CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mount Kenya - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"44b86e30-c19c-46ef-86a0-b7b3da9d9aff","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mount_Kenya","wgTitle":"Mount Kenya","wgCurRevisionId":1274824222,"wgRevisionId":1274824222,"wgArticleId":365927,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Meru-language text","Articles containing Gikuyu-language text","Articles containing Kamba (Kenya)-language text","Articles containing Embu-language text","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Mount Kenya","East African montane forests","Eastern Province (Kenya)","Extinct volcanoes","Mountains of Kenya","Seven Second Summits","Stratovolcanoes of Kenya","Volcanic plugs of Africa","Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley","Five-thousanders of Africa","Highest points of countries","Pliocene Africa","Pliocene stratovolcanoes","Protected areas of Kenya","Protected areas established in 1949","1949 establishments in Kenya","World Heritage Sites in Kenya"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mount_Kenya","wgRelevantArticleId":365927,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-0.15083333333333332,"lon":37.3075},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q172070","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/1200px-Mount_Kenya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/800px-Mount_Kenya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/640px-Mount_Kenya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mount Kenya - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mount_Kenya rootpage-Mount_Kenya skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mount+Kenya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mount+Kenya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mount+Kenya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mount+Kenya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Kenya_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Kenya_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Mount Kenya National Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Kenya_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Local culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Local culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Local_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kikuyu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kikuyu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kikuyu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kikuyu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Embu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ameru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ameru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ameru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ameru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maasai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maasai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Maasai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maasai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Peaks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Glaciers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Glaciers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periglacial_landforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periglacial_landforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Periglacial landforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periglacial_landforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Natural history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Natural history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Seasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Daily pattern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 European documentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mackinder's_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mackinder's_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Mackinder's expedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mackinder's_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 1900–1930 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1931_to_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931_to_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 1931 to present day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931_to_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountaineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountaineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Mountaineering </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mountaineering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mountaineering subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mountaineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climbing_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Climbing routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Walking routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_of_peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Names of peaks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mount Kenya</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia_(berg)" title="Kenia (berg) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kenia (berg)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جبل كينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل كينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kenia" title="Monte Kenia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monte Kenia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="কেনিয়া পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেনিয়া পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кенія (гара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кенія (гара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кенія (гара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кенія (гара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Kenya" title="Bukid Kenya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bukid Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кения (планина) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кения (планина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez_Kenya" title="Menez Kenya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez Kenya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Kenya" title="Mont Kenya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mont Kenya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydd_Cenia" title="Mynydd Cenia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynydd Cenia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount-Kenya-Massiv" title="Mount-Kenya-Massiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mount-Kenya-Massiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenia_m%C3%A4gi" title="Keenia mägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keenia mägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Όρος Κένυα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρος Κένυα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kenia" title="Monte Kenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Kenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto_Kenja" title="Monto Kenja – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monto Kenja" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_(mendia)" title="Kenya (mendia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenya (mendia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کوه کنیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه کنیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Kenya" title="Mont Kenya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Kenya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kenya" title="Monte Kenya – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monte Kenya" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9r%C4%A9nyaga" title="Kĩrĩnyaga – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩrĩnyaga" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%83%90%EC%82%B0" title="케냐산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케냐산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC)" title="Քենիա (լեռ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քենիա (լեռ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="माउंट केन्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माउंट केन्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kenya" title="Gunung Kenya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%C3%BDafjall" title="Kenýafjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kenýafjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kenya" title="Monte Kenya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monte Kenya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="הר קניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר קניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keniya_p%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Keniya pʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Keniya pʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90)" title="კენია (მთა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენია (მთა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Kenya" title="Mlima Kenya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima Kenya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Кения (тоо массиви) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кения (тоо массиви)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Keniae" title="Mons Keniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons Keniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenijas_kalns" title="Kenijas kalns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kenijas kalns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenijos_kalnas" title="Kenijos kalnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kenijos kalnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya-hegy" title="Kenya-hegy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kenya-hegy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кенија (планина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кенија (планина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendrombohitra_Kenia" title="Tendrombohitra Kenia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendrombohitra Kenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മൗണ്ട് കെനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗണ്ട് കെനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kenya" title="Gunung Kenya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Kenya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B1%B1" title="ケニア山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケニア山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Kenya" title="Mont Kenya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mont Kenya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮਾਉਂਟ ਕੀਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਉਂਟ ਕੀਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ماؤنٹ کینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماؤنٹ کینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenia_(g%C3%B3ra)" title="Kenia (góra) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenia (góra)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Qu%C3%A9nia" title="Monte Quénia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Quénia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntele_Kenya" title="Muntele Kenya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muntele Kenya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кения (гора) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кения (гора)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moont_Kenyae" title="Moont Kenyae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moont Kenyae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%88a_(mas%C3%ADv)" title="Keňa (masív) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Keňa (masív)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_kenya" title="Mount kenya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mount kenya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кенија (планина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенија (планина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mount Kenya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கென்யா மலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கென்யா மலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="เขาเคนยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขาเคนยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kenya Dağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenya Dağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кенія (гора) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кенія (гора)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کوہ کینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوہ کینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Kenya" title="Monte Kenya – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Monte Kenya" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Kenya" title="Núi Kenya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Kenya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A4nabel" title="Kenyänabel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kenyänabel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Kenya" title="Bukid Kenya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Kenya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1" title="肯尼亚山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肯尼亚山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="肯雅山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肯雅山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%C4%97j%C4%97s_kalns" title="Kenėjės kalns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kenėjės kalns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1" title="肯尼亚山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肯尼亚山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172070#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mount_Kenya" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mount_Kenya" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mount_Kenya" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&oldid=1274824222" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mount_Kenya&id=1274824222&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMount_Kenya">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMount_Kenya">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mount_Kenya&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172070" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Kenya&params=0_9_03_S_37_18_27_E_type:mountain_scale:100000">0°9′03″S 37°18′27″E / 0.15083°S 37.30750°E / -0.15083; 37.30750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest mountain in Kenya</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Mount Kenya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/272px-Mount_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/408px-Mount_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/544px-Mount_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,199 m (17,057 ft)<a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,825 m (12,549 ft)<a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 32nd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Second_Summits" title="Seven Second Summits">Seven Second Summits</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_highest_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by highest point">Country high point</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a> Ribu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Kenya&params=0_9_03_S_37_18_27_E_type:mountain_scale:100000">0°9′03″S 37°18′27″E / 0.15083°S 37.30750°E / -0.15083; 37.30750</a><a href="#cite_note-peaklist-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kĩrĩmaara (<a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a>)</li><li>Kĩrĩnyaga (<a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</a>)</li><li>Ki Nyaa (<a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a>)</li><li>Kĩ Nyaga (<a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:288px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:288px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:288px"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Kenya is located in Kenya"><img alt="Mount Kenya is located in Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg/288px-Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg/432px-Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg/576px-Kenya_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1100" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.917%;left:43.075%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Mount Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mount Kenya</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topo map(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mount Kenya by Wielochowski and Savage<a href="#cite_note-ewp_kenya_map-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a> (extinct)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.6–3.1 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">MYA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1899 by Mackinder, Ollier, and Brocherel, although the peoples of Kenya believed God resided on this mountain and regularly ascended the peaks to perform spiritual rites.<a href="#cite_note-facingmtkenya-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route">Easiest route</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climb</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mount Kenya (<a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a>: Kĩrĩmaara, <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>: Kĩrĩnyaga, <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a>: Ki nyaa, <a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a>: Kĩ nyaga) is an extinct volcano in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Highest_mountain_peaks_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest mountain peaks of Africa">second-highest peak in Africa</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rough_guide-5">[5]</a> The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (5,199 metres (17,057 feet)), Nelion (5,188 m (17,021 ft)) and Point Lenana (4,985 m (16,355 ft)). Mount Kenya is located in the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="Eastern Province (Kenya)">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Kenya)" title="Central Province (Kenya)">Central</a> provinces of Kenya; its peak is now the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Meru_County" title="Meru County">Meru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embu_County" title="Embu County">Embu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_County" title="Kirinyaga County">Kirinyaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_County" title="Nyeri County">Nyeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharaka_Nithi_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharaka Nithi County">Tharaka Nithi</a> counties, about 16.5 kilometres (10.3 miles) south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, around 150 km (90 mi) north-northeast of the capital <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-rough_guide-5">[5]</a> Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya. Mount Kenya is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rift-7">[7]</a> Before glaciation, it was 7,000 m (23,000 ft) high. It was covered by an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> for thousands of years. This has resulted in very <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> slopes and numerous valleys radiating from the peak.<a href="#cite_note-gregory1894-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> There are currently 11 small <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, which are shrinking rapidly, and may disappear by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">vegetation bands</a> from the base to the peak.<a href="#cite_note-kirinyaga-12">[12]</a> The lower slopes are covered by different types of forest. Many alpine species are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Mount Kenya, such as the giant <a href="/wiki/Lobelia" title="Lobelia">lobelias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senecio" title="Senecio">senecios</a> and a local subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">rock hyrax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> An area of 715 km2 (276 sq mi) around the centre of the mountain was designated a <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_National_Park" title="Mount Kenya National Park">National Park</a> and listed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-14">[14]</a> The park receives over 16,000 visitors per year.