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property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-breadcrumb__list-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/actionsstatement" class="hsg-breadcrumb__link" property="item" typeof="WebPage" aria-current="page"><span>Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs</span></a></li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="hsg-navigation-wrapper"> <h2 class="hsg-navigation-title" data-template="pages:navigation-title" id="navigation-title">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines</h2> </div> </div> <div class="row" data-template="pages:navigation"> <a data-doc="frus1964-68v26.xml" data-root="1.7.2.36" data-current="1.7.2.42" class="page-nav nav-prev" data-template="pages:navigation-link" data-template-direction="previous" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/persons"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></i> </a> <a data-doc="frus1964-68v26.xml" data-root="1.7.4.4" data-current="1.7.2.42" class="page-nav nav-next" data-template="pages:navigation-link" data-template-direction="next" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/comp1"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right"></i> </a> <div class="hsg-width-main"> <div id="content-inner"> <div data-template="app:fix-links" id="content-container"> <div class="content"> <div class="tei-div3" id="actionsstatement"> <h1 class="tei-head7">Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs</h1> <p class="tei-p3">In compliance with the <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span> of the United States statute to include in the <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span> series comprehensive documentation on major foreign policy decisions and actions, the editors have sought to present essential documents regarding major covert actions and intelligence activities. The following note will provide readers with some organizational context on how covert actions and special intelligence operations in support of U.S. foreign policy were planned and approved within the U.S. Government. It describes, on the basis of previously-declassified documents, the changing and developing procedures during the Truman, Eisenhower, <span class="tei-persName">Kennedy</span>, and <span class="tei-persName">Johnson</span> Presidencies.</p> <p class="tei-p2 flushleft"> <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Management of Covert Actions in the Truman Presidency</span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">The Truman administration’s concern over Soviet “psychological warfare” prompted the new National Security Council to authorize, in <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 4–A of December 1947, the launching of peacetime covert action operations. <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 4–A made the Director of Central Intelligence responsible for psychological warfare, establishing at the same time the principle that covert action was an exclusively Executive Branch function. The Central Intelligence Agency (<span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>) certainly was a natural choice but it was assigned this function at least in part because the Agency controlled unvouchered funds, by which operations could be funded with minimal risk of exposure in Washington.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.13.8"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.13.8" class="note" rel="footnote">1</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3"> <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s early use of its new covert action mandate dissatisfied officials at the Departments of State and Defense. The Department of State, believing this role too important to be left to the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> alone and concerned that the military might create a new rival covert action office in the Pentagon, pressed to reopen the issue of where responsibility for covert action activities should reside. Consequently, on June 18, 1948, a new <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> directive, <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2, superseded <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 4–A.</p> <p class="tei-p3"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2 directed <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> to conduct “covert” rather than merely “psychological” operations, defining them as all activities “which are conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them.”</p> <a href="pg_XXXIV" id="pg_XXXIV" class="tei-pb1 hsg-facsilime-link" target="_self"> [Page XXXIV] </a> <p class="tei-p3">The type of clandestine activities enumerated under the new directive included: “propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberations [sic] groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.”<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.21.2"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.21.2" class="note" rel="footnote">2</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), newly established in the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> on September 1, 1948, in accordance with <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2, assumed responsibility for organizing and managing covert actions. OPC, which was to take its guidance from the Department of State in peacetime and from the military in wartime, initially had direct access to the State Department and to the military without having to proceed through <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s administrative hierarchy, provided the Director of Central Intelligence (<span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span>) was informed of all important projects and decisions.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.23.10"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.23.10" class="note" rel="footnote">3</a></span> In 1950 this arrangement was modified to ensure that policy guidance came to OPC through the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span>.</p> <p class="tei-p3">During the Korean conflict the OPC grew quickly. Wartime commitments and other missions soon made covert action the most expensive and bureaucratically prominent of <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s activities. Concerned about this situation, <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span> Walter Bedell Smith in early 1951 asked the <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> for enhanced policy guidance and a ruling on the proper “scope and magnitude” of <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> operations. The White House responded with two initiatives. In April 1951 President Truman created the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) under the <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> to coordinate government-wide psychological warfare strategy. <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/5, issued in October 1951, reaffirmed the covert action mandate given in <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2 and expanded <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s authority over guerrilla warfare.