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href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powertrains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powertrains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Powertrains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powertrains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_plug-in_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_plug-in_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Dual plug-in hybrids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_plug-in_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Charging systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Modes of operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modes_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Electric power storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversions_of_production_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversions_of_production_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Conversions of production vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversions_of_production_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Target market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_non-plug-in_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_non-plug-in_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comparison to non-plug-in hybrids </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_non-plug-in_hybrids-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison to non-plug-in hybrids subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_non-plug-in_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel_efficiency_and_petroleum_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_efficiency_and_petroleum_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fuel efficiency and petroleum displacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_efficiency_and_petroleum_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Operating costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cost of batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions_shifted_to_electric_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions_shifted_to_electric_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Emissions shifted to electric plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissions_shifted_to_electric_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiered_rate_structure_for_electric_bills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiered_rate_structure_for_electric_bills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tiered rate structure for electric bills </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiered_rate_structure_for_electric_bills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Greenhouse gas emissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle_energy_and_emissions_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle_energy_and_emissions_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Life cycle energy and emissions assessments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle_energy_and_emissions_assessments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life cycle energy and emissions assessments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle_energy_and_emissions_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argonne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argonne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Argonne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argonne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oak_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oak_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Oak Ridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oak_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_Protection_Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Environmental Protection Agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_Protection_Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 National Bureau of Economic Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Production and sales </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_sales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production and sales subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Production models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_and_main_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_and_main_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sales and main markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_and_main_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 By model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_support_and_public_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_support_and_public_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Government support and public deployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_support_and_public_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsidies_and_economic_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidies_and_economic_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Subsidies and economic incentives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidies_and_economic_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_government_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_government_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Other government support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_government_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supportive_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supportive_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Supportive organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supportive_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Plug-in hybrid</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مركبة هجينة قابلة للشحن الخارجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة هجينة قابلة للشحن الخارجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_h%C3%ADbrid_endollable" title="Vehicle híbrid endollable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle híbrid endollable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plug-in hybrid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in-Hybrid" title="Plug-in-Hybrid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plug-in-Hybrid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistikh%C3%BCbriids%C3%B5iduk" title="Pistikhübriidsõiduk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pistikhübriidsõiduk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%85%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Επαναφορτιζόμενο υβριδικό όχημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επαναφορτιζόμενο υβριδικό όχημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_h%C3%ADbrido_el%C3%A9ctrico_enchufable" title="Vehículo híbrido eléctrico enchufable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo híbrido eléctrico enchufable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibilgailu_elektriko_hibrido_entxufagarri" title="Ibilgailu elektriko hibrido entxufagarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibilgailu elektriko hibrido entxufagarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2" title="خودروی اتصال برقی دوگانه‌سوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی اتصال برقی دوگانه‌سوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_hybride_rechargeable" title="Véhicule hybride rechargeable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véhicule hybride rechargeable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C" title="플러그인 하이브리드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플러그인 하이브리드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendaraan_listrik_hibrida_plug-in" title="Kendaraan listrik hibrida plug-in – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kendaraan listrik hibrida plug-in" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veicolo_elettrico_ibrido_plug-in" title="Veicolo elettrico ibrido plug-in – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veicolo elettrico ibrido plug-in" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="היברידי נטען – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היברידי נטען" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Цахилгаан хосмог автомашин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан хосмог автомашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-inhybride" title="Plug-inhybride – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plug-inhybride" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="プラグインハイブリッドカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラグインハイブリッドカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbar_hybridbil" title="Ladbar hybridbil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ladbar hybridbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plug-in hybrid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vel_h%C3%ADbrido_plug-in" title="Automóvel híbrido plug-in – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Automóvel híbrido plug-in" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicul_hibrid_re%C3%AEnc%C4%83rcabil" title="Vehicul hibrid reîncărcabil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vehicul hibrid reîncărcabil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Заряжаемый гибрид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заряжаемый гибрид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plug-in hybrid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plag-in_hibridno_vozilo" title="Plag-in hibridno vozilo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Plag-in hibridno vozilo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in-hybridiauto" title="Plug-in-hybridiauto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plug-in-hybridiauto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hybrid vehicle whose battery may be externally charged</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about hybrid vehicles whose battery may be externally charged. For vehicles that are propelled only by electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries, see <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a>. For the more general category of vehicles with plug-in rechargeable capabilities, see <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicle</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg/225px-2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg/338px-2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg/450px-2023_BYD_Song_Plus_DM-i_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6307" data-file-height="3887" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The <a href="/wiki/BYD_Song" title="BYD Song">BYD Song</a> plug-in hybrid SUV series is the world's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid with over 1,050,000 cumulative sales in December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_(20220904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg/225px-2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg/338px-2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg/450px-2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV_P_4WD_2.4_5LA-GN0W_%2820220904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4611" data-file-height="2427" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV">Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV</a> was once world's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid until 2022.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV200k-4">[4]</a> Cumulative global sales reached 290,000 units in September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV290k-5">[5]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/225px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/338px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/450px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3317" data-file-height="1780" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid until September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Top5Global102018-6">[6]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #aaa; width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent;padding:0.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wind turbines near Vendsyssel, Denmark (2004)"><img alt="A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/180px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/270px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/360px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_audit" title="Energy audit">Energy audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_implementation" title="Energy efficiency implementation">Energy efficiency implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">Energy saving lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-energy_building_techniques" title="List of low-energy building techniques">List of low-energy building techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_habitat" title="Sustainable habitat">Sustainable habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Sustainable refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_green_building" title="Tropical green building">Tropical green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_barrage" title="Tidal barrage">Tidal barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_farm" title="Tidal farm">Tidal farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Renewable energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine" title="Floating wind turbine">Floating wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting" title="Wind power forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_lens" title="Wind lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy" title="Outline of wind energy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_rights" title="Wind rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbelt" title="Windbelt">Windbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Bicycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93electric_hybrid_vehicle" title="Human–electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric</a> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/16px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/24px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/32px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" 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7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or simply plug-in hybrid is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a> equipped with a rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Electric-vehicle_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric-vehicle battery">battery pack</a> that can be directly replenished via a <a href="/wiki/Power_cord" title="Power cord">charging cable</a> plugged into an external <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a>. While PHEVs are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car">passenger cars</a>, there are also plug-in hybrid variants of <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">commercial vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">utility trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopeds">mopeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military vehicles</a> and boats.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> (BEVs), plug-in hybrids can use centralized generators of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a>) to be largely emission-free, or a fossil plant in which case they displace <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from the car <a href="/wiki/Tailpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe">tailpipe</a> <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a>. As opposed to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), PHEVs generally have a larger battery pack that can be recharged (theoretically) from anywhere with access to the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>, offering enhanced <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency (physics)">energy efficiency</a> and cost-effectiveness when compared to relying solely on the on-board generator. Additionally, PHEVs can support longer and more frequent <a href="/wiki/Charge-depleting" title="Charge-depleting">all-electric range</a> driving, and their <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> often have higher power output and <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>, are more responsive in acceleration, and overall have lower <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating costs</a>. Although a PHEV's battery pack is smaller than that of all-electric vehicles of the same weight, as it must accommodate its combustion engine and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">hybrid drivetrain</a>, it provides the added flexibility of reverting to the use of its <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, akin to a conventional HEV if the battery charge is depleted. This feature helps alleviate <a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">range anxiety</a>, particularly in areas lacking sufficient <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">charging infrastructure</a>. Mass-produced PHEVs have been available to the public in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> since 2010,<a href="#cite_note-GCC0310-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds310-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volt1stDelivery-10">[10]</a> with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, which was the best selling PHEV until it was surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV">Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV</a> at the Volt's end of production in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV200k2-11">[11]</a> By 2021, <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD Auto</a> emerged as the largest plug-in hybrid vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of May 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, BYD plug-in hybrid cumulative sales surpassed 3.6 million units.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BYD_Song" title="BYD Song">BYD Song DM</a> line of SUVs contributed over 1.05 million units.<a href="#cite_note-:52-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-15">[15]</a> As of December 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the global stock of PHEVs totalled 2.4 million units, representing one-third of the stock of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric passenger cars</a> on the world's roads.<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-16">[16]</a> As of December 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, China had the world's largest stock of PHEVs with 767,900 units, followed by the United States with 567,740, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> with 159,910.<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV-[miles] or PHEV[kilometers]km in which the number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 32 km (20 miles) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km.<a href="#cite_note-reduct-17">[17]</a> For these cars to be battery operated, they go through charging processes that use different currents. These currents are known as Alternating Current (AC) used for on board chargers and Direct Current (DC) used for external charging.<a href="#cite_note-Tilsley-2018-04-30-18">[18]</a> Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> GM calls its <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series</a> plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle".<a href="#cite_note-RSC-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_plug-in_hybrids" title="History of plug-in hybrids">History of plug-in hybrids</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohner_Porsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/220px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/330px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/440px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid</a> was the first gasoline-electric plug-in hybrid <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_and_early_interest">Invention and early interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invention and early interest">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid</a>, produced as early as 1899, was the first hybrid electric car.<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. The term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. The term "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" was coined by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UC Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Dr._Andrew_Alfonso_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Andrew Alfonso Frank">Professor Andrew Frank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> who has been called the "father of the modern plug-in hybrid".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plug_in-29">[29]</a> The July 1969 issue of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> featured an article on the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_XP-883" title="General Motors XP-883">General Motors XP-883</a> plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six 12-volt lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a front-wheel drive. The car could be plugged into a standard North American 120 volt AC outlet for recharging.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_interest">Revival of interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival of interest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg/220px-Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg/330px-Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg/440px-Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion battery</a> pack, with cover removed, in a <a href="/wiki/CalCars" title="CalCars">CalCars</a> "PRIUS+" plug-in hybrid converted <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> converted by EnergyCS</figcaption></figure> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> began selling the <a href="/wiki/Elect%27road" title="Elect'road">Elect'road</a>, a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular <a href="/wiki/Kangoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangoo">Kangoo</a>, in Europe. In addition to its engine, it could be plugged into a standard outlet and recharged to 95% range in about 4 hours.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> After selling about 500 vehicles, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, the Elect'road was redesigned in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-kangoo-32">[32]</a> With the availability of hybrid vehicles and the rising gas prices in the United States starting around 2002, interest in plug-in hybrids increased.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2010-33">[33]</a> Some plug-in hybrids were conversions of existing hybrids; for example, the 2004 <a href="/wiki/CalCars" title="CalCars">CalCars</a> conversion of a Prius to add lead acid batteries and a range of up to 15 km (9 mi) using only electric power.<a href="#cite_note-priusplus-34">[34]</a> In 2006, both <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> announced plans for plug-in hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-toyota-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-gm-36">[36]</a> GM's Saturn Vue project was cancelled, but the Toyota plug-in was certified for road use in Japan in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2007, Quantum Technologies and <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Coachbuild" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisker Coachbuild">Fisker Coachbuild</a>, LLC announced the launch of a joint venture in <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Automotive" title="Fisker Automotive">Fisker Automotive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fisker_automotive-38">[38]</a> Fisker intended to build a US$80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Karma" title="Fisker Karma">Fisker Karma</a>, initially scheduled for late 2009.<a href="#cite_note-karma-39">[39]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Aptera_Motors" title="Aptera Motors">Aptera Motors</a> announced their <a href="/wiki/Aptera_2_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptera 2 Series">Typ-1</a> two seater. That company folded in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2007, Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto, owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced it would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in the second half of 2008. BYD exhibited it in January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show" title="North American International Auto Show">North American International Auto Show</a> in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4)-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70% of capacity in 10 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-byd-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/220px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/330px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg/440px-Charging_stations_in_SF_City_Hall_02_2009_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Three plug-in converted <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> recharging at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall" title="San Francisco City Hall">San Francisco City Hall</a> public <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging station</a> </figcaption></figure> In 2007 Ford delivered the first <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid">Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid</a> of a fleet of 20 demonstration PHEVs to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison">Southern California Edison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As part of this demonstration program Ford also developed the first <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible-fuel">flexible-fuel</a> plug-in hybrid <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a>, which was delivered in June 2008.<a href="#cite_note-USDoE-43">[43]</a> This demonstration fleet of plug-ins has been in field testing with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada,<a href="#cite_note-HC032009-44">[44]</a> and during the first two years since the program began, the fleet has logged more than 75,000 miles.<a href="#cite_note-V2G-45">[45]</a> In August 2009 Ford delivered the first Escape Plug-in equipped with intelligent vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications and control system technology, and Ford plans to equip all 21 plug-in hybrid Escapes with the vehicle-to-grid communications technology.<a href="#cite_note-V2G-45">[45]</a> Sales of the Escape PHEV were scheduled for 2012.<a href="#cite_note-HC032009-44">[44]</a> On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start sales of lithium-ion battery PHEVs by 2010,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> but later in the year Toyota indicated they would be offered to commercial fleets in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-toyota09-48">[48]</a> On March 27, the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids during 2012 through 2014.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This requirement is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emissions vehicles</a>, reducing that requirement to 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On June 26, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a> compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV.<a href="#cite_note-vwgolf-51">[51]</a> In September, <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a> was reported to be planning PHEVs.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On September 23, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> announced that they had prototyped a plug-in <a href="/wiki/Jeep_Wrangler" title="Jeep Wrangler">Jeep Wrangler</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Town_and_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Town and Country">Chrysler Town and Country</a> mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On October 3, the U.S. enacted the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Improvement_and_Extension_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008">Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008</a>. The legislation provided tax credits for the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours.<a href="#cite_note-Schoenberger-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vijayenthiran-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#United_States" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">federal tax credits</a> were extended and modified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Clean_Energy_and_Security_Act_of_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009">American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009</a>, but now the battery capacity must be over 5 <a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a> and the credit phases out after the automaker has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Yahoo0330-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_production">Series production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Series production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG/220px-Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG/330px-Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG/440px-Bilbao_05_2012_BYD_F3DM_2438.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Launched in China in December 2008, the <a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">BYD F3DM</a> became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> plug-in hybrid automobile.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Qin_(Auto_Shanghai_2013).