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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Connectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wired" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wired"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Wired</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wired-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wireless</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ear_adaption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ear_adaption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ear adaption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ear_adaption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circumaural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumaural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Circumaural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumaural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supra-aural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supra-aural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Supra-aural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supra-aural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ear-fitting_headphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ear-fitting_headphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Ear-fitting headphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ear-fitting_headphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3.1</span> <span>Earphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-ear_headphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-ear_headphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3.2</span> <span>In-ear headphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-ear_headphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-_or_closed-back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-_or_closed-back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Open- or closed-back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-_or_closed-back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Headset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telephone_headsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_headsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Telephone headsets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_headsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_headsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_headsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Communication headsets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_headsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambient_noise_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambient_noise_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ambient noise reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambient_noise_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transducer_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transducer_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transducer technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transducer_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transducer technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transducer_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving-coil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving-coil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Moving-coil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving-coil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Electrostatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Electret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planar_magnetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planar_magnetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Planar magnetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planar_magnetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balanced_armature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balanced_armature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Balanced armature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balanced_armature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoacoustic_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoacoustic_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Thermoacoustic technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoacoustic_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_transducer_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_transducer_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Other transducer technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_transducer_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_and_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_and_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Benefits and limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dangers_and_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers_and_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dangers and risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers_and_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Occupational health and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Headphones</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3" title="سماعات رأس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سماعات رأس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulaql%C4%B1q" title="Qulaqlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qulaqlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="হেডফোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেডফোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Навушнікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навушнікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Навушнікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навушнікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Слушалки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слушалки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricular" title="Auricular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Auricular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluch%C3%A1tka" title="Sluchátka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sluchátka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedtelefoner" title="Hovedtelefoner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hovedtelefoner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopfh%C3%B6rer" title="Kopfhörer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kopfhörer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rvaklapid" title="Kõrvaklapid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrvaklapid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricular" title="Auricular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Auricular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa%C5%ADskultiloj" title="Kapaŭskultiloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapaŭskultiloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzungailu" title="Entzungailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzungailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="هدفون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هدفون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_audio" title="Casque audio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Casque audio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%93%9C%ED%8F%B0" title="헤드폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤드폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ականջակալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ականջակալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="हेडफ़ोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेडफ़ोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%A1alica" title="Slušalica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slušalica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap-askoltilo" title="Kap-askoltilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kap-askoltilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyuara_telinga" title="Penyuara telinga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyuara telinga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricolari" title="Auricolari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Auricolari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אוזניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Құлаққап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлаққап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipazasauti_cha_sikio" title="Kipazasauti cha sikio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipazasauti cha sikio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berguhk" title="Berguhk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berguhk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultabulum" title="Auscultabulum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Auscultabulum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopfh%C3%B6rer" title="Kopfhörer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kopfhörer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_kepala" title="Fon kepala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fon kepala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%87" title="Чихэвч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чихэвч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdtelefoon" title="Hoofdtelefoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoofdtelefoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ヘッドフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘッドフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodetelefoner" title="Hodetelefoner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hodetelefoner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovudtelefon" title="Hovudtelefon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hovudtelefon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੈਡਫ਼ੋਨਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਡਫ਼ੋਨਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82uchawki" title="Słuchawki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słuchawki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultadores" title="Auscultadores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Auscultadores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83%C8%99ti_audio" title="Căști audio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căști audio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyarina" title="Uyarina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uyarina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Наушники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наушники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱦᱮᱰᱯᱷᱳᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱰᱯᱷᱳᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Headphones" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%A1alice" title="Slušalice – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Slušalice" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyora_ceuli" title="Panyora ceuli – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panyora ceuli" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuloke" title="Kuuloke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuloke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="காதொலிப்பான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காதொலிப்பான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Колакчыннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Колакчыннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="హెడ్‌ఫోన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హెడ్‌ఫోన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="หูฟัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หูฟัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulakl%C4%B1k" title="Kulaklık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kulaklık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Навушники – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Навушники" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ہیڈ فونز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیڈ فونز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundlimed" title="Kundlimed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kundlimed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_nghe" title="Tai nghe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tai nghe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E6%A9%9F" title="耳機 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="耳機" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E6%A9%9F" title="耳機 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耳機" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E7%AD%92" title="耳筒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耳筒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E6%A9%9F" title="耳機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耳機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpel_kuping" title="Sumpel kuping – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sumpel kuping" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device put on or in the ears that plays sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Headphones_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Headphones (disambiguation)">Headphones (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Headphones" title="Special:EditPage/Headphones">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Headphones%22">"Headphones"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Headphones%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Headphones%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Headphones%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Headphones%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Headphones%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg/220px-S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg/330px-S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg/440px-S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>Headphones on a stand</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Headphones</b> are a pair of small <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeaker driver">loudspeaker drivers</a> worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustics_(acoustical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustics (acoustical engineering)">electroacoustic</a> <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a>, which convert an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical signal">electrical signal</a> to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>, which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear. Headphones are also known as <b>earphones</b><sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, <a href="/wiki/Colloquially" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquially">colloquially</a>, <b>cans</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circumaural (around the ear) and supra-aural (over the ear) headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the drivers in place. Another type, known as <b>earbuds</b> or <b>earpieces</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of individual units that plug into the user's <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>; within that category have been developed cordless <b>air buds</b> using wireless technology. A third type are <a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">bone conduction</a> headphones, which typically wrap around the back of the head and rest in front of the ear canal, leaving the ear canal open. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headset</a> is a combination of a headphone and <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>. </p><p>Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a>, either directly using a cord, or using <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> technology such as <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/DECT" title="DECT">DECT</a> or <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a>. The first headphones were developed in the late 19th century for use by <a href="/wiki/Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">switchboard operators</a>, to keep their hands free. Initially, the audio quality was mediocre and a step forward was the invention of <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> headphones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headphones exhibit a range of different audio reproduction quality capabilities. Headsets designed for telephone use typically cannot reproduce sound with the <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> of expensive units designed for music listening by <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophiles</a>. Headphones that use cables typically have either a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (6.4 mm) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (3.2 mm) <a href="/wiki/Phone_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone jack">phone jack</a> for plugging the headphones into the audio source. Some headphones are wireless, using <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> connectivity to receive the audio signal by radio waves from source devices like cellphones and digital players.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Walkman_effect" title="Walkman effect">Walkman effect</a>, beginning in the 1980s, headphones started to be used in public places such as sidewalks, grocery stores, and public transit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Headphones are also used by people in various professional contexts, such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a> mixing sound for live concerts or <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a>, who use headphones to <a href="/wiki/Cue_(audio)" title="Cue (audio)">cue</a> up the next song without the audience hearing, aircraft pilots and <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call center</a> employees. The latter two types of employees use headphones with an integrated microphone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History"><span class="anchor" id="history"></span>History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_telephone_operator_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Night_telephone_operator_1898.png/220px-Night_telephone_operator_1898.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Night_telephone_operator_1898.png/330px-Night_telephone_operator_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Night_telephone_operator_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">Telephone operator</a> with a single head-mounted telephone-receiver (headphone), 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Headphones grew out of the need to free up a person's hands when operating a <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1880s, soon after the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">invention of the telephone</a>, telephone <a href="/wiki/Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">switchboard operators</a> began to use head apparatuses to mount the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone receiver">telephone receiver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The receiver was mounted on the head by a clamp which held it next to the ear.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head mount freed the switchboard operator's hands, so that they could easily connect the wires of the telephone callers and receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head-mounted telephone receiver in the singular form was called a <i>headphone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These head-mounted phone receivers, unlike modern headphones, only had one earpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1890s a listening device with two earpieces was developed by the British company <a href="/wiki/Electrophone_(information_system)" title="Electrophone (information system)">Electrophone</a>. The device created a listening system through the phone lines that allowed the customer to connect into live feeds of performances at theaters and opera houses across London. Subscribers to the service could listen to the performance through a pair of massive earphones that connected below the chin and were held by a long rod.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French engineer Ernest Mercadier in 1891 patented a set of in-ear headphones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German company <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Brothers" title="Siemens Brothers">Siemens Brothers</a> at this time was also selling headpieces for telephone operators which had two earpieces, although placed outside the ear. The Siemens Brothers headpieces looked similar to modern headphones. The majority of headgear used by telephone operators continued to have only one earpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png/220px-Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png/330px-Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png/440px-Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_station.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">Wireless telegrapher</a> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> with two head-mounted telephone-receivers (headphones), 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Headphones appeared in the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>, which was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">beginning stage of radio broadcasting</a>. Some early wireless telegraph developers chose to use the telephone receiver's <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">speaker</a> as the detector for the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical signal">electrical signal</a> of the wireless receiving circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1902 wireless telegraph innovators, such as <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, were using two jointly head-mounted telephone receivers to hear the signal of the receiving circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two head-mounted telephone receivers were called in the singular form <i>head telephones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1908 the headpiece began to be written simply as <i>head phones</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a year later the compound word <i>headphones</i> began to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png/220px-Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png/330px-Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png/440px-Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holtzer-Cabot" title="Holtzer-Cabot">Holtzer-Cabot</a> telephone operator head receiver, wireless operator receiver, and telephone receiver, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest companies to make headphones for wireless operators was the <a href="/wiki/Holtzer-Cabot" title="Holtzer-Cabot">Holtzer-Cabot Company</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also makers of head receivers for telephone operators and normal telephone receivers for the home.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early manufacturer of headphones was Nathaniel Baldwin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first major supplier of headsets to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, motivated by his inability to hear sermons during Sunday service, he invented a prototype telephone headset.