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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fleming_(Zoologe)" title="John Fleming (Zoologe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Fleming (Zoologe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fleming" title="John Fleming – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Fleming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fleming_(zoologiste)" title="John Fleming (zoologiste) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Fleming (zoologiste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish minister and scientist (1785 – 1857)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave,_Dean_Cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG/220px-Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG/330px-Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG/440px-Prof_John_Fleming%27s_grave%2C_Dean_Cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Prof John Fleming's grave, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>John Fleming</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of London">FRS</a> FSA (10 January 1785 – 18 November 1857) was a <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Scottish Free Church</a> minister, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>. He named and described several species of <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusc</a>. During his life he tried to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> with science. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Fjord" title="Fleming Fjord">Fleming Fjord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-cat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleming was born on Kirkroads Farm near <a href="/wiki/Bathgate" title="Bathgate">Bathgate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linlithgowshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Linlithgowshire">Linlithgowshire</a>, the son of Alexander Fleming and his wife Catherine Nimmo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After studying divinity at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> he graduated in 1805. He was licensed to preach by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and ordained as minister of <a href="/wiki/Bressay" title="Bressay">Bressay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a> in 1808. In 1810 he translated to the parish of <a href="/wiki/Flisk" title="Flisk">Flisk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> and in 1832 translated to <a href="/wiki/Clackmannan" title="Clackmannan">Clackmannan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, he participated in founding the <a href="/wiki/Wernerian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernerian Society">Wernerian Society</a>, a learned society devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>. </p><p>Fleming became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> on 25 February 1813 (he was not granted fellowship). In 1814, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of divinity by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, and in the same year he became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. His proposers for the latter were <a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">John Playfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was awarded the chair of natural philosophy (physics) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>'s King's College in 1834. In the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a> he left the established Church of Scotland to join the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church</a>. In 1845, he became professor of natural history at the Free Church's <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a> in Edinburgh. He was three times elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Botanical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Botanical Society">Edinburgh Botanical Society</a> (1847–48, 1849–50 and 1856–57).<sup id="cite_ref-BSE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then living at 22 Walker Street in Edinburgh's West End.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died at home, Seagrove House in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is buried with his family in the western half of <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. He is buried with his wife, Melville Christie (1796–1862) and son Andrew Fleming (1821–1901) (also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) who rose to be Depute Surgeon General of the Indian Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fleming was a <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalist</a> who was strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. He believed that a 'vital principle' was inherent in the embryo with the capacity of "developing in succession the destined plan of existence."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grant</a>, who considered that the same laws of life affected all organisms. </p><p>In 1824, Fleming became involved in a famous controversy with the geologist <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the flood</a> as described in the Bible. In 1828, he published his <i>History of British Animals.</i> This book addressed both extant and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> species. It explained the presence of fossils by climate change, suggesting that extinct species would have survived if weather conditions had been favorable. These theories contributed to the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> and exerted some influence on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. Flemings' comments on instinct in his book <i>Philosophy of Zoology</i> had influenced Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, Fleming found some fossils which he recognized as fish in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a> units at <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>. This did not fit the generally accepted notion that the Earth was approximately 6,000 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1821: <i>Insecta</i> in <i>Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopae-dia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences</i></li> <li>1822: <i>Philosophy of Zoology</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofzool11822flem"><i>Volume 1</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofzool21822flem"><i>Volume 2</i></a>)</li> <li>1828: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish00flem"><i>A History of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom, including the indigenous, extirpated , and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants</i></a> Edinburgh: i–xxiii + 1–565.