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG/220px-BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG/330px-BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG/440px-BYD_Qin_%28Auto_Shanghai_2013%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/BYD_Qin" title="BYD Qin">BYD Qin</a>, released in China in December 2013, replaced the F3DM.<a href="#cite_note-PriceChina-59">[59]</a></div></div></div></div></div> On December 15, 2008, BYD Auto began selling its <a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">F3DM</a> in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, becoming the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world, though initially was available only for corporate and government customers.<a href="#cite_note-F3DM-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-bwf3dm-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC1208-62">[62]</a> Sales to the general public began in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> in March 2010,<a href="#cite_note-GCC0310-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds310-9">[9]</a> but because the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers.<a href="#cite_note-GCC0310-8">[8]</a> Toyota tested 600 <a href="/wiki/Pre-production_car" title="Pre-production car">pre-production</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Prius Plug-ins</a> in Europe and North America in 2009 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ToyotaDemo2009-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a> built two demonstration versions of <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V70_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid">Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrids</a> in 2009 but did not proceed with production. The <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V60#V60_plug-in_hybrid" title="Volvo V60">V60 plug-in hybrid</a> was released in 2011 and was available for sale. In October 2010 <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Engineering">Lotus Engineering</a> unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_CityCar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus CityCar">Lotus CityCar</a>, a plug-in series hybrid <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept car</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Flex-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flex-fuel">flex-fuel</a> operation on <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">methanol</a> as well as regular gasoline.<a href="#cite_note-AbG-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Car&Driver-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithium_battery" title="Lithium battery">lithium battery</a> pack provides an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend the range to more than 500 kilometres (310 mi).<a href="#cite_note-AbG-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Car&Driver-66">[66]</a> GM officially launched the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. on November 30, 2010, and retail deliveries began in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Volt1stDelivery-10">[10]</a> Its sibling the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was launched in Europe between late 2011 and early 2012. The first deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Karma" title="Fisker Karma">Fisker Karma</a> took place in July 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Karma1stDelivery-67">[67]</a> and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011. The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a> was released in Japan in January 2012,<a href="#cite_note-JapanStartDate-68">[68]</a> followed by the United States in February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-PEVsalesUS-69">[69]</a> Deliveries of the Prius PHV in Europe began in late June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-PriuSales0612EU-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ford_C-Max_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford C-Max Energi">Ford C-Max Energi</a> was released in the U.S. in October 2012,<a href="#cite_note-EnergiSales-71">[71]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_V60_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid">Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid</a> in Sweden by late 2012.<a href="#cite_note-SwedenSales2011_13-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid">Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid</a> was released in selected U.S. markets in January 2013,<a href="#cite_note-Pete_Brissette-73">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_P-HEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV">Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV</a> in Japan in January 2013, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> plug-in hybrid in the market.<a href="#cite_note-JapPHEV-74">[74]</a> Deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Fusion Energi">Ford Fusion Energi</a> began in February 2013.<a href="#cite_note-EnergiDelivery01-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnergiDelivery02-76">[76]</a> BYD Auto stopped production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales,<a href="#cite_note-EndF3DM-77">[77]</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/BYD_Qin" title="BYD Qin">BYD Qin</a>, began sales in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> in November 2013, with sales in other countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> scheduled to begin in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-QinLatam01-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-QinLatam02-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-QinLatam03-80">[80]</a> Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-PriceChina-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg/220px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg/330px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg/440px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a> was launched in Japan and the U.S. in early 2012, and Europe by mid-2012.</figcaption></figure> Deliveries to retail customers of the limited edition <a href="/wiki/McLaren_P1" title="McLaren P1">McLaren P1</a> supercar began in the UK in October 2013,<a href="#cite_note-McLarenP1-81">[81]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_Panamera_S_E-Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid">Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid</a> began deliveries in the U.S. in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_ELR" title="Cadillac ELR">Cadillac ELR</a> took place in the U.S. in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-ELR1st-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BMW_i8" title="BMW i8">BMW i8</a> and the limited edition <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_XL1" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen XL1">Volkswagen XL1</a> were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-BMWi8First-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-VWXL1first-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Porsche_918_Spyder" title="Porsche 918 Spyder">Porsche 918 Spyder</a> was also released in Europe and the U.S. in 2014. The first units of the <a href="/wiki/Audi_A3_Sportback_e-tron" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi A3 Sportback e-tron">Audi A3 Sportback e-tron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_GTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf GTE">Volkswagen Golf GTE</a> were registered in Germany in August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Germany082014-85">[85]</a> In December 2014 BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its <a href="/wiki/BMW_i" title="BMW i">BMW i</a> brand plug-in vehicles (<a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a> and BMW i8). The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO2 emissions below 100g/km. At the time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">BMW 3 Series</a> plug-in hybrid prototype.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The first model available for retail sales will be the 2016 <a href="/wiki/BMW_X5_eDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW X5 eDrive">BMW X5 eDrive</a>, with the production version unveiled at the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Motor Show">Shanghai Motor Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt_(second_generation)" title="Chevrolet Volt (second generation)">second generation Chevrolet Volt</a> was unveiled at the January 2015 <a href="/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show" title="North American International Auto Show">North American International Auto Show</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2016Volt-88">[88]</a> and retail deliveries began in the U.S. and Canada in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Volt2016-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canada2015-90">[90]</a> In March 2015 <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> said they planned on making a plug-in hybrid version of every model series, and that they expect plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's CO2 targets. The <a href="/wiki/Audi_Q7_e-tron" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi Q7 e-tron">Audi Q7 e-tron</a> will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Also in March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> announced that the company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W205)#C_350_e" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205)">Mercedes-Benz C 350 e</a>, Mercedes' second plug-in hybrid after the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S_500_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in Hybrid">S 500 Plug-In Hybrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MBphevs-92">[92]</a> Other plug-in hybrid released in 2015 are the <a href="/wiki/BYD_Tang" title="BYD Tang">BYD Tang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_GTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Passat GTE">Volkswagen Passat GTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_XC90_T8" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo XC90 T8">Volvo XC90 T8</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Sonata_PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Sonata PHEV">Hyundai Sonata PHEV</a>. Global combined <a href="/wiki/Volt/Ampera_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Volt/Ampera family">Volt/Ampera family</a> sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Volt100K-93">[93]</a> By the end of 2015, over 517,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of more than 1.25 million light-duty plug-in electric cars.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2016-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopSix2015-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg/220px-Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg/330px-Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg/440px-Porsche_918_Spyder_at_2014_NY_Auto_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_918_Spyder" title="Porsche 918 Spyder">Porsche 918 Spyder</a> began in Europe in May 2014.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg/220px-BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg/330px-BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg/440px-BMW_i8_in_Berlin_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/BMW_i8" title="BMW i8">BMW i8</a> was released in Europe in June 2014.</div></div></div></div></div> In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from <a href="/wiki/BMW_i" title="BMW i">BMW i</a> to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new <a href="/wiki/BMW_7_Series" title="BMW 7 Series">BMW 7 Series</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMW_740e_iPerformance" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW 740e iPerformance">BMW 740e iPerformance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">3 Series</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMW_330e_iPerformance" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW 330e iPerformance">BMW 330e iPerformance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US330e-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor Company</a> made the official debut of its three model <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq" title="Hyundai Ioniq">Hyundai Ioniq</a> line-up at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes-98">[98]</a> The Ioniq family of <a href="/wiki/Electric_drive_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drive vehicle">electric drive vehicles</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_Plug-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in">Ioniq Plug-in</a>, which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of 125 mpg‑e (27 kW⋅h/100 mi; 16.8 kW⋅h/100 km) in all-electric mode.<a href="#cite_note-GCG032016-99">[99]</a> The Ioniq Plug-in is scheduled to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Prime" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius Prime">Prius Prime</a> in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-Prime_PHV-101">[101]</a> was unveiled at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/New_York_International_Auto_Show" title="New York International Auto Show">New York International Auto Show</a>. Retail deliveries of the Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016,<a href="#cite_note-PrimeUSA-102">[102]</a> and is scheduled to be released Japan by the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Prime_PHV-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-PriusPrime1-103">[103]</a> The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a> (EV mode), the highest <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles per gallon equivalent">MPGe</a> rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA.<a href="#cite_note-2017PrimeMPGe-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Unlike its predecessor, the Prime runs entirely on electricity in EV mode.<a href="#cite_note-PriusPrime3-106">[106]</a> Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Outlander100K-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-OutlanderPHEV100K-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Qin" title="BYD Qin">BYD Qin</a> sales in China reached the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016, becoming the fourth plug-in hybrid to pass that mark.<a href="#cite_note-Qin50K-109">[109]</a> In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact <a href="/wiki/Range_extender_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range extender (vehicle)">range extender</a> car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use a new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept</a> crossover showcased at the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auto_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Auto Show">Frankfurt Auto Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In January 2016, Chrysler debuted its plug-in hybrid minivan, the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid">Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid</a>, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 48 km (30 miles).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> This was the first hybrid minivan of any type. It was first sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 2017. In December 2017, Honda began retail deliveries of the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Clarity" title="Honda Clarity">Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid</a> in the United States and Canada, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 76 km (47 miles).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG/220px-Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG/330px-Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG/440px-Volkswagen_XL_driver_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>Volkswagen XL driver side with door opened</figcaption></figure> In 2013, Volkswagen started production on the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">Volkswagen XL1</a>, a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid vehicle designed to be able to travel 100 km/L (280 mpg‑imp; 235 mpg‑US) on diesel, while still being both roadworthy and practical. The model is built with a 800 cc (49 cu in) TDI twin-cylinder, common-rail 35 kW (47 hp) turbo-diesel and a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor. The model is unique in that it is one of the only mass produced plug-in diesel hybrid vehicles and one of the only mass produced diesel hybrid vehicles in general.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powertrains">Powertrains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Powertrains">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrains">Hybrid vehicle drivetrains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/220px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/330px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg/440px-Chevrolet_Volt_charging_WAS_2011_833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> operates primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series hybrid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg/220px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg/330px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg/440px-11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain#Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">series-parallel hybrid</a>.</figcaption></figure> PHEVs are based on the same three basic powertrain architectures of conventional hybrids; a series hybrid is propelled by electric motors only, a parallel hybrid is propelled both by its internal combustion engine and by electric motors operating concurrently, and a series-parallel hybrid operates in either mode. While a plain hybrid vehicle charges its <a href="/wiki/Electric-vehicle_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric-vehicle battery">battery</a> from its engine only, a plug-in hybrid can obtain a significant amount of the energy required to recharge its battery from external sources.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_plug-in_hybrids">Dual plug-in hybrids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dual plug-in hybrids">edit</a>]</div> These contain two different energy recovery systems. The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-AMG_ONE" title="Mercedes-AMG ONE">Mercedes-AMG ONE</a> is a plug-in <a href="/wiki/Dual_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual hybrid">dual hybrid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class_(W206)" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)">Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLC#Second_generation_(X254/C254;_2022)" title="Mercedes-Benz GLC">Mercedes C254/X254</a> also have an <a href="/wiki/Electrically_assisted_turbocharger" title="Electrically assisted turbocharger">electrically assisted turbocharger</a>/<a href="/wiki/MGU-H" class="mw-redirect" title="MGU-H">MGU-H</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ams-2021-02-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-mgu-h-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging_systems">Charging systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charging systems">edit</a>]</div> The battery charger can be on-board or external to the vehicle. The process for an on-board charger is best explained as AC power being converted into DC power, resulting in the battery being charged.<a href="#cite_note-Tilsley-2018-04-30-18">[18]</a> On-board chargers are limited in capacity by their weight and size, and by the limited capacity of general-purpose AC outlets. Dedicated off-board chargers can be as large and powerful as the user can afford, but require returning to the charger; high-speed chargers may be shared by multiple vehicles. Using the electric motor's inverter allows the motor windings to act as the transformer coils, and the existing high-power inverter as the AC-to-DC charger. As these components are already required on the car, and are designed to handle any practical power capability, they can be used to create a very powerful form of on-board charger with no significant additional weight or size. <a href="/wiki/AC_Propulsion" title="AC Propulsion">AC Propulsion</a> uses this charging method, referred to as "reductive charging".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modes_of_operation">Modes of operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modes of operation">edit</a>]</div> A plug-in hybrid operates in <a href="/wiki/Charge-depleting" title="Charge-depleting">charge-depleting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charge-sustaining" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-sustaining">charge-sustaining</a> modes. Combinations of these two modes are termed <a href="/wiki/Blended_mode" title="Blended mode">blended mode</a> or mixed-mode. These vehicles can be designed to drive for an extended range in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a>, either at low speeds only or at all speeds. These modes manage the vehicle's battery discharge strategy, and their use has a direct effect on the size and type of battery required:<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Charge-depleting mode allows a fully charged PHEV to operate exclusively (or depending on the vehicle, almost exclusively, except during hard acceleration) on electric power until its battery state of charge is depleted to a predetermined level, at which time the vehicle's internal combustion engine or fuel cell will be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/engaged" class="extiw" title="wikt:engaged">engaged</a>. This period is the vehicle's all-electric range. This is the only mode that a <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> can operate in, hence their limited range.<a href="#cite_note-energy-120">[120]</a> Mixed mode describes a trip using a combination of multiple modes. For example, a car may begin a trip in low speed charge-depleting mode, then enter onto a freeway and operate in blended mode. The driver might exit the freeway and drive without the internal combustion engine until all-electric range is exhausted. The vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode until the final destination is reached. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip that would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Most PHEV's also have two additional charge sustaining modes: Battery Hold; the electric motor is locked out and the vehicle operates exclusively on combustion power, so that whatever charge is left in the battery remains for when mixed mode or full electric operation are re-engaged, whilst <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> will still be available to boost the battery charge. On some PHEVs, vehicle services that use the traction battery (such as heating and air conditioning) are placed in a low power consumption mode to further conserve the remaining battery charge. The lock-out of the electric motor is automatically overridden (charge permitting) should full acceleration be required. Self Charge; the electric motor's armature is engaged to the transmission, but is connected to the battery so that it runs as a generator and therefore recharges the battery whilst the car is in motion, although this comes at the expense of higher fuel consumption, as the combustion engine has to both power the vehicle itself and charge the battery. This is useful for 'charging on the move' when there are limited places to plug the vehicle in. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_storage">Electric power storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electric power storage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a></div> The optimum battery size varies depending on whether the aim is to reduce fuel consumption, running costs, or emissions, but a 2009 study<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> concluded that "The best choice of PHEV battery capacity depends critically on the distance that the vehicle will be driven between charges. Our results suggest that for urban driving conditions and frequent charges every 10 miles or less, a low-capacity PHEV sized with an AER (all-electric range) of about 7 miles would be a robust choice for minimizing gasoline consumption, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. For less frequent charging, every 20–100 miles, PHEVs release fewer GHGs, but <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">HEVs</a> are more cost effective." PHEVs typically require deeper <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> charging and discharging cycles than conventional hybrids. Because the number of full cycles influences battery life, this may be less than in traditional HEVs, which do not deplete their batteries as fully. Nonetheless, some authors argue that PHEVs will soon become standard in the automobile industry.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Design issues and trade-offs against battery life, capacity, heat dissipation, weight, costs, and safety need to be solved.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Advanced battery technology is under development, promising greater energy densities by both mass and volume,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and battery life expectancy is expected to increase.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The cathodes of some early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal oxide. This material is expensive, and cells made with it can release oxygen if overcharged. If the cobalt is replaced with <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">iron phosphates</a>, the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, the break-even point is reached after six to ten years of operation. The payback period may be longer for plug-in hybrids, because of their larger, more expensive batteries.<a href="#cite_note-ieee-126">[126]</a> Nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries can be recycled; Toyota, for example, has a recycling program in place under which dealers are paid a US$200 credit for each battery returned.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Plug-in hybrids typically use larger battery packs than comparable conventional hybrids, however, and thus require more resources. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company">Pacific Gas and Electric Company</a> (PG&E) has suggested that utilities could purchase used batteries for backup and load leveling purposes. They state that while these used batteries may be no longer usable in vehicles, their residual capacity still has significant value.<a href="#cite_note-woody-128">[128]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM) has said it has been "approached by utilities interested in using recycled Volt batteries as a power storage system, a secondary market that could bring down the cost of the Volt and other plug-in vehicles for consumers".<a href="#cite_note-jansen-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultracapacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultracapacitor">Ultracapacitors</a> (or "supercapacitors") are used in some plug-in hybrids, such as <a href="/wiki/AFS_Trinity" title="AFS Trinity">AFS Trinity</a>'s concept prototype, to store rapidly available energy with their high <a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">power density</a>, in order to keep batteries within safe resistive heating limits and extend battery life.<a href="#cite_note-NYTXH-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trinity-131">[131]</a> The CSIRO's <a href="/wiki/UltraBattery" title="UltraBattery">UltraBattery</a> combines a <a href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">supercapacitor</a> and a lead acid battery in a single unit, creating a hybrid car battery that lasts longer, costs less and is more powerful than current technologies used in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversions_of_production_vehicles">Conversions of production vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conversions of production vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WanacheBuild88large.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WanacheBuild88large.JPG/220px-WanacheBuild88large.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WanacheBuild88large.JPG/330px-WanacheBuild88large.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WanacheBuild88large.JPG/440px-WanacheBuild88large.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>15 <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead–acid batteries">lead–acid batteries</a>, PFC charger, and <a href="/wiki/Battery_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery regulator">regulators</a> installed into WhiteBird, a PHEV-10 conversion of a Toyota Prius</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion" title="Electric vehicle conversion">Electric vehicle conversion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CalCars" title="CalCars">CalCars</a></div> There are several companies that are converting <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> non-hybrid vehicles to plug-in hybrids:<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aftermarket_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermarket (automotive)">Aftermarket conversion</a> of an existing production hybrid to a plug-in hybrid<a href="#cite_note-calcars.org-135">[135]</a> typically involves increasing the capacity of the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Battery_pack" title="Battery pack">battery pack</a> and adding an on-board AC-to-DC charger. Ideally, the vehicle's powertrain software would be reprogrammed to make full use of the battery pack's additional energy storage capacity and power output. Many early plug-in hybrid <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion" title="Electric vehicle conversion">electric vehicle conversions</a> have been based on the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Some of the systems have involved replacement of the vehicle's original NiMH battery pack and its electronic control unit. Others add an additional battery back onto the original battery pack.