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He offered it for testing to the navy, which promptly ordered 100 of them. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., in partnership with Baldwin Radio Company, set up a manufacturing facility in Utah to fulfill orders.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early headphones used <a href="/wiki/Moving_iron_speaker" title="Moving iron speaker">moving iron drivers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hearthis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearthis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with either single-ended or balanced armatures. The common single-ended type used voice coils wound around the poles of a permanent magnet, which were positioned close to a flexible steel diaphragm. The audio current through the coils varied the magnetic field of the magnet, exerting a varying force on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating sound waves. The requirement for high sensitivity meant that no <a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">damping</a> was used, so the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a> of the diaphragm had large peaks due to resonance, resulting in poor <a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">sound quality</a>. These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods. Their <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> varied; headphones used in <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and telephone work had an impedance of 75 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a>. Those used with early wireless radio had more turns of finer wire to increase sensitivity. Impedances of 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> receivers. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Kolster-Brandes" title="Kolster-Brandes">Brandes</a> around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work. </p><p>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Koss" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Koss">John C. Koss</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz musician">jazz musician</a> from <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, produced the first stereo headphones.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hearthis_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearthis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller earbud-type earpieces, which plugged into the user's ear canal, were first developed for <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing aids">hearing aids</a>. They became widely used with <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radios</a>, which commercially appeared in 1954 with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Regency_TR-1" title="Regency TR-1">Regency TR-1</a>. The most popular audio device in history, the transistor radio changed listening habits, allowing people to listen to the radio anywhere. The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_earpiece" title="Crystal earpiece">piezoelectric crystal</a> to produce sound. The 3.5 mm radio and <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">phone connector</a>, which is the most commonly used in portable applications today, has been used at least since the Sony EFM-117J transistor radio, which was released in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its popularity was reinforced by its use on the <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> portable tape player in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg/220px-Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg/330px-Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg/440px-Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sennheiser" title="Sennheiser">Sennheiser</a> HD 555 headphones, used in <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio production</a> environments (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headset_adaptor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Headset_adaptor.jpg/220px-Headset_adaptor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Headset_adaptor.jpg/330px-Headset_adaptor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Headset_adaptor.jpg/440px-Headset_adaptor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>This adaptor allowed an airline passenger to plug a standard 3.5mm stereo headphone into the twin mono jacks then common on airliners, avoiding the need to pay for a set of headphones from the airline</figcaption></figure> <p>Wired headphones may be used with stationary <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact disc player">CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Home theater">home theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, or portable devices (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio player</a>/<a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>), as long as these devices are equipped with a headphone jack. <a href="/wiki/Cordless" title="Cordless">Cordless</a> headphones are not connected to their source by a cable. Instead, they receive a <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, such as <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. These are battery-powered receiver systems, of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a <a href="/wiki/Silent_disco" title="Silent disco">silent disco</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> sector, headphones are used in live situations by <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> with a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a> for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios, <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic feedback">acoustic feedback</a> while monitoring their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play or sing along to a backing track or band. In military applications, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones. </p><p>Wired headphones are attached to an audio source by a cable. The most common connectors are 6.35 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>inch) and 3.5 mm <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">phone connectors</a>. The larger 6.35 mm connector is more common on fixed location home or professional equipment. The 3.5 mm connector remains the most widely used connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6.35 mm and 3.5 mm devices. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interrupteur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Interrupteur.JPG/220px-Interrupteur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Interrupteur.JPG/330px-Interrupteur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Interrupteur.JPG/440px-Interrupteur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Headphone cord with integrated <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a> for volume control</figcaption></figure> <p>As active component, wireless headphones tend to be costlier due to the necessity for internal hardware such as a battery, a charging controller, a <a href="/wiki/Speaker_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker driver">speaker driver</a>, and a wireless <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>, whereas wired headphones are a passive component, outsourcing speaker driving to the audio source. </p><p>Some headphone cords are equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Series_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Series circuit">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometer</a> for volume control. </p><p>Wired headphones may be equipped with a non-detachable cable or a detachable auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">male-to-male</a> plug, as well as some with two ports to allow connecting another wired headphone in a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel circuit">parallel circuit</a>, which splits the audio signal to share with another participant, but can also be used to hear audio from two inputs simultaneously. An external audio splitter can retrofit this ability.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_for_audiometric_testing">Applications for audiometric testing</h3></div> <p>Various types of specially designed headphones or earphones are also used to evaluate the status of the auditory system in the field of <a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">audiology</a> for establishing hearing thresholds, medically diagnosing <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, identifying other hearing related disease, and monitoring hearing status in occupational <a href="/wiki/Hearing_conservation_program" title="Hearing conservation program">hearing conservation programs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific models of headphones have been adopted as the standard due to the ease of calibration and ability to compare results between testing facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supra-aural style headphones are historically the most commonly used in audiology as they are the easiest to calibrate and were considered the standard for many years. Commonly used models are the Telephonics Dynamic Headphone (TDH) 39, TDH-49, and TDH-50. In-the-ear or insert style earphones are used more commonly today as they provide higher levels of interaural attenuation, introduce less variability when testing 6,000 and 8,000 Hz, and avoid testing issues resulting from collapsed ear canals. A commonly used model of insert earphone is the Etymotic Research ER-3A. Circum-aural earphones are also used to establish hearing thresholds in the extended high frequency range (8,000 Hz to 20,000 kHz). Along with Etymotic Research ER-2A insert earphones, the Sennheiser HDA300 and Koss HV/1A circum-aural earphones are the only models that have reference equivalent threshold sound pressure level values for the extended high frequency range as described by <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Audiometer" title="Audiometer">Audiometers</a> and headphones must be calibrated together. During the calibration process, the output signal from the audiometer to the headphones is measured with a <a href="/wiki/Sound_level_meter" title="Sound level meter">sound level meter</a> to ensure that the signal is accurate to the reading on the audiometer for <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a> level and <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>. Calibration is done with the earphones in an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">acoustic coupler</a> that is intended to mimic the transfer function of the outer ear. Because specific headphones are used in the initial audiometer calibration process, they cannot be replaced with any other set of headphones, even from the same make and model.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_characteristics">Electrical characteristics</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electrical_characteristics_of_dynamic_loudspeakers" title="Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers">Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers</a> may be readily applied to headphones, because most headphones are small dynamic loudspeakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impedance">Impedance</h3></div> <p>Headphones are available with high or low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> (typically measured at 1 kHz). Low-impedance headphones are in the range 16 to 32 ohms and high-impedance headphones are about 100–600 ohms. As the impedance of a pair of headphones increases, more voltage (at a given current) is required to drive it, and the loudness of the headphones for a given voltage decreases. In recent years, impedance of newer headphones has generally decreased to accommodate lower voltages available on battery powered <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>-based portable electronics. This has resulted in headphones that can be more efficiently driven by battery-powered electronics. Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance. </p><p>The impedance of headphones is of concern because of the output limitations of amplifiers. A modern pair of headphones is driven by an amplifier, with lower impedance headphones presenting a larger load. Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power they can provide. To ensure an even frequency response, adequate <a href="/wiki/Damping_factor" title="Damping factor">damping factor</a>, and undistorted sound, an amplifier should have an output impedance less than 1/8 that of the headphones it is driving (and ideally, as low as possible). If output impedance is large compared to the impedance of the headphones, significantly higher distortion is present.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, lower impedance headphones tend to be louder and more efficient, but also demand a more capable amplifier. Higher impedance headphones are more tolerant of amplifier limitations, but produce less volume for a given output level. </p><p>Historically, many headphones had relatively high impedance, often over 500 ohms so they could operate well with high-impedance <a href="/wiki/Valve_amplifier#Operation" title="Valve amplifier">tube amplifiers</a>. In contrast, modern transistor amplifiers can have very low output impedance, enabling lower-impedance headphones. This means that older audio amplifiers or stereos often produce poor-quality output on some modern, low-impedance headphones. In this case, an external <a href="/wiki/Headphone_amplifier" title="Headphone amplifier">headphone amplifier</a> may be beneficial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity">Sensitivity</h3></div> <p>Sensitivity is a measure of how effectively an earpiece converts an incoming electrical signal into an audible sound. It thus indicates how loud the headphones are for a given electrical drive level. It can be measured in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a> level per milli<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> (dB (SPL)/mW) or decibels of sound pressure level per <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> (dB (SPL) / V).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both definitions are widely used, often interchangeably. As the output voltage (but not power) of a headphone amplifier is essentially constant for most common headphones, dB/mW is often more useful if converted into dB/V using <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {V} =\mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {mW} -10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {\mathrm {Impedance} }{1000}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mn>1000</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {V} =\mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {mW} -10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {\mathrm {Impedance} }{1000}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36aa177f0368b4ea9a65bd03d6701407525b1b46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:53.47ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {V} =\mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {mW} -10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {\mathrm {Impedance} }{1000}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Once the sensitivity per volt is known, the maximum volume for a pair of headphones can be easily calculated from the maximum amplifier output voltage. For example, for a headphone with a sensitivity of 100 dB (SPL)/V, an amplifier with an output of 1 <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">root mean square</a> (RMS) <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> produces a maximum volume of 100 dB. </p><p>Pairing high-sensitivity headphones with power amplifiers can produce dangerously high volumes and damage headphones. The maximum <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure</a> level is a matter of preference, with some sources recommending no higher than 110 to 120 dB. In contrast, the American <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> recommends an average SPL of no more than 85 dB(A) to avoid long-term hearing loss, while the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> standard EN 50332-1:2013 recommends that volumes above 85 dB(A) include a warning, with an absolute maximum volume (defined using 40–4,000 Hz noise) of no more than 100 dB to avoid accidental hearing damage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this standard, headphones with sensitivities of 90, 100 and 110 dB (SPL)/V should be driven by an amplifier capable of no more than 3.162, 1.0 and 0.3162 RMS volts at maximum volume setting, respectively to reduce the risk of hearing damage. </p><p>The sensitivity of headphones is usually between about 80 and 125 dB/mW and usually measured at 1 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2></div> <p>Headphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories: <i>circumaural (over-ear)</i>, <i>supra-aural (on-ear)</i>, <i>earbud</i> and <i>in-ear</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connectivity">Connectivity</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wired">Wired</h4></div> <p>Wired headphones make a direct electrical connection to the source device using a cable, typically connected with a <a href="/wiki/Headphone_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone jack">headphone jack</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wireless">Wireless</h4></div> <p>Modern wireless or cordless earphones have no cord connecting the two earphones to the source device or to each other; they receive audio by means of a wireless technology such as <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>. In historical usage, 'wireless' referred to a connection to a radio receiver, which was known as a wireless. </p><p>On some models both audio streams are transmitted to one earphone which forwards one stream to the other earphone. On other models each earphone receives its audio stream directly from the source device. The former arrangement has the advantage of being compatible with legacy systems while the latter arrangement has the advantage of causing less power drain in the earphone that has to forward one audio stream. </p><p>Connection between the two earphones also being wireless may be referred to as <b>true wireless stereo (TWS)</b>, offering longer battery life and complete transmission on left and right channels, avoiding possible source signal omission if only one is worn. <sup id="cite_ref-tws_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ear_adaption">Ear adaption</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circumaural">Circumaural</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headphones_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Headphones_1.jpg/220px-Headphones_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Headphones_1.jpg/330px-Headphones_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Headphones_1.jpg/440px-Headphones_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Circumaural headphones have large pads that surround the outer ear.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Circumaural headphones</i> (sometimes called <i>full size headphones</i> or <i>over-ear headphones</i>) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over 500 grams (1 lb). Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight. These are commonly used by drummers in recording. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supra-aural">Supra-aural</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg/220px-GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg/330px-GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg/440px-GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A pair of supra-aural (on-ear) headphones</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Supra-aural headphones</i> or <i>on-ear headphones</i> have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with <a href="/wiki/Personal_stereo" title="Personal stereo">personal stereos</a> during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ear-fitting_headphones">Ear-fitting headphones</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Earphones">Earphones</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Earphone" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Earphone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Earphone (disambiguation)">Earphone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG/170px-Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG/255px-Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG/340px-Earphones_BW_2011-12-10_15-49-08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EarPods_derecho.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/EarPods_derecho.JPG/170px-EarPods_derecho.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/EarPods_derecho.JPG/255px-EarPods_derecho.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/EarPods_derecho.JPG/340px-EarPods_derecho.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Earphones sit in the outer ear.</div></div></div></div> <p>Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earphones are portable and convenient, but many people consider them uncomfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-timebuds_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timebuds-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Talks about earbuds, not earphones (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timebuds_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timebuds-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radio</a>, earphones have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. They are sold at times with foam or rubber pads for comfort. (The use of the term <i>earbuds</i>, which has been around since at least 1984, did not hit its peak until after 2001, with the success of Apple's MP3 player.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In-ear_headphones">In-ear headphones</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InEarMonitors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/InEarMonitors.jpg/170px-InEarMonitors.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/InEarMonitors.jpg/255px-InEarMonitors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/InEarMonitors.jpg/340px-InEarMonitors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>In-ear monitors extend into the ear canal, providing isolation from outside noise.</figcaption></figure> <p>In-ear headphones, also known as <i>in-ear monitors (IEMs)</i> or <i>canalphones</i>, are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds that are inserted in the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a> itself. IEMs are higher-quality in-ear headphones and are used by <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a> as well as audiophiles. </p><p>The outer shells of in-ear headphones are made up of a variety of materials, such as plastic, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, ceramic and other metal alloys. Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be prone to sliding out, and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-RoSPA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoSPA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in-ear headphones utilize built-in microphones to allow some outside sound to be heard when desired.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generic or custom-fitting ear canal plugs are made from <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> rubber, <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a>, or foam. Such plugs in lower-end devices may be interchangeable, which increases the risk of them falling off and getting lodged in the ear canal. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-timebuds_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timebuds-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some wireless earphones include a charging case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-_or_closed-back">Open- or closed-back</h3></div> <p>Both circumaural and supra-aural headphones can be further differentiated by the type of earcups: </p> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Open-back"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Open-back</span></span></dt> <dd>Headphones having the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound, due to including sounds from the environment.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Semi-open"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Semi-open</span></span></dt> <dd>They have a design that can be considered as a compromise between open-back headphones and closed-back headphones. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe the term "semi-open" is purely there for marketing purposes. There is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone. Where the open-back approach has hardly any measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm and the closed-back approach really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to partially block sound while letting some sound through via openings or vents.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Closed-back"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Closed-back</span></span></dt> <dd>Closed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise. Closed-back headphones usually can produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headset">Headset</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">Headset (audio)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantronics_headset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plantronics_headset.jpg/220px-Plantronics_headset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plantronics_headset.jpg/330px-Plantronics_headset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Plantronics_headset.jpg/440px-Plantronics_headset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>A typical example of a headset used for <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice chat">voice chats</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A headset is a headphone combined with a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). The microphone arm of headsets is either an external microphone type where the microphone is held in front of the user's mouth, or a voicetube type where the microphone is housed in the earpiece and speech reaches it by means of a hollow tube. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telephone_headsets">Telephone headsets</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg/220px-Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg/330px-Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg/440px-Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a> Cordless bluetooth headset</figcaption></figure> <p>Telephone headsets connect to a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-line">fixed-line</a> telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the <a href="/wiki/Handset" title="Handset">handset</a> of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard <a href="/wiki/4P4C" class="mw-redirect" title="4P4C">4P4C</a> commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5 mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">bluetooth</a> headsets are available, and often used with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telephone">mobile telephones</a>. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centre</a> workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free. </p><p>For older models of telephones, the headset microphone <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier for the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adaptor, but it also offers sound <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a> for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for loudspeaker as well as microphone, mute function and switching between headset and handset. Telephone amplifiers are powered by batteries or <a href="/wiki/AC_adaptor" class="mw-redirect" title="AC adaptor">AC adaptors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication_headsets">Communication headsets</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communication_Headset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Communication_Headset.jpg/180px-Communication_Headset.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Communication_Headset.jpg/270px-Communication_Headset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Communication_Headset.jpg/360px-Communication_Headset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Aviation headset<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Communication headsets are used for two-way communication and typically consist of a headphone and attached microphone. Such headsets are used in a variety of professions as aviation, military, sports, music, and many service-oriented sectors. They come in all shapes and sizes, depending on use, required noise attenuation, and fidelity of communication needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambient_noise_reduction">Ambient noise reduction</h2></div> <p>Unwanted sound from the environment can be reduced by excluding sound from the ear by passive noise isolation, or, often in conjunction with isolation, by active <a href="/wiki/Noise-cancelling_headphones" title="Noise-cancelling headphones">noise cancellation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In-ears-earphones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/In-ears-earphones.png/220px-In-ears-earphones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/In-ears-earphones.png/330px-In-ears-earphones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/In-ears-earphones.png/440px-In-ears-earphones.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>In-ears are among those good for noise isolation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Passive noise isolation is essentially using the body of the earphone, either over or in the ear, as a passive earplug that simply blocks out sound. The headphone types that provide most attenuation are in-ear canal headphones and closed-back headphones, both circumaural and supra aural. Open-back and earbud headphones provide some passive noise isolation, but much less than the others. Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB. Some models have been specifically designed for drummers to facilitate the drummer monitoring the recorded sound while reducing sound directly from the drums as much as possible. Such headphones claim to reduce ambient noise by around 25 dB. </p><p>Active <a href="/wiki/Noise-cancelling_headphones" title="Noise-cancelling headphones">noise-cancelling headphones</a> use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They require a power source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry. Active noise cancelling headphones can attenuate ambient noise by 20 dB or more, but the active circuitry is mainly effective on constant sounds and at lower frequencies, rather than sharp sounds and voices. Some noise cancelling headphones are designed mainly to reduce low-frequency engine and travel noise in aircraft, trains, and automobiles, and are less effective in environments with other types of noise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transducer_technology">Transducer technology</h2></div> <p>Headphones use various types of <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> to convert electrical signals to sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving-coil">Moving-coil</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headphone-transducer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Headphone-transducer.jpg/220px-Headphone-transducer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Headphone-transducer.jpg/330px-Headphone-transducer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Headphone-transducer.jpg/440px-Headphone-transducer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>A typical moving-coil headphone transducer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">moving coil driver</a>, more commonly referred to as a "dynamic" driver is the most common type used in headphones. It consists of a stationary <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> element affixed to the frame of the headphone, which sets up a static magnetic field. The magnet in headphones is typically composed of <a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)" title="Ferrite (magnet)">ferrite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Voice_coil" title="Voice coil">voice coil</a>, a light coil of wire, is suspended in the magnetic field of the magnet, attached to a diaphragm, typically fabricated from lightweight, high-stiffness-to-mass-ratio cellulose, polymer, carbon material, paper or the like. When the varying current of an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> is passed through the coil, it creates a varying magnetic field that reacts against the static magnetic field, exerting a varying force on the coil causing it and the attached diaphragm to vibrate. The vibrating diaphragm pushes on the air to produce <a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">sound waves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrostatic">Electrostatic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Es_spk.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Es_spk.gif/220px-Es_spk.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Es_spk.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Electrostatic loudspeaker diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>Electrostatic drivers consist of a thin, electrically charged diaphragm, typically a coated <a href="/wiki/PET_film" class="mw-redirect" title="PET film">PET film</a> membrane, suspended between two perforated metal plates (electrodes). The electrical sound signal is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical field; depending on the polarity of this field, the diaphragm is drawn towards one of the plates. Air is forced through the perforations; combined with a continuously changing electrical signal driving the membrane, a sound wave is generated. Electrostatic headphones are usually more expensive than moving-coil ones, and are comparatively uncommon. In addition, a special amplifier is required to amplify the signal to deflect the membrane, which often requires electrical potentials in the range of 100 to 1,000 volts. </p><p>Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high-frequency response means that the low-midband distortion level is maintained to the top of the audible frequency band, which is generally not the case with moving coil drivers. Also, the frequency response peakiness regularly seen in the high-frequency region with moving coil drivers is absent. Well-designed electrostatic headphones can produce significantly better sound quality than other types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Such broad claims need sources (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Electrostatic headphones require a voltage source generating 100 V to over 1 kV, and are on the user's head. Since the invention of insulators, there is no actual danger. They do not need to deliver significant <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, which further limits the electrical hazard to the wearer in case of fault. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electret">Electret</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">electret</a> driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However, the electret driver has a permanent charge built into it, whereas electrostatics have the charge applied to the driver by an external generator. Electret and electrostatic headphones are relatively uncommon. Original electrets were also typically cheaper and lower in technical capability and fidelity than electrostatics. Patent applications from 2009 to 2013 have been approved that show by using different materials, i.e. a "Fluorinated cyclic olefin electret film", Frequency response chart readings can reach 50 kHz at 100 db. When these new improved electrets are combined with a traditional dome headphone driver, headphones can be produced that are recognised by the Japan Audio Society as worthy of joining the Hi Res Audio program. US patents 8,559,660 B2. 7,732,547 B2.7,879,446 B2.7,498,699 B2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planar_magnetic">Planar magnetic</h3></div> <p>Planar magnetic (also known as orthodynamic) headphones use similar technology to electrostatic headphones, with some fundamental differences. They operate similarly to <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker#Ribbon_and_planar_magnetic_loudspeakers" title="Loudspeaker">planar magnetic loudspeakers</a>. </p><p>A planar magnetic driver consists of a relatively large membrane that contains an embedded wire pattern. This membrane is suspended between two sets of permanent, oppositely aligned, magnets. A current passed through the wires embedded in the membrane produces a magnetic field that reacts with the field of the permanent magnets to induce movement in the membrane, which produces sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balanced_armature">Balanced armature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Balanced armature transducer</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal_Arm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bal_Arm.JPG/200px-Bal_Arm.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bal_Arm.JPG/300px-Bal_Arm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bal_Arm.JPG/400px-Bal_Arm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Armature balanced and exerting no force on diaphragm</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal_Arm1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bal_Arm1.JPG/200px-Bal_Arm1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bal_Arm1.JPG/300px-Bal_Arm1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bal_Arm1.JPG/400px-Bal_Arm1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Armature torqued and exerting a force on diaphragm</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A balanced armature is a sound transducer design primarily intended to increase the electrical efficiency of the element by eliminating the stress on the diaphragm characteristic of many other magnetic transducer systems. As shown schematically in the left diagram, it consists of a moving magnetic armature that is pivoted so it can move in the field of the permanent magnet. When precisely centered in the magnetic field there is no net force on the armature, hence the term 'balanced'. As illustrated in the right diagram, when there is <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> through the coil, it <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">magnetizes</a> the armature one way or the other, causing it to rotate slightly one way or the other about the pivot thus moving the <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragm</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JH16_Balanced_Armatures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JH16_Balanced_Armatures.jpg/170px-JH16_Balanced_Armatures.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/JH16_Balanced_Armatures.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>A custom in-ear monitor which uses 8 balanced armatures in a triple crossover configuration (4 low/2 mid/2 high). Headphone designs often use multiple balanced armatures to provide a higher fidelity sound.</figcaption></figure> <p>The design is not mechanically stable; a slight imbalance makes the armature stick to one pole of the magnet. A fairly stiff restoring force is required to hold the armature in the 'balance' position. Although this reduces its efficiency, this design can still produce more sound from less power than any other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="isn't more sound from less power the definition of high efficiency? (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Popularized in the 1920s as Baldwin Mica Diaphragm radio headphones, balanced armature transducers were refined during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> for use in military <a href="/wiki/Sound_powered_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound powered telephone">sound powered telephones</a>. Some of these achieved astonishing electro-acoustic conversion efficiencies, in the range of 20% to 40%, for narrow bandwidth voice signals. </p><p>Today they are typically used only in in-ear headphones and hearing aids, where their high efficiency and diminutive size is a major advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally are limited at the extremes of the hearing spectrum (e.g. below 20 Hz and above 16 kHz) and require a better seal than other types of drivers to deliver their full potential. Higher-end models may employ multiple armature drivers, dividing the frequency ranges between them using a passive crossover network. A few combine an armature driver with a small moving-coil driver for increased bass output. </p><p>The earliest loudspeakers for radio receivers used balanced armature drivers for their cones.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoacoustic_technology">Thermoacoustic technology</h3></div> <p>The thermoacoustic effect generates sound from the audio frequency Joule heating of the conductor, an effect that is not magnetic and does not vibrate the speaker. In 2013 a carbon nanotube thin-yarn earphone based on the thermoacoustic mechanism was demonstrated by a research group in Tsinghua University.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The as-produced CNT thin yarn earphone has a working element called CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip. Such a chip is composed of a layer of CNT thin yarn array supported by the silicon wafer, and periodic grooves with certain depth are made on the wafer by micro-fabrication methods to suppress the heat leakage from the CNT yarn to the substrate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_transducer_technologies">Other transducer technologies</h3></div> <p>Transducer technologies employed much less commonly for headphones include the <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Heil" title="Oskar Heil">Heil</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Motion_Transformer" title="Air Motion Transformer">Air Motion Transformer</a> (AMT); Piezoelectric film; Ribbon planar magnetic; Magnetostriction and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_speaker" title="Plasma speaker">Plasma or Ionic</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Air_Motion_Transformer" title="Air Motion Transformer">Heil AMT</a> headphone was marketed by ESS Laboratories and was essentially an ESS AMT tweeter from one of the company's speakers being driven at full range. Since the turn of the century, only Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone. Piezoelectric film headphones were first developed by Pioneer, their two models used a flat sheet of film that limited the maximum volume of air movement. Currently, TakeT produces a piezoelectric film headphone shaped similarly to an AMT transducer but, which like the Precide driver, has a variation in the size of transducer folds over the diaphragm. It additionally incorporates a two way design by its inclusion of a dedicated tweeter/supertweeter panel. The folded shape of a diaphragm allows a transducer with a larger surface area to fit within smaller space constraints. This increases the total volume of air that can be moved on each excursion of the transducer given that radiating area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">Magnetostriction</a> headphones, sometimes sold under the label <i>Bonephones</i>, work by vibrating against the side of head, transmitting sound via <a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">bone conduction</a>. This is particularly helpful in situations where the ears must be unobstructed, or for people who are <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> for reasons that do not affect the nervous apparatus of <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>. Magnetostriction headphones though, are limited in their fidelity compared to conventional headphones that rely on the normal workings of the ear. Additionally, in the mid-1980s, a French company called Audio Reference tried to market the Plasmasonic plasma headphone invented by Henri Bondar.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no known functioning examples left. Due to the small volume of air in a headphone, the plasma or ionic transducer can become a full range driver although the high temperatures and voltages needed makes them very rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_and_limitations">Benefits and limitations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg/220px-Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg/330px-Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg/440px-Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sony MDR-7506 headphones in stowed configuration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro_amplifier_(booster)_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg/220px-Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg/330px-Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg/440px-Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama_for_smartphone_etc._headphones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A micro audio amplifier for boosting the output power of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> etc. to headphones. Used for example to compensate a built-in volume limit in smartphones, the higher volume levels could, however, lead to ear damage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Headphones can prevent other people from hearing the sound, either for <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> or to prevent disturbing others, as in listening in a public <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>. They can also provide a level of sound fidelity greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High-quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz within 3 dB. While a loudspeaker must use a relatively large (often 15" or 18") <a href="/wiki/Speaker_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker driver">speaker driver</a> to reproduce low frequencies, headphones can accurately reproduce bass and sub-bass frequencies with speaker drivers only 40-50 millimeters wide (or much smaller, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">in-ear monitor</a> headphones). Headphones' impressive low-frequency performance is possible because they are so much closer to the ear that they only need to move relatively small volumes of air. </p><p>Marketed claims such as 'frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz' are usually overstatements; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Headphones are also useful for <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent or their gunfire). </p><p>Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo recordings</a> since the release of the <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, there is subjective debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the position of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume and phase differences of the sound in question between the two channels. When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> difference the brain uses to locate direction. Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard <a href="/wiki/Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">panned</a> sounds are also heard only in one ear rather than from one side. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recordings</a> use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference below 2 kHz, often using a <a href="/wiki/Dummy_head_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Dummy head recording">dummy head</a>. They can produce a surprisingly lifelike spatial impression through headphones. Commercial recordings almost always use stereo recording, rather than binaural, because loudspeaker listening is more common than headphone listening. </p><p>It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones, to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction, by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels. </p><p>Headsets can have <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">ergonomic</a> benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call center</a> agents to maintain better <a href="/wiki/Human_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Human position">posture</a> without needing to hand-hold a <a href="/wiki/Transceiver#Telephony" title="Transceiver">handset</a> or tilt their head sideways to cradle it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_volume_limiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic volume limiter">Automatic volume limiter</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_and_risks">Dangers and risks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Consumer_Reports_-_product_testing_-_headphones_in_anechoic_chamber.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Product testing - headphones in an <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_chamber" title="Anechoic chamber">anechoic chamber</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Using headphones at a sufficiently high <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a> level may cause temporary or permanent <a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing impairment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a>. The headphone volume often has to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Background_noise" title="Background noise">background noise</a>, especially in loud places such as subway stations, aircraft, and large crowds. Extended periods of exposure to high sound pressure levels created by headphones at high volume settings may be damaging to hearing;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 50% of teenagers and young adults (12 to 35 years old) in middle and high income countries listen to unsafe levels of sound on their personal audio devices and smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one hearing expert found in 2012 (before the worldwide adoption of smartphones as the main personal listening devices) that "fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">The International Telecommunication Union</a> recently published "Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems" recommended that sound exposure not exceed 80 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-weighted" class="mw-redirect" title="A-weighted">A-weighted</a> dB(A) for a maximum of 40 hours per week.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> have also set a similar limit for users of personal listening devices (80 dB(A) for no more than 40 hours per week) and for each additional increase of 3-dB in sound exposure, the duration should be cut in half (83 dB(A) for no more than 20 hours, 86 dB(A) for 10 hours per week, 89 dB(A) for 5 hours per week and so on. Most major manufactures of smartphones now include some safety or volume limiting features and warning messaging in their devices.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though such practices have received mixed response from some segments of the buying who favor the personal choice of setting their own volume levels. </p><p>The usual way of limiting sound volume on devices driving headphones is by limiting output power. This has the additional undesirable effect of being dependent of the efficiency of the headphones; a device producing the maximum allowed power may not produce adequate volume when paired with low-efficiency, high-impedance equipment, while the same amount of power can reach dangerous levels with very efficient earphones. </p><p>Some studies have found that people are more likely to raise volumes to unsafe levels while performing strenuous exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Finnish study<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommended that exercisers should set their headphone volumes to half of their normal loudness and only use them for half an hour. </p><p>Other than hearing risk, there is a general danger that listening to loud music in headphones can distract the listener and lead to injury and accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noise-cancelling_headphones" title="Noise-cancelling headphones">Noise-cancelling headphones</a> add extra risk. Several countries and states have made it illegal to wear headphones while driving or cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-RoSPA_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoSPA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been numerous reports of <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> due to exposure to in-ear headphones such as Apple <a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contact dermatitis would be caused by in-ear headphones that contain gold, rubber, dyes, acrylates, or methacrylates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been no studies done to prove that exposure to in-ear headphones will cause contact dermatitis, rather that there is a correlation between in-ear headphone use and contact dermatitis cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_health_and_safety">Occupational health and safety</h3></div> <p>Hearing risk from headphones' use also applies to workers who must wear electronic or communication headsets as part of their daily job (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot">pilots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call center</a> and dispatch operators, <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a> <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">, firefighters</a>, etc.) and hearing damage depends on the exposure time. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (<a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a>) recommends sound exposure not exceed 85 dB(A) over 8 hour work day as a time-weighted average.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIOSH uses the 3-dB exchange rate often referred to as "time-intensity tradeoff" which means if sound exposure level is increased by 3 decibels, the duration of exposure should be cut in half. NIOSH published several documents targeted at protecting the hearing of workers who must wear communication headsets such as call center operators,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> firefighters,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and musicians and sound engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">Bone conduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">Digital audio player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmuffs" title="Earmuffs">Earmuffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphone_amplifier" title="Headphone amplifier">Headphone amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-cancelling_headphones" title="Noise-cancelling headphones">Noise-cancelling headphones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/earphone">"earphone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119123425/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/earphone">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=earphone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fearphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley R. Alten <i>Audio Basics</i> Cengage 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-91356-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-91356-1">0-495-91356-1</a> page 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereocompare.com/headphones-buying-guide/#Hi%2520fidelity%2520headphones">"Headphones : The Ultimate buying guide - Hi-fidelity headphones"</a>. <i>StereoCompare</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307135117/http://www.stereocompare.com/headphones-buying-guide/#Hi%2520fidelity%2520headphones">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StereoCompare&rft.atitle=Headphones+%3A+The+Ultimate+buying+guide+-+Hi-fidelity+headphones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereocompare.com%2Fheadphones-buying-guide%2F%23Hi%252520fidelity%252520headphones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://audioinspects.com/headphones-buying-guide/">"The Ultimate Headphones Buying Guide - Audio Inspects"</a>. 2022-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Headphones+Buying+Guide+-+Audio+Inspects&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faudioinspects.com%2Fheadphones-buying-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Mark (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3055208/its-true-apple-will-drop-the-headphone-jack-to-make-the-iphone-7-slimmer-and-simpler">"It's True: Apple Will Drop Headphone Jack To Make The iPhone 7 Slimmer, Says Source"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829052849/http://www.fastcompany.com/3055208/its-true-apple-will-drop-the-headphone-jack-to-make-the-iphone-7-slimmer-and-simpler">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=It%27s+True%3A+Apple+Will+Drop+Headphone+Jack+To+Make+The+iPhone+7+Slimmer%2C+Says+Source&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3055208%2Fits-true-apple-will-drop-the-headphone-jack-to-make-the-iphone-7-slimmer-and-simpler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/rewind-how-the-walkman-changed-the-world--26551309.html">"Rewind: How the Walkman changed the world..."</a> <i>independent</i>. 15 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=Rewind%3A+How+the+Walkman+changed+the+world...&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Frewind-how-the-walkman-changed-the-world--26551309.