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.25.18"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.25.18" class="note" rel="footnote">4</a></span> The PSB was soon abolished by the incoming Eisenhower administration, but the expansion of <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s covert action writ in <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/5 helped ensure that covert action would remain a major function of the Agency.</p> <p class="tei-p3">As the Truman administration ended, <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> was near the peak of its independence and authority in the field of covert action. Although <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> continued to seek and receive advice on specific projects from the <a href="pg_XXXV" id="pg_XXXV" class="tei-pb1 hsg-facsilime-link" target="_self"> [Page XXXV] </a> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span>, the PSB, and the departmental representatives originally delegated to advise OPC, no group or officer outside of the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span> and the President himself had authority to order, approve, manage, or curtail operations.</p> <p class="tei-p2 flushleft"> <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412 Special Group; 5412/2 Special Group; 303 Committee</span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">The Eisenhower administration began narrowing <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>’s latitude in 1954. In accordance with a series of National Security Council directives, the responsibility of the Director of Central Intelligence for the conduct of covert operations was further clarified. President Eisenhower approved <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412 on March 15, 1954, reaffirming the Central Intelligence Agency’s responsibility for conducting covert actions abroad. A definition of covert actions was set forth; the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span> was made responsible for coordinating with designated representatives of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense to ensure that covert operations were planned and conducted in a manner consistent with U.S. foreign and military policies; and the Operations Coordinating Board was designated the normal channel for coordinating support for covert operations among State, Defense, and <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>. Representatives of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President were to be advised in advance of major covert action programs initiated by the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> under this policy and were to give policy approval for such programs and secure coordination of support among the Departments of State and Defense and the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.31.14"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.31.14" class="note" rel="footnote">5</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">A year later, on March 12, 1955, <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/1 was issued, identical to <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412 except for designating the Planning Coordination Group as the body responsible for coordinating covert operations. <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/2 of December 28, 1955, assigned to representatives (of the rank of assistant secretary) of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President responsibility for coordinating covert actions. By the end of the Eisenhower administration, this group, which became known as the” <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/2 Special Group” or simply “Special Group,” emerged as the executive body to review and approve covert action programs initiated by the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.33.12"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.33.12" class="note" rel="footnote">6</a></span> The membership of the Special Group varied depending upon the situation faced. Meetings were infrequent until 1959 when weekly meetings began to be held. Neither the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> nor the Special Group adopted fixed criteria for bringing projects before the group; <a href="pg_XXXVI" id="pg_XXXVI" class="tei-pb1 hsg-facsilime-link" target="_self"> [Page XXXVI] </a> initiative remained with the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>, as members representing other agencies frequently were unable to judge the feasibility of particular projects.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.33.20"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.33.20" class="note" rel="footnote">7</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">After the Bay of Pigs failure in April 1961, General Maxwell Taylor reviewed U.S. paramilitary capabilities at President <span class="tei-persName">Kennedy</span>’s request and submitted a report in June which recommended strengthening high-level direction of covert operations. As a result of the Taylor Report, the Special Group, chaired by the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs <span class="tei-persName">McGeorge Bundy</span>, and including Deputy Under Secretary of State <span class="tei-persName">U. Alexis Johnson</span>, Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Lyman Lemnitzer, assumed greater responsibility for planning and reviewing covert operations. Until 1963 the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span> determined whether a <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>-originated project was submitted to the Special Group. In 1963 the Special Group developed general but informal criteria, including risk, possibility of success, potential for exposure, political sensitivity, and cost (a threshold of $25,000 was adopted by the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span>), for determining whether covert action projects were submitted to the Special Group.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.35.14"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.35.14" class="note" rel="footnote">8</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">From November 1961 to October 1962 a Special Group (Augmented), whose membership was the same as the Special Group plus Attorney General <span class="tei-persName">Robert Kennedy</span> and General Taylor (as Chairman), exercised responsibility for Operation Mongoose, a major covert action program aimed at overthrowing the Castro regime in Cuba. When President <span class="tei-persName">Kennedy</span> authorized the program in November, he designated Brigadier General Edward G. Lansdale, Assistant for Special Operations to the Secretary of Defense, to act as chief of operations, and Lansdale coordinated the Mongoose activities among the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> and the Departments of State and Defense. <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> units in Washington and Miami had primary responsibility for implementing Mongoose operations, which included military, sabotage, and political propaganda programs.