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Target_market">Target market</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Target market">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, demand for all- electric vehicles, especially in the United States market, has been driven by government incentives through subsidies, lobbyists, and taxes.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In particular, American sales of the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> have depended on generous incentives and special treatment in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">state of Georgia</a>, the top selling Leaf market.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> According to international market research, 60% of respondents believe a battery driving range of less than 160 km (99 mi) is unacceptable even though only 2% drive more than that distance per day.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Among popular current all-electric vehicles, only the Tesla (with the most expensive version of the <a href="/wiki/Model_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Model S">Model S</a> offering a 265 miles (426 km) range in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> 5-cycle test) significantly exceeds this threshold. In 2021, for the 2022 model year, the Nissan Leaf has an EPA rated range of 212 miles (341 km) for the 60 kWh model. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png/300px-All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png/450px-All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/All-electric_range_for_2013-14_plug_in_hybrids_observed_in_Popular_Mechanics_magazine_test.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">All-electric range</a>, in miles, for several popular model year 2013 plug-in hybrids, as observed in testing by <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> magazine. Providing greater all-electric range adds cost and entails compromises, so different all-electric ranges may suit different customers' needs.</figcaption></figure> Plug-in hybrids provide the extended range and potential for refueling of conventional hybrids while enabling drivers to use battery electric power for at least a significant part of their typical daily driving. The average trip to or from work in the United States in 2009 was 11.8 miles (19.0 km),<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> while the average distance commuted to work in England and Wales in 2011 was slightly lower at 9.3 miles (15 km).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Since building a PHEV with a longer all-electric range adds weight and cost, and reduces cargo and/or passenger space, there is not a specific all-electric range that is optimal. The accompanying graph shows the observed all-electric range, in miles, for four popular U.S. market plug-in hybrids, as tested by <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A key design parameter of the Chevrolet Volt was a target of 40 miles (64 km) for the all-electric range, selected to keep the battery size small and lower costs, and mainly because research showed that 78% of daily <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuters</a> in the U.S. travel 40 mi (64 km) or less. This target range would allow most travel to be accomplished electrically driven and the assumption was made that charging will take place at home overnight. This requirement translated using a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> pack with an energy storage capacity of 16 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a> considering that the battery would be used until the <a href="/wiki/State_of_charge" title="State of charge">state of charge</a> (SOC) of the battery reached 30%.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In October 2014 General Motors reported, based on data collected through its <a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> <a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">telematics</a> system since Volt deliveries began, and with over 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km) traveled, that Volt owners drive about 62.5% of their trips in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In May 2016, Ford reported, based on data collected from more than 610 million miles (976 million km) logged by its electrified vehicles through its telematics system, that drivers of these vehicles run an average of 13,500 mi (21,700 km) annually on their vehicles, with about half of those miles operating in all-electric mode. A breakdown of these figures show an average daily commute of 42 mi (68 km) for Ford Energi plug-in hybrid drivers. Ford notes that with the enhanced electric range of the 2017 model year model, the average <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Fusion Energi">Fusion Energi</a> commuter could go the entire day using no gasoline, if the car is fully charged both, before leaving for work and before leaving for home. According to Ford data, currently most customers are likely charging their vehicles only at home.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The 2015 edition of the EPA's annual report "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends" estimates the following utility factors for 2015 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, whether in electric only or blended modes: 83% for the <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3_REx" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW i3 REx">BMW i3 REx</a>, 66% for the Chevrolet Volt, 45% for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Fusion Energi">Ford Energi models</a>, 43% for the <a href="/wiki/McLaren_P1" title="McLaren P1">McLaren P1</a>, 37% for the <a href="/wiki/BMW_i8" title="BMW i8">BMW i8</a>, and 29% for the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHV" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius PHV">Toyota Prius PHV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPAtrends2015-148">[148]</a> A 2014 analysis conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a> using a sample of 21,600 all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, found that Volt owners traveled on average 9,112 miles in all-electric mode (e-miles) per year, while Leaf owners traveled 9,697 e-miles per year, despite the Volt's shorter all-electric range, about half of the Leaf's.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_non-plug-in_hybrids">Comparison to non-plug-in hybrids</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison to non-plug-in hybrids">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_efficiency_and_petroleum_displacement">Fuel efficiency and petroleum displacement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fuel efficiency and petroleum displacement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">Energy conversion efficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Well-to-wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-to-wheel">Well-to-wheel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_car_energy_efficiency" title="Plug-in hybrid car energy efficiency">Plug-in hybrid car energy efficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg/220px-Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg/330px-Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg/440px-Erev_PHEVseries_98mpg_500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="322" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_and_environment_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy and environment label">fuel economy label</a> for <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series</a> plug-in hybrid or extended range electric vehicle</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg/220px-Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg/330px-Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg/440px-Phev-blended_paralell_65mpge_500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="322" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_and_environment_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy and environment label">fuel economy label</a> for blended or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain#Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">series-parallel</a> plug-in hybrid</div></div></div></div></div> Plug-in hybrids have the potential to be even more efficient than conventional hybrids because a more limited use of the PHEV's internal combustion engine may allow the engine to be used at closer to its maximum efficiency. While a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> is likely to convert fuel to motive energy on average at about 30% efficiency (well below the engine's 38% peak efficiency), the engine of a PHEV-70 would be likely to operate far more often near its peak efficiency because the batteries can serve the modest power needs at times when the combustion engine would be forced to run well below its peak efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-energy-120">[120]</a> The actual efficiency achieved depends on losses from electricity generation, inversion, battery charging/discharging, the motor controller and motor itself, the way a vehicle is used (its <a href="/wiki/Duty_cycle" title="Duty cycle">duty cycle</a>), and the opportunities to recharge by connecting to the electrical grid. Each <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hour</a> of battery capacity in use will displace up to 50 U.S. gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum fuel">petroleum fuels</a> per year (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Also, electricity is multi-sourced and, as a result, it gives the greatest degree of <a href="/wiki/Energy_resilience" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resilience">energy resilience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The actual <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> for PHEVs depends on their powertrain's operating modes, the all-electric range, and the amount of driving between charges. If no gasoline is used the <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent">miles per gallon gasoline equivalent</a> (MPG-e) depends only on the efficiency of the electric system. The first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> PHEV available in the U.S. market, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, with an EPA rated all-electric range of 35 mi (56 km) and an additional gasoline-only extended range of 344 mi (554 km), has an EPA combined city/highway fuel economy of 93 MPG-e in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a>, and 37 mpg‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg‑imp) in gasoline-only mode, for an overall combined gas-electric fuel economy rating of 60 mpg‑US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg‑imp) equivalent (MPG-e).<a href="#cite_note-EPAmpge-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCCEPAVolt-153">[153]</a> The EPA also included in the Volt's <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy label">fuel economy label</a> a table showing fuel economy and electricity consumed for five different scenarios: 30, 45, 60 and 75 mi (121 km) driven between a full charge, and a never charge scenario.<a href="#cite_note-GCCEPAVolt-153">[153]</a> According to this table the fuel economy goes up to 168 mpg‑US (1.40 L/100 km; 202 mpg‑imp) equivalent (MPG-e) with 45 mi (72 km) driven between full charges.<a href="#cite_note-EPAmpge-152">[152]</a> For the more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_and_environment_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy and environment label">fuel economy and environment label</a> that will be mandatory in the U.S. beginning in <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> 2013, the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) issued two separate fuel economy labels for plug-in hybrids because of their design complexity, as PHEVS can operate in two or three operating modes: all-electric, blended, and gasoline-only.<a href="#cite_note-GCC2013-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA2013-155">[155]</a> One label is for series hybrid or extended range electric vehicle (like the Chevy Volt), with all-electric and gasoline-only modes; and a second label for blended mode or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain#Power-split_or_series-parallel_hybrid" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">series-parallel hybrid</a>, that includes a combination of both gasoline and plug-in electric operation; and gasoline only, like a conventional hybrid vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-GCC2013-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA2013-155">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> (SAE) developed their recommended practice in 1999 for testing and reporting the fuel economy of hybrid vehicles and included language to address PHEVs. An SAE committee is currently working to review procedures for testing and reporting the fuel economy of PHEVs.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The Toronto Atmospheric Fund tested ten retrofitted plug-in hybrid vehicles that achieved an average of 5.8 litres per 100 kilometre or 40.6 miles per gallon over six months in 2008, which was considered below the technology's potential.<a href="#cite_note-hamilton-157">[157]</a> In real world testing using normal drivers, some Prius PHEV conversions may not achieve much better fuel economy than HEVs. For example, a plug-in Prius fleet, each with a 30 miles (48 km) all-electric range, averaged only 51 mpg‑US (4.6 L/100 km; 61 mpg‑imp) in a 17,000-mile (27,000 km) test in Seattle,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and similar results with the same kind of conversion battery models at <a href="/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a> initiative. Moreover, the additional battery pack costs US$10,000–US$11,000.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_costs">Operating costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Operating costs">edit</a>]</div> A study published in 2014 by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Lamar_University" title="Lamar University">Lamar University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> compared the operating costs of PHEVs of various electric ranges (10, 20, 30, and 40 miles) with conventional gasoline vehicles and non-plugin hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) for different payback periods, considering different charging infrastructure deployment levels and gasoline prices. The study concluded that:<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <ul><li>PHEVs save around 60% or 40% in energy costs, compared with conventional gasoline vehicles and HEVs, respectively. For drivers with significant daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT), however, hybrid vehicles may be even a better choice than plug-in hybrids with a range of 40 mi (64 km), particularly when there is a lack of public charging infrastructure.</li> <li>The incremental battery cost of large-battery plug-in hybrids is difficult to justify based on the incremental savings of PHEVs' operating costs unless a subsidy is offered for large-battery PHEVs.</li> <li>When the price of gasoline increases from US$4 per gallon to US$5 per gallon, the number of drivers who benefit from a larger battery increases significantly. If the gas price is US$3, a plug-in hybrid with a range of 10 mi (16 km) is the least costly option even if the battery cost is $200/kWh.</li> <li>Although <a href="/wiki/Charging_station#Sites" title="Charging station">quick chargers</a> can reduce charging time, they contribute little to energy cost savings for PHEVs, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Level_1,_2,_and_3_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Level 1, 2, and 3 charging">Level-2 chargers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_batteries">Cost of batteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cost of batteries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> Disadvantages of PHEVs include the additional cost, weight and size of a larger <a href="/wiki/Battery_pack" title="Battery pack">battery pack</a>. According to a 2010 study by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>, the cost of a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion">lithium-ion</a> battery pack is about US$1,700/<a href="/wiki/KW%C2%B7h" class="mw-redirect" title="KW·h">kW·h</a> of usable energy, and considering that a PHEV-10 requires about 2.0 kW·h and a PHEV-40 about 8 kW·h, the estimated manufacturer cost of the battery pack for a PHEV-10 is around US$3,000 and it goes up to US$14,000 for a PHEV-40.<a href="#cite_note-NRC09_1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1209-163">[163]</a> According to the same study, even though costs are expected to decline by 35% by 2020, market penetration is expected to be slow and therefore PHEVs are not expected to significantly impact oil consumption or carbon emissions before 2030, unless a fundamental breakthrough in battery technologies occurs.<a href="#cite_note-NRC09_1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1209-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRC09_2-164">[164]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Cost comparison between a PHEV-10 and a PHEV-40<a href="#cite_note-NRC09_1-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRC09_2-164">[164]</a> (prices for 2010) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#cfc;">Plug-in type by EV range</td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Similar production model</td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Type of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">drivetrain</a></td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Manufacturer additional cost compared to conventional non-hybrid <a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">mid-size</a></td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Estimated cost of battery pack</td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Cost of electric system upgrade at home</td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Expected gasoline savings compared to a HEV</td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Annual gasoline savings compared to a HEV(2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>PHEV-10 <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">16 km</div></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Prius Plug-in</a>(1)</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel hybrid">Parallel</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">US$6,300</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">US$3,300</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">More than US$1,000</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">260 L (70 US gal; 58 imp gal)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PHEV-40 <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">64 km</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chevy_Volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Volt">Chevy Volt</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">Series</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">US$18,100</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">US$14,000</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">More than US$1,000</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">55%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">760 L (200 US gal; 170 imp gal)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:left;">Notes: (1) Considers the HEV technology used in the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> with a larger battery pack. The Prius Plug-in estimated all-electric range is 23 km (14.5 miles)<a href="#cite_note-NYT122009-165">[165]</a> (2) Assuming 24,000 km (15,000 miles) per year. </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2010 NRC study, although a mile driven on electricity is cheaper than one driven on gasoline, lifetime fuel savings are not enough to offset plug-ins' high upfront costs, and it will take decades before the break-even point is achieved.<a href="#cite_note-NRC09_2-164">[164]</a> Furthermore, hundreds of billions of dollars in government subsidies and incentives are likely to be required to achieve rapid plug-in market penetration in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1209-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRC09_2-164">[164]</a> A 2013 study by the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_an_Energy-Efficient_Economy" title="American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy</a> reported that battery costs came down from US$1,300 per kilowatt hour in 2007 to US$500 per kilowatt hour in 2012. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> has set cost targets for its sponsored battery research of US$300 per kilowatt hour in 2015 and US$125 per kilowatt hour by 2022. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> A study published in 2011 by the <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, found that the gasoline costs savings of PHEVs over the vehicles' lifetimes do not offset their higher purchase prices. This finding was estimated comparing their lifetime <a href="/wiki/Net_present_value" title="Net present value">net present value</a> at 2010 purchase and operating costs for the U.S. market, and assuming no <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles#United_States" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">government subidies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KSG11-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-KSGpdf-168">[168]</a> According to the study estimates, a PHEV-40 is US$5,377 more expensive than a conventional internal combustion engine, while a <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> (BEV) is US$4,819 more expensive. The study also examined how this balance will change over the next 10 to 20 years, assuming that battery costs will decrease while gasoline prices increase. Under the future scenarios considered, the study found that BEVs will be significantly less expensive than conventional cars (US$1,155 to US$7,181 cheaper), while PHEVs, will be more expensive than BEVs in almost all comparison scenarios, and only less expensive than conventional cars in a scenario with very low battery costs and high gasoline prices. BEVs are simpler to build and do not use liquid fuel, while PHEVs have more complicated powertrains and still have gasoline-powered engines.<a href="#cite_note-KSG11-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions_shifted_to_electric_plants">Emissions shifted to electric plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emissions shifted to electric plants">edit</a>]</div> Increased <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> is expected to occur in some areas with the adoption of PHEVs, but most areas will experience a decrease.<a href="#cite_note-knipping-169">[169]</a> A study by the ACEEE predicts that widespread PHEV use in heavily coal-dependent areas would result in an increase in local net <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> emissions, given emissions levels from most coal plants currently supplying power to the grid.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean coal technology">clean coal technologies</a> could create power plants that supply grid power from coal without emitting significant amounts of such pollutants, the higher cost of the application of these technologies may increase the price of coal-generated electricity. The net effect on pollution is dependent on the fuel source of the electrical grid (fossil or renewable, for example) and the pollution profile of the power plants themselves. Identifying, regulating and upgrading single point pollution source such as a power plant—or replacing a plant altogether—may also be more practical. From a human health perspective, shifting pollution away from large urban areas may be considered a significant advantage.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> According to a 2009 study by The National Academy of Science, "Electric vehicles and grid-dependent (plug-in) hybrid vehicles showed somewhat higher nonclimate damages than many other technologies."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Efficiency of plug-in hybrids is also impacted by the overall efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a>. Transmission and distribution losses in the USA were estimated at 7.2% in 1995<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> and 6.5% in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> By life cycle analysis of air pollution emissions, natural gas vehicles are currently the lowest emitter[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiered_rate_structure_for_electric_bills">Tiered rate structure for electric bills</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tiered rate structure for electric bills">edit</a>]</div> The additional electrical consumption to recharge the plug-in vehicles could push many households in areas that do not have off-peak tariffs into the higher priced tier and negate financial benefits.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Customers under such tariffs could see significant savings by being careful about when the vehicle was charged, for example, by using a timer to restrict charging to off-peak hours. Thus, an accurate comparison of the benefit requires each household to evaluate its current electrical usage tier and tariffs weighed against the cost of gasoline and the actual observed operational cost of electric mode vehicle operation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Air_pollution_and_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in electric vehicles</a></div> The effect of PHEVs on greenhouse emissions is complex. Plug-in hybrid vehicles operating on <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a> do not emit harmful <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions">tailpipe pollutants</a> from the onboard source of power. The clean air benefit is usually local because depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-176">[176]</a> In the same way, PHEVs do not emit <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a <a href="/wiki/Tank-to-wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank-to-wheel">well-to-wheel assessment</a>, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>. From the perspective of a full <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle analysis">life cycle analysis</a>, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from zero-emission sources such as renewable (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEVs-177">[177]</a> On the other hand, when PEVs are recharged from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired plants, they usually produce slightly more greenhouse gas emissions than <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-176">[176]</a> In the case of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle when operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEVs-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle_energy_and_emissions_assessments">Life cycle energy and emissions assessments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Life cycle energy and emissions assessments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argonne">Argonne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Argonne">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> adapted their <a href="/wiki/GREET_model" class="mw-redirect" title="GREET model">GREET model</a> to conduct a full <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">well-to-wheels</a> (WTW) analysis of energy use and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions</a> of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for several scenarios, considering different on-board fuels and different sources of electricity generation for recharging the vehicle batteries. Three US regions were selected for the analysis, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, as these regions include major metropolitan areas with significant variations in their energy generation mixes. The full cycle analysis results were also reported for the US generation mix and renewable electricity to examine cases of average and clean mixes, respectively<a href="#cite_note-Argonne-178">[178]</a> This 2009 study showed a wide spread of petroleum use and GHG emissions among the different fuel production technologies and grid generation mixes. The following table summarizes the main results:<a href="#cite_note-Argonne-178">[178]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;">PHEV <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">well-to-wheels</a> Petroleum energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for an all-electric range between 10 and 40 miles (16 and 64 km) with different on-board fuels.(1) (as a % relative to an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicle that uses fossil fuel gasoline) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#abcdef;">Analysis</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;"><a href="/wiki/Reformulated_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformulated gasoline">Reformulated gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-low sulfur diesel">Ultra-low sulfur diesel</a></th> <th style="background:#abcdef;"><a href="/wiki/Gasohol#E85" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasohol">E85 fuel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a></th> <th style="background:#abcdef;"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Petroleum energy use reduction</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">40–60%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">70–90%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">more than 90%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GHG emissions reduction(2)</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">30–60%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">40–80%</div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">10–100%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Source: Center for Transportation Research, <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> (2009). See Table 1.