<a href="#cite_note-uicn-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mount_Kenya_National_Park">Mount Kenya National Park</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mount Kenya National Park">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya,_March_16,_2020_SkySat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg/220px-Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg/330px-Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg/440px-Mount_Kenya%2C_March_16%2C_2020_SkySat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Mount Kenya, as seen from a <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_National_Park" title="Mount Kenya National Park">Mount Kenya National Park</a></div> Mount Kenya National Park, established in 1949, protects the region surrounding the mountain. Currently, the national park is within the forest reserve which encircles it.<a href="#cite_note-kws_website-16">[16]</a> In April 1978 the area was designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Biosphere Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unep-17">[17]</a> The national park and the forest reserve, combined, became a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Government of Kenya</a> had four reasons for creating a national park on and around Mount Kenya. These were the importance of tourism for the local and national economies, preserving an area of great scenic beauty, conserving the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> within the park, and preserving the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">water catchment</a> for the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a> Kenya's government has announced a project to discourage animals from straying into small holdings surrounding the Park and devastating crops, which will see the Park enclosed by an electric fence with five electrified strands. Kenya's Rhino Ark Trust, a non-profit organization, has been putting up fences in key areas around the country. As of 2021, 250 kilometres (160 miles) out of a planned 450 kilometres (280 miles) have been constructed in the Mt. Kenya area.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The fence discharges an electric shock, but is not dangerous to humans or animals.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_culture">Local culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Local culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg/220px-Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg/330px-Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg/440px-Mount_Kenya_Population_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption>Mount Kenya is important to all the ethnic communities living around it.</figcaption></figure> The main ethnic groups living around Mount Kenya are <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameru people">Ameru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>. The first three are Bantus while the Maasai are Nilotes. The mountain is as an important aspect of their cultures. They arrived in the Mount Kenya area in the last several hundreds of years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kikuyu">Kikuyu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kikuyu">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG/220px-Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG/330px-Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG/440px-Batian_and_Nelion_in_the_background_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Several ethnic groups that live around Mount Kenya believe the mountain to be sacred. They used to build their houses facing the mountain, with the doors on the side nearest to it.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu people</a> live on the southern and western sides of the mountain. They are <a href="/wiki/Agriculturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculturalist">agriculturalists</a>, and make use of the highly fertile volcanic soil on the lower slopes. They believe that God, Ngai or Mwene Nyaga, lived on Mount Kenya when he came down from the sky.<a href="#cite_note-facingmtkenya-4">[4]</a> They believe that the mountain is Ngai's throne on earth. It is the place where Gĩkũyũ, the father of the tribe, used to meet with God. Thus according to the Kikuyu records, Gĩkũyũ is the first person on Earth to ascend the mountain. 'Mwene Nyaga' in the Kikuyu language can also translate as the "Owner of the Ostriches" or "Owner of the white patches (of snow)" where 'Mwene' translates to 'owner', and 'Nyaga' to Ostriches or white patches. The snow (in Kikuyu: Ira) caps of the mountain symbolically represent a crown on God's habitation. Kikuyu used to build their houses with doors facing the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a> The Kikuyu name for Mount Kenya is Kirima Kĩrĩ Nyaga (Mt. Kirinyaga), which literally translates to the mountain that has the "Nyaga" – Ostriches. The mountain, therefore, is locally accepted as 'God's Resting Place' or 'Where God Lives'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Kikuyu name for Mt. Kenya is Kĩrĩnyaga which literally means 'the one with the ostrich'. The ostrich has dark feathers and a white tail– when the bird bends its head to the ground with its tail in the air, its body forms a triangular shape with a white peak, closely resembling the snow capped mountain of Kĩrĩnyaga. The name Kĩrĩnyaga therefore figuratively means 'the one with white tails', referring to the glaciers among the peaks of the mountain. Translated to the Kamba language, kĩrĩnyaga, would be ki nyaa. This is the name that Ludwig Krapf was given when he sighted the mountain from Kitui (in Kamba county). He recorded it as Kenya. It became the name of not only the mountain but also the country.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embu">Embu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Embu">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu people</a> live to the south-east of Mount Kenya,<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> and believe that the mountain is God's home (the Embu word for God is Ngai, Murungu or Mwene Njeru).The Embu name for Mount Kenya is 'Kĩ nyaga' which means similar to the Kikuyu 'the one with the ostrich'. The mountain is sacred, and they build their houses with the doors facing toward it.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a> The Embu people are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Ameru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameru people">Ameru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbeere" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbeere">Mbeere</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Mbeere and <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a> are the settlers of the southeast side of the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ameru">Ameru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ameru">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ameru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameru people">Ameru</a> occupy the east, north, and north-western slopes of the mountain. They are generally agricultural and also keep livestock and occupy what is among the most fertile land in Kenya. The Meru god Murungu was from the skies. Their name for Mt. Kenya is Kirimaara, which means 'mountain with white features'.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maasai">Maasai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maasai">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg/220px-Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg/330px-Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg/440px-Mount_Kenya_Region_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Mount Kenya lies in the Kenyan highlands, 150 km (90 mi) north-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, just northeast of <a href="/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri">Nyeri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rough_guide-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> are semi-nomadic people, who use the land to the north of the mountain to graze their cattle.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They believe that their ancestors came down from the mountain at the beginning of time.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a> The Maasai name for Mount Kenya is Ol Donyo Keri, which means 'mountain of stripes', referring to the dark shades as observed from the surrounding plains.<a href="#cite_note-somjee-26">[26]</a> At least one Maasai prayer refers to Mount Kenya: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">God bless our children, let them be like the olive tree of Morintat, let them grow and expand, let them be like Ngong Hills like Mt. Kenya, like Mt. Kilimanjaro and multiply in number.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Collected by Francis Sakuda of Oloshoibor Peace Museum<a href="#cite_note-somjee-26">[26]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/220px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/330px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/440px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Mount Kenya was a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> and probably looked similar to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mt. Fuji</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (shown above). The lower slopes are still this shape, which is how the previous height is estimated.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG/220px-Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG/330px-Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG/440px-Pt_Thomson_Batian_Nelion_Mt_Kenya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The central peaks of Mount Kenya are <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">volcanic plugs</a> that have resisted <a href="/wiki/Erosion#Ice" title="Erosion">glacial erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> (Left to right: Point Thompson (4955m), Batian (5199m) and Nelion (5188m))</figcaption></figure> Mount Kenya is a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> that was active in the <a href="/wiki/Plio-Pleistocene" title="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</a>. The original crater was probably over 6,000 m (19,700 ft) high; and potentially up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) high, making the prehistoric Mount Kenya higher than present-day <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Since it became extinct there have been two major periods of <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>, which are shown by two main rings of <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> below the glaciers. The lowest moraine is found at around 3,300 m (10,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-geology-28">[28]</a> Today the glaciers reach no lower than 4,650 m (15,260 ft).<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> After studying the moraines, Gregory put forward the theory that at one time the whole summit of the mountain was covered with an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a>, and it was this that <a href="/wiki/Eroded" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroded">eroded</a> the peaks to how they are today.<a href="#cite_note-gregory1894-8">[8]</a> The lower slopes of the mountain have never been glaciated. They are now mainly cultivated and forested. They are distinguished by steep-sided V-shaped valleys with many tributaries. Higher up the mountain, in the area that is now moorland, the valleys become U-shaped and shallower with flatter bottoms. These were created by glaciation.<a href="#cite_note-geology-28">[28]</a> When Mount Kenya was <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Active" title="Volcano">active</a> there was some satellite activity. The northeastern side of the mountain has many old volcanic plugs and craters. The largest of these, Ithanguni, even had its own ice cap when the main peaks were covered in ice. This can be seen by the smoothed summit of the peak. Circular hills with steep sides are also frequent in this area, which are probably the remains of small plugged <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_vent" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic vent">vents</a>. However, as the remaining mountain is roughly <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">symmetrical</a>, most of the activity must have occurred at the central plug.<a href="#cite_note-geology-28">[28]</a> The rocks that form Mount Kenya are mainly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">rhomb porphyrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">kenytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-geology-28">[28]</a> Kenyte was first reported by Gregory in 1900 following his study of the geology of Mount Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-gregory1900-29">[29]</a> The geology of the Mount Kenya area was first described scientifically by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> in 1883. He saw the mountain from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Laikipia" class="mw-redirect" title="Laikipia">Laikipia</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a> and wrote that it was an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_volcano#Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct volcano">extinct volcano</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">plug</a> exposed.<a href="#cite_note-thomson-30">[30]</a> However, as he had only seen the mountain from a distance his description was not widely believed in Europe, particularly after 1887 when <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Teleki_(explorer)" title="Sámuel Teleki (explorer)">Teleki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_H%C3%B6hnel" title="Ludwig von Höhnel">von Höhnel</a> ascended the mountain and described what they considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gregory-31">[31]</a> In 1893 <a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">Gregory's</a> expedition reached the Lewis Glacier at 5,000 m (16,400 ft). He confirmed that the volcano was extinct and that there were glaciers present.<a href="#cite_note-gregory1900-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-gregory-31">[31]</a> The first thorough survey by Europeans was not undertaken until 1966.<a href="#cite_note-geology-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peaks">Peaks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peaks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg/220px-Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg/330px-Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg/440px-Mount_Kenya_Summit_photomap-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The main peaks and glaciers of Mount Kenya are near the centre of the mountain.</figcaption></figure> The peaks of Mount Kenya are almost all of volcanic origin. The majority of the peaks are located near the centre of the mountain which have an <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> appearance due to their craggy nature. Typically of Alpine terrain, the highest peaks and <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(mountaineering)" title="Gendarme (mountaineering)">gendarmes</a> occur at the intersection of ridges.<a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> The central peaks only have a few <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, and small alpine plants growing in rock crevices.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> Further away from the central peaks, the volcanic plugs are covered in <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and soils.<a href="#cite_note-speck-32">[32]</a> The vegetation growing on these peaks is typical for their vegetation band. The highest peaks are Batian (5,199 m or 17,057 ft), Nelion (5,188 m or 17,021 ft) and Pt Lenana (4,985 m or 16,355 ft). Batian and Nelion are within 250 m (270 yd) of each other, separated by the Gate of the Mists gap of 5,144 m (16,877 ft).<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-climbs-33">[33]</a> Other peaks around the central plug include Pt Piggot (4,957 m or 16,263 ft), Pt Dutton (4,885 m or 16,027 ft), Pt John (4,883 m or 16,020 ft), Pt John Minor (4,875 m or 15,994 ft), Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft), Pt Peter (4,757 m or 15,607 ft), Pt Slade (4,750 m or 15,584 ft) and Midget Peak (4,700 m or 15,420 ft). All of these have a steep <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(geometry)" title="Pyramid (geometry)">pyramidal</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> Significant craggy outlying peaks include Terere (4,714 m or 15,466 ft) and Sendeyo (4,704 m or 15,433 ft) which form a pair of twin peaks to the north of the main plug. Together, they form a large parasitic plug. Other notable peaks include The Hat (4,639 m or 15,220 ft), Delamere Peak, Macmillan Peak and <a href="/wiki/Rotundu" title="Rotundu">Rotundu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Batian on the left, Nelion on the right, and Slade in the foreground"><img alt="Batian on the left, Nelion on the right, and Slade in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG/120px-Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG/180px-Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG/240px-Batian_Nelion_and_pt_Slade_in_the_foreground_Mt_Kenya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Batian on the left, Nelion on the right, and Slade in the foreground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lenana, the third highest peak, is the most ascended"><img alt="Lenana, the third highest peak, is the most ascended" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG/120px-Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG/180px-Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG/240px-Pt_Lenana_Mt_Kenya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lenana, the third highest peak, is the most ascended</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Kenya, left to right: Point Lenana (4985m), Nelion summit (5188), Batian summit (5199m)"><img alt="Mount Kenya, left to right: Point Lenana (4985m), Nelion summit (5188), Batian summit (5199m)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg/120px-Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg/180px-Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg/240px-Mount_Kenya_Lenana_Nelion_Batian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount Kenya, left to right: Point Lenana (4985m), Nelion summit (5188), Batian summit (5199m)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft) and Krapf glacier"><img alt="Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft) and Krapf glacier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg/120px-Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg/180px-Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg/240px-Krapf_rognon_and_glacier_after_snowstorm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="772" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft) and Krapf glacier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Midget peak can be climbed in a day.[34]"><img alt="Midget peak can be climbed in a day.[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG/120px-Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG/180px-Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG/240px-Hut_tarn_4500m_and_Midget_Peak_Mt_Kenya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Midget peak can be climbed in a day.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terere and Sendeyo are two craggy outlying peaks"><img alt="Terere and Sendeyo are two craggy outlying peaks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg/120px-Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg/180px-Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg/240px-Terere_and_Sendeyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terere and Sendeyo are two craggy outlying peaks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mugi hill and the Giant's Billiards Table offers some of the best hillwalking in Kenya.[20]"><img alt="Mugi hill and the Giant's Billiards Table offers some of the best hillwalking in Kenya.