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.37.10"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.37.10" class="note" rel="footnote">9</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">President <span class="tei-persName">Kennedy</span> also established a Special Group (Counter-Insurgency) on January 18, 1962, when he signed <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 124. The Special Group (CI), set up to coordinate counter-insurgency activities separate from the mechanism for implementing <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/2, was to confine itself to establishing broad policies aimed at preventing and resisting subversive insurgency and other forms of indirect aggression in friendly countries. In early 1966, in <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 341, President <span class="tei-persName">Johnson</span> <a href="pg_XXXVII" id="pg_XXXVII" class="tei-pb1 hsg-facsilime-link" target="_self"> [Page XXXVII] </a> assigned responsibility for the direction and coordination of counter-insurgency activities overseas to the Secretary of State, who established a Senior Interdepartmental Group to assist in discharging these responsibilities.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.39.14"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.39.14" class="note" rel="footnote">10</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 303, June 2, 1964, from <span class="tei-persName">Bundy</span> to the Secretaries of State and Defense and the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span>, changed the name of “Special Group 5412” to “303 Committee” but did not alter its composition, functions, or responsibility. <span class="tei-persName">Bundy</span> was the chairman of the 303 Committee.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.41.10"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.41.10" class="note" rel="footnote">11</a></span> </p> <p class="tei-p3">The Special Group and the 303 Committee approved 163 covert actions during the <span class="tei-persName">Kennedy</span> administration and 142 during the <span class="tei-persName">Johnson</span> administration through February 1967. The 1976 Final Report of the Church Committee, however, estimated that of the several thousand projects undertaken by the <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> since 1961, only 14 percent were considered on a case-by-case basis by the 303 Committee and its predecessors (and successors). Those not reviewed by the 303 Committee were low-risk and low-cost operations. The Final Report also cited a February 1967 <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> memorandum that included a description of the mode of policy arbitration of decisions on covert actions within the 303 Committee system. <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> presentations were questioned, amended, and even on occasion denied, despite protests from the <span class="tei-gloss">DCI</span>. Department of State objections modified or nullified proposed operations, and the 303 Committee sometimes decided that some agency other than <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> should undertake an operation or that <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> actions requested by Ambassadors on the scene should be rejected.<span id="fnref:1.7.2.42.43.18"><a href="#fn:1.7.2.42.43.18" class="note" rel="footnote">12</a></span> </p> </div> <div class="footnotes"> <ol> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.13.8" value="1"><span class="fn-content"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 4–A, December 17, 1947, is printed in <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d257"> <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span>, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 257</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.13.8" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.21.2" value="2"><span class="fn-content"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2, June 18, 1948, printed ibid., <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d292">Document 292</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.21.2" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.23.10" value="3"><span class="fn-content">Memorandum of conversation by Frank G. Wisner, “Implementation of <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/2,” August 12, 1948, printed ibid., <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d298">Document 298</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.23.10" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.25.18" value="4"><span class="fn-content"> <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 10/5, “Scope and Pace of Covert Operations,” October 23, 1951, in Michael Warner, editor, The <span class="tei-gloss">CIA</span> Under Harry Truman (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 1994), pp. 437–439.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.25.18" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.31.14" value="5"><span class="fn-content">William M. Leary, editor, <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents</span> (The University of Alabama Press, 1984), p. 63; the text of <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412 is scheduled for publication in <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span>, 1950–1960, Development of the Intelligence Community.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.31.14" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.33.12" value="6"><span class="fn-content">Leary, <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents</span>, pp. 63, 147–148; <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Final Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate</span>, Book I, <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign and Military Intelligence</span> (1976), pp. 50–51. The texts of <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/1 and <span class="tei-gloss">NSC</span> 5412/2 are scheduled for publication in <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span>, 1950–1960, Development of the Intelligence Community.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.33.12" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.33.20" value="7"><span class="fn-content">Leary, <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents</span>, p. 63.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.33.20" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.35.14" value="8"><span class="fn-content">Ibid., p. 82.