<a href="#cite_note-Argonne-178">[178]</a> Notes: (1) Simulations for year 2020 with PHEV model year 2015. (2) No direct or <a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">indirect land use changes</a> included in the WTW analysis for bio-mass fuel feedstocks.<a href="#cite_note-Searchinger08-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fargione08-180">[180]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Argonne study found that PHEVs offered reductions in petroleum energy use as compared with regular hybrid electric vehicles. More petroleum energy savings and also more GHG emissions reductions were realized as the all-electric range increased, except when electricity used to recharge was dominated by coal or oil-fired power generation. As expected, electricity from renewable sources realized the largest reductions in petroleum energy use and GHG emissions for all PHEVs as the all-electric range increased. The study also concluded that plug-in vehicles that employ biomass-based fuels (biomass-E85 and -hydrogen) may not realize GHG emissions benefits over regular hybrids if power generation is dominated by fossil sources.<a href="#cite_note-Argonne-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oak_Ridge">Oak Ridge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Oak Ridge">edit</a>]</div> A 2008 study by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> analyzed oil use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of plug-in hybrids relative to hybrid electric vehicles under several scenarios for years 2020 and 2030.<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-181">[181]</a> The study considered the mix of power sources for 13 U.S. regions that would be used during recharging of vehicles, generally a combination of coal, natural gas and nuclear energy, and to a lesser extent renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciMag1-182">[182]</a> A 2010 study conducted at <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> reached similar findings, concluding that PHEVs will reduce oil consumption but could produce very different greenhouse gas emissions for each region depending on the energy mix used to generate the electricity to recharge the plug-in hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-Argonne0810_1-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Argonne0810_2-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_Protection_Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmental Protection Agency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> published the 2014 edition of its annual report Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends. For the first time, the report presents an analysis of the impact of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">alternative fuel vehicles</a>, with emphasis in <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> because as their market share is approaching 1%, PEVs began to have a measurable impact on the U.S. overall new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCCtrends-186">[186]</a> EPA's report included the analysis of 12 all-electric passengers cars and 10 plug-in hybrids available in the market as <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> 2014. For purposes of an accurate estimation of emissions, the analysis took into consideration the differences in operation between those PHEVs like the Chevrolet Volt that can operate in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a> without using gasoline, and those that operate in a blended mode like the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHV" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius PHV">Toyota Prius PHV</a>, which uses both energy stored in the battery and energy from the gasoline tank to propel the vehicle, but that can deliver substantial all-electric driving in blended mode. In addition, since the all-electric range of plug-in hybrids depends on the size of the battery pack, the analysis introduced a utility factor as a projection, on average, of the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity (in electric only and blended modes) by an average driver. The following table shows the overall EV/hybrid fuel economy expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent">miles per gallon gasoline equivalent</a> (mpg-e) and the utility factor for the ten MY2014 plug-in hybrids available in the U.S. market. The study used the utility factor (since in pure EV mode there are no tailpipe emissions) and the EPA best estimate of the CO2 <a href="/wiki/Tailpipe_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe emissions">tailpipe emissions</a> produced by these vehicles in real world city and highway operation based on the EPA 5-cycle label methodology, using a weighted 55% city/45% highway driving. The results are shown in the following table.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">[185]</a> In addition, the EPA accounted for the upstream CO2 emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity required to charge the PHEVs. Since electricity production in the United States varies significantly from region to region, the EPA considered three scenarios/ranges with the low end of the range corresponding to the California powerplant emissions factor, the middle of the range represented by the national average powerplant emissions factor, and the upper end of the range corresponding to the powerplant emissions factor for the Rockies. The EPA estimates that the electricity GHG emission factors for various regions of the country vary from 346 g CO2/kW-hr in California to 986 g CO2/kW-hr in the Rockies, with a national average of 648 g CO2/kW-hr.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">[185]</a> The following table shows the tailpipe emissions and the combined tailpipe and upstream emissions for each of the 10 MY 2014 PHEVs available in the U.S. market. <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;">Comparison of tailpipe and upstream CO2 emissions(1) estimated by EPA for the MY 2014 plug-in hybrids available in the U.S. market as of September 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">[185]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfc;" rowspan="2">Vehicle</th> <th style="background:#cfc;" rowspan="2">EPA rating combined EV/hybrid (<a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent">mpg-e</a>)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;" rowspan="2">Utility factor(2) (share EV miles)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;" rowspan="2">Tailpipe CO2 (g/mi)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;" colspan="3">Tailpipe + Total Upstream CO2 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:#cfc;">Low (g/mi)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">Avg (g/mi)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">High (g/mi) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/BMW_i3_REx" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW i3 REx">BMW i3 REx</a>(3)</td> <td>88</td> <td>0.83</td> <td>40</td> <td>134</td> <td>207</td> <td>288 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left">Chevrolet Volt</td> <td>62</td> <td>0.66</td> <td>81</td> <td>180</td> <td>249</td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_ELR" title="Cadillac ELR">Cadillac ELR</a></td> <td>54</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>91</td> <td>206</td> <td>286</td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ford_C-Max_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford C-Max Energi">Ford C-Max Energi</a></td> <td>51</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>129</td> <td>219</td> <td>269</td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Fusion Energi">Ford Fusion Energi</a></td> <td>51</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>129</td> <td>219</td> <td>269</td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid">Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid</a></td> <td>57</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>130</td> <td>196</td> <td>225</td> <td>257 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a></td> <td>58</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>133</td> <td>195</td> <td>221</td> <td>249 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/BMW_i8" title="BMW i8">BMW i8</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>198</td> <td>303</td> <td>351</td> <td>404 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Panamera_S_E-Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid">Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>206</td> <td>328</td> <td>389</td> <td>457 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/McLaren_P1" title="McLaren P1">McLaren P1</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>463</td> <td>617</td> <td>650</td> <td>687 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">Average gasoline car</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">24.2</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">0</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">367</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">400</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">400</th> <th style="background:#f0f0ff;">400 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;">Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. (2) The utility factor represents, on average, the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity (in electric only and blended modes) by an average driver. (3) The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA2014-187">[187]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National Bureau of Economic Research">edit</a>]</div> Most emission analysis use average emissions rates across regions instead of marginal generation at different times of the day. The former approach does not take into account the generation mix within interconnected electricity markets and shifting load profiles throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBER2014-189">[189]</a> An analysis by three economist affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> (NBER), published in November 2014, developed a methodology to estimate marginal emissions of electricity demand that vary by location and time of day across the United States. The study used emissions and consumption data for 2007 through 2009, and used the specifications for the Chevrolet Volt (all-electric range of 35 mi (56 km)). The analysis found that marginal emission rates are more than three times as large in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a> compared to the <a href="/wiki/Western_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Western U.S.">Western U.S.</a>, and within regions, rates for some hours of the day are more than twice those for others.<a href="#cite_note-NBER2014-189">[189]</a> Applying the results of the marginal analysis to plug-in electric vehicles, the NBER researchers found that the emissions of charging PEVs vary by region and hours of the day. In some regions, such as the Western U.S. and Texas, CO2 emissions per mile from driving PEVs are less than those from driving a hybrid car. In other regions, such as the Upper Midwest, charging during the recommended hours of midnight to 4 a.m. implies that PEVs generate more emissions per mile than the average car currently on the road. The results show a fundamental tension between electricity load management and environmental goals as the hours when electricity is the least expensive to produce tend to be the hours with the greatest emissions. This occurs because coal-fired units, which have higher emission rates, are most commonly used to meet base-level and off-peak electricity demand; while natural gas units, which have relatively low emissions rates, are often brought online to meet peak demand. This pattern of fuel shifting explains why emission rates tend to be higher at night and lower during periods of peak demand in the morning and evening.<a href="#cite_note-NBER2014-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_sales">Production and sales</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Production and sales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_models">Production models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Production models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/220px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/330px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg/440px-2016_Chevrolet_Volt_NAIAS_2015_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3317" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid until September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Top5Global102018-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> Since 2008, plug-in hybrids have been commercially available from both specialty manufacturers and from mainstream producers of internal combustion engine vehicles. The <a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">F3DM</a>, released in China in December 2008, was the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world.<a href="#cite_note-F3DM-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-bwf3dm-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC1208-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, launched in the U.S. in December 2010, was the first <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">mass-production</a> plug-in hybrid by a major carmaker.<a href="#cite_note-Volt1stDelivery-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales_and_main_markets">Sales and main markets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sales and main markets">edit</a>]</div> There were 1.2 million plug-in hybrid cars on the world roads at the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2018-190">[190]</a> The stock of plug-in hybrids increased to 1.8 million in 2018, out of a global stock of about 5.1 million <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric passenger cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outlook2018-190">[190]</a> As of December 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United States ranked as the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 360,510 units, followed by China with 276,580 vehicles, Japan with 100,860 units, the Netherlands with 98,220, and the UK with 88,660.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2018-190">[190]</a> Global sales of plug-in hybrids grew from over 300 units in 2010 to almost 9,000 in 2011, jumped to over 60,000 in 2012, and reached almost 222,000 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2016-94">[94]</a> As of December 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the United States was the world's largest plug-in hybrid car market with a stock of 193,770 units.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2016-94">[94]</a> About 279,000 light-duty plug-in hybrids were sold in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-GlobalSales2016-192">[192]</a> raising the global stock to almost 800,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars at the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Global2016-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global2mi-194">[194]</a> A total of 398,210 plug-in hybrid cars were sold in 2017, with China as the top selling country with 111,000 units, and the global stock of plug-in hybrids passed the one million unit milestone by the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Outlook2018-190">[190]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/350px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/525px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/700px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2023<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></figcaption></figure> Global sales of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> have been shifting for several years towards fully electric battery cars. The global ratio between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, to 66:34 in 2017, and rose to 69:31 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_country">By country</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> The Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, and the United States have the largest shares of plug-in hybrid sales as percentage of total plug-in electric passenger vehicle sales. The Netherlands has the world's largest share of plug-in hybrids among its plug-in electric passenger car stock, with 86,162 plug-in hybrids registered at the end of October 2016, out of 99,945 plug-in electric cars and vans, representing 86.2% of the country's stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Dutch100K-198">[198]</a> Sweden ranks next with 16,978 plug-in hybrid cars sold between 2011 and August 2016, representing 71.7% of total plug-in electric passenger car sales registrations.<a href="#cite_note-SwedenSales2012-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-SwedenSales2013-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-SwedenSales2014-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweden2014_2015-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweden082016-203">[203]</a> Plug-in hybrid registrations in the UK between up to August 2016 totaled 45,130 units representing 61.6% of total plug-in car registrations since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UK2012_2013-204">[204]</a> In the United States, plug-in hybrids represent 47.2% of the 506,450 plug-in electric cars sold between 2008 and August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-US500k-205">[205]</a> In November 2013 the Netherlands became the first country where a plug-in hybrid topped the monthly ranking of new car sales. During November sales were led by the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_P-HEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV">Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV</a> with 2,736 units, capturing a market share of 6.8% of new passenger cars sold that month.<a href="#cite_note-NEDrecord1-206">[206]</a> Again in December 2013 the Outlander PHEV ranked as the top selling new car in the country with 4,976 units, representing a 12.6% market share of new car sales.<a href="#cite_note-NEDrecord2-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> These record sales allowed the Netherlands to become the second country, after Norway, where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales.<a href="#cite_note-NEDrecord1-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> As of December 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Netherlands was the country with highest plug-in hybrid market concentration, with 1.45 vehicles registered per 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Top6Global2013-210">[210]</a> The following table presents the top ranking countries according to its plug-in hybrid segment market share of total new car sales in 2013: <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color: #ffdead;">Top 10 countries by plug-in hybrid market share of new car sales in 2013<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Ranking </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">PHEV market share(1) (%) </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Ranking </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">PHEV market share(1) (%) </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>4.72%</td> <td>6</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>0.25% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>0.41%</td> <td>7</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>0.40%</td> <td>8</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>0.34%</td> <td>9</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>0.31%</td> <td>10</td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color: #ffdead;"> Note: (1) Market share of highway-capable plug-in hybrids as percentage of total new car sales in the country in 2013. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_model">By model</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: By model">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/JATO_Dynamics" title="JATO Dynamics">JATO Dynamics</a>, in December 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV">Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV</a> was the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV200k-4">[4]</a> Since inception, 290,000 units have been sold worldwide through September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV290k-5">[5]</a> Europe is the Outlander P-HEV leading market with 126,617 units sold through January 2019,<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEVEU0119-212">[212]</a> followed by Japan 42,451 units through March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV032018-213">[213]</a> European sales are led by the UK with 50,000 units by April 2020,<a href="#cite_note-UK50K-214">[214]</a> followed by the Netherlands with 25,489 units, and Norway with 14,196, both through March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV032018-213">[213]</a> Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its variants totaled about 186,000 units by the end of 2018,<a href="#cite_note-USsales2018Volt-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeafBest250K-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoltSalesCanada-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadaSales-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Velite5SalesChina-219">[219]</a> including about 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through June 2016,<a href="#cite_note-SixYears-220">[220]</a> and over 4,300 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Velite_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Velite 5">Buick Velite 5s</a> sold only in China (rebadged <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt_(second_generation)" title="Chevrolet Volt (second generation)">second generation Volt</a>) through December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Velite5SalesChina-219">[219]</a> Volt sales are led by the United States with 152,144 units delivered through December 2018,<a href="#cite_note-USsales2018Volt-215">[215]</a> followed by Canada with 17,311 units through November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-VoltSalesCanada-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadaSales-218">[218]</a> Until September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> was the world's top selling plug-in hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-Top5Global102018-6">[6]</a> Ranking third is the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Prime" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius Prime">Toyota Prius Prime</a>) with about 174,600 units sold worldwide of both generations through December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-221">[221]</a> The United States is the leading market with over 93,000 units delivered through December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-USsales2018Volt-215">[215]</a> Japan ranks next with about 61,200 units through December 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Japan2018-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-221">[221]</a> followed by Europe with almost 14,800 units through June 2018.<a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC1H2018Europe-223">[223]</a> The following table presents plug-in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more than 100,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid car, the <a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">BYD F3DM</a>, in 2008 up until December 2020: <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;">Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars between 2008 and 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF;" rowspan="2">Model</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;" rowspan="2">Market launch</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;" colspan="2">Global sales</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;" rowspan="2">Cumulative sales through</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;" rowspan="2">Sources </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#ABCDEF;">Since inception</th> <th style="background:#ABCDEF;">2018 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV">Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV</a></td> <td>Jan 2013</td> <td>290,000</td> <td>-</td> <td>Sep 2021</td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-MOPHEV290k-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>(1)</td> <td>Dec 2010</td> <td>~186,000</td> <td>25,108</td> <td>Dec 2018</td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-USsales2018Volt-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeafBest250K-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-VoltSalesCanada-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Velite5SalesChina-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHV" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius PHV">Toyota Prius PHV</a></td> <td>Jan 2012</td> <td>174,586</td> <td>45,686</td> <td>Dec 2018</td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/BYD_Qin" title="BYD Qin">BYD Qin</a>(2)</td> <td>Dec 2013</td> <td>136,818</td> <td>47,425</td> <td>Dec 2018</td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-BYD2018TopModels-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top2017BYD-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/BYD_Tang" title="BYD Tang">BYD Tang</a>(2)</td> <td>Jun 2015</td> <td>101,518</td> <td>37,146</td> <td>Dec 2018</td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-BYD2018TopModels-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top2017BYD-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChinaTopEVs2016-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-China122015-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#ABCDEF;">Notes: (1) In addition to the Volt model sold in North America, combined sales of the <a href="/wiki/Volt/Ampera_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Volt/Ampera family">Volt/Ampera family</a> includes about 10,000 Vauxhall/Opel Ampera and 1,750 Volts sold in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Ampera10K-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volt100K-93">[93]</a> 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia,<a href="#cite_note-Volt2Aust-230">[230]</a> and 4,317 units of the <a href="/wiki/Buick_Velite_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Velite 5">Buick Velite 5</a> sold only in China (rebadged <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt_(second_generation)" title="Chevrolet Volt (second generation)">second generation Volt</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Velite5SalesChina-219">[219]</a> (2) Sales in China only. BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all-electric variant (Qin EV300). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_support_and_public_deployment">Government support and public deployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Government support and public deployment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsidies_and_economic_incentives">Subsidies and economic incentives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Subsidies and economic incentives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a></div> Several countries have established <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">grants and tax credits</a> for the purchase of new <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> (PEVs) including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and usually the economic incentive depends on battery size. The U.S. offers a <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles#United_States" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">federal income tax credit</a> up to US$7,500,<a href="#cite_note-IRS2009-231">[231]</a> and several states have additional incentives.<a href="#cite_note-PluginAm-232">[232]</a> The UK offers a <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles#United_Kingdom" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Plug-in Car Grant</a> up to a maximum of £5,000 (US$7,600).<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> As of April 2011, 15 of the 27 <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member states">European Union member states</a> provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles, which includes all <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> countries plus the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. Also 17 countries levy <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide</a> related taxes on passenger cars as a disincentive. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and some <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">alternative fuel vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT072911-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACEA2-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_government_support">Other government support</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other government support">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush-feb07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bush-feb07.jpg/220px-Bush-feb07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bush-feb07.jpg/330px-Bush-feb07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bush-feb07.jpg/440px-Bush-feb07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> with <a href="/wiki/A123Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="A123Systems">A123Systems</a> <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn (White House)">White House South Lawn</a> examining a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> converted to plug-in hybrid with <a href="/wiki/Hymotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymotion">Hymotion</a> technology</figcaption></figure> Incentives for the development of PHEVs are included in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Improvement_and_Extension_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008">Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008</a>, signed into law on October 3, 2008, grants a tax credits for the purchase of PHEVs. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a> calls for deployment of 1 million plug-in hybrid vehicles by 2015,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> and on March 19, 2009, he announced programs directing $2.4 billion to electric vehicle development.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> modifies the tax credits, including a new one for plug-in electric drive <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion" title="Electric vehicle conversion">conversion kits</a> and for 2 or 3 wheel vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The ultimate total included in the Act that is going to PHEVs is over $6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In March 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a> announced the release of two competitive solicitations for up to $2 billion in federal funding for competitively awarded cost-shared agreements for manufacturing of advanced batteries and related drive components as well as up to $400 million for <a href="/wiki/Transportation_electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation electrification">transportation electrification</a> demonstration and deployment projects. This announcement will also help meet the President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s goal of putting one million plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_drives_Chevy_Volt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> behind the wheel of a <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevy Volt">Chevy Volt</a> during his tour of the <a href="/wiki/Detroit/Hamtramck_Assembly" title="Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly">General Motors Auto Plant in Hamtramck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> Public deployments also include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USDOE" class="mw-redirect" title="USDOE">USDOE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/FreedomCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="FreedomCAR">FreedomCAR</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a> announced it would dole out $30 million in funding to three companies over three years to further the development of plug-in hybrids<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USDOE" class="mw-redirect" title="USDOE">USDOE</a> announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li>DOE and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">MOU</a> to advance market integration of plug-in hybrid vehicles<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHEV_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PHEV Research Center">PHEV Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Reed" title="Chuck Reed">Chuck Reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a> announced a nine-step policy plan for transforming the Bay Area into the "Electric Vehicle (EV) Capital of the U.S."<a href="#cite_note-sfgov.org-247">[247]</a> and of the world<a href="#cite_note-calcars1-248">[248]</a> There are partnerships with <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">Coulomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Better_Place_(company)" title="Better Place (company)">Better Place</a> and others are also advancing. The first charging stations went up in San Jose<a href="#cite_note-calcars1-248">[248]</a> (more information in <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrids_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrids in California">Plug-in hybrids in California</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> PHEV Pilot Project<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li>Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>'s proposal for a state $5,000 tax credit for PHEVs in "non-attainment" communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, that includes City's public fleet converted vehicles, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Seattle" title="Port of Seattle">Port of Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Clean_Air_Agency" title="Puget Sound Clean Air Agency">Puget Sound Clean Air Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European Union</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Electrification_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrification of transport">Electrification of transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromobility">electromobility</a>) is a priority in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Research_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Research Programme">European Union Research Programme</a>. It also figures prominently in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Recovery_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="European Economic Recovery Plan">European Economic Recovery Plan</a> presented November 2008, in the frame of the Green Car Initiative. <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Mobility_and_Transport_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (European Commission)">DG TREN</a> will support a large European "electromobility" project on electric vehicles and related infrastructure with a total budget of around €50 million as part of the Green Car Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supportive_organizations">Supportive organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Supportive organizations">edit</a>]</div> Organizations that support plug-in hybrids include the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation" title="National Wildlife Federation">National Wildlife Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CalCars" title="CalCars">CalCars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Other supportive organizations are <a href="/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America">Plug In America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Climate Protection">Alliance for Climate Protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Action_Network" title="Rainforest Action Network">Rainforest Action Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Institute">Rocky Mountain Institute</a> (Project Get Ready),<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> the San Francisco <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Council" title="Bay Area Council">Bay Area Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sfgov.org-247">[247]</a> the Apollo Alliance, the <a href="/wiki/Set_America_Free_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Set America Free Coalition">Set America Free Coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Leadership_Group" title="Silicon Valley Leadership Group">Silicon Valley Leadership Group</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_Hybrid_Electric_School_Bus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project">Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> FPL and Duke Energy has said that by 2020 all new purchases of fleet vehicles will be plug-in hybrid or all-electric.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/48px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/64px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="219" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Cars portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicles_Manufacturing_Loan_Program" title="Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program">Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_transportation_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric transportation technology">Electric transportation technology</a> – Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motorsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_TM4" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric TM4">Electric TM4</a> – Electric powertrain supplierPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy-maximizing_behaviors" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors">Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors</a> – Driving using techniques that reduce fuel consumptionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_design" title="Glossary of automotive design">Glossary of automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> – Environmentally friendly vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle" title="History of the electric vehicle">History of the electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymotion">Hymotion</a> – Subsidiary company of A123SystemsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercar_(concept_car)" title="Hypercar (concept car)">Hypercar</a> – Rocky Mountain Institute's ultra-efficient car design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging" title="Inductive charging">Inductive charging</a> – Type of wireless power transfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_encumbrance_of_large_automotive_NiMH_batteries" title="Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</a> – Conspiracy theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America">Plug In America</a> – electric vehicle advocacy groupPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> – Type of vehicle (PEV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center">Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Center</a> – Public university in Davis, CaliforniaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">Range anxiety</a> – Fear of insufficient vehicle range, especially in electric vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicles" title="List of hybrid vehicles">List of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinamobil.ru/eng/byd/song-pro-dm/?view=sales">"BYD Song Pro DM - Sales in China"</a>. www.chinamobil.ru. 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Retrieved 2024-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2023%E5%B9%B4%E6%8F%92%E7%94%B5%E6%B7%B7%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2023%26energy%3D3%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPHEV200k-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV200k_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV200k_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/newsrelease/2019/detail1180.html">"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestones"</a> (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412214242/https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/newsrelease/2019/detail1180.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitsubishi+Outlander+PHEV+Hits+200%2C000+Global+Sales+Milestones&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Mitsubishi+Motors+Corporation+%28MMC%29&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitsubishi-motors.com%2Fen%2Fnewsrelease%2F2019%2Fdetail1180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPHEV290k-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV290k_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV290k_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV290k_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitsubishi_Motors_Corporation2021" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (2021-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mitsubishi-motors-launches-the-all-new-outlander-phev--phev-model-of-flagship-suv-combines-leading-electrification-and-all-wheel-control-technologies-301410531.html">"Mitsubishi Motors Launches the All-New Outlander PHEV - PHEV Model of Flagship SUV Combines Leading Electrification and All-Wheel Control Technologies"</a> (Press release). Tokyo: PR Newswire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109051948/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mitsubishi-motors-launches-the-all-new-outlander-phev--phev-model-of-flagship-suv-combines-leading-electrification-and-all-wheel-control-technologies-301410531.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-08. <q>After the PHEV model was added to the previous generation in Japan in 2013, it was sequentially launched in regions including Europe, Oceania, North America and ASEAN, and has become a leader in the PHEV category with around 290,000 total units sold thus far. 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Retrieved 2019-02-01. <q>The sure values Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and Chevrolet Volt follow (the Tesla Model S), with the Japanese SUV surpassing the GM hatchback</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVSales.com&rft.atitle=Global+All-Time+Top+5+%28Until+Oct.+%2718+-+Updated%29&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fglobal-all-time-top-5-until-oct-18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thamesclippers.com/news/uk-transport-gets-greener-with-arrival-of-first-hybrid-high-speed-passenger-ferry">"Hybrid boats to revolutionise sustainable river travel"</a>. www.thamesclippers.com. 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Retrieved 2010-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plugincars.com&rft.atitle=First+Chevy+Volts+Reach+Customers%2C+Will+Out-Deliver+Nissan+in+December&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plugincars.com%2Ffirst-chevy-volts-reach-customers-will-out-deliver-nissan-december-106575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPHEV200k2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV200k2_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.mitsubishicars.com/en-US/releases/release-5e9d75b8642341ca922d8348321f764f-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-hits-200-000-global-sales-milestone">"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestone"</a> (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. 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Retrieved 2024-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2023%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E6%8F%92%E7%94%B5%E6%B7%B7%E5%8A%A8%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2023%26brandId%3D15%26energy%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2022&brandId=15&energy=3">"【易车销量榜】全国2022年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 2024-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2022%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E6%8F%92%E7%94%B5%E6%B7%B7%E5%8A%A8%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2022%26brandId%3D15%26energy%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-15"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2020&brandId=15&energy=3">"【易车销量榜】全国2020年比亚迪插电混动零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 2024-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E6%8F%92%E7%94%B5%E6%B7%B7%E5%8A%A8%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2020%26brandId%3D15%26energy%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVOutlook2020-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency_(IEA)2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020">"Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive?"</a>. IEA Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910135242/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2020-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2020%3A+Entering+the+decade+of+electric+drive%3F&rft.pub=IEA+Publications&rft.date=2020-06&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China. </li> <li id="cite_note-reduct-17"><a href="#cite_ref-reduct_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2006" class="citation web cs1">James, Walter (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026045737/http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Alt_Trans_Energ_Conf_WA_20060912.pdf">"Large Oil and GHG Reductions with Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles"</a> (PDF). Alternative Transport Energies Conference, Perth, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rise.org.au/pubs/Alt_Trans_Energ_Conf_WA_20060912.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2019-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Transport+Energies+Conference%2C+Perth%2C+Australia&rft.atitle=Large+Oil+and+GHG+Reductions+with+Plug-in+Hybrid+Vehicles&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rise.org.au%2Fpubs%2FAlt_Trans_Energ_Conf_WA_20060912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilsley-2018-04-30-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tilsley-2018-04-30_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilsley-2018-04-30_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilsley2017" class="citation web cs1">Tilsley, Rachelle (2017-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charge.net.nz/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-ac-and-dc-charging/">"What is the difference between AC and DC Charging?"</a>. Electric Vehicle Charging Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222445/https://charge.net.nz/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-ac-and-dc-charging/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electric+Vehicle+Charging+Network&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+AC+and+DC+Charging%3F&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.aulast=Tilsley&rft.aufirst=Rachelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharge.net.nz%2Ffaq%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-ac-and-dc-charging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=238">"Making the Case for Grid-Connected Hybrids"</a>. EV World. 2001-09-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616105335/http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=238">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2010-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+the+Case+for+Grid-Connected+Hybrids&rft.pub=EV+World&rft.date=2001-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evworld.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fstoryid%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=8142">"What's In A Name?"</a>. EV World. 2005-04-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118130255/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=8142">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2010-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+In+A+Name%3F&rft.pub=EV+World&rft.date=2005-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evworld.com%2Fnews.cfm%3Fnewsid%3D8142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ergosphere.blogspot.com/2005/05/glossary.html">"The glossary"</a>. The Ergosphere. 2005-05-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207013645/http://ergosphere.blogspot.com/2005/05/glossary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2010-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+glossary&rft.pub=The+Ergosphere&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fergosphere.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F05%2Fglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSC-22"><a href="#cite_ref-RSC_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberlevon_Helmolt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eberle, Ulrich; von Helmolt, Rittmar (2010-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/EE/article.asp?doi=c001674h">"Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview"</a>. Energy & Environmental Science. 3 (6). Royal Society of Chemistry: 689. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC001674H">10.1039/C001674H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307131038/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/EE/c001674h">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2010-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Sustainable+transportation+based+on+electric+vehicle+concepts%3A+a+brief+overview&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=689&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC001674H&rft.aulast=Eberle&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=von+Helmolt%2C+Rittmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2FPublishing%2FJournals%2FEE%2Farticle.asp%3Fdoi%3Dc001674h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chevrolet.com/pages/open/default/fuel/electric.do">"Chevy Volt: The Future is Electrifying"</a>. Chevrolet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310151336/http://www.chevrolet.com/pages/open/default/fuel/electric.do">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chevy+Volt%3A+The+Future+is+Electrifying&rft.pub=Chevrolet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chevrolet.com%2Fpages%2Fopen%2Fdefault%2Ffuel%2Felectric.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HybridCarHist-24"><a href="#cite_ref-HybridCarHist_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904154040/http://www.hybridcars.com/history/history-of-hybrid-vehicles.html">"History of Hybrid Vehicles"</a>. HybridCars.com. 2006-03-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/history/history-of-hybrid-vehicles.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2011-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Hybrid+Vehicles&rft.date=2006-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-of-hybrid-vehicles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See year 1898. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3456/Lohner-Porsche-Mixte-Voiturette.html">"Lohner-Porsche Mixte Voiturette"</a>. Ultimate Car Page. 2007-11-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119164407/http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3456/Lohner-Porsche-Mixte-Voiturette.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2011-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lohner-Porsche+Mixte+Voiturette&rft.pub=Ultimate+Car+Page&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatecarpage.com%2Fcar%2F3456%2FLohner-Porsche-Mixte-Voiturette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFialka2006" class="citation news cs1">Fialka, John J. (2006-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113815056026555394">"Coalition Turns On to 'Plug-In Hybrids': Utilities, Localities, DaimlerChrysler Give Traction to Professor's Drive For High Mileage"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404232000/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113815056026555394">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2011-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Coalition+Turns+On+to+%27Plug-In+Hybrids%27%3A+Utilities%2C+Localities%2C+DaimlerChrysler+Give+Traction+to+Professor%27s+Drive+For+High+Mileage&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Fialka&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB113815056026555394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcars.org/history.html">"Plug-In Hybrids: State Of Play, History & Players"</a>. CalCars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502064532/http://www.calcars.org/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2015-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plug-In+Hybrids%3A+State+Of+Play%2C+History+%26+Players&rft.pub=CalCars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcars.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2008" class="citation news cs1">Clayton, Mark (2008-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5406454">"Can Plug-In Hybrids Ride to America's Rescue?"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080809164217/https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=5406454">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2009-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Plug-In+Hybrids+Ride+to+America%27s+Rescue%3F&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fprint%3Fid%3D5406454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plug_in-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Plug_in_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoschert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Boschert" title="Sherry Boschert">Boschert, Sherry</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/68">Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America</a>. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/68">68–78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4"><bdi>978-0-86571-571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Hybrids%3A+The+Cars+that+will+Recharge+America&rft.place=Gabriola+Island%2C+Canada&rft.pages=68-78&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-571-4&rft.aulast=Boschert&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpluginhybridscar00bosc%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See Chapter 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/hybrid-car-ready-in-1969">"Hybrid Car Ready in 1969"</a>. 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Yahoo Finance. 2010-03-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nissans-electric-car-to-cost-apf-3270595876.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=6&asset=&ccode=">the original</a> on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2010-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+will+sell+electric+car+for+just+over+%2425K&rft.pub=Yahoo+Finance&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2FNissans-electric-car-to-cost-apf-3270595876.html%3Fx%3D0%26sec%3DtopStories%26pos%3D6%26asset%3D%26ccode%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoelcker2015" class="citation news cs1">Voelcker, John (2015-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come">"2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come"</a>. Green Car Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210085625/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-10. Retrieved 2015-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=2016+BYD+Tang%3A+Plug-In+Hybrid+SUV+Is+First+Of+Four+To+Come&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Voelcker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt. </li> <li id="cite_note-PriceChina-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PriceChina_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PriceChina_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221190347/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/">"BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB"</a>. 