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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Alstonia scholaris</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trom_put%C3%A9h" title="Trom putéh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Trom putéh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%A9" title="Pulé – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pulé" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="ছাতিম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাতিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulantan" title="Pulantan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulantan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita" title="Dita – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dita" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgasmi-pagoodipuu" title="Orgasmi-pagoodipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orgasmi-pagoodipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="સપ્તપર્ણી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સપ્તપર્ણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सप्तपर्णी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सप्तपर्णी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai" title="Pulai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%A9_putih" title="Pulé putih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulé putih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಹಾಲೆ ಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಲೆ ಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polay" title="Polay – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polay" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ഏഴിലം‌പാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏഴിലം‌പാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3" title="सातविण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सातविण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="الستينيا سكولاريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الستينيا سكولاريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulai_lilin" title="Pulai lilin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulai lilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စရည်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စရည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="छतिवन (वनस्पति) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छतिवन (वनस्पति)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایلسٹونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلسٹونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_szkolna" title="Alstonia szkolna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alstonia szkolna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1" title="රුක්අත්තන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුක්අත්තන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%DA%B3%DA%BB_%DA%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ڦڳڻ ڦلاريو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦڳڻ ڦلاريو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam%C3%A9" title="Lamé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lamé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiansaitanpuu" title="Aasiansaitanpuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aasiansaitanpuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஏழிலைப்பாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏழிலைப்பாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="ఏడాకుల చెట్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏడాకుల చెట్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93" title="พญาสัตบรรณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พญาสัตบรรณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪಾಲೆ ಮರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಾಲೆ ಮರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_s%E1%BB%AFa" title="Hoa sữa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoa sữa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alstonia scholaris" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%86%A0%E6%A8%B9" title="糖膠樹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="糖膠樹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%A8%B9" title="黑板樹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑板樹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135307#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of tree</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Alstonia scholaris</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/220px-Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/330px-Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/440px-Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alstonia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alstonia" title="Alstonia"><i>Alstonia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. scholaris</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Alstonia scholaris</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">R.Br.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstoniascholaris1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alstoniascholaris1.png/220px-Alstoniascholaris1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alstoniascholaris1.png/330px-Alstoniascholaris1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Alstoniascholaris1.png/440px-Alstoniascholaris1.png 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="615" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Occurrence data from <a href="/wiki/GBIF" class="mw-redirect" title="GBIF">GBIF</a><sup id="cite_ref-gbif_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbif-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Echites scholaris</i> <small> L.</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Alstonia scholaris</b></i>, commonly called <b>blackboard tree</b>, <b>scholar tree</b>, <b>milkwood</b> or <b>devil's tree</b> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical tree">tropical tree</a> in the dogbane family (<a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>). It is native to southern China, tropical Asia (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, where it is a common <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a>. It is a toxic plant, but is used traditionally for <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> diseases and complaints. It is called 'Saptaparna' in India and is the sacred tree of the 2nd Jain tirthankar <a href="/wiki/Ajitnatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajitnatha">Ajitnatha</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Alstonia scholaris</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Glabrousness_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glabrousness (botany)">glabrous</a> tree and grows up to 40 m (130 ft) tall. Its mature bark is grayish and its young branches are copiously marked with <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>. A unique feature of this tree is that in some places, such as New Guinea, the trunk is three-sided (i.e. it is triangular in cross-section).