[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg/120px-Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg/180px-Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg/240px-Mugi_hill_and_giants_billards_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mugi hill and the Giant's Billiards Table offers some of the best hillwalking in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Batian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nelion from Batian in Dec 1974"><img alt="Nelion from Batian in Dec 1974" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Batian.jpg/120px-Batian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Batian.jpg/180px-Batian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Batian.jpg/240px-Batian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="778" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nelion from Batian in Dec 1974</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_john_from_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Looking down the Diamond Glacier to Pt John"><img alt="Looking down the Diamond Glacier to Pt John" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Point_john_from_top.jpg/78px-Point_john_from_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Point_john_from_top.jpg/117px-Point_john_from_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Point_john_from_top.jpg/156px-Point_john_from_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Looking down the Diamond Glacier to Pt John</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MtKenya_gletscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MtKenya_gletscher.jpg/220px-MtKenya_gletscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MtKenya_gletscher.jpg/330px-MtKenya_gletscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MtKenya_gletscher.jpg/440px-MtKenya_gletscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>The Lewis Glacier is the largest on Mount Kenya</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> on Mount Kenya are retreating rapidly. The Mountain Club of Kenya in Nairobi has photographs showing the mountain at the time of the first recorded ascent in 1899, and again more recently; the retreat of the glaciers is very evident.<a href="#cite_note-web-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-glafot-36">[36]</a> Descriptions of ascents of several of the peaks advise the use of crampons, but this is true only in some cases and at higher elevations. Every year there is less new snow accumulating in winter than melting in summer, even on the Lewis Glacier (the largest of them) in winter, so there is no formation of new ice. It is predicted to be less than 30 years before there will no longer be ice on Mount Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial</a> retreat and disappearance can be caused by changes in temperature trends, or by a change in precipitation trends.<a href="#cite_note-benn-37">[37]</a> The glacier names are (clockwise from the north): <ul><li>Northey(, Krapf, Gregory, Lewis, Diamond, Darwin, Forel, Heim, Tyndall, Cesar, Josef.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_upheaval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Frost_upheaval.jpg/220px-Frost_upheaval.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Frost_upheaval.jpg/330px-Frost_upheaval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Frost_upheaval.jpg/440px-Frost_upheaval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a> causes patterned <a href="/wiki/Solifluction" title="Solifluction">solifluction</a> lobes below Mugi Hill.</figcaption></figure> The total area covered by glaciers on the mountain was recorded as about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>0.7 km2 (1⁄4 sq mi) in the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-glacierfluctuations-38">[38]</a> far less than that recorded by the first observations, made in the 1890s. A new 2024 study shows that only 10% of the surface-area mentioned for the 1980's remains (6,9 ha remains, about half as much as in 2016).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periglacial_landforms">Periglacial landforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Periglacial landforms">edit</a>]</div> Although Mount Kenya is on the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> the freezing nightly temperatures result in <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> landforms. There is <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> a few centimetres (inches) below the surface. <a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground" title="Patterned ground">Patterned ground</a> is present at 3,400 m (11,155 ft) to the west of Mugi Hill.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> These mounds grow because the repeated freezing and thawing of the ground draws in more water. There are <a href="/wiki/Periglacial#Landforms_associated_with_periglacial_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">blockfields</a> present around 4,000 m (13,123 ft) where the ground has cracked to form hexagons. Solifluction occurs when the night temperatures freeze the soil before it thaws again in the morning. This daily expansion and contraction of the soil prevent the establishment of vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivers">Rivers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg/170px-The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg/255px-The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg/340px-The_gates_waterfall_mount_kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Runoff from Mount Kenya provides water for over 2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> Mount Kenya is the main water catchment area for two large rivers in Kenya; the <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya)" title="Tana River (Kenya)">Tana</a>, the largest river in Kenya, and the Ewaso Nyiro North.<a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a> The Mount Kenya ecosystem provides water directly for over 2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-development-11">[11]</a> The rivers on Mount Kenya have been named after the villages on the slopes of the mountain that they flow close to. The Thuchi River is the district boundary between Tharaka Nithi and Embu. Mount Kenya is a major water tower for the Tana river which in 1988 supplied 80% of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>'s electricity using a series of seven hydroelectric power stations and dams.<a href="#cite_note-Ojany_1993_305–309-40">[40]</a> The density of streams is very high, especially on the lower slopes which have never been glaciated. The <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a> which used to cover the mountain during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> eroded large <a href="/wiki/Valley#Glacial_valleys" title="Valley">U-shaped</a> valleys which tend to only have one large stream.<a href="#cite_note-baker-9">[9]</a> Where the original shape of the <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> is still preserved, there have been millions of years for streams to erode the hillside. This area is therefore characterised by frequent deep <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Valley#River_valleys" title="Valley">V-shaped</a> valleys.<a href="#cite_note-baker_map-41">[41]</a> The gradual transition from glaciated to the fluvial valley can be clearly observed.<a href="#cite_note-mapandguide-42">[42]</a> Rivers that start on Mount Kenya are the <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of two large Kenyan rivers: the <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya)" title="Tana River (Kenya)">Tana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ewaso_Ng%27iro" title="Ewaso Ng'iro">Ewaso Ng'iro</a> rivers. A lot of Mount Kenyan rivers flow into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagana_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagana River (page does not exist)">Sagana</a> which itself is a tributary of the Tana, which joins at the Masinga Reservoir. The rivers in the northern part of the mountain, such as the Burguret, Naru Moru, Nanyuki, Likii, and Sirimon flow into the Ewaso Nyiro. The rivers to the southwest, such as the Keringa and Nairobi flow into the Sagana and then into the Tana. The remaining rivers to the south and east, such as the Kathitâ (Largest River in Meru), Mutonga, Nithi, Thuchi, and Nyamindi, flow directly into the Tana.<a href="#cite_note-baker_map-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-mapandguide-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Mount_Kenya" title="Natural history of Mount Kenya">Natural history of Mount Kenya</a></div> Mount Kenya has several altitudinal ecological zones, from the savanna surrounding the mountain to the nival zone by the glaciers. Each zone has a dominant species of vegetation. Many of the species found higher up the mountain are endemic, either to Mount Kenya or East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> There are also differences within the zones, depending on the side of the mountain and the aspect of the slope. The southeast is much wetter than the north,<a href="#cite_note-glacierfluctuations-38">[38]</a> so species more dependent on moisture can grow. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Oldeania_alpina" title="Oldeania alpina">African alpine bamboo</a>, are limited to certain aspects of the mountain because of the amount of moisture.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zones">Zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg/220px-Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg/330px-Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg/440px-Mount_Kenya_Vegetation_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>There are distinct vegetation zones around Mount Kenya which vary according to altitude and aspect.</figcaption></figure> The climate of Mount Kenya changes considerably with altitude, forming belts of community types.<a href="#cite_note-Hedbergzones-43">[43]</a> Around the base of the mountain is fertile farmland. The people living around the mountain have cultivated this cool, relatively moist area for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-castro-44">[44]</a> Mount Kenya is surrounded by forests. The vegetation in the forests depend on rainfall, and the species present differ greatly between the northern and southern slopes.<a href="#cite_note-dutton-45">[45]</a> As time has passed the trees on the edge of the forest have been logged and the farmland has encroached further up the fertile slopes of the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-Hedbergzones-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-castro-44">[44]</a> Above the forest is a belt of <a href="/wiki/Oldeania_alpina" title="Oldeania alpina">African alpine bamboo</a>. This zone is almost continuous but is restricted to small isolated bunches in the north because of low rainfall. The bamboo is natural,<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> and does not require forest disturbance. Tracks are common through the bamboo. Bamboo suppresses other vegetation, so it is uncommon to find trees or other plants here.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg/220px-Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg/330px-Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg/440px-Timberline_forest_with_lichens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">timberline</a> forest is commonly in cloud. The trees are relatively small and covered in <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>.</figcaption></figure> Above the bamboo is the timberline forest. The trees here are often smaller than the trees in the forests lower down the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-zonation-46">[46]</a> The forest here is more intact because it is less accessible and better protected. When the trees can no longer grow the vegetation changes into <a href="/wiki/Heathland" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathland">heathland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a>, at around 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Heathland is found in the wetter areas, on the west side of Mount Kenya, and is dominated by giant <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">heathers</a>. Chaparral is found in drier areas and grasses are more common.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> and bushfires still occur.<a href="#cite_note-castro-44">[44]</a> As the altitude increases the temperature fluctuations become extreme and the air becomes thinner and drier. This region is known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-alpine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afro-alpine (page does not exist)">Afro-alpine</a> zone. The environment here is isolated, with the only similar area nearby being the <a href="/wiki/Aberdares" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdares">Aberdares</a>, which are 80 km (50 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> Many of the species here are endemic, with adaptations to the cold and fluctuating temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-hedberg-47">[47]</a> Typical plants here include giant groundsels (senecios) and giant lobelias.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> The region where the glaciers have recently retreated from is <a href="/wiki/Nival_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Nival zone">nival zone</a>. It is the area that plants have not yet been able to colonise.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_keniodendron2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Senecio_keniodendron2.jpg/220px-Senecio_keniodendron2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Senecio_keniodendron2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Many plants that live on Mount Kenya, like this <a href="/wiki/Senecio_keniodendron" class="mw-redirect" title="Senecio keniodendron">Senecio keniodendron</a>, have to be specially adapted to the extremes in temperature.</figcaption></figure> The flora found on Mount Kenya varies with altitude, aspect, and exposure.<a href="#cite_note-tropicalalpine-48">[48]</a> As the altitude increases, the plants have to be more specialised, with adaptations to strong sunlight with <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, lower mean temperatures, and freezing night temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-zonation-46">[46]</a> Plants in the Afro-alpine zone have overcome these difficulties in several ways.<a href="#cite_note-hedberg-47">[47]</a> One adaptation is known as the giant rosette, which is exhibited by giant senecio, giant lobelia, and giant thistle (<a href="/wiki/Carduus" title="Carduus">Carduus</a>), which use bud leaves to protect their buds from freezing. Giant rosette senecios form single-aged stands that drive community structure over decades.<a href="#cite_note-senecio-49">[49]</a> Many plant species in the Afro-alpine zone of Mount Kenya are giant versions of lowland (or temperate) relatives. However, nearer the nival zone the plants decrease in size again.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG/220px-Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG/330px-Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG/440px-Cape_Hyrax_Mt_Kenya_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyrax</a> can cope with a more extreme climate and are found up to the highest elevation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safari_ants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Safari_ants.jpg/220px-Safari_ants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Safari_ants.jpg/330px-Safari_ants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Safari_ants.jpg/440px-Safari_ants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safari_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari ants">Safari ants</a> swarm around the forest in long columns. They are easiest to see when they cross the tracks.</figcaption></figure> The majority of animals live lower down on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Here there is more vegetation and the climate is less extreme. Various species of monkeys, several antelopes, tree hyrax, porcupines, and some larger animals such as elephants and buffalo all live in the forest.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> Predators found here include hyenas and leopards, and occasionally lions.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> There are fewer mammals found at high altitudes on Mount Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-alpinevertebrates-50">[50]</a> The Mount Kenya <a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyrax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">common duiker</a> can live here, and are important to the ecosystem. Some smaller mammals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Groove-toothed_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Groove-toothed rat">groove-toothed rat</a>, can live here by burrowing into the giant senecios and using their thick stem of dead leaves as insulation.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> The Mount Kenya mole-rat <a href="/wiki/Tachyoryctes_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachyoryctes rex">Tachyoryctes rex</a> occurs at high altitudes, living in visible mounds.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Leopards are resident in the alpine zone. Other mammal species are only occasional visitors. Remains of elephants, monkeys, and <a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">bongo</a> have been found high in the alpine zone,<a href="#cite_note-alpinevertebrates-50">[50]</a> and other sightings are remembered in names such as Simba Tarn (simba means lion in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>).<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> Several bird species live in the Afro-alpine zone, including <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine chat">alpine chats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a> and the raptors, <a href="/wiki/Augur_buzzard" title="Augur buzzard">augur buzzard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lammergeier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lammergeier">lammergeier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verreaux%27s_eagle" title="Verreaux's eagle">Verreaux's eagle</a>, the latter of which specializes in hunting hyraxes. Birds are important in this ecosystem as pollinators.<a href="#cite_note-tropicalalpine-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mount_Kenya" title="Climate of Mount Kenya">Climate of Mount Kenya</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of Mount Kenya has played a critical role in the development of the mountain, influencing the topography and ecology amongst other factors. It has a typical <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> mountain climate which Hedberg described as winter every night and summer every day.<a href="#cite_note-hedberg1969-52">[52]</a> Mount Kenya is home to one of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Atmosphere_Watch" title="Global Atmosphere Watch">Global Atmosphere Watch</a>'s atmospheric monitoring stations.<a href="#cite_note-globalatmospherestation-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons">Seasons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITCZ_january-july.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ITCZ_january-july.png/220px-ITCZ_january-july.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ITCZ_january-july.png/330px-ITCZ_january-july.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ITCZ_january-july.png/440px-ITCZ_january-july.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>In January the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> is at its southern extreme over the Indian Ocean. In July it is at its northern extreme over Tibet and Arabia. As it passes over the equator, Mount Kenya experiences a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-camberlin2003-54">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> The year is divided into two distinct <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet seasons</a> and two distinct <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a> which mirror the wet and dry seasons in the Kenyan lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-climate_article-55">[55]</a> As Mount Kenya ranges in height from 1,374 to 5,199 m (4,508 to 17,057 ft), the climate varies considerably over the mountain and has different zones of influence. The lower, southeastern slopes are the wettest as the predominant <a href="/wiki/Weather_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather system">weather system</a> comes from the Indian ocean. This rainfall supports dense montane forests on these slopes. High on the mountain most of the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> falls as snow.