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Retrieved 2014-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inautonews&rft.atitle=First+Volkswagen+XL1+gets+delivered+to+German+customer&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Gnaticov&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inautonews.com%2Ffirst-volkswagen-xl1-gets-delivered-to-german-customer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany082014-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Germany082014_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2014" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2014-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/germany-plug-electric-vehicle-sales-report-august-2014/">"Germany Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report August 2014"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929141946/http://insideevs.com/germany-plug-electric-vehicle-sales-report-august-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2014-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Germany+Plug-In+Electric+Vehicle+Sales+Report+August+2014&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fgermany-plug-electric-vehicle-sales-report-august-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveday2014" class="citation web cs1">Loveday, Eric (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/bmw-commits-offering-plug-hybrid-versions-core-brand-models/">"BMW Commits To Offering Plug-In Hybrid Versions Of All Core-Brand Models"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204054946/http://insideevs.com/bmw-commits-offering-plug-hybrid-versions-core-brand-models/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2014-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=BMW+Commits+To+Offering+Plug-In+Hybrid+Versions+Of+All+Core-Brand+Models&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Loveday&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fbmw-commits-offering-plug-hybrid-versions-core-brand-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein2015" class="citation web cs1">Edelstein, Stephen (2015-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1097267_2016-bmw-x5-xdrive-40e-plug-in-hybrid-suv-to-debut-in-shanghai-next-month">"2016 BMW X5 xDrive 40e Plug-In Hybrid SUV To Debut In Shanghai Next Month"</a>. Green Car Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318213257/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1097267_2016-bmw-x5-xdrive-40e-plug-in-hybrid-suv-to-debut-in-shanghai-next-month">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+BMW+X5+xDrive+40e+Plug-In+Hybrid+SUV+To+Debut+In+Shanghai+Next+Month&rft.pub=Green+Car+Reports&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.aulast=Edelstein&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1097267_2016-bmw-x5-xdrive-40e-plug-in-hybrid-suv-to-debut-in-shanghai-next-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016Volt-88"><a href="#cite_ref-2016Volt_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThevenotHirsch2015" class="citation news cs1">Thevenot, Brian & Hirsch, Jerry (2015-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-0113-chevrolet-volt-bolt-20150112-story.html">"Chevy Bolt electric car targets Tesla with low price, long range"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113073807/http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-0113-chevrolet-volt-bolt-20150112-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2015-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Chevy+Bolt+electric+car+targets+Tesla+with+low+price%2C+long+range&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.aulast=Thevenot&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos%2Fla-fi-0113-chevrolet-volt-bolt-20150112-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volt2016-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Volt2016_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2015-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/2016-volts-account-for-1324-sales-out-of-2035-october-deliveries/">"2016 Volts Account For 1,324 Sales Out Of 2,035 October Deliveries"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107054905/http://www.hybridcars.com/2016-volts-account-for-1324-sales-out-of-2035-october-deliveries/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2015-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=2016+Volts+Account+For+1%2C324+Sales+Out+Of+2%2C035+October+Deliveries&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2F2016-volts-account-for-1324-sales-out-of-2035-october-deliveries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada2015-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Canada2015_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlippenstein2015" class="citation web cs1">Klippenstein, Matthew (2015-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1100803_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-october-2015-the-wallet-ballot">"Plug-in Electric Car Sales in Canada, October 2015: The Wallet Ballot"</a>. Green Car Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107193346/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1100803_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-october-2015-the-wallet-ballot">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2015-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Electric+Car+Sales+in+Canada%2C+October+2015%3A+The+Wallet+Ballot&rft.pub=Green+Car+Reports&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.aulast=Klippenstein&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1100803_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-october-2015-the-wallet-ballot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikin2015" class="citation web cs1">Millikin, Mike (2015-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150311-audi-1.html">"Audi to have a plug-in hybrid in every model series; new BEV in 2018"</a>. Green Car Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224851/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150311-audi-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audi+to+have+a+plug-in+hybrid+in+every+model+series%3B+new+BEV+in+2018&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F20150311-audi-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBphevs-92"><a href="#cite_ref-MBphevs_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikin2015" class="citation web cs1">Millikin, Mike (2015-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150318-mbphev.html">"Mercedes-Benz to introduce 10 plug-in hybrids by 2017; GLE PHEV coming soon"</a>. Green Car Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320175207/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/03/20150318-mbphev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercedes-Benz+to+introduce+10+plug-in+hybrids+by+2017%3B+GLE+PHEV+coming+soon&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F20150318-mbphev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volt100K-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volt100K_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volt100K_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2015-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/gm-sells-its-100000th-volt-in-october/">"GM Sells Its 100,000th Volt in October"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108083210/http://www.hybridcars.com/gm-sells-its-100000th-volt-in-october/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-08. Retrieved 2015-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=GM+Sells+Its+100%2C000th+Volt+in+October&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fgm-sells-its-100000th-volt-in-october%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988">About 102,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide by the end of October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlook2016-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2016_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2016_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2016_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency_(IEA),_Clean_Energy_Ministerial,_and_Electric_Vehicles_Initiative_(EVI)2016" class="citation web cs1">International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824165154/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf">"Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars"</a> (PDF). IEA Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2016-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2016%3A+Beyond+one+million+electric+cars&rft.pub=IEA+Publications&rft.date=2016-05&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29%2C+Clean+Energy+Ministerial%2C+and+Electric+Vehicles+Initiative+%28EVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fpublications%2Ffreepublications%2Fpublication%2FGlobal_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-TopSix2015-95"><a href="#cite_ref-TopSix2015_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/top-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015/">"Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204014228/http://www.hybridcars.com/top-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Top+Six+Plug-in+Vehicle+Adopting+Countries+%E2%80%93+2015&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftop-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/">Plug-in hybrids represent about 40% of global plug-in electric vehicle sales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917004950/http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/">Archived</a> 2015-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-at-the-86th-geneva-international-motor-show-2016&outputChannelId=6&id=T0253602EN&left_menu_item=node__803">"BMW at the 86th Geneva International Motor Show 2016"</a> (Press release). Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 2016-02-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123225428/https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0253602EN/bmw-at-the-86th-geneva-international-motor-show-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2016-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMW+at+the+86th+Geneva+International+Motor+Show+2016&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=BMW+Group+PressClub+Global&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.bmwgroup.com%2Fglobal%2FpressDetail.html%3Ftitle%3Dbmw-at-the-86th-geneva-international-motor-show-2016%26outputChannelId%3D6%26id%3DT0253602EN%26left_menu_item%3Dnode__803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US330e-97"><a href="#cite_ref-US330e_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2016" class="citation news cs1">Blanco, Sebastian (2016-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/22/bmw-330e-iperformance-new-name-44695-phev/">"BMW 330e iPerformance brings new name to $44,695 PHEV"</a>. Autoblog.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323062316/http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/22/bmw-330e-iperformance-new-name-44695-phev/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autoblog.com&rft.atitle=BMW+330e+iPerformance+brings+new+name+to+%2444%2C695+PHEV&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2016%2F03%2F22%2Fbmw-330e-iperformance-new-name-44695-phev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KoreaTimes-98"><a href="#cite_ref-KoreaTimes_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin-hai2016" class="citation news cs1">Jin-hai, Park (2016-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/02/127_195469.html">"Hyundai launches Ioniq hybrid compact"</a>. The Korea Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306124100/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/02/127_195469.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Hyundai+launches+Ioniq+hybrid+compact&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Jin-hai&rft.aufirst=Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fbiz%2F2016%2F02%2F127_195469.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCG032016-99"><a href="#cite_ref-GCG032016_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikin2016" class="citation web cs1">Millikin, Mike (2016-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/03/20160324-ioniq.html">"Hyundai unveils Ioniq HEV, PHEV and EV for US market at New York show"</a>. Green Car Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327112750/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/03/20160324-ioniq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyundai+unveils+Ioniq+HEV%2C+PHEV+and+EV+for+US+market+at+New+York+show&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2016%2F03%2F20160324-ioniq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Jay (2016-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/hyundai-ioniq-has-a-28-kwh-battery-105-miles-real-range/">"Hyundai IONIQ Electric Has A 28 kWh Battery, 105 Miles Real Range"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032744/http://insideevs.com/hyundai-ioniq-has-a-28-kwh-battery-105-miles-real-range/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Hyundai+IONIQ+Electric+Has+A+28+kWh+Battery%2C+105+Miles+Real+Range&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fhyundai-ioniq-has-a-28-kwh-battery-105-miles-real-range%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prime_PHV-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prime_PHV_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prime_PHV_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyama2016" class="citation news cs1">Kageyama, Yuri (2016-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantoday.com/category/business/view/toyota-gets-bullish-on-plug-in-hybrids-with-new-prius-prime">"Toyota gets bullish on plug-in hybrids with new Prius Prime"</a>. Japan Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150418/http://www.japantoday.com/category/business/view/toyota-gets-bullish-on-plug-in-hybrids-with-new-prius-prime">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Toyota+gets+bullish+on+plug-in+hybrids+with+new+Prius+Prime&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fbusiness%2Fview%2Ftoyota-gets-bullish-on-plug-in-hybrids-with-new-prius-prime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrimeUSA-102"><a href="#cite_ref-PrimeUSA_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Jay (2016-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/several-plug-ins-hit-new-2016-highs-as-november-ev-sales-in-us-rise-sharply/">"Several Plug-Ins Hit New 2016 Highs, As November EV Sales In US Rise Sharply"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123710/http://insideevs.com/several-plug-ins-hit-new-2016-highs-as-november-ev-sales-in-us-rise-sharply/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-03. Retrieved 2016-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Several+Plug-Ins+Hit+New+2016+Highs%2C+As+November+EV+Sales+In+US+Rise+Sharply&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fseveral-plug-ins-hit-new-2016-highs-as-november-ev-sales-in-us-rise-sharply%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PriusPrime1-103"><a href="#cite_ref-PriusPrime1_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2016" class="citation news cs1">Blanco, Sebastian (2016-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/23/toyota-prius-prime-new-york-official/">"Toyota Prius Prime plugs in with 22 EV miles"</a>. Autoblog.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324041401/http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/23/toyota-prius-prime-new-york-official/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autoblog.com&rft.atitle=Toyota+Prius+Prime+plugs+in+with+22+EV+miles&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Blanco&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2016%2F03%2F23%2Ftoyota-prius-prime-new-york-official%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017PrimeMPGe-104"><a href="#cite_ref-2017PrimeMPGe_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeSage2016" class="citation news cs1">LeSage, Jon (2016-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/2017-prius-prime-offers-industrys-best-mpge-and-25-miles-electric-range/">"2017 Prius Prime Offers Industry's Best 'MPGe' and 25 Miles Electric Range"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012175810/http://www.hybridcars.com/2017-prius-prime-offers-industrys-best-mpge-and-25-miles-electric-range/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=2017+Prius+Prime+Offers+Industry%27s+Best+%27MPGe%27+and+25+Miles+Electric+Range&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=LeSage&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2F2017-prius-prime-offers-industrys-best-mpge-and-25-miles-electric-range%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoelcker2016" class="citation news cs1">Voelcker, John (2016-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1106568_at-133-mpge-toyota-prius-prime-wallops-bmw-i3-on-energy-efficiency">"At 133 MPGe, Toyota Prius Prime wallops BMW i3 on energy efficiency"</a>. Green Car Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015062846/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1106568_at-133-mpge-toyota-prius-prime-wallops-bmw-i3-on-energy-efficiency">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2016-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=At+133+MPGe%2C+Toyota+Prius+Prime+wallops+BMW+i3+on+energy+efficiency&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Voelcker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1106568_at-133-mpge-toyota-prius-prime-wallops-bmw-i3-on-energy-efficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PriusPrime3-106"><a href="#cite_ref-PriusPrime3_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalvorson2016" class="citation news cs1">Halvorson, Bengt (2016-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1103052_2016-toyota-prius-prime-details-on-120-mpge-plug-in-hybrid-all-electric-mode/page-2">"2016 Toyota Prius Prime: details on 120 MPGe plug-in hybrid, all-electric mode"</a>. Green Car Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327073137/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1103052_2016-toyota-prius-prime-details-on-120-mpge-plug-in-hybrid-all-electric-mode/page-2">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=2016+Toyota+Prius+Prime%3A+details+on+120+MPGe+plug-in+hybrid%2C+all-electric+mode&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Halvorson&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1103052_2016-toyota-prius-prime-details-on-120-mpge-plug-in-hybrid-all-electric-mode%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlander100K-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Outlander100K_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/mitsubishi-sells-100000th-outlander-phev/">"Mitsubishi Sells 100,000th Outlander PHEV"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504135034/http://www.hybridcars.com/mitsubishi-sells-100000th-outlander-phev/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Sells+100%2C000th+Outlander+PHEV&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fmitsubishi-sells-100000th-outlander-phev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> As of March 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the world's top selling plug-in electric cars are the Nissan Leaf (over 218,000), Tesla Model S (about 120,000), Chevrolet Volt and Ampera variants (over 110,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (over 100,000), and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000). All figures cumulative global sales since market launch. </li> <li id="cite_note-OutlanderPHEV100K-108"><a href="#cite_ref-OutlanderPHEV100K_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105004/http://www.mitsubishi-matters.co.uk/2016/05/19/global-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-pass-100000-mark/">"Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark"</a> (Press release). UK: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2016-05-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitsubishi-matters.co.uk/2016/05/19/global-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-pass-100000-mark/">the original</a> on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Mitsubishi+Outlander+PHEV+Sales+Pass+the+100%2C000+Mark&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Mitsubishi+Motors+UK&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitsubishi-matters.co.uk%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2Fglobal-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-pass-100000-mark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> As of March 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold worldwide. </li> <li id="cite_note-Qin50K-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Qin50K_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/chinas-byd-qin-phev-sells-50000th-unit-as-quickly-as-did-the-chevy-volt/">"China's BYD Qin PHEV Sells 50,000th Unit As Quickly As Did The Chevy Volt"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520114955/http://www.hybridcars.com/chinas-byd-qin-phev-sells-50000th-unit-as-quickly-as-did-the-chevy-volt/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+BYD+Qin+PHEV+Sells+50%2C000th+Unit+As+Quickly+As+Did+The+Chevy+Volt&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fchinas-byd-qin-phev-sells-50000th-unit-as-quickly-as-did-the-chevy-volt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreimel2016" class="citation news cs1">Greimel, Hans (2016-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonews.com/article/20160625/OEM05/306279981/nissans-to-do-list-range-autonomy">"Nissan's to-do list: Range, autonomy"</a>. Automotive News. Retrieved 2016-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News&rft.atitle=Nissan%27s+to-do+list%3A+Range%2C+autonomy&rft.date=2016-06-25&rft.aulast=Greimel&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Farticle%2F20160625%2FOEM05%2F306279981%2Fnissans-to-do-list-range-autonomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/01/20160111-pacifica.html">"Chrysler introduces Pacifica plug-in hybrid minivan; 80 mpge city, 30-mile AER"</a>. Green Car Congress. 11 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128023326/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/01/20160111-pacifica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chrysler+introduces+Pacifica+plug-in+hybrid+minivan%3B+80+mpge+city%2C+30-mile+AER&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F20160111-pacifica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=10052-en">"2018 Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid Pricing to Start at $33,400"</a>. Honda.com (Press release). US. 2017-11-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171713/http://news.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=10052-en">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-28. 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Calcars.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604171009/http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1045.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calcars.org&rft.atitle=Can+Congress+Hear+From+6%2C692+Plug-In+Supporters+Today%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcars.org%2Fcalcars-news%2F1045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcars.org/calcars-beyond-new-plug-ins.pdf">"Calcars.org"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126050240/http://calcars.org/calcars-beyond-new-plug-ins.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2010-11-26. 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Retrieved 2010-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calcars.org&rft.atitle=Calcars.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcars.org%2Fcalcars-news%2F1061.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> California Cars Initiative (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcars.org/where-phevs-are.html">"Where Plug-In Hybrid Conversions (mostly Priuses) Are"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714215221/http://www.calcars.org/where-phevs-are.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved July 8, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> A123 Systems, Inc. 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Associated Press. 2007-01-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080504/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16503845/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GM+to+unveil+Volt+electric+concept+car&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna16503845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveday2014" class="citation web cs1">Loveday, Eric (2014-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/chevy-volt-owners-pass-1-billion-total-miles/">"Chevy Volt Owners Pass 1 Billion Total Miles"</a>. 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Retrieved 2016-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+Ford+Fusion+Energi+PHEV+boosts+total+range+to+610+miles&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2016%2F05%2F2060527-ford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAtrends2015-148"><a href="#cite_ref-EPAtrends2015_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602082748/https://www3.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2015/420r15016.pdf">"Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2015"</a> (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 2015. 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Retrieved 2016-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light-Duty+Automotive+Technology%2C+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions%2C+and+Fuel+Economy+Trends%3A+1975+Through+2015&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Ffueleconomy%2Ffetrends%2F1975-2015%2F420r15016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See Table 7.2 – MY 2015 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Powertrain and Range. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Gabe (2015-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonews.com/article/20150328/OEM05/303309999/calif.-considers-a-plea-for-plug-in-hybrids">"Calif. considers a plea for plug-in hybrids"</a>. Automotive News. 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Fueleconomy.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721040717/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/phevsbs.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fueleconomy.gov&rft.atitle=2011+Chevrolet+Volt&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.au=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+and+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Fphevsbs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCCEPAVolt-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCCEPAVolt_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCCEPAVolt_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/volt-20101124.html#more">"Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2010-11-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615172720/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/volt-20101124.html#more">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volt+receives+EPA+ratings+and+label%3A+93+mpg-e+all-electric%2C+37+mpg+gas-only%2C+60+mpg-e+combined&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2010%2F11%2Fvolt-20101124.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCC2013-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCC2013_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCC2013_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/05/felabel-20110525.html">"EPA, DOT unveil the next generation of fuel economy labels"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2011-05-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529151254/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/05/felabel-20110525.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA%2C+DOT+unveil+the+next+generation+of+fuel+economy+labels&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2011%2F05%2Ffelabel-20110525.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA2013-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA2013_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA2013_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/otaq/carlabel/420f11017.htm">"Fact Sheet: New Fuel Economy and Environment Labels for a New Generation of Vehicles"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529061246/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/carlabel/420f11017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+New+Fuel+Economy+and+Environment+Labels+for+a+New+Generation+of+Vehicles&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fotaq%2Fcarlabel%2F420f11017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988">EPA-420-F-11-017 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> US Department of Energy (September 18, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/plugin_hybrids_conversions.html">"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conversions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031020235/http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/plugin_hybrids_conversions.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Retrieved November 8, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-hamilton-157"><a href="#cite_ref-hamilton_157-0">^</a> Hamilton, Tyler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/Business/article/439557">$3.83 to power hybrid plug-in for 6 days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019161146/http://www.thestar.com/Business/article/439557">Archived</a> 2012-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. June 9, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Westneat, D. (February 22, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/dannywestneat/2008771363_danny22.html">Reality check on plug-in cars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225175946/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/dannywestneat/2008771363_danny22.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308080120/http://www.google.org/recharge/partners.html">"RechargeIT.org"</a>. Google.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.org/recharge/partners.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2009-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google.org&rft.atitle=RechargeIT.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.org%2Frecharge%2Fpartners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321163631/http://www.google.org/recharge/dashboard">"Google.org"</a>. Google.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.org/recharge/dashboard">the original</a> on 2009-03-21. Retrieved 2009-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google.org&rft.atitle=Google.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.org%2Frecharge%2Fdashboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXing_WuJing_DongZhenhong_Lin2014" class="citation web cs1">Xing Wu; Jing Dong; Zhenhong Lin (2014-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/03/20140311-lin.html">"Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT"</a>. Green Car Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323080219/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/03/20140311-lin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2014-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+finds+energy+savings+of+PHEVs+relative+to+HEVs+dependent+on+charging+coverage+and+daily+VMT&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.au=Xing+Wu&rft.au=Jing+Dong&rft.au=Zhenhong+Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2014%2F03%2F20140311-lin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> For more details see: Xing Wu, Jing Dong, Zhenhong Lin (2014) Cost analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using GPS-based longitudinal travel data, Energy Policy, Volume 68, Pages 206–217, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.054 </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC09_1-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_1_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_1_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_1_162-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12826&page=2">Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies—Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles</a>. The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12826">10.17226/12826</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-14850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-14850-4"><bdi>978-0-309-14850-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033206/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12826&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-07. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810110846/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/business/15hybrid.html?