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper side of the leaves are glossy, while the underside is greyish.<sup id="cite_ref-stuart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaves occur in <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a> of three to ten, with <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> 1–3 cm (0.4–1 in) long. The leathery leaves are narrowly <a href="/wiki/Obovate" class="mw-redirect" title="Obovate">obovate</a> to very narrowly <a href="/wiki/Spathulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathulate">spathulate</a>, with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuneate" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuneate">cuneate</a> base, and the apex is usually rounded and up to 23 cm (9.1 in) long by 8 cm (3.1 in) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lateral veins occur in 25 to 50 pairs, at 80–90° to midvein. The <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyme (botany)">cymes</a> are dense and pubescent. Each <a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a> is 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long. <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicels</a> are usually as long as or shorter than <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> is white and tube-like, 6–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long. The lobes are broadly <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#ovate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">ovate</a> or broadly obovate, 2–4.5 mm (0.08–0.2 in), overlapping to the left. The ovaries are distinct and pubescent. The <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicles</a> are distinct and linear. </p><p>Flowers bloom in the month of October. The flowers are very fragrant and similar to the flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Cestrum_nocturnum" title="Cestrum nocturnum">Cestrum nocturnum</a></i>. </p><p>Seeds of <i>A. scholaris</i> are oblong, with ciliated margins, and end with tufts of hairs 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-efloras_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efloras-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bark is almost odorless and very bitter, with abundant bitter and milky <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Alstonia scholaris</i> is native to the following regions:<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>: Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>（<a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>）</li></ul> <p><i>Alstonia scholaris</i> is the state tree of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Flora_and_fauna" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India, where it is called Chhatim tree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a toxic plant. At high doses, an extract of the plant exhibited marked damage to all the major organs of the body in both rats and mice. The toxicity appears to depend on the plant organ studied, as well as the season it is harvested, with the bark collected in the monsoon season being the least toxic, and bark in the summer the most. Intraperitoneal administration is much more toxic than oral. Rats were more susceptible to the poison than mice, and pure-bred mice strains were more susceptible than crossbred. The toxic effects may be due to the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echitamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echitamine (page does not exist)">echitamine</a> in the bark.<sup id="cite_ref-Baliga2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bark contains the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditamine (page does not exist)">ditamine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echitenine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echitenine (page does not exist)">echitenine</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echitamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echitamine (page does not exist)">echitamine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Baliga2004_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baliga2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Strictamine" title="Strictamine">strictamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echitamine is the most important alkaloid found in the bark, as it has been detected in all samples studied and collected from several locations. It is commercially sold as a <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wood of <i>Alstonia scholaris</i> has been recommended for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Pencil#Wood_holders_added" title="Pencil">pencils</a>, as it is suitable in nature and the tree grows rapidly and is easy to cultivate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sri Lanka its light wood was used for <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffins</a>. The wood close to the root is very light and of white colour, and in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> was used for net floats, household <a href="/wiki/Food_utensil" class="mw-redirect" title="Food utensil">utensils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trencher_(tableware)" title="Trencher (tableware)">trenchers</a>, corks, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> is said to have used <i>A. scholaris</i> as the tree for achieving enlightenment. </p><p>The 1889 book <i>The Useful Native Plants of Australia</i> states that "the powerfully bitter bark of this tree is used by the natives of India in bowel complaints (<i>Treasury of Botany</i>). It has proved a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery. It has also been found effectual in restoring the tone of the stomach and of the system generally in debility after fevers and other exhausting diseases (<i>Pharmacopoeia of India</i>). It is described in the <i>Pharmacopoeia of India</i> as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic. It is held in the highest repute in the Phillippine Islands [<i>sic</i>]."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its widespread traditional use as an 'antiperiodic' (a medicine which was supposed to cure the effects of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>), it was found to have little to very weak activity against <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright1992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had no effect against <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_intestinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia intestinalis">Giardia intestinalis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1993_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and weak effect against <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>, which both cause diarrhoea.