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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gardiner_Wisner" title="Frank Gardiner Wisner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Gardiner Wisner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank Wisner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frank Wisner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فرانك ويسنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانك ويسنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gardiner_Wisner" title="Frank Gardiner Wisner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frank Gardiner Wisner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frank Wisner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Виснер, Фрэнк Гардинер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виснер, Фрэнк Гардинер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1313258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the diplomat, his son, see <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Wisner" title="Frank G. Wisner">Frank G. Wisner</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Frank Wisner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Wisner.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Frank_Wisner.jpeg/220px-Frank_Wisner.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Frank_Wisner.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Frank Gardner Wisner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1909-06-23</span>)</span>June 23, 1909<br /><a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Mississippi" title="Laurel, Mississippi">Laurel, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 29, 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-10-29)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Maryland" title="Galena, Maryland">Galena, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_gunshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide by gunshot">Suicide by gunshot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="520" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reunion" title="Operation Reunion">Operation Reunion</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Northern_Epirote_Struggle#Resistance_from_the_Group" title="Central Committee of the Northern Epirote Struggle">Greek resistance in Northern Epirus (1949–1958)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of law">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Ellis Knowles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Gardiner Wisner</b> (June 23, 1909 – October 29, 1965) was one of the founding officers of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and played a major role in CIA operations throughout the 1950s. </p><p>Wisner began his intelligence career in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, he headed the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> (OPC), one of the OSS successor organizations, from 1948 to 1950. In 1950, the OPC was placed under the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Plans">Directorate of Plans</a>. First headed by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, Wisner succeeded Dulles in 1951 when Dulles was named <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a>. </p><p>Wisner remained as Deputy Director of Plans (DDP) until September 1958, playing an important role in the early history of the CIA. He suffered a breakdown in 1958, and retired from the Agency in 1962. He committed suicide in 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wisner was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, where he received both a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Theoharis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoharis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also tapped for the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Society" title="Seven Society">Seven Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a> in 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisner began working as a <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Carter,_Ledyard_%26_Milburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter, Ledyard & Milburn">Carter, Ledyard & Milburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy_and_OSS_career">Navy and OSS career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Navy and OSS career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, six months before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. He worked in the Navy's censor's office until he managed to transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) in 1943. He was first stationed in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> where he spent an uneventful year. After Cairo (from June 15, 1944) he spent three months in OSS Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, as head of SI (Secret Intelligence) branch. On August 29, 1944, Lt. Comdr. Wisner and 21 OSS agents landed in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he became head of OSS Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wisner arrived just as Romania joined the Allies and declared war on the Axis. His first task was to oversee the return of over 1,000 American airmen who had been shot down in missions against Romanian oilfields. The POWs were returned by the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Pope%C8%99ti-Leordeni" title="Popești-Leordeni">Popești-Leordeni</a> Airfield during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reunion" title="Operation Reunion">Operation Reunion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 50 <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> airplanes flew out the prisoners between August 31 and September 3. In all, some 1,127 American POWs were transported.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the arrival of Major Robert Bishop (September 9, 1944) as head of X-2 (Counter Espionage) branch in Bucharest, Wisner started the search for German records. With the help of Romanian Intelligence, they manage to obtain tons of records, including SD files, 200 rolls of German film and a large amount of Soviet information. During that time, Wisner and Bishop discovered and penetrated a Soviet intelligence service named GUGBEZ. Wisner left Bucharest in the last week of January 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1945, Wisner was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden, Germany">Wiesbaden, Germany</a>. In 1945–1946, he returned to law practice at Carter, Ledyard & Milburn. </p><p>During World War II, Wisner and his wife Polly became close friends with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Graham">Philip Graham</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a> who after the war became publishers of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP11072002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP11072002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_career">CIA career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CIA career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wisner was recruited in 1947 by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> to become the Deputy <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Occupied_Areas" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Occupied Areas">Assistant Secretary of State for Occupied Areas</a>. On June 18, 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> approved NSC 10/2 which created the Office of Special Projects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 1, 1948, the office was formally established, although it was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> (OPC) for obfuscation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisner was chosen to lead the OPC in the capacity of Assistant Director for Policy Coordination (ADPC).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OPC initially received services from the CIA but was accountable to the State Department.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to its secret charter, the OPC's responsibilities include "propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, antisabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1950s, Wisner was the subject of FBI inquiries in connection with his wartime work in Romania, including the claim that he had an affair with Tanda Caradja, daughter of Romanian princess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Caradja" title="Catherine Caradja">Catherine Caradja</a> during the war; Caradja was alleged in FBI reports to be a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> agent. However, Wisner was cleared of all suspicions by the CIA Office of Security.