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.35.14" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.37.10" value="9"><span class="fn-content">See <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270"> <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Foreign Relations</span>, 1961–1963, vol. X, Documents 270</a> and <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d278">278</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.37.10" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.39.14" value="10"><span class="fn-content">For text of <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 124, see ibid., vol. VIII, <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v08/d68">Document 68</a>. <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 341, March 2, 1966, is printed ibid., 1964–1968, vol. XXXIII, <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d56">Document 56</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.39.14" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.41.10" value="11"><span class="fn-content">For text of <span class="tei-gloss">NSAM</span> No. 303, see ibid., <a href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d204">Document 204</a>.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.41.10" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="fn:1.7.2.42.43.18" value="12"><span class="fn-content"> <span class="tei-hi2 font-italic italic">Final Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence</span>, pp. 56–57.</span><a href="#fnref:1.7.2.42.43.18" class="fn-back">↩</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hsg-width-sidebar"> <aside class="hsg-aside--static"> <div data-template="frus:if-media-exists" data-template-suffix="pdf" id="media-download"></div> <div class="hsg-panel hsg-toc"> <div class="hsg-panel-heading hsg-toc__header"> <h4 class="hsg-sidebar-title">Contents</h4> </div> <nav aria-label="Side navigation"> <ul class="hsg-toc__chapters"> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/pressrelease">Office of the Historian Press Release</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/preface">Preface</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/subseriesvols">Johnson Administration</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/sources">Sources</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/terms">Abbreviations and Terms</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/persons">Persons</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="hsg-current" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/actionsstatement">Note on U.S. Covert Action Programs</a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item js-accordion"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/comp1">Indonesia</a> <ul class="hsg-toc__chapters__nested"> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch1">Sukarno’s Confrontation With Malaysia—January–November 1964<span> (Documents 1–88)</span> </a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch2">Sukarno’s Confrontation With the United States December 1964–September 1965<span> (Documents 89–141)</span> </a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch3">Coup and Counter Reaction: October 1965–March 1966<span> (Documents 142–205)</span> </a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch4">The United States and Suharto: April 1966–December 1968<span> (Documents 206–262)</span> </a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch5">Malaysia-Singapore<span> (Documents 263–293)</span> </a> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/ch6">Philippines<span> (Documents 294–374)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="hsg-toc__chapters__item"> <a data-template="toc:highlight-current" class="" href="/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/index">Volume XXVI Index</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-template="frus:facets"> <div class="hsg-panel" data-template="app:hide-if-empty" data-template-property="persons" id="person-panel"> <div class="hsg-panel-heading"> <h4 class="hsg-sidebar-title">Persons</h4> </div> <div class="hsg-list-group" data-template="frus:view-persons"><a href="persons#p_BMG2" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs until February 28, 1966">Bundy, McGeorge</a><a href="persons#p_JLB1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="President of the United States">Johnson, Lyndon B.</a><a href="persons#p_JUA1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs until July 12, 1964; Deputy Ambassador to Vietnam July 1964–September 1965; Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs November 1, 1965–October 9, 1965; Ambassador to Japan after November 8, 1966">Johnson, U. Alexis</a><a href="persons#p_KRF1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Attorney General of the United States until September 1964">Kennedy, Robert F.</a></div> </div> <div class="hsg-panel" data-template="app:hide-if-empty" data-template-property="gloss" id="gloss-panel"> <div class="hsg-panel-heading"> <h4 class="hsg-sidebar-title">Abbreviations & Terms</h4> </div> <div class="hsg-list-group" data-template="frus:view-gloss"><a href="terms#t_CIA1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a><a href="terms#t_DCI1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Director of Central Intelligence">DCI</a><a href="terms#t_NSAM1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="National Security Action Memorandum">NSAM</a><a href="terms#t_NSC1" tabindex="0" class="list-group-item" data-toggle="tooltip" title="National Security Council">NSC</a></div> </div> </div> </aside> <aside id="sections" class="hsg-aside--section"> <div class="hsg-panel"> <div class="hsg-panel-heading"> <h2 class="hsg-sidebar-title">Historical Documents</h2> </div> <ul class="hsg-list-group"> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/about-frus"><span>About the <em>Foreign Relations</em> Series</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/status-of-the-series"><span>Status of the <em>Foreign Relations</em> Series</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/frus-history"><span>History of the <em>Foreign Relations</em> Series</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/ebooks"><span><em>Foreign Relations</em> Ebooks</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/other-electronic-resources"><span>Other Electronic Resources</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/guide-to-sources-on-vietnam-1969-1975"><span>Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975</span></a></li> <li class="hsg-list-group-item"><a href="/historicaldocuments/citing-frus"><span>Citing the <em>Foreign Relations</em> series</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </main>  </div> </section> </div> <footer class="hsg-footer" data-template="app:fix-links"> <section class="hsg-grid hsg-footer-top"> <div class="container"> <nav class="row"> <ul class="hsg-footer-list"> <h4>Learn more</h4> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/search">Search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/faq">FAQ</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hsg-footer-list"> <h4>Topics</h4> <li> <a href="/historicaldocuments/">Historical Documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/departmenthistory/">Department History</a> </li> <li> <a href="/countries/">Countries</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hsg-footer-list"> <h4>Contact</h4> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a 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