_r=2&scp=8&sq=plug-in%20hybrid&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2010-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Says+Big+Impact+of+the+Plug-In+Hybrid+Will+Be+Decades+Away&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.au=Jad+Mouawad&rft.au=Kate+Galbraith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F15hybrid.html%3F_r%3D2%26scp%3D8%26sq%3Dplug-in%2520hybrid%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC09_2-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_2_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_2_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_2_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRC09_2_164-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> (2009-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12826">"Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Costs Likely to Remain High, Benefits Modest for Decades"</a>. U.S. National Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201212515/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12826">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2010-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plug-In+Hybrid+Vehicle+Costs+Likely+to+Remain+High%2C+Benefits+Modest+for+Decades&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.nationalacademies.org%2Fonpinews%2Fnewsitem.aspx%3FRecordID%3D12826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT122009-165"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT122009_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabuchi2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" title="Hiroko Tabuchi">Tabuchi, Hiroko</a> (2009-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/business/global/15toyota.html">"Toyota to Sell Plug-In Hybrid in 2011"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202031434/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/business/global/15toyota.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2010-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Toyota+to+Sell+Plug-In+Hybrid+in+2011&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F15toyota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiq_KhanMartin_Kushler2013" class="citation web cs1">Siddiq Khan & Martin Kushler (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/t133.pdf">"Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities"</a> (PDF). American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160512070636/http%3A//aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/t133.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2013-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Electric+Vehicles%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.pub=American+Council+for+an+Energy-Efficient+Economy&rft.date=2013-06&rft.au=Siddiq+Khan&rft.au=Martin+Kushler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aceee.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fresearchreports%2Ft133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> ACEEE Report Number T133. </li> <li id="cite_note-KSG11-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSG11_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSG11_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_LeeGrant_Lovellette2011" class="citation web cs1">Henry Lee & Grant Lovellette (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21216/will_electric_cars_transform_the_us_vehicle_market.html?hq_e=el&hq_m=1303999&hq_l=5&hq_v=4613decb42">"Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?"</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812132454/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21216/will_electric_cars_transform_the_us_vehicle_market.html?hq_e=el&hq_m=1303999&hq_l=5&hq_v=4613decb42">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Electric+Cars+Transform+the+U.S.+Vehicle+Market%3F&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs%2C+Kennedy+School+of+Government&rft.date=2011-07&rft.au=Henry+Lee&rft.au=Grant+Lovellette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fpublication%2F21216%2Fwill_electric_cars_transform_the_us_vehicle_market.html%3Fhq_e%3Del%26hq_m%3D1303999%26hq_l%3D5%26hq_v%3D4613decb42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSGpdf-168"><a href="#cite_ref-KSGpdf_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_LeeGrant_Lovellette2011" class="citation web cs1">Henry Lee & Grant Lovellette (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Lee%20Lovellette%20Electric%20Vehicles%20DP%202011%20web.pdf">"WillElectricCars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?"</a> (PDF). Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110801194906/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Lee%20Lovellette%20Electric%20Vehicles%20DP%202011%20web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-01. Retrieved 2011-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WillElectricCars+Transform+the+U.S.+Vehicle+Market%3F&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs%2C+Kennedy+School+of+Government&rft.date=2011-07&rft.au=Henry+Lee&rft.au=Grant+Lovellette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2FLee%2520Lovellette%2520Electric%2520Vehicles%2520DP%25202011%2520web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Discussion Paper #2011-08. </li> <li id="cite_note-knipping-169"><a href="#cite_ref-knipping_169-0">^</a> Knipping, E. and Duvall, M. 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Retrieved 2010-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Hidden+Costs+of+Energy%3A+Unpriced+Consequences+of+Energy+Production+and+Use&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.nationalacademies.org%2Fonpinews%2Fnewsitem.aspx%3FRecordID%3D12794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-options/tech-options-1-3-2.pdf">Technology Options 2003.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021420/http://climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-options/tech-options-1-3-2.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2003). 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Technology Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=How+Plug-in+Hybrids+Will+Save+the+Grid&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft.aulast=Bullis&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2FEnergy%2F17930%2F%3Fa%3Df&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwoBillion-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_176-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperlingGordon2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sperling" title="Daniel Sperling">Sperling, Daniel</a>; Gordon, Deborah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/22">Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability</a>. 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Retrieved 2006-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well-to-Wheels+Energy+Use+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+Analysis+of+Plug-in+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicles&rft.pub=Center+for+Transportation+Research%2C+Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2009-02&rft.au=A.+Elgowainy&rft.au=A.+Burnham&rft.au=M.+Wang&rft.au=J.+Molburg&rft.au=A.+Rousseau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportation.anl.gov%2Fpdfs%2FTA%2F559.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Report ANL/ESD/09-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Searchinger08-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Searchinger08_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearchinger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Searchinger, Timothy; et al. 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Science. 319 (5867): 1238–1240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1238S">2008Sci...319.1238S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1151861">10.1126/science.1151861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258860">18258860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52810681">52810681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Use+of+U.S.+Croplands+for+Biofuels+Increases+Greenhouse+Gases+Through+Emissions+from+Land-Use+Change&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5867&rft.pages=1238-1240&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1151861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52810681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18258860&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1238S&rft.aulast=Searchinger&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1151861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Originally published online in Science Express on 2008-02-07. See Letters to Science by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fargione08-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Fargione08_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFargioneHillTilmanPolasky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, D; Polasky, S; Hawthorne, P; et al. (2008-02-29). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt". Science. 319 (5867): 1235–1238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1235F">2008Sci...319.1235F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1152747">10.1126/science.1152747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258862">18258862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206510225">206510225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Land+Clearing+and+the+Biofuel+Carbon+Debt&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5867&rft.pages=1235-1238&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1152747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206510225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18258862&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1235F&rft.aulast=Fargione&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Hill%2C+Jason&rft.au=Tilman%2C+D&rft.au=Polasky%2C+S&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Originally published online in Science Express on 2008-02-07. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario </li> <li id="cite_note-ORNL-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORNL_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORNL_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadleyTsvetkova2008" class="citation web cs1">Hadley, Stanton W. & Tsvetkova, Alexandra (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/assets/zemi/files/pdf/regional_phev_analysis.pdf">"Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation"</a> (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015035606/http://www.scientificamerican.com/assets/zemi/files/pdf/regional_phev_analysis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2010-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potential+Impacts+of+Plug-in+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicles+on+Regional+Power+Generation&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Stanton+W.&rft.au=Tsvetkova%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Fassets%2Fzemi%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fregional_phev_analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Report ORNL/TM-2007/150 </li> <li id="cite_note-SciMag1-182"><a href="#cite_ref-SciMag1_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Moyer, Michael (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-dirty-truth-about-plug-in-hybrids">"The Dirty Truth about Plug-in Hybrids"</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Dirty+Truth+about+Plug-in+Hybrids&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-dirty-truth-about-plug-in-hybrids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argonne0810_1-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Argonne0810_1_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2010/news100817a.html">"Different energy mixes will fuel plug-in hybrid cars"</a>. Argonne National Laboratory. 2010-08-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824221415/http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2010/news100817a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+energy+mixes+will+fuel+plug-in+hybrid+cars&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anl.gov%2FMedia_Center%2FNews%2F2010%2Fnews100817a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argonne0810_2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Argonne0810_2_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmgad_ElgowainyJ._HanL._PochM._Wang2010" class="citation web cs1">Amgad Elgowainy; J. Han; L. Poch; M. Wang; A. Vyas; M. Mahalik & A. Rousseau (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/629.PDF">"Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles"</a> (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135011/http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/629.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well-to-Wheels+Analysis+of+Energy+Use+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+of+Plug-in+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicles&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2010-06&rft.au=Amgad+Elgowainy&rft.au=J.+Han&rft.au=L.+Poch&rft.au=M.+Wang&rft.au=A.+Vyas&rft.au=M.+Mahalik&rft.au=A.+Rousseau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportation.anl.gov%2Fpdfs%2FTA%2F629.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA1975_2014-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1975_2014_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1975_2014_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1975_2014_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1975_2014_185-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA1975_2014_185-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._S._Environmental_Protection_Agency2014" class="citation web cs1">U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf">"Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014"</a> (PDF). EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131603/http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light-Duty+Automotive+Technology%2C+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions%2C+and+Fuel+Economy+Trends%3A+1975+Through+2014&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2014-10&rft.au=U.+S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Ffueleconomy%2Ffetrends%2F1975-2014%2F420r14023a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See table 7.3 - Overall fuel economy (mpg-e), pp. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-GCCtrends-186"><a href="#cite_ref-GCCtrends_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillikin2014" class="citation web cs1">Millikin, Mike (2014-10-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/10/20141011-trends.html">"EPA Trends on EVs and PHEVs; beginning of a "measurable and meaningful impact" on new vehicle fuel economy and emissions"</a>. Green Car Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016021346/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/10/20141011-trends.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Trends+on+EVs+and+PHEVs%3B+beginning+of+a+%22measurable+and+meaningful+impact%22+on+new+vehicle+fuel+economy+and+emissions&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft.aulast=Millikin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F20141011-trends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA2014-187"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA2014_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency_and_U.S._Department_of_Energy2014" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2014-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf">"Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide – Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (updated September 2014)"</a> (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235323/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fueleconomy.gov&rft.atitle=Model+Year+2014+Fuel+Economy+Guide+%E2%80%93+Electric+vehicles+%26+Plug-in+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicles+%28updated+September+2014%29&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft.au=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+and+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Fpdfs%2Fguides%2FFEG2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> pp. 33–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21634544-are-zero-emission-vehicles-cleaner-petrol-cars-it-all-depends-zevs-invisible">"The ZEV's invisible tailpipe – Are zero-emission vehicles cleaner than petrol cars? It all depends..."</a> The Economist. 2014-11-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207222853/http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21634544-are-zero-emission-vehicles-cleaner-petrol-cars-it-all-depends-zevs-invisible">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+ZEV%27s+invisible+tailpipe+%E2%80%93+Are+zero-emission+vehicles+cleaner+than+petrol+cars%3F+It+all+depends...&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-and-technology%2F21634544-are-zero-emission-vehicles-cleaner-petrol-cars-it-all-depends-zevs-invisible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBER2014-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBER2014_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBER2014_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBER2014_189-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff_ZivinaKotchenbMansur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Graff Zivina, Joshua S.; Kotchenb, Matthew J.; Mansur, Erin T. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w18462.pdf">"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of marginal emissions: Implications for electric cars and other electricity-shifting policies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Behavior_and_Organization" title="Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization">Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization</a>. 107 (Part A): 248–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2014.03.010">10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602042522/http://www.nber.org/papers/w18462.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2019-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Behavior+and+Organization&rft.atitle=Spatial+and+temporal+heterogeneity+of+marginal+emissions%3A+Implications+for+electric+cars+and+other+electricity-shifting+policies&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=Part+A&rft.pages=248-268&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2014.03.010&rft.aulast=Graff+Zivina&rft.aufirst=Joshua+S.&rft.au=Kotchenb%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Mansur%2C+Erin+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw18462.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Published on line 2014-03-24. See pp. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlook2018-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2018_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2018_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2018_190-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2018_190-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency_(IEA),_Clean_Energy_Ministerial,_and_Electric_Vehicles_Initiative_(EVI)2018" class="citation web cs1">International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf">"Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting"</a> (PDF). IEA Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616050109/https://webstore.iea.org/login?ReturnUrl=%2fdownload%2fdirect%2f1045%3ffilename%3dglobal_ev_outlook_2018.pdf&filename=global_ev_outlook_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2018-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2017%3A+3+million+and+counting&rft.pub=IEA+Publications&rft.date=2018-05&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29%2C+Clean+Energy+Ministerial%2C+and+Electric+Vehicles+Initiative+%28EVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iea.org%2Fdownload%2Fdirect%2F1045%3FfileName%3DGlobal_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2018-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_191-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2019" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (2019-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2018"</a>. EVSales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013624/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2019-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVSales.com&rft.atitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2018&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD." </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSales2016-192"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSales2016_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2017" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (31 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2017/01/world-top-20-december-2016.html">"World Top 20 December 2016 (Updated)"</a>. EVSales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205182233/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2017/01/world-top-20-december-2016.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Top+20+December+2016+%28Updated%29&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com.br%2F2017%2F01%2Fworld-top-20-december-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Global light-duty plug-in vehicles sales totaled almost 775,000 units in 2016, of which, 36% were plug-in hybrids. </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2016-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2016_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ev-volumes.com/news/global-plug-in-sales-for-2016/">"Global Plug-in Sales for 2016"</a>. EV-Volumes.com. February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205071920/http://www.ev-volumes.com/news/global-plug-in-sales-for-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EV-Volumes.com&rft.atitle=Global+Plug-in+Sales+for+2016&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-volumes.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-plug-in-sales-for-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2mi-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2mi_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/the-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car/">"The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051641/http://www.hybridcars.com/the-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=The+World+Just+Bought+Its+Two-Millionth+Plug-in+Car&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fthe-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars. </li> <li id="cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzkeMüllerSchenkWu2018" class="citation web cs1">Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise">"The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083117/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2019-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.atitle=The+global+electric-vehicle+market+is+amped+up+and+on+the+rise&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Hertzke&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Wu%2C+Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fautomotive-and-assembly%2Four-insights%2Fthe-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2019-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2020" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (2020-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2019"</a>. EVSales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074824/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-27. Retrieved 2020-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVSales.com&rft.atitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2019&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506." </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">IEA 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch100K-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutch100K_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/the-netherlands-becomes-sixth-country-to-buy-100000-plug-in-vehicles/">"The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118141530/http://www.hybridcars.com/the-netherlands-becomes-sixth-country-to-buy-100000-plug-in-vehicles/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+Becomes+Sixth+Country+To+Buy+100%2C000+Plug-in+Vehicles&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fthe-netherlands-becomes-sixth-country-to-buy-100000-plug-in-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedenSales2012-199"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSales2012_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/">"2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & Plug-In Hybrid Models"</a>. BestSellingCars.com. 2013-04-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605112521/http://www.best-selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BestSellingCars.com&rft.atitle=2012+%28Full+Year%29+Sweden%3A+Best-Selling+Electric+Cars+%26+Plug-In+Hybrid+Models&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fhybrid%2F2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedenSales2013-200"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSales2013_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2013/nyregistreringar-december-2013-prel">"Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel"</a> [New registrations in December 2013 prel] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2014-01-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103172406/http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2013/nyregistreringar-december-2013-prel">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nyregistreringar+december+2013+prel&rft.pub=Bil+Sweden&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilsweden.se%2Fstatistik%2Farkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2013%2Fnyregistreringar-december-2013-prel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Download file "Nyregistreringar December 2013 prel.pdf" see table "NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJÖBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales by model for 2013 and 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-SwedenSales2014-201"><a href="#cite_ref-SwedenSales2014_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2014/nyregistreringar-december-2014-(prel)">"Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)"</a> [New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2015-01-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104034320/http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2014/nyregistreringar-december-2014-(prel)">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2015-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nyregistreringar+december+2014+%28prel%29&rft.pub=Bil+Sweden&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilsweden.se%2Fstatistik%2Farkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2014%2Fnyregistreringar-december-2014-%28prel%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014, and table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweden2014_2015-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweden2014_2015_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2015/nyregistreringar-december-2015-def">"Nyregistreringar december 2015 def"</a> [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2016-01-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415205046/http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2015/nyregistreringar-december-2015-def">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2016-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nyregistreringar+december+2015+def&rft.pub=Bil+Sweden&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilsweden.se%2Fstatistik%2Farkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2015%2Fnyregistreringar-december-2015-def&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweden082016-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweden082016_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2016/nyregistreringar-augusti-2016-(ii)">"Nyregistreringar augusti 2016 (II)"</a> [New Registrations August 2016 (II)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. 2016-09-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919150158/http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2016/nyregistreringar-augusti-2016-(ii)">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nyregistreringar+augusti+2016+%28II%29&rft.pub=Bil+Sweden&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilsweden.se%2Fstatistik%2Farkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2016%2Fnyregistreringar-augusti-2016-%28ii%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar augusti 2016 (II)" (PressRel1608II.pddf) See table: "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ augusti 2016." A total of 6,129 plug-in hybrids and 1,627 all-electric cars were registered during the first eight months of 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2012_2013-204"><a href="#cite_ref-UK2012_2013_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/">"December 2013 – EV and AFV registrations"</a>. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). 2014-01-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118114750/http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2014-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders+%28SMMT%29&rft.atitle=December+2013+%E2%80%93+EV+and+AFV+registrations&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2014%2F01%2Fdecember-2013-ev-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> A total of 992 plug-in hybrids were registered during 2012 and 1,072 in 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-US500k-205"><a href="#cite_ref-US500k_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/americans-buy-their-half-millionth-plug-in-car/">"Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903172036/http://www.hybridcars.com/americans-buy-their-half-millionth-plug-in-car/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2016-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Americans+Buy+Their+Half-Millionth+Plug-in+Car&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Famericans-buy-their-half-millionth-plug-in-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See details in captions and graphs. </li> <li id="cite_note-NEDrecord1-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEDrecord1_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEDrecord1_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1323i-Mitsubishi-Outlander-PHEV-top-seller.htm">"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top seller"</a>. Automotive Industry Data (AID). 