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 23, 1951, Wisner succeeded <a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen W. Dulles">Allen W. Dulles</a> and became the second <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Director of Plans">Deputy Director of Plans</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a> as his chief of operations. In this position, he was instrumental in supporting pro-American forces that <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">toppled</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mossadegh">Mohammed Mossadegh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1953<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán">Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">in 1954</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another project he was involved in was with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Belarus Brigade</a>'s leaders, a unit incorporated into a German <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">SS division</a>, who were assisted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, due largely to his efforts. In defiance of federal law, John Loftus asserted, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> helped obtain <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a> for Nazi collaborators from Belarus — who were believed to have facilitated numerous atrocities by the Nazi Germany. According to Loftus, it was all part of a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> scheme to wage <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_anti-Communist_insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies">guerrilla warfare in Soviet-occupied Europe</a>, in which the Nazi collaborators were to play a key role. When the project collapsed, however, the Belarusians quickly settled in and obtained <a href="/wiki/US_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="US citizenship">US citizenship</a> – and intelligence agencies protected them from exposure for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashke2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashke2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FBI director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> succeeded in forcing CIA director <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter</a> to dismiss long-time staffer <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Offie" title="Carmel Offie">Carmel Offie</a> in 1950 for homosexuality, over Wisner's objections.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg/220px-ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg/330px-ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg/440px-ANCExplorer_Frank_Wisner_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Grave at Arlington National Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Wisner worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> agent who was also a Soviet spy. </p><p>Wisner was also deeply involved in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">spy plane</a> program run by <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Richard M. Bissell Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Theoharis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoharis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wisner suffered a serious breakdown in September 1958. He was diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Manic_depressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Manic depressive">manic depressive</a> and received <a href="/wiki/Electroshock_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroshock therapy">electroshock therapy</a>. Bissell replaced Wisner as Deputy Director of Plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Prados180_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prados180-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a lengthy recovery, Wisner became chief of the CIA's <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> Station.<sup id="cite_ref-Prados180_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prados180-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, Wisner was ordered to organize CIA activities in <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, Wisner retired from the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wisner married Mary Ellis 'Polly' Knowles (1912–2002) and they had four children: Elizabeth Wisner, Graham Wisner, Ellis Wisner, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Wisner" title="Frank G. Wisner">Frank G. Wisner</a> who entered into diplomatic service.<sup id="cite_ref-WP11072002_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP11072002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisner died on October 29, 1965, by <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Theoharis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theoharis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theoharis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Athan Theoharis, Richard Immerman, Loch Johnson, Kathryn Olmsted, and <a href="/wiki/John_Prados" title="John Prados">John Prados</a>, "The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny", Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33282-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33282-7">0-313-33282-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomas_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verybestmenfourw00thom_0"><i>The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82538-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82538-4"><bdi>0-684-82538-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Very+Best+Men%3A+Four+Who+Dared%3A+The+Early+Years+of+the+CIA&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-82538-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fverybestmenfourw00thom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.law.virginia.edu/c.php?g=39996&p=254196">"Our History: Featured Alumni: Wisner, Frank G., 1934"</a>. <i>libguides.law.virginia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libguides.law.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Featured+Alumni%3A+Wisner%2C+Frank+G.%2C+1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.law.virginia.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D39996%26p%3D254196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Prados" title="John Prados">Prados, John</a> (2006). <i>Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA</i>. Ivan R. Dee. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OCDelYICIsC&pg=PA43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615780112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615780112"><bdi>978-1615780112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+for+Democracy%3A+The+Secret+Wars+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1615780112&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparaschivei2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aparaschivei, Sorin (2013). <i>Spionajul american în România 1944-1948</i> (in Romanian). Bucuresti, România: Editura Militară. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-32-0924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-32-0924-9"><bdi>978-973-32-0924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spionajul+american+%C3%AEn+Rom%C3%A2nia+1944-1948&rft.place=Bucuresti%2C+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.pub=Editura+Militar%C4%83&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-973-32-0924-9&rft.aulast=Aparaschivei&rft.aufirst=Sorin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA FOIA ERR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/BISHOP%2C%20ROBERT_0101.pdf">“Report on X-2 Activities in Bucharest, 25 April 1945”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dill, Josh (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cagtown.