yemen police bombings (15 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (17 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_May_2016_Yemen_bombings" title="23 May 2016 Yemen bombings">Yemen bombings (23 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aktobe_shootings" title="2016 Aktobe shootings">Aktobe shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mukalla_attacks" title="June 2016 Mukalla attacks">Mukalla (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">Atatürk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack" title="July 2016 Dhaka attack">Dhaka (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">Karrada bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi_Mausoleum_attack" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">Normandy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">Charleroi stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2016_Aden_bombing" title="August 2016 Aden bombing">Aden bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">Syria bombings (5 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_September_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Baghdad_attacks" title="October 2016 Baghdad attacks">Baghdad bombings (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack" title="2016 Quetta police training college attack">Quetta police college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil_massacre" title="Hamam al-Alil massacre">Hamam al-Alil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing" title="2016 Khuzdar bombing">Khuzdar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samarinda_church_bombing" title="2016 Samarinda church bombing">Samarinda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Hillah_suicide_truck_bombing" title="November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing">Hillah bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Aden_suicide_bombings" title="December 2016 Aden suicide bombings">Aden bombings (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">Al-Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">Berlin truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Sefter_Ta%C5%9F_and_Fethi_%C5%9Eahin" title="Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin">Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2,_2017_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2, 2017 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing" title="Sehwan suicide bombing">Sehwan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">Kabul (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">St Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Egypt church bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">Mastung bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">Jakarta bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_bus_attack" title="2017 Minya bus attack">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faqma_ice_cream_parlor_bombing" title="Al-Faqma ice cream parlor bombing">Al-Faqma bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Brighton_siege" title="2017 Brighton siege">Brighton siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks" title="June 2017 Pakistan attacks">Pakistan attacks (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">Brussels (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nasiriyah_attacks" title="2017 Nasiriyah attacks">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (20 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">New York City truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">Sinai mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (28 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Menas_church" title="Attack on Saint Menas church">Saint Menas church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">Save The Children Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcasonne & Trèbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (22 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">Kabul bombings (30 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_High_National_Elections_Commission_in_Tripoli,_Libya" title="2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mako_Brimob_standoff" title="2018 Mako Brimob standoff">Mako Brimob standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">Paris knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">Surabaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings" title="2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings">Mastung & Bannu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="2018 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Tajikistan_tourist_attack" title="2018 Tajikistan tourist attack">Tajikistan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2018 Kabul attacks">Kabul (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Ahvaz military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Melbourne_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Melbourne stabbing attack">Melbourne stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Louisa_Vesterager_Jespersen_and_Maren_Ueland" title="Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland">Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">Sainthamaruthu shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (17 Aug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">Kabul shooting (6 Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitaxi_massacre" title="Xitaxi massacre">Xitaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Machh_attack" title="2021 Machh attack">Machh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2021_Baghdad_bombings" title="January 2021 Baghdad bombings">January Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uganda_bombings" title="2021 Uganda bombings">Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack" title="2021 Kabul hospital attack">Kabul hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Diyala_massacre" title="2022 Diyala massacre">Diyala massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack" title="2022 Peshawar mosque attack">Peshawar mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hadera_shooting" title="2022 Hadera shooting">Hadera shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_mosque_bombing" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing">Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_minivan_bombings" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings">Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourasso_and_Namissiguima_massacres" title="Bourasso and Namissiguima massacres">Bourasso and Namissiguima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje prison break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_August_2022_Kabul_bombing" title="5 August 2022 Kabul bombing">5 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="August 2022 Kabul mosque bombing">August Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Russian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul">Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shah_Cheragh_attack" title="2022 Shah Cheragh attack">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kabul_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kabul hotel attack">Kabul hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kabul_airport_bombing" title="2023 Kabul airport bombing">Kabul airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan_bombing" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing" title="2023 Khar bombing">Khar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_school_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras school stabbing">Arras school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pul-i-Khumri_bombing" title="2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing">Pul-i-Khumri bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brussels_shooting" title="2023 Brussels shooting">Brussels shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Kabul_bombing" title="November 2023 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paris_attack" title="2023 Paris attack">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman bombings">Kerman bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings" title="2024 Balochistan bombings">Balochistan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sibi_bombing" title="2024 Sibi bombing">Sibi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucojo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucojo attack">Mucojo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Karabulak_clash" title="2024 Karabulak clash">Karabulak clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kandahar_New_Kabul_Bank_bombing" title="2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing">Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tillab%C3%A9ri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tillabéri attack">Tillabéri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Guzara_Attack" title="2024 Guzara Attack">2024 