<a href="#cite_note-spink-56">[56]</a> Combined, these water sources feed 11 <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>. The current climate on Mount Kenya is wet, but drier than it has been in the past. The temperatures span a wide range, which diminishes with altitude. In the lower alpine zone temperature usually do not go below 12 °C (54 °F).<a href="#cite_note-rossette-57">[57]</a> Snow and rain are common from March to December, but especially in the two wet seasons. The wet seasons combined account for 5/6 or 83% of the annual precipitation. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, which controls the wet and dry seasons, means that for most of the year there are south-easterly winds, but during January and February the dominant wind direction is north-easterly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mount Kenya, like most locations in the tropics, has two wet seasons and two dry seasons as a result of the monsoon. From mid-March to June the heavy rain season, known as the long rains, brings approximately half of the annual rainfall on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-castro-44">[44]</a> This is followed by the wetter of the two dry seasons which lasts until September. October to December are the short rains when the mountain receives approximately a third of its rainfall total. Finally from December to mid-March is the drier dry season when the mountain experiences the least rain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_pattern">Daily pattern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Daily pattern">edit</a>]</div> During the dry season, the mountain almost always follows the same daily weather pattern. Large daily temperature fluctuations occur which led Hedberg to exclaim winter every night and summer every day.<a href="#cite_note-hedberg1969-52">[52]</a> There is variation in minimum and maximum temperatures day to day, but the <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> of the mean hourly pattern is small.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg/220px-Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg/330px-Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg/440px-Sunrise_over_Mount_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In the dry season, mornings are typically clear and cool, but the mountain is hidden in cloud by mid-day.</figcaption></figure> A typical day is clear and cool in the morning with low humidity. The mountain is in direct sunlight which causes the temperatures to rise quickly with the warmest temperatures occurring between 09:00 and 12:00. This corresponds to a maximum in the pressure, usually around 10:00. Low on the mountain, between 2,400 and 3,900 m (7,874 and 12,795 ft), clouds begin to form over the western forest zone, due to moist air from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ojany_1993_305–309-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabatic">anabatic</a> winds caused by warm rising air gradually bring these clouds to the summit region in the afternoon. Around 15:00 there is a minimum in sunlight and a maximum in humidity causing the actual and perceived temperature to drop. At 16:00 there is a minimum of pressure. This daily cover of clouds protects the glaciers on the southwest of the mountain which would otherwise get direct sun every day, enhancing their melt.<a href="#cite_note-hastenrath-58">[58]</a> The upwelling cloud eventually reaches the dry easterly air streams and dissipates, leading to a clear sky by 17:00. There is another maximum temperature associated with this.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Being an equatorial mountain the daylight hours are constant with twelve-hour days. Sunrise is about 06:30 with the sun setting at 18:30 (both EAT = UTC+3). Over the year there is a one-minute difference between the shortest and longest days.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> At night, the sky is usually clear with <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> blowing down the valleys. Above the lower alpine zone there is usually frost every night.<a href="#cite_note-rossette-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_documentation">European documentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European documentation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Thomson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Joseph_Thomson.png/170px-Joseph_Thomson.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Joseph_Thomson.png 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> reached the foothills of Mount Kenya and confirmed <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Krapf</a>'s discovery.</figcaption></figure> The first European to report seeing Mount Kenya was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kitui" title="Kitui">Kitui</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Krapf-60">[60]</a> a town 150 km (90 mi)<a href="#cite_note-rough_guide-5">[5]</a> away from the mountain. The sighting was made on 3 December 1849,<a href="#cite_note-dutton-45">[45]</a> a year after the first sighting of Mount Kilimanjaro by a European.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Krapf was told by the <a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu people</a> that lived around the mountain that they did not ascend high enough on the mountain because of the intense cold and the <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">white matter</a> that rolled down the mountains with a loud noise. This led him to infer that glaciers existed on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-Krapf-60">[60]</a> It was Krapf who gave the mountain the name "Kenya", but the derivation of this is not known with certainty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Teleki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Samuel_Teleki.jpg/170px-Samuel_Teleki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Samuel_Teleki.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Teleki_(explorer)" title="Sámuel Teleki (explorer)">Count Sámuel Teleki</a> was the first European to set foot on Mount Kenya. His expedition reached 4,350 m (14,270 ft).</figcaption></figure> Krapf also noted that the rivers flowing from Mount Kenya, and other mountains in the area, were continuously flowing. This was very different from the other rivers in the area, which swelled up in the wet season and completely dried up after the rainy season had ended. As the streams flowed even in the driest seasons he concluded that there must be a source of water up on the mountain, in the form of glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-Krapf-60">[60]</a> He believed the mountain to be the source of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1851 Krapf returned to Kitui. He travelled 65 kilometres (40 mi) closer to the mountain, but did not see it again. In 1877 Hildebrandt was in the Kitui area and heard stories about the mountain, but also did not see it. Since there were no confirmations to back up Krapf's claim people began to be suspicious.<a href="#cite_note-gregory-31">[31]</a> In 1883 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> passed close by the west side of the mountain and confirmed Krapf's claim. He diverted his expedition and reached 1,737 m (5,700 ft) up the slopes of the mountain but had to retreat because of trouble with local people.<a href="#cite_note-thomson-30">[30]</a> The first European exploration high onto the mountain was achieved in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Teleki_(explorer)" title="Sámuel Teleki (explorer)">Count Sámuel Teleki</a>. He managed to reach 4,350 m (14,270 ft) on the southwestern slopes.<a href="#cite_note-teleki-63">[63]</a> On this expedition Teleki mistakenly believed he had found the crater of a volcano. In 1892, Teleki and von Höhnel returned to the eastern side but were unable to get through the forest.<a href="#cite_note-ecology-13">[13]</a> In 1893, an expedition managed to ascend Mount Kenya as far as the glaciers. This expedition was traveling from the coast to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baringo" title="Lake Baringo">Lake Baringo</a> in the Rift Valley and was led by <a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">Dr. John W Gregory</a>, a British geologist. They managed to ascend the mountain to around 4,730 m (15,520 ft) and spent several hours on the Lewis Glacier with their <a href="/wiki/Guide" title="Guide">guide</a>. On his return to Britain, Gregory published <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">papers</a> and a narrative account of his achievements.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> George Kolb, a German physician, made expeditions in 1894 and 1896<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> and was the first to reach the moorlands on the east side of the mountain. More exploration occurred after 1899 when the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a> was completed as far as the future site of Nairobi.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mackinder's_expedition">Mackinder's expedition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mackinder's expedition">edit</a>]</div> On 28 July 1899,<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Halford_John_Mackinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Halford John Mackinder">Sir Halford John Mackinder</a> set out from the site of Nairobi on an expedition to Mount Kenya. The members of the expedition consisted of 6 Europeans, 66 <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahilis</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> guides, and 96 Kikuyu. The Europeans were Campbell B. Hausberg, second in command and photographer; Douglas Saunders, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>; C F Camburn, <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermist</a>; Cesar Ollier, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_guide" title="Mountain guide">guide</a>; and Josef Brocherel, guide, and porter.<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> The expedition made it as far as the mountain but encountered many difficulties on the way. The country they passed through was full of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. Many Kikuyu porters tried to desert with women from the villages, and others stole from the villages, which made the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a> very hostile towards the expedition. When they reached the <a href="/wiki/Base_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Base camp">base camp</a> on 18 August,<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> they could not find any food, suffered two of their party killed by the local people, and eventually had to send Saunders to <a href="/wiki/Naivasha" title="Naivasha">Naivasha</a> to get help from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captain_Gorges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captain Gorges (page does not exist)">Captain Gorges</a>, the Government Officer there.<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> Mackinder pushed on up the mountain and established a camp at 3,142 m (10,310 ft)<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> in the Höhnel Valley. He made his first attempt on the summit on 30 August with Ollier and Brocherel up the southeast face, but they had to retreat when they were within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit of Nelion due to nightfall. On 5 September, Hausberg, Ollier, and Brocherel made a circuit of the main peaks looking for an easier route to the summit. They could not find one. On 11 September Ollier and Brocherel made an ascent of the Darwin Glacier, but were forced to retreat due to a <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> When Saunders returned from Naivasha with the relief party, Mackinder had another attempt at the summit with Ollier and Brocherel. They traversed the Lewis Glacier and climbed the southeast face of Nelion. They spent the night near the <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(mountaineering)" title="Gendarme (mountaineering)">gendarme</a> and traversed the <a href="/wiki/Snowfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfield">snowfield</a> at the head of the Darwin Glacier at dawn before cutting steps up the Diamond Glacier. They reached the summit of Batian at noon on 13 September 1899 and descended by the same route.<a href="#cite_note-mackinder-64">[64]</a> During the expedition, Mackinder ordered for 8 of the 90 African porters, who he had bought from a slave owner to carry his supplies, to be shot.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1930">1900–1930</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1900–1930">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg/170px-Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg/255px-Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg/340px-Mt_kenya_point_john_showing_couloir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Shipton and Russell made the first ascent of Point John up the south-east gully in 1929</figcaption></figure> After the first ascent of Mount Kenya, there were fewer expeditions there for a while. The majority of the exploration until after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> in Kenya, who were not on scientific expeditions. A <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">mission</a> was set up in <a href="/wiki/Chogoria" title="Chogoria">Chogoria</a>, and several Scottish missionaries ascended to the peaks, including <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_(missionary)" title="John Arthur (missionary)">Rev Dr. J. W. Arthur</a>, G. Dennis and A. R. Barlow. There were other ascents, but none succeeded in summitting Batian or Nelion.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> New approach routes were cleared through the forest, which made access to the area of the peak far easier. In 1920, Arthur and Sir Fowell Buxton tried to cut a route in from the south, and other routes came in from <a href="/wiki/Nanyuki" title="Nanyuki">Nanyuki</a> in the north, but the most commonly used was the route from the Chogoria mission in the east, built by Ernest Carr. Carr is also credited with building Urumandi and Top Huts.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> On 6 January 1929, the first ascent of Nelion was made by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Wyn-Harris" title="Percy Wyn-Harris">Percy Wyn-Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shipton" title="Eric Shipton">Eric Shipton</a>. They climbed the Normal Route, then descended to the Gate of Mists before ascending Batian. On 8 January they reascended, this time with G. A. Sommerfelt, and in December Shipton made another ascent with R. E. G. Russell. They also made the first ascent of Point John. During this year the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Club_of_East_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Club of East Africa (page does not exist)">Mountain Club of East Africa</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> At the end of July 1930, Shipton and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Bill Tilman</a> made the first traverse of the peaks. They ascended by the West Ridge of Batian, traversed the Gate of Mists to Nelion, and descended the Normal Route. During this trip, Shipton and Tilman made the first ascents of several other peaks, including Point Peter, Point Dutton, Midget Peak, Point Pigott, and either Terere or Sendeyo.<a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1931_to_present_day">1931 to present day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1931 to present day">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1930s, there were several visits to the moorlands around Mount Kenya, with fewer as far as the peaks. Raymond Hook and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Slade" title="Humphrey Slade">Humphrey Slade</a> ascended to map the mountain, and stocked several of the streams with trout. By 1938 there had been several more ascents of Nelion. In February, Miss C Carroll and Mtu Muthara became the first woman and African respectively to ascend Nelion, in an expedition with Noel Symington, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Climbers_of_Cambridge" title="The Night Climbers of Cambridge">The Night Climbers of Cambridge</a>, and on 5 March Miss Una Cameron became the first woman to ascend Batian.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> there was another drop in the ascents of the mountain. The most remarkable ascent during this period was by three <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a> who were being held in a British <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a> camp at the base of the mountain in Nanyuki. They escaped from camp to climb the mountain's third peak, Point Lenana, before "escaping" back into camp. <a href="/wiki/Felice_Benuzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Felice Benuzzi">Felice Benuzzi</a>, the team leader, retold his story in the book <a href="/wiki/No_Picnic_on_Mount_Kenya" title="No Picnic on Mount Kenya">No Picnic on Mount Kenya</a> (1946).<a href="#cite_note-picnic-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1949 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Club_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Club of Kenya (page does not exist)">Mountain Club of Kenya</a> split from the Mountain Club of East Africa, and the area above 3,400 m (11,150 ft) was designated a National Park.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> A road was built from <a href="/wiki/Naro_Moru" title="Naro Moru">Naro Moru</a> to the moorlands, allowing easier access. Many new routes were climbed on Batian and Nelion in the next three decades, and in October 1959 the Mountain Club of Kenya produced their first guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a> On Kenyan independence in 1963, Kisoi Munyao raised the Kenyan flag at the top of the mountain. He died in 2007 and was given a heroic funeral attended by the Kenyan president <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In the early 1970s the Mount Kenya National Park <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Rescue">Mountain Rescue</a> Team was formed, and by the end of the 1970s, all major routes on the peaks had been climbed.<a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a> On 19 July 2003, a South African registered aircraft, carrying 12 passengers and two crew, crashed into Mount Kenya at Point Lenana; nobody survived.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> This was not the first aircraft lost on the mountain; there is also the wreckage of at least one helicopter that crashed before 1972.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In March 2012 a massive fire raged on Mount Kenya, devouring thousands of hectares of ancient forests and endangered wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mountaineering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_on_Mount_Kenya" title="Mountaineering on Mount Kenya">Mountaineering on Mount Kenya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/220px--Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="260" data-mwtitle="Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm/Mount_Kenya_hike_impressions.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video from a hike on Mount Kenya</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climbing_routes">Climbing routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climbing routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg/220px-Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg/330px-Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg/440px-Climbing_on_Point_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>There are many peaks on Mount Kenya that require <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of the peaks on Mount Kenya have been summited. The majority of these involve <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a> as the easiest route, although some only require a <a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">scramble</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">walk</a>. The highest peak that can be ascended without climbing is Point Lenana, 4,985 m (16,355 ft).<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a> The majority of the 15,000 visitors to the national park each year climb this peak. In contrast, approximately 200 people summit Nelion and 50 summit Batian, the two highest peaks.