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/cag092019.pdf">Parties, Politics and Press on P Street</a>. <i>Citizens Association of Georgetown</i>. page 6. Retrieved June 17, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.C.Georgescu1990" class="citation web cs1">V.C.Georgescu (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.450thbg.com/real/miscellaneous/letter.shtml">"Letters from Georgescu"</a>. <i>450thbg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=450thbg.com&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Georgescu&rft.date=1990-01&rft.au=V.C.Georgescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.450thbg.com%2Freal%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fletter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iar80flyagain.org/operatiunea-reunion-ii/">"Operatiunea Reunion (II)"</a>. <i>iar80flyagain.org</i> (in Romanian). October 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iar80flyagain.org&rft.atitle=Operatiunea+Reunion+%28II%29&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iar80flyagain.org%2Foperatiunea-reunion-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Louise Wadley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiipowmia.com/research/wadley.html">"Even One Is Too Many"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405100334/http://www.aiipowmia.com/research/wadley.html">Archived</a> April 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ph.D. thesis, Texas Christian University, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP11072002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP11072002_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP11072002_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2002" class="citation news cs1">Levy, Claudia (July 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/07/11/polly-fritchey-dies/828ee107-5c37-4f78-a19f-f2c1ea76dad8/">"Polly Fritchey Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6TVdT-q7vcC&pg=PA20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801437113" title="Special:BookSources/0801437113"><bdi>0801437113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undermining+the+Kremlin%3A+America%27s+Strategy+to+Subvert+the+Soviet+Bloc%2C+1947%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0801437113&rft.aulast=Mitrovich&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaralekas1976" class="citation book cs1">Karalekas, Anne (April 23, 1976). <i>History of the Central Intelligence Agency</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel04unit#page/34/mode/2up">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Church+Committee&rft.date=1976-04-23&rft.aulast=Karalekas&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/actionsstatement">Foreign Relations 1964–1968</a>, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines: Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs. United States Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornePatterson1995" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, C. Thomas Jr.; Patterson, David S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d292">"National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects"</a>. <i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment</i>. GPO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Security+Council+Directive+on+Office+of+Special+Projects&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1945%E2%80%931950%2C+Emergence+of+the+Intelligence+Establishment&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=C.+Thomas+Jr.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945-50Intel%2Fd292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Thomas1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verybestmenfourw00thom_0"><i>The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verybestmenfourw00thom_0/page/138">138-139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Very+Best+Men%3A+The+Early+Years+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=138-139&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Evan+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fverybestmenfourw00thom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109070652/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000134974.pdf"><i>Operation PBSUCCESS: The United States and Guatemala, 1952–1954</i></a>, CIA History Staff document by Nicholas Cullather, 1994. Excerpt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashke2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rashke2003_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashke" title="Richard Rashke">Richard Rashke</a>: <i>Useful Enemies: John Demjanjuk and America's Open-Door Policy For Nazi War Criminals</i> (Delphinium Books, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-0hsC2iFq8C&dq=charles+r+allen+john+loftus&pg=PT251">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Scott (2020). <i>The Quiet Americans: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War</i>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385540452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385540452"><bdi>978-0385540452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Americans%3A+Four+CIA+Spies+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0385540452&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prados180-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prados180_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prados180_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados2006" class="citation book cs1">Prados, John (2006). <i>Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA</i>. Ivan R. Dee. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OCDelYICIsC&pg=PA180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615780112" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615780112"><bdi>978-1615780112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+for+Democracy%3A+The+Secret+Wars+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1615780112&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabe2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabe, Stephen G. (2005). <i>U.S. intervention in British Guiana : a Cold War story</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5639-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5639-8"><bdi>0-8078-5639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+intervention+in+British+Guiana+%3A+a+Cold+War+story&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8078-5639-8&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton" class="citation web cs1">Wharton, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.law.virginia.edu/c.php?g=39996&p=254196">"Our History: Featured Alumni/ae: Wisner, Frank G., 1934"</a>. <i>libguides.law.virginia.edu</i>. University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libguides.law.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Featured+Alumni%2Fae%3A+Wisner%2C+Frank+G.%2C+1934&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.law.virginia.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D39996%26p%3D254196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Thomas1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verybestmenfourw00thom_0"><i>The Very Best Men: The Early Years of the CIA</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/verybestmenfourw00thom_0/page/320">320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Very+Best+Men%3A+The+Early+Years+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=320&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Evan+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fverybestmenfourw00thom_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Wisner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilford, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0h2v"><i>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02681-0">978-0-674-02681-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wisner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/FrankWisnerFBI" class="extiw" title="iarchive:FrankWisnerFBI">FBI files on Frank Wisner</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen W. Dulles">Allen W. Dulles</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_for_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Director for Plans">Deputy Director for Plans</a> </b><br />August 23, 1951 – January 1, 1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Richard M. Bissell Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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