</li> <li>1837: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molluscousanimal00flemrich"><i>Molluscous Animals</i></a></li> <li>1851: <i>The Temperature of the Seasons, and Its Influence on Inorganic Objects, and on Plants and Animals</i></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Described_taxa">Described taxa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Described taxa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Fleming</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <ul><li>Superfamily: <a href="/wiki/Conoidea" title="Conoidea">Conoidea</a> Fleming, 1822</li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Conidae" title="Conidae">Conidae</a> Fleming, 1822</li> <li>Subfamily: <a href="/wiki/Coninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coninae">Coninae</a> Fleming, 1822</li></ul> <p>Species in the phylum <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> described by Fleming: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiton_laevigatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiton laevigatus (page does not exist)">Chiton laevigatus</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1813</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patella_elongata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patella elongata (page does not exist)">Patella elongata</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1813</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patella_elliptica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patella elliptica (page does not exist)">Patella elliptica</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1813</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doris_nigricans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doris nigricans (page does not exist)">Doris nigricans</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1820</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterofusus_retroversus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterofusus retroversus (page does not exist)">Heterofusus retroversus</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1823</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octopus_octopodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus octopodia">Octopus octopodia</a></i> (<small>Linné</small> 1758 : Sepia) <small>Fleming</small>, 1826</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulla_cranchii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulla cranchii (page does not exist)">Bulla cranchii</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eolidia_plumosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eolidia plumosa (page does not exist)">Eolidia plumosa</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modiola_vulgaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modiola vulgaris (page does not exist)">Modiola vulgaris</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima_fragilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lima fragilis (page does not exist)">Lima fragilis</a></i> <small>Gmelin</small> 1791 <i>sensu</i> <small>Fleming</small>, 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutraria_vulgaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutraria vulgaris (page does not exist)">Lutraria vulgaris</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrochaena_hians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastrochaena hians (page does not exist)">Gastrochaena hians</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patella_clealandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patella clealandi (page does not exist)">Patella clealandi</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assiminea_grayana" title="Assiminea grayana">Assiminea grayana</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scissurella_crispata" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissurella crispata">Scissurella crispata</a></i> <small>Fleming</small> 1828</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cat_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D">"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland"</a>. Geological Survey of Denmark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+place+names+in+northern+East+Greenland&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+of+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.geus.dk%2Fgeusmap%2F%3Fmapname%3Dstednavnedb%23baslay%3DbaseMapGl%26optlay%3D%26extent%3D549832.8357720698%2C8582739.868248867%2C622444.3190166993%2C8680765.370629115%26layers%3Dgrl_geus_north_east_higgins_map%2Cgrl_ne_higgins_placenames%2Cgrl_ne_placenames%26filter_1%3Dtxt_search.part%253D%2526placename%253D%26filter_2%3Dtxt_search.part%253D%2526placename%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Fleming+%28naturalist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Fleming+%28naturalist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, William <i>Annals of the Free Church</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Fleming+%28naturalist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSE_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311205404/http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf"><i>THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1836-1936</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk/sites/default/files/%20.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+BOTANICAL+SOCIETY+OF+EDINBURGH+1836-1936&rft.pages=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanical-society-scotland.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Fleming+%28naturalist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1850</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1857</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corsi, Pietro. (1978). <i>The Importance of French Transformist Ideas for the Second Volume of Lyell's Principles of Geology</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Journal_for_the_History_of_Science" title="The British Journal for the History of Science">The British Journal for the History of Science</a></i> 11 (3) 221-244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Robert J. (1987). <i>Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 103-104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-71200-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-71200-1">0-226-71200-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fleming"><i> Fleming</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Fleming&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DFleming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Fleming+%28naturalist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/chronob/FLEM1785.htm">Brief biography/timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222130933/http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/chronob/FLEM1785.htm">Archived</a> 22 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000030334176">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12458291">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/208573/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRdkVTMFv4tCXfRPPvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117513210">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87134481">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485955w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485955w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fleming, John <1785-1857>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV239545">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070370516">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2121093">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=255239">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347215905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16933156?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fleming">bis International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035629460">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c27ftq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&oldid=1258822072">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Fleming_(naturalist)&oldid=1258822072</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_zoologists" title="Category:Scottish zoologists">Scottish zoologists</a></li><li><a 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