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a> When ascended directly, Batian is usually climbed via the North Face Standard Route, <a href="/wiki/UIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAA">UIAA</a> grade IV+ (or 5.6+ YDS). The first recorded ascent of Batian was on 13 September 1899 by Sir Halford John Mackinder, Cesar Ollier, and Josef Brocherel. The Normal Route is the most climbed route up Nelion, and thence across to Batian. It was first climbed by Eric Shipton and Percy Wyn-Harris on 6 January 1929.<a href="#cite_note-eaimg-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It is possible to traverse between the two peaks, via the Gates of Mist, but this often involves spending a night in the Howell hut on top of Nelion. There is a bolted abseil descent route off Nelion.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> Mount Kenya's climbing seasons are a result of its location only 20 km (12 mi) from the equator. During the northern summer, the rock routes on the north side of the peak are in good summer condition, while at the same time, the ice routes on the south side of the peak are in prime shape. The situation is reversed during the southern summer. The two seasons are separated by several months of the rainy season before and after, during which climbing conditions are generally unfavorable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mount Kenya is home to several good ice routes, the two most famous being the Diamond Couloir and the Ice Window route. Snow and ice levels on the mountain have been retreating at an accelerated rate in recent years, making these climbs increasingly difficult and dangerous. The Diamond Couloir, a steep ice couloir fed by the fusion of the upper Diamond Glacier, was first climbed by National Park staff Phil Snyder and Thumbi Mathenge in October 1973. A direct finish was pioneered in 1975 by Yvon Chouinard and Michael Covington<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The couloir was once climbable in summer or winter but now is virtually unclimbable in summer conditions and is seldom deemed in climbable condition even in winter.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Last climbing reports describe the route very difficult, especially in the lower section. The route has changed into a modern ice climb with a very difficult 60m first pitch, starting with 8m of overhanging M7 dry tooling, followed by 50m of USA Grade V ice and by 6 pitches of moderate climbing on good ice and finally one pitch of water ice USA Grade IV+ ice at the headwall before getting to the Upper Diamond Glacier. The satellite peaks around the mountain also provide good climbs. These can be climbed in <a href="/wiki/Alpinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpinism">Alpine style</a> and vary in difficulty from a scramble to climbing at UIAA grade VI. They are useful for acclimatisation before climbing the higher peaks and as ascents in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walking_routes">Walking routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Walking routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg/220px-Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg/330px-Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg/440px-Mount_Kenya_Climbing_Routes_and_Huts_photomap-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the walking routes and huts around Mount Kenya</figcaption></figure> There are <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_on_Mount_Kenya#Walking_routes" title="Mountaineering on Mount Kenya">eight walking routes</a> up to the main peaks. Starting clockwise from the north these are the: Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon, and Timau Routes.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> Of these Chogoria, Naro Moru, and Sirimon are used most frequently and therefore have staffed gates. The other routes require special permission from the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Wildlife_Service" title="Kenya Wildlife Service">Kenya Wildlife Service</a> to use.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-eaimgw-78">[78]</a> The Chogoria route leads from <a href="/wiki/Chogoria" title="Chogoria">Chogoria</a> town up to the peaks circuit path. It heads through the forest to the south-east of the mountain to the moorland, with views over areas such as Ithanguni and the Giant's Billiards Table before following the Gorges Valley past the Temple and up to Simba Col below Point Lenana.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> The Mountain Club of Kenya claims that Ithanguni and the Giant's Billiards Table offer some of the best <a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">hillwalking</a> in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> The Naro Moru route is taken by many of the trekkers who try to reach Point Lenana. It can be ascended in only 3 days and has bunkhouses at each camp. The route starts at <a href="/wiki/Naro_Moru" title="Naro Moru">Naro Moru</a> town to the west of the mountain and climbs towards Mackinder's Camp before joining the Peak Circuit Path.<a href="#cite_note-eaimgw-78">[78]</a> The terrain is usually good, although one section is called the Vertical Bog.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> The Sirimon route approaches Mount Kenya from the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> The path splits on the moorlands, with the more frequently used fork following the Mackinder Valley and the quieter route traversing into the Liki North Valley.<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> The paths rejoin at Shipton's Cave just below Shipton's Camp on the Peak Circuit Path.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> The Peak Circuit Path is a path around the main peaks, with a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) and height gain and loss of over 2,000 m (6,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-map-3">[3]</a> It can be walked in one day, but more commonly takes two or three. It can also be used to join different ascent and descent routes. The route does not require technical climbing.<a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-eaimgw-78">[78]</a> Development is currently underway for a new route up the mountain starting from the Ragati conservancy and running up the ridge between the Naro Moru route and the old Kamweti trail.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 489px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gorges Valley is a major feature on the Chogoria Route."><img alt="The Gorges Valley is a major feature on the Chogoria Route." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg/120px-Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg/180px-Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg/240px-Mt_kenya_gorges_valley_chogoria_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="668" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gorges Valley is a major feature on the Chogoria Route.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical bog on Mount Kenya on the Naro Moru Route."><img alt="Vertical bog on Mount Kenya on the Naro Moru Route." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG/120px-Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG/180px-Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG/240px-Vertical_Bog_Mt_Kenya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical bog on Mount Kenya on the Naro Moru Route.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Looking towards the peaks up the Mackinder Valley on the Sirimon Route."><img alt="Looking towards the peaks up the Mackinder Valley on the Sirimon Route." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG/120px-View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG/180px-View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG/240px-View_into_the_Mackinder_Valley_3900m.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Looking towards the peaks up the Mackinder Valley on the Sirimon Route.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian Hut is found near the Lewis Glacier on the slopes of Point Lenana. The hut sleeps 30 people, with Top Hut nearby for porters.[34]"><img alt="Austrian Hut is found near the Lewis Glacier on the slopes of Point Lenana. The hut sleeps 30 people, with Top Hut nearby for porters.[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg/84px-Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg/126px-Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg/167px-Mt_kenya_austrian_hut_with_nelion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1362" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austrian Hut is found near the Lewis Glacier on the slopes of Point Lenana. The hut sleeps 30 people, with Top Hut nearby for porters.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liki North Hut is a small bothy in the Liki North Valley.[34] It offers little more than shelter from the weather."><img alt="Liki North Hut is a small bothy in the Liki North Valley.[34] It offers little more than shelter from the weather." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg/120px-Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg/180px-Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg/240px-Mt_kenya_liki_north_hut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liki North Hut is a small <a href="/wiki/Bothy" title="Bothy">bothy</a> in the Liki North Valley.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> It offers little more than shelter from the weather.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shipton's Camp is at the top of the Sirimon Route.[66] It has a large communal area and running cold water."><img alt="Shipton's Camp is at the top of the Sirimon Route.[66] It has a large communal area and running cold water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg/120px-Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg/180px-Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg/240px-Mt_kenya_shiptons_camp_with_sendeyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="789" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shipton's Camp is at the top of the Sirimon Route.<a href="#cite_note-cordee-66">[66]</a> It has a large communal area and running cold water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camping is allowed anywhere within the National Park.[20]"><img alt="Camping is allowed anywhere within the National Park.[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg/90px-Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg/135px-Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg/180px-Mount_Kenya_14200ft_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camping is allowed anywhere within the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_National_Park" title="Mount Kenya National Park">National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guide-20">[20]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_on_Mount_Kenya" title="List of names on Mount Kenya">List of names on Mount Kenya</a></div> The origin of the name Kenya is not clear but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu, and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa which mean "God's resting place" in all three languages. In the 19th Century, the German explorer, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Krapf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Krapf">Ludwig Krapf</a>, recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by some to be a corruption of the Kamba version.<a href="#cite_note-Krapf-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-krapf_452-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-foottit-80">[80]</a> Others however say that this was on the contrary a very precise notation of the correct African pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɛnjə/</a>. <a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Wangari Maathai tells the following story about the naming: Krapf and Johannes Rebmann asked their guide, a member of the Kamba community, who was carrying a gourd, what they called the mountain, and the guide, believing that the Germans were referring to the gourd, replied kĩĩ-nyaa, which became the name of the mountain and then the country.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In any case, the name was for a long time pronounced by colonial-heritage Europeans as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkiːnjə/</a>. The European pronunciation has been abandoned in modern times, in favor of the African version.<a href="#cite_note-oed_kenya-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_peaks">Names of peaks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Names of peaks">edit</a>]</div> The peaks of Mount Kenya have been given names from three different sources. Firstly, several Maasai chieftains have been commemorated, with names such as Batian, Nelion, and Lenana. They commemorate Mbatian, a Maasai <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Masai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of the Masai">Laibon</a> (Medicine Man), Nelieng, his brother, and Lenana and Sendeyo, his sons.<a href="#cite_note-dutton-45">[45]</a> Terere is named after another Maasai headman. The second type of name that was given to peaks is after European climbers and explorers. Some examples of this are Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton, and Arthur.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> The remaining names are after well-known Kenyan personalities, except John and Peter, which were named by the missionary Arthur after two <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>. There is a group of four peaks to the east of the main peaks named after European settlers; Coryndon, Grigg, Delamere, and McMillan.<a href="#cite_note-mck-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya" title="List of volcanoes in Kenya">List of volcanoes in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Volcanic Seven Summits">Volcanic Seven Summits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-peaklist-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peaklist_1-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/africa.html">"Africa Ultra-Prominences"</a> Peaklist.org. Retrieved 6 February 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-ewp_kenya_map-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ewp_kenya_map_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821014732/http://www.ewpnet.com/maps/mkinside.htm">"Mount Kenya Map Sample"</a>. Ewpnet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewpnet.com/maps/mkinside.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Map+Sample&rft.pub=Ewpnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewpnet.com%2Fmaps%2Fmkinside.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-map-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_3-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133844/http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm">Mount Kenya Map and Guide</a> (Map) (4th ed.). 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset. EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. EWP. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906227-96-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906227-96-1"><bdi>978-0-906227-96-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm">the original</a> on 27 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Map+and+Guide&rft.series=EWP+Map+Guides&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=EWP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-906227-96-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewpnet.com%2FKenyamap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-facingmtkenya-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facingmtkenya_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facingmtkenya_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyatta1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Kenyatta, Jomo</a> (1961). Facing Mount Kenya. London: Secker and Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-90219-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-90219-3"><bdi>978-0-435-90219-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Mount+Kenya&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+and+Warburg&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-435-90219-3&rft.aulast=Kenyatta&rft.aufirst=Jomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rough_guide-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rough_guide_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rough_guide_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rough_guide_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rough_guide_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1">Rough Guide Map Kenya (Map) (9 ed.). 1:900,000. Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. Rough Guide. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-359-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-359-6"><bdi>1-84353-359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+Map+Kenya&rft.series=Rough+Guide+Map&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Rough+Guide&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84353-359-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-does-mount-kenya-rise.html">"Where is Mount Kenya Located?"</a>. WorldAtlas. 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Where+is+Mount+Kenya+Located%3F&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhere-does-mount-kenya-rise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rift-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Rift_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Nonnotte" class="citation web cs1">Philippe Nonnotte. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/90/18/PDF/These_P.Nonnotte_web.pdf">"Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) – Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source – Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89tude+volcano-tectonique+de+la+zone+de+divergence+Nord-Tanzanienne+%28terminaison+sud+du+rift+kenyan%29+%E2%80%93+Caract%C3%A9risation+p%C3%A9trologique+et+g%C3%A9ochimique+du+volcanisme+r%C3%A9cent+%288+Ma+%E2%80%93+Actuel%29+et+du+manteau+source+%E2%80%93+Contraintes+de+mise+en+place+th%C3%A8se+de+doctorat+de+l%27universit%C3%A9+de+Bretagne+occidentale%2C+sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9+%3A+g%C3%A9osciences+marines&rft.au=Philippe+Nonnotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F15%2F90%2F18%2FPDF%2FThese_P.Nonnotte_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregory1894-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gregory1894_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory1894_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1894" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">Gregory, J. W.</a> (1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 50 (1–4): 515–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36">10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129865997">129865997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+Geology+of+British+East+Africa.-Part+I.+The+Glacial+Geology+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129865997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_9-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1967" class="citation book cs1">Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya area. Nairobi: Geological Survey of Kenya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+the+Mount+Kenya+area&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+of+Kenya&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravelMedals2020" class="citation web cs1">TravelMedals (26 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelmedals.com/challenges/peaks/mount-kenya-summit-challenge/">"Mount Kenya Summit Challenge!"</a>. Travel Medals. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Medals&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya+Summit+Challenge%21&rft.date=2020-01-26&rft.au=TravelMedals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelmedals.com%2Fchallenges%2Fpeaks%2Fmount-kenya-summit-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-development-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-development_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGichuki1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/">"Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya"</a>. Ambio. 28 (5): 430–435. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambio.kva.se">the original</a> (subscription required) on 31 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Threats+and+Opportunities+for+Mountain+Area+Development+in+Kenya&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=1999-08&rft.aulast=Gichuki&rft.aufirst=Francis+Ndegwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambio.kva.se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirinyaga-12"><a href="#cite_ref-kirinyaga_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Resnick, Mike</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kirinyagafableof00resn/page/293">Kirinyaga: a fable of Utopia</a>. Ballantine. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kirinyagafableof00resn/page/293">293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-41701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-41701-5"><bdi>978-0-345-41701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirinyaga%3A+a+fable+of+Utopia&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-345-41701-5&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkirinyagafableof00resn%2Fpage%2F293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecology-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecology_13-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1967" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Malcolm James (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologyofalpinez0017coem">The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya</a>. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+the+Alpine+Zone+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Dr+W.+Junk&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologyofalpinez0017coem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230202343/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800">"Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest"</a>. United Nations. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800">the original</a> on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+National+Park%2FNatural+Forest&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uicn-15"><a href="#cite_ref-uicn_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/800.pdf">"World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Nomination+%E2%80%93+IUCN+Technical+Evaluation+Mount+Kenya+%28Kenya%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Fadvisory_body_evaluation%2F800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kws_website-16"><a href="#cite_ref-kws_website_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125160907/http://www.kws.org/parks/parks_reserves/MKNP.html">"Mount Kenya National Park"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kws.org/parks/parks_reserves/MKNP.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kws.org%2Fparks%2Fparks_reserves%2FMKNP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unep-17"><a href="#cite_ref-unep_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=KEN+01">"Biosphere Reserve Information – Mount Kenya"</a>. UNESCO. 1998. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biosphere+Reserve+Information+%E2%80%93+Mount+Kenya&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fmabdb%2Fbr%2Fbrdir%2Fdirectory%2Fbiores.asp%3Fmode%3Dall%26code%3DKEN%2B01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaita2021" class="citation news cs1">Waita, Edwin (25 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-environment-forest/in-kenya-electric-fences-protect-forests-from-human-destruction-idUSKBN2AP140">"In Kenya, electric fences protect forests from human destruction"</a>. Reuters New Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+New+Service&rft.atitle=In+Kenya%2C+electric+fences+protect+forests+from+human+destruction&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.aulast=Waita&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-kenya-environment-forest%2Fin-kenya-electric-fences-protect-forests-from-human-destruction-idUSKBN2AP140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19517183">"Mt Kenya to get electric fence to stop wildlife straying"</a>. BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mt+Kenya+to+get+electric+fence+to+stop+wildlife+straying&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-19517183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_20-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenya_Wildlife_Service2006" class="citation cs2">Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Official+Guidebook&rft.pub=Kenya+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Kenya+Wildlife+Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Kenya">"Mount Kenya | volcano, Kenya"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya+%7C+volcano%2C+Kenya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMount-Kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbler1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ambler, Charles H. (March 1989). "The Renovation of Custom in Colonial Kenya: the 1932 Generation Succession Ceremonies in Embu". The Journal of African History. 30 (1): 139–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700030929">10.1017/s0021853700030929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245928948">245928948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Renovation+of+Custom+in+Colonial+Kenya%3A+the+1932+Generation+Succession+Ceremonies+in+Embu&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245928948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700030929&rft.aulast=Ambler&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdeda2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ndeda, Mildred A. J. (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/473">"Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case"</a>. Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review (52): 83–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Feastafrica.473">10.4000/eastafrica.473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-7245">2071-7245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198396394">198396394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Cahiers+d%27Afrique+de+l%27Est+%2F+The+East+African+Review&rft.atitle=Population+movement%2C+settlement+and+the+construction+of+society+to+the+east+of+Lake+Victoria+in+precolonial+times%3A+the+western+Kenyan+case&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198396394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2071-7245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Feastafrica.473&rft.aulast=Ndeda&rft.aufirst=Mildred+A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Feastafrica%2F473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1973" class="citation journal cs1">Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1973). "Early History of the Meru of Mt Kenya". The Journal of African History. 14 (1): 9–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700012147">10.1017/S0021853700012147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180774">180774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162608268">162608268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+the+Meru+of+Mt+Kenya&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162608268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700012147&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Butt, B. (March 2010). "Seasonal space-time dynamics of cattle behavior and mobility among Maasai pastoralists in semi-arid Kenya". Journal of Arid Environments. 74 (3): 403–413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JArEn..74..403B">2010JArEn..74..403B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaridenv.2009.09.025">10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-1963">0140-1963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arid+Environments&rft.atitle=Seasonal+space-time+dynamics+of+cattle+behavior+and+mobility+among+Maasai+pastoralists+in+semi-arid+Kenya&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=2010-03&rft.issn=0140-1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaridenv.2009.09.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JArEn..74..403B&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-somjee-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somjee_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-somjee_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomjee2000" class="citation journal cs1">Somjee, Sultan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.4somjee.html">"Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience"</a>. Research in African Literatures. 31 (4): 97–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FRAL.2000.31.4.97">10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144020233">144020233</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+African+Literatures&rft.atitle=Oral+Traditions+and+Material+Culture%3A+An+East+Africa+Experience&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FRAL.2000.31.4.97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144020233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Somjee&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fresearch_in_african_literatures%2Fv031%2F31.4somjee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoorlVeldkampClaessensvan_Gorp2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schoorl, J. M.; Veldkamp, A.; Claessens, L.; van Gorp, W.; Wijbrans, J. R. (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818114002033">"Edifice growth and collapse of the Pliocene Mt. Kenya: Evidence of large scale debris avalanches on a high altitude glaciated volcano"</a>. Global and Planetary Change. 123: 44–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GPC...123...44S">2014GPC...123...44S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2014.10.010">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8181">0921-8181</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+and+Planetary+Change&rft.atitle=Edifice+growth+and+collapse+of+the+Pliocene+Mt.+Kenya%3A+Evidence+of+large+scale+debris+avalanches+on+a+high+altitude+glaciated+volcano&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.issn=0921-8181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2014.10.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GPC...123...44S&rft.aulast=Schoorl&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Veldkamp%2C+A.&rft.au=Claessens%2C+L.&rft.au=van+Gorp%2C+W.&rft.au=Wijbrans%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0921818114002033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geology_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology_28-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1967" class="citation book cs1">Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya Area. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+the+Mount+Kenya+Area&rft.series=Geological+Survey+of+Kenya&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregory1900-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gregory1900_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory1900_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">Gregory, J. W.</a> (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa. Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 56 (1–4): 205–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12">10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219242189">219242189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+Geology+of+British+East+Africa.+Part+II.+The+Geology+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219242189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Thomson, Joseph</a> (1968) [1885]. Through Masai Land (3 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-141-95717-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-141-95717-0"><bdi>978-1-141-95717-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Masai+Land&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-141-95717-0&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregory-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gregory_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Gregory" title="John Walter Gregory">Gregory, John Walter</a> (1968) [1896]. The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1812-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-1812-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Rift+Valley&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1812-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=John+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-speck-32"><a href="#cite_ref-speck_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1982" class="citation journal cs1">Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance". Mountain Research and Development. 2 (2): 201–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3672965">10.2307/3672965</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3672965">3672965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Soils+of+the+Mount+Kenya+Area%3A+Their+formation%2C+ecology%2C+and+agricultural+significance&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3672965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3672965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climbs-33"><a href="#cite_ref-climbs_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214052053/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_climbs.htm">"Mount Kenya Climbing guide"</a>. Ewpnet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_climbs.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Climbing+guide&rft.pub=Ewpnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewpnet.com%2Feaimg%2FMount_Kenya_climbs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mck-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck_34-23">x</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1981" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-9856-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-9856-0-6"><bdi>978-9966-9856-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mountain+Club+of+Kenya+Guide+to+Mount+Kenya+and+Kilimanjaro&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=Mountain+Club+of+Kenya&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-9966-9856-0-6&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-web-35"><a href="#cite_ref-web_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountain_Club" class="citation web cs1">Mountain Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mck.or.ke/">"Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage"</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+Club+of+Kenya+Homepage&rft.au=Mountain+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mck.or.ke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glafot-36"><a href="#cite_ref-glafot_36-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html">Recession of Equatorial Glaciers. A Photo Documentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214101403/http://www.sundogpublishing.com/">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9729033-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9729033-3-2">978-0-9729033-3-2</a>, 144 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-benn-37"><a href="#cite_ref-benn_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennDavid1997" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Doug; David, Evans (1997). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58431-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-58431-6"><bdi>978-0-340-58431-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glaciers+and+Glaciation&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-340-58431-6&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=David%2C+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glacierfluctuations-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glacierfluctuations_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glacierfluctuations_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlénFastookHolmgrenMalmström1999" class="citation journal cs1">Karlén, Wibjörn; Fastook, James L; <a href="/wiki/Karin_Holmgren" title="Karin Holmgren">Holmgren, Karin</a>; Malmström, Maria; Matthews, John A; Odada, Eric; Risberg, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild; Sandgren, Per; Shemesh, Aldo; Westerberg, Lars-Ove (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/">"Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa"</a>. Ambio. 28 (5): 409–418. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambio.kva.se">the original</a> on 31 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Glacier+Fluctuations+on+Mount+Kenya+since+~6000+Cal.+Years+BP%3A+Implications+for+Holocene+Climate+Change+in+Africa&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1999-08&rft.aulast=Karl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Wibj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Fastook%2C+James+L&rft.au=Holmgren%2C+Karin&rft.au=Malmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Maria&rft.au=Matthews%2C+John+A&rft.au=Odada%2C+Eric&rft.au=Risberg%2C+Jan&rft.au=Rosqvist%2C+Gunhild&rft.au=Sandgren%2C+Per&rft.au=Shemesh%2C+Aldo&rft.au=Westerberg%2C+Lars-Ove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambio.kva.se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2752-5295/ad1fd7">https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2752-5295/ad1fd7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ojany_1993_305–309-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ojany_1993_305–309_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ojany_1993_305–309_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjany1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ojany, Francis F. (1993). "Mount Kenya and its environs: A review of the interaction between mountain and people in an equatorial setting". Mountain Research and Development. 13 (3): 305–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3673659">10.2307/3673659</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673659">3673659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya+and+its+environs%3A+A+review+of+the+interaction+between+mountain+and+people+in+an+equatorial+setting&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3673659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3673659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ojany&rft.aufirst=Francis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker_map-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baker_map_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_map_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807171130/http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm">Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area</a> (Map) (1st ed.). 1:125000. Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya. Edward Stanford Ltd. 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geological+Map+of+the+Mount+Kenya+Area&rft.series=Geological+Survey+of+Kenya&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford+Ltd&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feusoils.jrc.it%2FESDB_Archive%2FEuDASM%2FAfrica%2Fmaps%2Fafr_kegmmka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mapandguide-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mapandguide_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mapandguide_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1">Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide (Map) (1 ed.). 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906227-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-906227-39-9"><bdi>0-906227-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mt+Kenya+1%3A50000+Map+and+Guide&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Andrew+Wielochowski+and+Mark+Savage&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-906227-39-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedbergzones-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hedbergzones_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedbergzones_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1951" class="citation journal cs1">Hedberg, Olov (1951). "Vegetation belts of East African mountains". Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 45: 140–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svensk+Bot.+Tidskr.