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott1884" class="citation book cs1">Prescott, George Bartlett (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=le0OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone: Its Invention, Construction, Application, Modification, and History</i></a>. D. Appleton. p. 137. <q>The transmitter is placed on an upright rod at his right and the receiver is held constantly at his ear by means of a steel band passed over the head which band serves also as the magnet of the telephone He is therefore always in readiness to receive an order without the necessity of a preliminary call or signal and both his hands are left free to fill the orders. [Also see Figure 180]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%27s+Electric+Speaking+Telephone%3A+Its+Invention%2C+Construction%2C+Application%2C+Modification%2C+and+History&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=George+Bartlett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dle0OAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag13amerrich/page/248/">"The Telephone Problem in the World's Largest Metropolitan Area: A Summary of Past and Present"</a>. <i>Bell Telephone Magazine</i>. <b>XIII</b>. Prelinger Library. <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a>: 248. October 1934. <q>Upper right image: A New York City central office in the '80s, showing "beehive" as well as early desk type switchboards, and both young women and boy operators [Note image of telephone operator's with head-mounted telephone receivers]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Telephone+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Telephone+Problem+in+the+World%27s+Largest+Metropolitan+Area%3A+A+Summary+of+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1934-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelltelephonemag13amerrich%2Fpage%2F248%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1898" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Thomas Ernest (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i703AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85"><i>The Telephone System of the British Post Office: A Practical Handbook</i></a>. Page & Pratt. p. 85. <q>Figure 73</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+System+of+the+British+Post+Office%3A+A+Practical+Handbook&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Page+%26+Pratt&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di703AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Hw3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA194">"Some new Bell type switchboard accessories"</a>. <i>Electrical Engineering and Telephone Magazine</i>. Vol. XII. November 1898. p. 194. <q>Figure 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Engineering+and+Telephone+Magazine&rft.atitle=Some+new+Bell+type+switchboard+accessories&rft.volume=XII&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1898-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Hw3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjwiKBTJsQkC&pg=PA254">"Polk's Busy Test For Telephone Switchboards"</a>. <i>Illustrated Electrical Review: A Journal of Scientific and Electrical Progress</i>. <b>25</b>. Electrical Review Publishing Company: 251, 254. November 21, 1894. <q>Referring to the illustrations on page 251, A is the switchboard, B is the inclined shelf usually employed in upright switchboards and C is the headphone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+Electrical+Review%3A+A+Journal+of+Scientific+and+Electrical+Progress&rft.atitle=Polk%27s+Busy+Test+For+Telephone+Switchboards&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=251%2C+254&rft.date=1894-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjwiKBTJsQkC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y8-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA401">"Behind the scenes at "Central"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Book Lover's Magazine</i>. Vol. II. Library Publishing Company. October 1903. pp. <span class="nowrap">390–</span>401. <q>For the first week she does nothing but attach her headphone to an experienced operator's position and listen. [pp. 401]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Book+Lover%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Behind+the+scenes+at+%22Central%22&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=1903-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y8-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/objects/2935/headclamp-receiver;jsessionid=0737EFAE7F48A1A31244219DCED20682">"Head Clamp Receiver (c.1883)"</a>. <i>Collection of historical scientific instruments -- Harvard University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+historical+scientific+instruments+--+Harvard+University&rft.atitle=Head+Clamp+Receiver+%28c.1883%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu%2Fobjects%2F2935%2Fheadclamp-receiver%3Bjsessionid%3D0737EFAE7F48A1A31244219DCED20682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Partial_History_of_Headphones2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-partial-history-of-headphones-4693742/">"A Partial History of Headphones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Partial+History+of+Headphones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fa-partial-history-of-headphones-4693742%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Patent No. 454,138 for "improvements in telephone-receivers...which shall be light enough to be carried while in use on the head of the operator."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreeceStubbs1893" class="citation book cs1">Preece, Sir William Henry; Stubbs, Arthur James (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ1RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA56"><i>A Manual of Telephony</i></a>. Whittaker and Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Telephony&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Whittaker+and+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=Sir+William+Henry&rft.au=Stubbs%2C+Arthur+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZ1RAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1902" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Frederick_Collins" title="Archie Frederick Collins">Collins</a>, Archie Frederick (December 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euDmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA285">"Review of wireless telegraph engineering practice"</a>. <i>Telephony</i>. Vol. 4. Telephone Publishing Corporation. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telephony&rft.atitle=Review+of+wireless+telegraph+engineering+practice&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1902-12&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Archie+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuDmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fd_dEEq4SWAC&pg=PA181">"The De Forest Wireless Telegraph Station at Coney Island"</a>. <i>Electrical Age</i>. Vol. 29. Electrical Age Publishing Company. July 1902. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Age&rft.atitle=The+De+Forest+Wireless+Telegraph+Station+at+Coney+Island&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1902-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfd_dEEq4SWAC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard1908" class="citation book cs1">Bullard, William Hannum Grubb (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1upMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA927"><i>Naval Electricians' Text Book</i></a>. United States Naval Institute. p. 927. <q>Listening in --. Keep the head phones on the head and at end of every sentence throw up listening key with fingers or thumb of right hand to assure yourself that the other party hears you clearly and answers you</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Electricians%27+Text+Book&rft.pages=927&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=William+Hannum+Grubb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1upMAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaskey1909" class="citation magazine cs1">McCaskey, E. L. (May 22, 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8X5IAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22headphones%22&pg=PA102">"Correspondence"</a>. <i>Modern Electrics</i>. Vol. II. Modern electrics publication. p. 102. <q>My headphones are of the single pole type wound to the resistance of 3,000 ohms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Electrics&rft.atitle=Correspondence&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=102&rft.date=1909-05-22&rft.aulast=McCaskey&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8X5IAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522headphones%2522%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hs3AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA10"><i>Electrical Construction and Maintenance</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. April 1909. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Construction+and+Maintenance&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1909-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Hs3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA5-PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1979" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Merril (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/utah10/docs/uhq_volume47_1979_number1/s/131081">"Nathaniel Baldwin, Utah inventor and patron of the fundamentalist movement"</a>. <i>Utah Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45060660">10.2307/45060660</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45060660">45060660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254434880">254434880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nathaniel+Baldwin%2C+Utah+inventor+and+patron+of+the+fundamentalist+movement&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254434880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45060660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45060660&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Merril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Futah10%2Fdocs%2Fuhq_volume47_1979_number1%2Fs%2F131081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweth1963" class="citation book cs1">Howeth, Linwood S. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfI4i4znFmgC&pg=PA149"><i>History of Communications Electronics in the United States Navy</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Communications+Electronics+in+the+United+States+Navy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Howeth&rft.aufirst=Linwood+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfI4i4znFmgC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/238689831/">"Great Falls Tribune 03 Jan 1930, page 7"</a>. <i>Newspapers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=Great+Falls+Tribune+03+Jan+1930%2C+page+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F238689831%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffernan2011" class="citation news cs1">Heffernan, Virginia (2011-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09FOB-medium-t.html">"Against Headphones"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Against+Headphones&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Heffernan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F09%2Fmagazine%2F09FOB-medium-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearthis-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hearthis_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hearthis_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Caspar (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/30/history-of-headphones">"Now hear this: the history of headphones"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913182953/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/30/history-of-headphones">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Environmental+%26+Occupational+Health&rft.atitle=The+hearing+health+of+live-music+sound+engineers&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224821849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ArEOH..76..301M&rft.issn=2154-4700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19338244.2020.1828241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33089760&rft.aulast=McGinnity&rft.aufirst=Siobhan&rft.au=Beach%2C+Elizabeth+Francis&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Robert+S.+C.&rft.au=Mulder%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F33089760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeadphones" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Headphones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Headphones">Headphones</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a 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text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87005263">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529990405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663713">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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