Guzara Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beirut_US_embassy_shooting" title="2024 Beirut US embassy shooting">2024 Beirut US embassy shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_attack_on_the_Israeli_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade">2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Muscat_mosque_shooting" title="2024 Muscat mosque shooting">2024 Muscat mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kabul_bus_bombing" title="2024 Kabul bus bombing">2024 Kabul bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Solingen_stabbing" title="2024 Solingen stabbing">2024 Solingen stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qala_Bakhtiar_bombing" title="2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing">2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Afghanistan_bus_shooting" title="2024 Afghanistan bus shooting">2024 Afghanistan bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qusar_attack" title="2024 Qusar attack">2024 Qusar attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Finances of the Islamic State">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Ideology of the Islamic State">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_Health_Service" title="Islamic State Health Service">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Armoured warfare of the Islamic State">Armoured warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Genocide of Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Genocide of Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">Persecution of gay and bisexual men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">Killing of captives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheading incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">Occupation of Mosul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL-occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul">Executions in Mosul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Philippines and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Islamic_State" title="United Kingdom and the Islamic State">United Kingdom and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State">Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_changes_due_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Name changes due to the Islamic State">Name changes due to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_the_Islamic_State_in_American_media" title="Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media">Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Terrorist cell in Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">al-Barakah district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Second_Message_to_America" title="A Second Message to America">A Second Message to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)" title="Al-Bayan (radio station)">Al-Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_Media_Center" title="Al-Furat Media Center">Al-Furat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naba" title="Al-Naba">Al-Naba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency" title="Amaq News Agency">Amaq News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_al-Islam_Qamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawlat al-Islam Qamat">Dawlat al-Islam Qamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huroof" title="Huroof">Huroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27lam_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="I'lam foundation">I'lam foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istok_(magazine)" title="Istok (magazine)">Istok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantiniyye_(magazine)" title="Konstantiniyye (magazine)">Konstantiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumiyah_(magazine)" title="Rumiyah (magazine)">Rumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatihin_Magazine" title="Al-Fatihin Magazine">Al-Fatihin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salil_al-Sawarim" title="Salil al-Sawarim">Salil al-Sawarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS-chan" title="ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Angola–Turkey relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cameroon–Turkey relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Central African Republic–Turkey relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chad–Turkey relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Gabon–Turkey relations">Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burundi–Turkey relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Djibouti–Turkey relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Eritrea–Turkey relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ethiopia–Turkey relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kenya–Turkey relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Madagascar–Turkey relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malawi–Turkey relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritius–Turkey relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mozambique–Turkey relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Rwanda–Turkey relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Seychelles–Turkey relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Somalia–Turkey relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Sudan–Turkey relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sudan–Turkey relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tanzania–Turkey relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Turkey–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Turkey–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Turkey–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Algeria–Turkey relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Libya–Turkey relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Morocco–Turkey relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tunisia–Turkey relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Namibia–Turkey relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Benin–Turkey relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Turkey relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cape Verde–Turkey relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Turkey relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Turkey relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ghana–Turkey relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea–Turkey relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Liberia–Turkey relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mali–Turkey relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritania–Turkey relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Niger–Turkey relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nigeria–Turkey relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Senegal–Turkey relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sierra Leone–Turkey relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Togo–Turkey relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Turkey relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cuba–Turkey relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Turkey relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Haiti–Turkey relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Costa Rica–Turkey relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guatemala–Turkey relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nicaragua–Turkey relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Panama–Turkey relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mexico–Turkey relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Argentina–Turkey relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bolivia–Turkey relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brazil–Turkey relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chile–Turkey relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Colombia–Turkey relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ecuador–Turkey relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Paraguay–Turkey relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Peru–Turkey relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Suriname–Turkey relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Turkey–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Turkey–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Turkey relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tajikistan–Turkey relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Turkey–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Turkey–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mongolia–Turkey relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Korea–Turkey relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Taiwan–Turkey relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bangladesh–Turkey relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Maldives–Turkey relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nepal–Turkey relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkey relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sri Lanka–Turkey relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brunei–Turkey relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cambodia–Turkey relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="East Timor–Turkey relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Indonesia–Turkey relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Laos–Turkey relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Myanmar–Turkey relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malaysia–Turkey relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Philippines–Turkey relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Singapore–Turkey relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Thailand–Turkey relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Turkey–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bahrain–Turkey relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Georgia–Turkey relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Abkhazia–Turkey relations">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Jordan–Turkey relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kuwait–Turkey relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lebanon–Turkey relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Oman–Turkey relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Palestine–Turkey relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Qatar–Turkey relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Syria–Turkey relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Turkey–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Czech Republic–Turkey relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Hungary–Turkey relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovakia–Turkey relations">Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belarus–Turkey relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bulgaria–Turkey relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Moldova–Turkey relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Romania–Turkey relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Turkey–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Denmark–Turkey relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Estonia–Turkey relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Finland–Turkey relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iceland–Turkey relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ireland–Turkey relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Latvia–Turkey relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lithuania–Turkey relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Norway–Turkey relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sweden–Turkey relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Turkey–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Albania–Turkey relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Croatia–Turkey relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Greece–Turkey relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Italy–Turkey relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kosovo–Turkey relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malta–Turkey relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Montenegro–Turkey relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Macedonia–Turkey relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Portugal–Turkey relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="San Marino–Turkey relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Serbia–Turkey relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovenia–Turkey relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Spain–Turkey relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Holy See–Turkey relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Austria–Turkey relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belgium–Turkey relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Luxembourg–Turkey relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Netherlands–Turkey relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Switzerland–Turkey relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Australia–Turkey relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Solomon Islands–Turkey relations">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Samoa–Turkey relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tonga–Turkey relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Turkey–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League–Turkey relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_NATO" title="Turkey in NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">First Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Second Balkan Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace Agreements and Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">Treaty of Ankara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">Border with Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Border with Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Greece–Turkey border">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Armenia–Turkey border">Border with Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey border">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Georgia–Turkey border">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Border with Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Border with Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_Water_Supply_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project">Northern Cyprus pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Express" title="Friendship Express">Greece–Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats" title="List of Turkish diplomats">Diplomatic corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/21px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/42px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1259697138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1259697138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_involving_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Category:Military operations involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Military operations involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_involving_Turkey" title="Category:Military operations involving Turkey">Military operations involving Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Turkey" title="Category:2010s in Turkey">2010s in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_Turkey" title="Category:2020s in Turkey">2020s in Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from June 2024">Articles that may be too long from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2023">Articles to be expanded from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2018">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 15:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-mvmlg","wgBackendResponseTime":238,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.106","walltime":"5.568","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42420,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1541438,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":77227,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1920291,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4656.653 1 -total"," 64.55% 3006.069 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.82% 1155.699 270 Template:Cite_news"," 24.34% 1133.542 242 Template:Cite_web"," 13.05% 607.708 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 11.29% 525.839 76 Template:Bare_URL_inline"," 11.10% 516.891 23 Template:Efn"," 10.54% 490.929 77 Template:Fix"," 4.75% 221.416 77 Template:Delink"," 2.77% 128.786 2 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.020","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24227145,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","640","18.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","540","15.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","2.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.3"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","2.3"],["[others]","780","22.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bcf67d78c-4zrjv","timestamp":"20241127223146","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18208094","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18208094","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-09-29T21:09:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T15:55:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Al-Bab_military_council.png","headline":"involvement of Turkey in the Syrian civil war"}</script> </body> </html>