&rft.atitle=Vegetation+belts+of+East+African+mountains&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=Olov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-castro-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-castro_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-castro_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-castro_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-castro_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1995" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85339-253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85339-253-5"><bdi>978-1-85339-253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Kirinyaga&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Intermediate+Technology+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85339-253-5&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Alfonso+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dutton-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dutton_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dutton_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dutton_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1929" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya+Mountain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=E.A.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zonation-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zonation_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zonation_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemeläPellikka2004" class="citation book cs1">Niemelä, Tuomo; Pellikka, Petri (2004). Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya. Vol. 40. pp. 14–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2077-3"><bdi>978-952-10-2077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zonation+and+characteristics+of+the+vegetation+of+Mt.+Kenya&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-952-10-2077-3&rft.aulast=Niemel%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Tuomo&rft.au=Pellikka%2C+Petri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hedberg-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hedberg_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hedberg_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hedberg, Olov (1964). "Features of Afroalpine Plant Ecology". Acta Phytogeographica Suecica. 49: 1–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Phytogeographica+Suecica&rft.atitle=Features+of+Afroalpine+Plant+Ecology&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=Olov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tropicalalpine-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tropicalalpine_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tropicalalpine_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithYoung1987" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Alan P.; Young, Truman P. (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 137–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.18.110187.001033">10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Tropical+Alpine+Plant+Ecology&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.18.110187.001033&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alan+P.&rft.au=Young%2C+Truman+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senecio-49"><a href="#cite_ref-senecio_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungPeacock1992" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Truman P.; Peacock, Mary M. (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology. 80 (1): 141–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JEcol..80..141Y">1992JEcol..80..141Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2261071">10.2307/2261071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2261071">2261071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Giant+senecios+and+alpine+vegetation+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2261071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2261071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JEcol..80..141Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Truman+P.&rft.au=Peacock%2C+Mary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alpinevertebrates-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alpinevertebrates_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alpinevertebrates_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungEvans1993" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Truman P.; Evans, M.E. (1993). "Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya". Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 82 (202): 154–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+East+African+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Alpine+vertebrates+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=202&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Truman+P.&rft.au=Evans%2C+M.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusser,_Guy_G.Carleton,_Michael_D.2005" class="citation book cs1">Musser, Guy G. & Carleton, Michael D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3">"Superfamily Muroidea"</a>. In Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Superfamily+Muroidea&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+a+taxonomic+and+geographic+reference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E894-%3C%2Fspan%3E1531&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.au=Musser%2C+Guy+G.&rft.au=Carleton%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bucknell.edu%2Fmsw3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hedberg1969-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hedberg1969_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hedberg1969_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1969" class="citation journal cs1">Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1 (1–2): 135–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+speciation+in+a+tropical+high+mountain+flora&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalatmospherestation-53"><a href="#cite_ref-globalatmospherestation_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenneWolfgang_JunkermannJosiah_M._KariukiJohn_Aseyo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann; Josiah M. Kariuki; John Aseyo; Jörg Klausen (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A2295">"Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization"</a>. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 47 (11): 2946–2962. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JApMC..47.2946H">2008JApMC..47.2946H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JAMC1834.1">10.1175/2008JAMC1834.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122971010">122971010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+and+Climatology&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya+Global+Atmosphere+Watch+Station+%28MKN%29%3A+Installation+and+Meteorological+Characterization&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2946-%3C%2Fspan%3E2962&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122971010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008JAMC1834.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JApMC..47.2946H&rft.aulast=Henne&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Wolfgang+Junkermann&rft.au=Josiah+M.+Kariuki&rft.au=John+Aseyo&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Klausen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dora.lib4ri.ch%2Fempa%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fempa%253A2295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-camberlin2003-54"><a href="#cite_ref-camberlin2003_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamberlinOkoola2003" class="citation journal cs1">Camberlin, P; Okoola, R. E. (2003). "The onset and cessation of the 'long rains' in eastern Africa and their interannual variability". Theor. Appl. Climatol. 75 (1–2): 43–54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ThApC..75...43C">2003ThApC..75...43C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00704-002-0721-5">10.1007/s00704-002-0721-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118140053">118140053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theor.+Appl.+Climatol.&rft.atitle=The+onset+and+cessation+of+the+%27long+rains%27+in+eastern+Africa+and+their+interannual+variability&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118140053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-002-0721-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ThApC..75...43C&rft.aulast=Camberlin&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Okoola%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate_article-55"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_article_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya". Weather. 21 (2): 48–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Wthr...21...48T">1966Wthr...21...48T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1477-8696.1966.tb02813.x">10.1002/j.1477-8696.1966.tb02813.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=The+mean+annual+rainfall+of+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1477-8696.1966.tb02813.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Wthr...21...48T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spink-56"><a href="#cite_ref-spink_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpink1945" class="citation journal cs1">Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya". Geographical Journal. 106 (5/6): 210–216. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945GeogJ.106..210S">1945GeogJ.106..210S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1788958">10.2307/1788958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788958">1788958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Further+Notes+on+the+Kibo+Inner+Crater+and+Glaciers+of+Kilimanjaro+and+Mount+Kenya&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1788958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1788958&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1945GeogJ.106..210S&rft.aulast=Spink&rft.aufirst=Lieut.-Commander+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rossette-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rossette_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rossette_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckErnst-Detlef_SchulzeMargot_SenserRenate_Scheibe1984" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze; Margot Senser; Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta. 162 (3): 276–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Plant.162..276B">1984Plant.162..276B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00397450">10.1007/BF00397450</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24253100">24253100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36783645">36783645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planta&rft.atitle=Equilibrium+freezing+of+leaf+water+and+extracellular+ice+formation+in+Afroalpine+%27giant+rosette%27+plants&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00397450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36783645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24253100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Plant.162..276B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Ernst-Detlef+Schulze&rft.au=Margot+Senser&rft.au=Renate+Scheibe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hastenrath-58"><a href="#cite_ref-hastenrath_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastenrath1984" class="citation book cs1">Hastenrath, Stefan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glaciersofequato0000hast">The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa</a>. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1572-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1572-2"><bdi>978-90-277-1572-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glaciers+of+Equatorial+East+Africa&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Holland&rft.pub=D.+Reidel+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1572-2&rft.aulast=Hastenrath&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglaciersofequato0000hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220114335/http://www.dawnsun.net/astro/suncalc/">"Sunset & sunrise calculator (altitude not taken into account)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawnsun.net/astro/suncalc/">the original</a> on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunset+%26+sunrise+calculator+%28altitude+not+taken+into+account%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawnsun.net%2Fastro%2Fsuncalc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krapf-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krapf_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrapf1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Krapf, Johann Ludwig</a> (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels%2C+Researches%2C+and+Missionary+Labours+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Krapf&rft.aufirst=Johann+Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackinder1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Mackinder, Halford</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449198">"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Journal" title="The Geographical Journal">The Geographical Journal</a>. 15 (5): 453–476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1900GeogJ..15..453M">1900GeogJ..15..453M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1774261">10.2307/1774261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261">1774261</a>. <q>It was the missionary Rebmann of Mombasa who, in 1848, first reported the existence of Kilimanjaro. In the following year his colleague, Krapf, saw Kenya from Kitui, a spot 90 miles southeast of the peak.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Journey+to+the+Summit+of+Mount+Kenya%2C+British+East+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1774261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1774261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1900GeogJ..15..453M&rft.aulast=Mackinder&rft.aufirst=Halford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrapf1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Krapf, Johann Ludwig</a> (13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer. i: 345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Missionary+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Extract+from+Krapf%27s+diary&rft.volume=i&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1850-05-13&rft.aulast=Krapf&rft.aufirst=Johann+Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teleki-63"><a href="#cite_ref-teleki_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_HöhnelTeleki1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_H%C3%B6hnel" title="Ludwig von Höhnel">von Höhnel, Lieutenant Ludwig</a>; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Teleki_(explorer)" title="Sámuel Teleki (explorer)">Teleki, Count Samuel</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoverylakesr01hhgoog">Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie</a>. London: Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+Lakes+Rudolf+and+Stefanie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=von+H%C3%B6hnel&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+Ludwig&rft.au=Teleki%2C+Count+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoverylakesr01hhgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackinder-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_64-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackinder1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Halford John Mackinder">Mackinder, Halford John</a> (May 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449198">"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa"</a>. The Geographical Journal. 15 (5): 453–476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1900GeogJ..15..453M">1900GeogJ..15..453M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1774261">10.2307/1774261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261">1774261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Journey+to+the+Summit+of+Mount+Kenya%2C+British+East+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=1900-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1774261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1774261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1900GeogJ..15..453M&rft.aulast=Mackinder&rft.aufirst=Halford+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/news/2019/1023-mackinder-gerry-kearns.html">"Oxford Geography's Uncomfortable History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a href="/wiki/School_of_Geography_and_the_Environment,_University_of_Oxford" title="School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford">School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford</a>. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Oxford+Geography%27s+Uncomfortable+History&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F1023-mackinder-gerry-kearns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cordee-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cordee_66-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1998" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-98-3"><bdi>978-1-871890-98-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kilimanjaro+%26+Mount+Kenya%3B+A+Climbing+and+Trekking+Guide&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Cordee&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-871890-98-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-picnic-67"><a href="#cite_ref-picnic_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenuzzi2005" class="citation book cs1">Benuzzi, Felice (2005) [1953]. No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-724-6"><bdi>978-1-59228-724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Picnic+on+Mount+Kenya%3A+A+Daring+Escape%2C+a+Perilous+Climb&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-724-6&rft.aulast=Benuzzi&rft.aufirst=Felice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2004" class="citation web cs1">Brandt, Anthony (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040902081030/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books.html">"Extreme Classics: The 100 Greatest Adventure Books of All Time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Adventure_(magazine)" title="National Geographic Adventure (magazine)">National Geographic Adventure</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Adventure&rft.atitle=Extreme+Classics%3A+The+100+Greatest+Adventure+Books+of+All+Time&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2F0404%2Fadventure_books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> Additional pages archived on 22 July 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040722032824/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books_1-19.html">Page 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040831001431/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books_20-39.html">Page 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040831001359/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books_40-59.html">Page 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830100950/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books_60-79.html">Page 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040831001341/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0404/adventure_books_80-100.html">Page 5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 11 April 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064840/https://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=42031">An hero is laid to rest</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Charter aircraft crashes into Kenya's Mount Kenya., Airline Industry Information, 21 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Rescue teams resume efforts to recover bodies of those killed in charter aircraft crash, Airline Industry Information, 23 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Aircraft flown off Mount Kenya". News. The Times. No. 49451. London. 23 January 1943. col C, p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Aircraft+flown+off+Mount+Kenya&rft.issue=49451&rft.pages=col+C%2C+p.-3&rft.date=1943-01-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/20123229592167488.html">"Fire devours Kenya's ancient forests"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+devours+Kenya%27s+ancient+forests&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2012%2F03%2F20123229592167488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eaimg-74"><a href="#cite_ref-eaimg_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214052053/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_climbs.htm">"Mount Kenya Online Climbing Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_climbs.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Online+Climbing+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewpnet.com%2Feaimg%2FMount_Kenya_climbs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Alpine Journal Vol. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Iain Allan: The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro (Nairobi; Mountain Club of Kenya, 1998) p107 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119021555/http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/diamondclimbed/">"Diamond Couloir Still Climbable"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climbing.com/news/hotflashes/diamondclimbed/">the original</a> on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamond+Couloir+Still+Climbable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fhotflashes%2Fdiamondclimbed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eaimgw-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eaimgw_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eaimgw_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eaimgw_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091034/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm">"Mount Kenya Online Trekking Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Online+Trekking+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewpnet.com%2Feaimg%2FMount_Kenya_general.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krapf_452-79"><a href="#cite_ref-krapf_452_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrapf1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Krapf" title="Johann Ludwig Krapf">Krapf, Johann Ludwig</a> (13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer. i: 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+Missionary+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Extract+from+Krapf%27s+diary&rft.volume=i&rft.pages=452&rft.date=1850-05-13&rft.aulast=Krapf&rft.aufirst=Johann+Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foottit-80"><a href="#cite_ref-foottit_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoottit2006" class="citation book cs1">Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-066-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-066-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya&rft.series=The+Brade+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-066-4&rft.aulast=Foottit&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._J._Ratcliffe1943" class="citation journal cs1">B. J. Ratcliffe (January 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya". Journal of the Royal African Society. 42 (166): 42–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/717465">717465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+African+Society&rft.atitle=The+Spelling+of+Kenya&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=166&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1943-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F717465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=B.+J.+Ratcliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangari_Maathai2006" class="citation book cs1">Wangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.au=Wangari+Maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed_kenya-83"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_kenya_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Kenya" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Kenya">"Kenya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kenya&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DKenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenuzzi,_F.1953" class="citation book cs1">Benuzzi, F. (1953). <a href="/wiki/No_Picnic_on_Mount_Kenya" title="No Picnic on Mount Kenya">No Picnic on Mount Kenya</a>. Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-724-6"><bdi>978-1-59228-724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Picnic+on+Mount+Kenya&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-724-6&rft.au=Benuzzi%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Best, Nicholas (2014). Point Lenana. Thistle Publishing/Kindle Single.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Watteville,_Vivienne1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_de_Watteville" title="Vivienne de Watteville">de Watteville, Vivienne</a> (1935). Speak to the Earth. W W Norton and Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39333-556-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39333-556-9"><bdi>978-0-39333-556-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+to+the+Earth&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+and+Co+Inc&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-39333-556-9&rft.au=de+Watteville%2C+Vivienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman_J.1993" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/">When We Began, There Were Witchmen An Oral History from Mount Kenya</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08615-9"><bdi>978-0-520-08615-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began%2C+There+Were+Witchmen+An+Oral+History+from+Mount+Kenya&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08615-9&rft.au=Fadiman+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft8199p24c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyatta,_J.1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Kenyatta, J.</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Facing_Mount_Kenya" title="Facing Mount Kenya">Facing Mount Kenya</a>. Vintage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70210-0"><bdi>978-0-394-70210-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Mount+Kenya&rft.pub=Vintage+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-394-70210-0&rft.au=Kenyatta%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaney,_W.C.1990" class="citation book cs1">Mahaney, W.C. (1990). Ice on the Equator. Ellison Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A: Wm Caxton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940473-19-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940473-19-5"><bdi>978-0-940473-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+on+the+Equator&rft.place=Ellison+Bay%2C+Wisconsin%2C+U.S.A&rft.pub=Wm+Caxton+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-940473-19-5&rft.au=Mahaney%2C+W.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"> A full survey of the long glacial and periglacial reconstructive history of Mt. Kenya, its geological and environmental settings, sequences of paleosols (ancient soils) and their significance in understanding the multiplicity of glaciations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mount_Kenya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mount_Kenya" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/800">"Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+National+Park%2FNatural+Forest&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510012544/http://www.mountkenyatrust.org/">"Mount Kenya Trust"</a>. Mount Kenya Trust. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountkenyatrust.org/">the original</a> on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Trust&rft.pub=Mount+Kenya+Trust&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountkenyatrust.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125160907/http://www.kws.org/parks/parks_reserves/MKNP.html">"Mt. Kenya National Park"</a>. Kenya Wildlife Service. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kws.org/parks/parks_reserves/MKNP.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mt.+Kenya+National+Park&rft.pub=Kenya+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kws.org%2Fparks%2Fparks_reserves%2FMKNP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11193">"Mount Kenya, Kenya"</a>. Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Mount+Kenya%2C+Kenya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D11193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountkenyaclimbing.com">"Mount Kenya Climbing Routes"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Kenya+Climbing+Routes&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountkenyaclimbing.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Kenya" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mount_Kenya15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Kenya" title="Template:Mount Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Kenya" title="Template talk:Mount Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Kenya15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Kenya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya_National_Park" title="Mount Kenya National Park">National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Mount_Kenya" title="Natural history of Mount Kenya">Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mount_Kenya" title="Climate of Mount Kenya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_on_Mount_Kenya" title="Mountaineering on Mount Kenya">Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_on_Mount_Kenya" title="List of names on Mount Kenya">Names list</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/50px-Mount_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/75px-Mount_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mount_Kenya.jpg/100px-Mount_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Second_Summits92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Second_Summits" title="Template:Seven Second Summits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Second_Summits" title="Template talk:Seven Second Summits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Second_Summits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Second Summits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Second_Summits92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Second_Summits" title="Seven Second Summits">Seven Second Summits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> (8,611 m or 28,251 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> (6,893 m or 22,615 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Logan" title="Mount Logan">Mount Logan</a> (5,959 m or 19,551 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dykh-Tau" title="Dykh-Tau">Dykh-Tau</a> (5,205 m or 17,077 ft)</li> <li> or <a href="/wiki/Dufourspitze" title="Dufourspitze">Dufourspitze</a> (4,634 m or 15,203 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Kenya</a> (5,199 m or 17,057 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tyree" title="Mount Tyree">Mount Tyree</a> (4,852 m or 15,919 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Mandala" title="Puncak Mandala">Puncak Mandala</a> (4,760 m or 15,617 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Townsend_(Snowy_Mountains)" title="Mount Townsend (Snowy Mountains)">Mount Townsend</a> (2,209 m or 7,247 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172070#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172070#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172070#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236811162">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072011">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359122r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359122r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628469">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge631972&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541050205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032590539">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_points_of_Africa258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_points_of_Africa258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tahat" title="Mount Tahat">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Moco" title="Mount Moco">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sokbaro" title="Mont Sokbaro">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monalanong_Hill" title="Monalanong Hill">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tenakourou" title="Mount Tenakourou">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heha" title="Mount Heha">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_do_Fogo" title="Pico do Fogo">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ngaoui" title="Mont Ngaoui">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karthala" title="Mount Karthala">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Nabemba" title="Mont Nabemba">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousa_Ali" title="Mousa Ali">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabal_Sha%27ib_El_Banat" title="Gabal Sha'ib El Banat">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Basil%C3%A9" title="Pico Basilé">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emba_Soira" title="Emba Soira">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlembe" title="Emlembe">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Dashen" title="Ras Dashen">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Bengou%C3%A9" title="Mont Bengoué">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sare_Firasu_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sare Firasu Hill (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leklata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leklata (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richard-Molard" title="Mount Richard-Molard">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabana_Ntlenyana" title="Thabana Ntlenyana">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wuteve" title="Mount Wuteve">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikku_Bitti" title="Bikku Bitti">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maromokotro" title="Maromokotro">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulanje_Massif" title="Mulanje Massif">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hombori" title="Mount Hombori">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kediet_ej_Jill" title="Kediet ej Jill">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton_de_la_Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire" title="Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubkal" title="Toubkal">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Binga" title="Monte Binga">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandberg_Mountain" title="Brandberg Mountain">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Idoukal-n-Tagh%C3%A8s" title="Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Karisimbi" title="Mount Karisimbi">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="Pico de São Tomé">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felo_Barkere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felo Barkere (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_Seychellois" title="Morne Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bintumani" title="Mount Bintumani">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafadi" title="Mafadi">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinyeti" title="Kinyeti">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrah_Mountains" title="Marrah Mountains">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Atilakoutse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Atilakoutse (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_ech_Chambi" title="Jebel ech Chambi">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanley" title="Mount Stanley">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafinga_Central" title="Mafinga Central">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhzoukhane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhzoukhane (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabal_Hagar_El_Zarqa" title="Gabal Hagar El Zarqa">Bir Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavtoppen" title="Olavtoppen">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Ross" title="Mont Ross">French Southern & Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Heard & McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benara" title="Benara">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton_des_Neiges" title="Piton des Neiges">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary%27s_Peak" title="Queen Mary's Peak">Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&oldid=1274824222">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&oldid=1274824222</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mount_Kenya" title="Category:Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_African_montane_forests" title="Category:East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="Category:Eastern Province (Kenya)">Eastern Province (Kenya)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_volcanoes" title="Category:Extinct volcanoes">Extinct volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Kenya" title="Category:Mountains of Kenya">Mountains of Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seven_Second_Summits" title="Category:Seven Second Summits">Seven Second Summits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stratovolcanoes_of_Kenya" title="Category:Stratovolcanoes of Kenya">Stratovolcanoes of Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanic_plugs_of_Africa" title="Category:Volcanic plugs of Africa">Volcanic plugs of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_the_Great_Rift_Valley" title="Category:Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley">Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Five-thousanders_of_Africa" title="Category:Five-thousanders of Africa">Five-thousanders of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Highest_points_of_countries" title="Category:Highest points of countries">Highest points of countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pliocene_Africa" title="Category:Pliocene Africa">Pliocene Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pliocene_stratovolcanoes" title="Category:Pliocene stratovolcanoes">Pliocene stratovolcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Kenya" title="Category:Protected areas of Kenya">Protected areas of Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_established_in_1949" title="Category:Protected areas established in 1949">Protected areas established in 1949</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_establishments_in_Kenya" title="Category:1949 establishments in Kenya">1949 establishments in Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kenya" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Kenya">World Heritage Sites in Kenya</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Meru-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Meru-language text">Articles containing Meru-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gikuyu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gikuyu-language text">Articles containing Gikuyu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kamba_(Kenya)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kamba (Kenya)-language text">Articles containing Kamba (Kenya)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Embu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Embu-language text">Articles containing Embu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 13:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kenya&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Mount Kenya</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 79 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-w8dzp","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.563","walltime":"1.829","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10724,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":249952,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13754,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":381534,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1620.550 1 -total"," 35.56% 576.253 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.64% 366.973 1 Template:Infobox_mountain"," 21.29% 344.979 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.45% 169.367 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.62% 155.902 22 Template:Cite_web"," 7.53% 122.038 1 Template:Native_name_checker"," 7.52% 121.836 25 Template:Cite_book"," 6.55% 106.090 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.84% 94.686 3 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.970","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22261516,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-fsvsv","timestamp":"20250215110037","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mount Kenya","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Kenya","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172070","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172070","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-14T05:12:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T13:11:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Mount_Kenya.jpg","headline":"African stratovolcano"}</script> </body> </html>