2013-12-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220093837/http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1323i-Mitsubishi-Outlander-PHEV-top-seller.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+Industry+Data+%28AID%29&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Outlander+PHEV+top+seller&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagleaid.com%2FAID-Newsletter-preorder-1323i-Mitsubishi-Outlander-PHEV-top-seller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEDrecord2-207"><a href="#cite_ref-NEDrecord2_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontes2014" class="citation web cs1">Pontes, Jose (2014-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01/netherlands-december-2013.html">"Netherlands December 2013"</a>. EV Sales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033048/http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2014/01/netherlands-december-2013.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+December+2013&rft.pub=EV+Sales&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-sales.blogspot.ca%2F2014%2F01%2Fnetherlands-december-2013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier2013" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Mat (2013-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/01/03/netherlands-december-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-at-12-7-share-volvo-v40-and-v60-on-podium/">"Netherlands November 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander shoots up to pole position!"</a>. Best Selling Cars Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106030711/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/01/03/netherlands-december-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-at-12-7-share-volvo-v40-and-v60-on-podium">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2013-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+November+2013%3A+Mitsubishi+Outlander+shoots+up+to+pole+position%21&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2014%2F01%2F03%2Fnetherlands-december-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-at-12-7-share-volvo-v40-and-v60-on-podium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier2014" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Mat (2014-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/12/04/netherlands-november-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-shoots-up-to-pole-position/">"Netherlands December 2013: Mitsubishi Outlander at 12.7% share, Volvo V40 and V60 on podium"</a>. Best Selling Cars Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108022842/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/12/04/netherlands-november-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-shoots-up-to-pole-position/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands+December+2013%3A+Mitsubishi+Outlander+at+12.7%25+share%2C+Volvo+V40+and+V60+on+podium&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2013%2F12%2F04%2Fnetherlands-november-2013-mitsubishi-outlander-shoots-up-to-pole-position%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top6Global2013-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Top6Global2013_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2014" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2014-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/top-6-plug-in-car-adopting-countries/7/">"Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510003046/http://www.hybridcars.com/top-6-plug-in-car-adopting-countries/7/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2016-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Top+6+Plug-In+Vehicle+Adopting+Countries&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftop-6-plug-in-car-adopting-countries%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Around 1,800 Tesla Roadsters and 1,600 Fisker Karmas had been sold in the U.S. by the end of 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2013" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (2013-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abb-conversations.com/2014/03/electric-vehicle-market-share-in-19-countries/">"Electric vehicle market share in 19 countries – Plug-in Hybrid EV Market Share in 2013"</a>. ABB Conversations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131403/http://www.abb-conversations.com/2014/03/electric-vehicle-market-share-in-19-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+vehicle+market+share+in+19+countries+%E2%80%93+Plug-in+Hybrid+EV+Market+Share+in+2013&rft.pub=ABB+Conversations&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abb-conversations.com%2F2014%2F03%2Felectric-vehicle-market-share-in-19-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPHEVEU0119-212"><a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEVEU0119_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2019" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2019-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/outlander-phev-best-selling-mitsubishi-europe/">"Outlander PHEV Is Best-Selling Mitsubishi In Europe"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416120706/https://insideevs.com/outlander-phev-best-selling-mitsubishi-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Outlander+PHEV+Is+Best-Selling+Mitsubishi+In+Europe&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Foutlander-phev-best-selling-mitsubishi-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOPHEV032018-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV032018_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOPHEV032018_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2018-mitsubishi-motors.eu/Files/Documents/EN/new_MY19_OutlanderPHEV.pdf">"New (MY19) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV - Summer 2018"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Mitsubishi Motors. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090729/http://www.2018-mitsubishi-motors.eu/Files/Documents/EN/new_MY19_OutlanderPHEV.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+%28MY19%29+Mitsubishi+Outlander+PHEV+-+Summer+2018&rft.pub=Mitsubishi+Motors&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2018-mitsubishi-motors.eu%2FFiles%2FDocuments%2FEN%2Fnew_MY19_OutlanderPHEV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See tables in pp. 3-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK50K-214"><a href="#cite_ref-UK50K_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossdyke2020" class="citation web cs1">Fossdyke, James (2020-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/407790/mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-uk/">"Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Racks Up 50,000 UK Sales"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617021932/https://insideevs.com/news/407790/mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Outlander+PHEV+Racks+Up+50%2C000+UK+Sales&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft.aulast=Fossdyke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F407790%2Fmitsubishi-outlander-phev-sales-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USsales2018Volt-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USsales2018Volt_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USsales2018Volt_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USsales2018Volt_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USsales2018Volt_215-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2019" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/top-three-phev-u-s-in-2018/">"Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126012756/https://insideevs.com/top-three-phev-u-s-in-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-26. Retrieved 2019-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=Top+3+Plug-In+Hybrid+Cars+In+U.S.+In+2018%3A+Prius+Prime%2C+Clarity%2C+Volt&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Ftop-three-phev-u-s-in-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the end of 2018. American sales totaled 20,349 units in 2017 and 18,306 in 2018. Combined sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid totaled more than 93,000 units </li> <li id="cite_note-LeafBest250K-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeafBest250K_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeafBest250K_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/">"Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111185050/http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-11. Retrieved 2017-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Nissan%27s+Quarter-Millionth+Leaf+Means+It%27s+The+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+In+History&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fnissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> As of December 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, and the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold. </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltSalesCanada-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VoltSalesCanada_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VoltSalesCanada_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VoltSalesCanada_217-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/chevrolet/volt/chevrolet-volt-sales-numbers/">"Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers"</a>. GM Authority. January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131110758/http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/chevrolet/volt/chevrolet-volt-sales-numbers/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2019-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GM+Authority&rft.atitle=Chevrolet+Volt+Sales+Numbers&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgmauthority.com%2Fblog%2Fgm%2Fchevrolet%2Fvolt%2Fchevrolet-volt-sales-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Canadian sales totaled 4,313 units in 2017 and 4,114 in 2018 through November. </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaSales-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaSales_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaSales_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2018" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Timothy (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodcarbadcar.net/2011/01/chevrolet-volt-sales-figures.html">"Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures"</a>. Good Car Bad Car. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910074628/http://www.goodcarbadcar.net/2011/01/chevrolet-volt-sales-figures.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2018-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Car+Bad+Car&rft.atitle=Chevrolet+Volt+Sales+Figures&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodcarbadcar.net%2F2011%2F01%2Fchevrolet-volt-sales-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velite5SalesChina-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Velite5SalesChina_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velite5SalesChina_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velite5SalesChina_219-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velite5SalesChina_219-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carsalesbase.com/china-car-sales-data/buick/buick-velite-5/">"Buick Velite 5 (Chinese Car Sales Data)"</a>. Car Sales Base. 17 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720144821/http://carsalesbase.com/china-car-sales-data/buick/buick-velite-5/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2019-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Car+Sales+Base&rft.atitle=Buick+Velite+5+%28Chinese+Car+Sales+Data%29&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarsalesbase.com%2Fchina-car-sales-data%2Fbuick%2Fbuick-velite-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Buick_Velite_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Buick Velite 5">Buick Velite 5</a> sales in China totaled 1,629 units in 2017 and 2,688 in 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-SixYears-220"><a href="#cite_ref-SixYears_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/chevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary/">"Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214163005/http://www.hybridcars.com/chevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Chevy+Volt+and+Nissan+Leaf+Celebrate+Their+Sixth-Year+Anniversary&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fchevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. As of November 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Vollt/Ampera family of vehicles with 130,500 vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_221-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_221-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/corporate/20966057.html?adid=ag478_mail&padid=ag478_mail">"Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target"</a> (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 2018-02-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023024552/https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/corporate/20966057.html?adid=ag478_mail&padid=ag478_mail">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2018-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+sells+1.52+million+electrified+vehicles+in+2017%2C+three+years+ahead+of+2020+target&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2F20966057.html%3Fadid%3Dag478_mail%26padid%3Dag478_mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan2018-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan2018_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontes2019" class="citation web cs1">Pontes, Jose (2019-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/japan-december-2018.html">"Japan December 2018"</a>. EVSales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110400/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/japan-december-2018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2019-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVSales.com&rft.atitle=Japan+December+2018&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fjapan-december-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> A total of 52,013 plug-in cars were sold in Japan in 2018, with a market share of 1.0%. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in model with 25,722 units, followed by the Prius PHEV with 12,401 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC1H2018Europe-223"><a href="#cite_ref-TMC1H2018Europe_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.toyota.eu/46-of-toyota-motor-europe-tme-sales-in-h1-are-self-charging-hybrid-electric-vehicles/">"46% of Toyota Motor Europe (TME) sales in H1 are self-charging hybrid electric vehicles"</a> (Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2018-07-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095444/https://newsroom.toyota.eu/46-of-toyota-motor-europe-tme-sales-in-h1-are-self-charging-hybrid-electric-vehicles/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=46%25+of+Toyota+Motor+Europe+%28TME%29+sales+in+H1+are+self-charging+hybrid+electric+vehicles&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Toyota+Europe+Newsroom&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.eu%2F46-of-toyota-motor-europe-tme-sales-in-h1-are-self-charging-hybrid-electric-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Toyota sold 1,693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/">"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126165815/http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Is+World%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+For+Second+Year+In+A+Row&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs. </li> <li id="cite_note-BYD2018TopModels-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BYD2018TopModels_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BYD2018TopModels_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2019" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2019-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/byd-sold-record-electric-cars-december-2018/">"BYD Sold Record 37,000 Electric Cars In December 2018"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114170516/https://insideevs.com/byd-sold-record-electric-cars-december-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=BYD+Sold+Record+37%2C000+Electric+Cars+In+December+2018&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fbyd-sold-record-electric-cars-december-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> BYD Auto sold in China 227,152 plug-in cars, up 109% from 2017. During 2018 BYD Qin sales totaled 47,425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37,146 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top2017BYD-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top2017BYD_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top2017BYD_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2018" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/byd-1-world-plug-in-electric-car-sales-beats-tesla/">"BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla Again"</a>. InsideEVs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813070601/https://insideevs.com/byd-1-world-plug-in-electric-car-sales-beats-tesla/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs.com&rft.atitle=BYD+%231+In+World+For+Plug-In+Electric+Car+Sales+In+2017%2C+Beats+Tesla+Again&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fbyd-1-world-plug-in-electric-car-sales-beats-tesla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> During 2017, BYD Qin sales totaled 20,738 units and BYD Tang totaled 14,592 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaTopEVs2016-227"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaTopEVs2016_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/best-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016/">"Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016"</a>. China Auto Web. 2017-01-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125183528/http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/best-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2017-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Auto+Web&rft.atitle=Best-selling+China-made+EVs+in+2016&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaautoweb.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fbest-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with 20,605 units. </li> <li id="cite_note-China122015-228"><a href="#cite_ref-China122015_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/best-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015/">"Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015"</a>. China Auto Web. 2016-02-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116183939/http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/best-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2016-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Auto+Web&rft.atitle=Best-selling+China-made+SUVs+in+2015&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaautoweb.com%2F2016%2F01%2Fbest-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> A total of 18,375 Tangs were sold in China in 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ampera10K-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Ampera10K_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autohaus.de/nachrichten/ampera-e-opel-bringt-2017-neues-elektroauto-1754252.html">"Opel bringt 2017 neues Elektroauto"</a> [Opel brings new electric car in 2017]. 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Retrieved 2019-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autohaus.de&rft.atitle=Opel+bringt+2017+neues+Elektroauto&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autohaus.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fampera-e-opel-bringt-2017-neues-elektroauto-1754252.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> About 10,000 Opel Amperas were sold in Europe by the end of 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Volt2Aust-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Volt2Aust_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2015" class="citation news cs1">Costello, Mike (2015-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caradvice.com.au/350518/the-holden-volt-is-dead/">"The Holden Volt is dead"</a>. 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Businesswire.com. 2009-09-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606060537/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090924005148/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Businesswire.com&rft.atitle=Businesswire.com&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20090924005148%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_an_Energy-Efficient_Economy" title="American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/t133.pdf">Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities</a>, June 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report">Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025–2030) Technologies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812172041/https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report">Archived</a> 2020-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from BEVs and PHEVs), June 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoschert2007" class="citation book cs1">Boschert, Sherry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc">Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America</a> (1st ed.). New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865715714" title="Special:BookSources/9780865715714"><bdi>9780865715714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74524214">74524214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Hybrids%3A+The+Cars+that+will+Recharge+America&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74524214&rft.isbn=9780865715714&rft.aulast=Boschert&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpluginhybridscar00bosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li>International Council on Clean Transportation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf">Driving Electrification – A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles</a>, May 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) and Electric Vehicles Initiative (April 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423003013/http://www.iea.org/publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf">Global EV Outlook 2013 – Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) – IA-HEV (May 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieahev.org/assets/1/7/IA-HEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf">Hybrid and Electric Vehicles – The Electric Drive Gains Traction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226235212/http://www.ieahev.org/assets/1/7/IA-HEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lee, Henry, and Grant Lovellette (2011).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/will-electric-cars-transform-us-vehicle-market">Will Electric Cars Transform the U.S. Vehicle Market?</a> <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center</a>, Harvard University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevres2009" class="citation book cs1">Nevres, Cefo (2009). Two Cents per Mile: Will President Obama Make it Happen With the Stroke of a Pen?. Nevlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615293912" title="Special:BookSources/9780615293912"><bdi>9780615293912</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463395305">463395305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Cents+per+Mile%3A+Will+President+Obama+Make+it+Happen+With+the+Stroke+of+a+Pen%3F&rft.pub=Nevlin&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463395305&rft.isbn=9780615293912&rft.aulast=Nevres&rft.aufirst=Cefo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandalow2009" class="citation book cs1">Sandalow, David B., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2009/pluginelectricvehicles.aspx">Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?</a> (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815703051" title="Special:BookSources/9780815703051"><bdi>9780815703051</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895434772">895434772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-In+Electric+Vehicles%3A+What+Role+for+Washington%3F&rft.edition=1st.&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895434772&rft.isbn=9780815703051&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fpress%2FBooks%2F2009%2Fpluginelectricvehicles.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalek2015" class="citation web cs1">Michalek, Jeremy (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/02/20150218-michalek.html">"CMU team finds regional temperature differences have significant impact on EV efficiency, range and emissions"</a>. Green Car Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Congress&rft.atitle=CMU+team+finds+regional+temperature+differences+have+significant+impact+on+EV+efficiency%2C+range+and+emissions&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Michalek&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2015%2F02%2F20150218-michalek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlug-in+hybrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Romm">Romm, Joseph J.</a> and Fox-Penne, Peter. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216081335/http://www.ppionline.org/documents/Plug-In_030607.pdf">Plugging into the Grid: How Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicles Can Help Break America's Oil Addiction and Slow Global Warming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Policy_Institute" title="Progressive Policy Institute">Progressive Policy Institute</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/lbnp/final-li-ion-battery-lca-report.pdf">Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles</a>, April 2013.</li> <li>US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/phev_study_final_report.pdf">Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Value Proposition Study</a> Final Report, July 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_basics_phev.html">Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_basics_phev.html">Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (AFDC)</a>, including list of books and publications.</li></ul></li> <li>US <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nvs/pdf/InterimGuide_Consumers_011912_v2a.pdf">Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Vehicle Owner/General Public</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209221917/http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nvs/pdf/InterimGuide_Consumers_011912_v2a.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nvs/pdf/InterimGuide_EmergencyResponse_012012_v3.pdf">Interim Guidance Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with High Voltage Batteries – Law Enforcement/Emergency Medical Services/Fire Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209222354/http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nvs/pdf/InterimGuide_EmergencyResponse_012012_v3.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybrid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plug-in_electric_hybrid-powered_vehicles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plug-in electric hybrid-powered vehicles">Plug-in electric hybrid-powered vehicles</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Plug-in_hybrid" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluginamerica.org">Plug In America</a> – Non-profit advocacy group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/articles/egallon-what-it-and-why-it-s-important">eGallon Calculator: Compare the costs of driving with electricity</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicles" title="Template talk:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/200px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/300px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/400px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2258" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/200px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/300px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/400px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell electric vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">network</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger" title="Tesla Supercharger">Tesla Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">Type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 (Mennekes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_connector" title="Type 3 connector">Type 3 (Scame)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHAdeMO" title="CHAdeMO">AA (CHAdeMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">BB (GB/T)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChaoJi" title="ChaoJi">ChaoJi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System" title="Combined Charging System">EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megawatt_Charging_System" title="Megawatt Charging System">MCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC/DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">NACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">GB/T 20234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">IEC 61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">IEC 63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" title="ISO 15118">ISO 15118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">SAE J1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3105" title="SAE J3105">SAE J3105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">SAE J3400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/World_Electric_Vehicle_Association" title="World Electric Vehicle Association">WEVA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template talk:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> (engine / drive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car 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