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright1992_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During convocation the leaves of <i>Alstonia scholaris</i> (<i>saptaparni</i>) are awarded to graduates and postgraduates of <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> by the chancellor, given to him in turn by the Prime Minister of India. In recent years, supposedly to prevent excessive damage to the environment, the vice-chancellor of the University accepts one <i>saptaparni</i> leaf from the chancellor on behalf of all the students. This tradition was initiated by the founder of the University, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">decoctions</a> of the leaves were used for <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stuart_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia.scholaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanical illustration of Alstonia scholaris"><img alt="Botanical illustration of Alstonia scholaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alstonia.scholaris.jpg/75px-Alstonia.scholaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alstonia.scholaris.jpg/112px-Alstonia.scholaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alstonia.scholaris.jpg/150px-Alstonia.scholaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botanical illustration of <i>Alstonia scholaris</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pollen grains of A. scholaris"><img alt="Pollen grains of A. scholaris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/120px-Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/180px-Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/240px-Pollen_grains_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pollen grains of <i>A. scholaris</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. scholaris blossom – Mumbai, India"><img alt="A. scholaris blossom – Mumbai, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg/68px-Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg/102px-Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg/136px-Devil_Tree_Blossom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A. scholaris</i> blossom – Mumbai, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. scholaris fruit, Australia"><img alt="A. scholaris fruit, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg/120px-Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg/180px-Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg/240px-Alstonia_scholaris4922818774_2c30e78d11_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A. scholaris</i> fruit, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrangement of leaves"><img alt="Arrangement of leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/120px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/180px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG/240px-Alstonia_scholaris_by_kadavoor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrangement of leaves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of bark in Hong Kong"><img alt="Close-up of bark in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/90px-Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/135px-Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg/180px-Bark_of_Alstonia_scholaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of bark in Hong Kong</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley,_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. scholaris at Terengganu, Malaysia"><img alt="A. scholaris at Terengganu, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg/90px-Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg/135px-Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg/180px-Alstonia_scholaris_at_Sungai_Berang_valley%2C_Kampung_Gunung_20240225_164759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A. scholaris</i> at <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saptaparni_(Alstonia_scholaris)_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves and flowers in Kolkata, West Bengal, India"><img alt="Leaves and flowers in Kolkata, West Bengal, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg/120px-Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg/180px-Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg/240px-Saptaparni_%28Alstonia_scholaris%29_leaves_%26_flowers_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_0534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves and flowers in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alstonia_scholaris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alstonia_scholaris" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLakhey,_P.Pathak,_J.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lakhey, P.; Pathak, J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32295/2812825">"<i>Alstonia scholaris</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b>: e.T32295A2812825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32295A2812825.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32295A2812825.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Alstonia+scholaris&rft.volume=2021&rft.pages=e.T32295A2812825&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32295A2812825.en&rft.au=Lakhey%2C+P.&rft.au=Pathak%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F32295%2F2812825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbif-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbif_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GBIF.org (07 June 2018) GBIF Occurrence Download <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.eokqvq">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.eokqvq</a> <i>Alstonia scholaris</i> (L.) R.Br.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2688">"<i>Alstonia scholaris</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Alstonia+scholaris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D2688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1925" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, C.E. (1925). <i>Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea</i>. Melbourne: Government Printer. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Resources+of+the+Territories+of+Papua+and+New+Guinea&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stuart_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuart_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuartxchange.org/Dita.html">"Dita / Alstonia scholaris / WHITE CHEESE WOOD / Tang jiao shu /: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine"</a>. <i>www.stuartxchange.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stuartxchange.org&rft.atitle=Dita+%2F+Alstonia+scholaris+%2F+WHITE+CHEESE+WOOD+%2F+Tang+jiao+shu+%2F%3A+Philippine+Medicinal+Herbs+%2F+Philippine+Alternative+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuartxchange.org%2FDita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner1952" class="citation book cs1">Corner, Prof. E.J.H. (1952). <i>Wayside Trees of Malaya - Volume 1</i>. Singapore: Govt Printing Office. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wayside+Trees+of+Malaya+-+Volume+1&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Govt+Printing+Office&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=Prof.+E.J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efloras-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-efloras_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018323">"Alstonia scholaris"</a>. <i>www.efloras.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efloras.org&rft.atitle=Alstonia+scholaris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D200018323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission. (May 2022)">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. <i>Heritage Trees of Penang</i>. Penang: Areca Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-57190-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-57190-6-6">978-967-57190-6-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baliga2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baliga2004_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baliga2004_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaligaJagetiaUlloorBaliga2004" class="citation journal cs1">Baliga, Manjeshwar Shrinath; Jagetia, Ganesh Chandra; Ulloor, Jagadish N.; Baliga, Manjeshwar Poonam; Ponemone, Venkatesh; Reddy, Rosi; Rao, Mallikarjun K. V. N.; Baliga, Shivanada Bantwal; Devi, Sulochana; Raju, Sudheer Kumar; Veeresh, Veerapura; Reddy, Tiyyagura Koti; Bairy, Laxminarayana K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.manipal.edu/314">"The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (<i>Alstonia scholaris</i>) in mice and rats"</a>. <i>Toxicology Letters</i>. <b>151</b> (2): 317–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxlet.2004.01.015">10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15183456">15183456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Letters&rft.atitle=The+evaluation+of+the+acute+toxicity+and+long+term+safety+of+hydroalcoholic+extract+of+Sapthaparna+%28Alstonia+scholaris%29+in+mice+and+rats&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-326&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxlet.2004.01.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15183456&rft.aulast=Baliga&rft.aufirst=Manjeshwar+Shrinath&rft.au=Jagetia%2C+Ganesh+Chandra&rft.au=Ulloor%2C+Jagadish+N.&rft.au=Baliga%2C+Manjeshwar+Poonam&rft.au=Ponemone%2C+Venkatesh&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Rosi&rft.au=Rao%2C+Mallikarjun+K.+V.+N.&rft.au=Baliga%2C+Shivanada+Bantwal&rft.au=Devi%2C+Sulochana&rft.au=Raju%2C+Sudheer+Kumar&rft.au=Veeresh%2C+Veerapura&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Tiyyagura+Koti&rft.au=Bairy%2C+Laxminarayana+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.manipal.edu%2F314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlstonia+scholaris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyaBoseDuttaRay1979" class="citation journal cs1">Bhattacharya, S. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alstonia scholaris</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135307" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q135307">Q135307</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alstonia scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=4149">4149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/83915">83915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APSA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://apsa.anu.edu.au/sample/251-6-1e">251-6-1e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Alstonia_scholaris.htm">Alstonia_scholaris</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id667381">667381</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/C8VD">C8VD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=379">379</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/596591">596591</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ATNSC">ATNSC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200018323">200018323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Alstonia%20scholaris">Alstonia scholaris</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018323">200018323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5414410">5414410</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2688">2688</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/189179">189179</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/60445977-2">60445977-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10200775">10200775</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=184803">184803</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/32295">32295</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=52822">52822</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f782a800-4efd-4a44-9786-19e1ebe8563a">f782a800-4efd-4a44-9786-19e1ebe8563a</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=749453">749453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50185720">tro-50185720</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60445977-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60445977-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50185720">50185720</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001257712">wfo-0001257712</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Echites scholaris</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38441020" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q38441020">Q38441020</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/125546">125546</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/166976">166976</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/38M3Y">38M3Y</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3169666">3169666</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14864">14864</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/78759-1">78759-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11322135">11322135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=184804">184804</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A78759-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:78759-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/1801406">1801406</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001072413">wfo-0001072413</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&oldid=1259238208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alstonia_scholaris&oldid=1259238208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alstonia" title="Category:Alstonia">Alstonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Guangxi" title="Category:Flora of Guangxi">Flora of Guangxi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Yunnan" title="Category:Flora of Yunnan">Flora of Yunnan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_tropical_Asia" title="Category:Flora of tropical Asia">Flora of tropical Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trees_of_Australia" title="Category:Trees of Australia">Trees of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gentianales_of_Australia" title="Category:Gentianales of Australia">Gentianales of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Queensland" title="Category:Flora of Queensland">Flora of Queensland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Least_concern_flora_of_Australia" title="Category:Least concern flora of Australia">Least concern flora of 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