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Tiwanaku — Wikipédia

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<span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section La Cité du Soleil</span> </button> <ul id="toc-La_Cité_du_Soleil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Le_temple_de_Kalasasaya_et_ses_environs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_temple_de_Kalasasaya_et_ses_environs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Le temple de Kalasasaya et ses environs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_temple_de_Kalasasaya_et_ses_environs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_pyramide_d&#039;Akapana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_pyramide_d&#039;Akapana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>La pyramide d'Akapana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_pyramide_d&#039;Akapana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_la_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_la_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dans la culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dans_la_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Dans la culture</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dans_la_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jeux_vidéo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeux_vidéo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jeux vidéo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeux_vidéo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeux_de_société" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeux_de_société"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jeux de société</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeux_de_société-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiwanaku</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 60 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="تيواناكو – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيواناكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88" title="تيواناكو – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيواناكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiuanako" title="Tiuanako – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tiuanako" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тиуанако – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тиуанако" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тыўанака – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыўанака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тиуанако – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тиуанако" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="তিওয়ানাকু সভ্যতা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিওয়ানাকু সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco_(lungsod_sa_Bolibiya)" title="Tiahuanaco (lungsod sa Bolibiya) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tiahuanaco (lungsod sa Bolibiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Τιαουανάκο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιαουανάκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تیاهواناکو – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیاهواناکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95" title="טיוואנאקו – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיוואנאקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Տիուանակո – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիուանակո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AF" title="ティワナク – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティワナク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ტიუანაკო – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიუანაკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тиуанако – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тиуанако" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%EC%BD%94" title="티아우아나코 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티아우아나코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihuanakas" title="Tihuanakas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tihuanakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Тиванаку – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тиванаку" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A" title="ടിയവ്നാകൊ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിയവ്നാകൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="तिवानाकु – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिवानाकु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiauanaco" title="Tiauanaco – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiauanaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тиуанако – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиуанако" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco" title="Tiahuanaco – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tiahuanaco" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiahuanaco_(archeologick%C3%A1_lokalita)" title="Tiahuanaco (archeologická lokalita) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tiahuanaco (archeologická lokalita)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiavanaku" title="Tiavanaku – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tiavanaku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тијаванако – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тијаванако" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9" title="ตีวานากู – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตีวานากู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Тіаванако – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіаванако" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiauanako" title="Tiauanako – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tiauanako" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3%E7%A7%91" title="蒂亚瓦纳科 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒂亚瓦纳科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D%E7%A7%91" title="蒂亞瓦納科 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒂亞瓦納科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiwanaku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Tiwanaku" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Tiwanaku" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;oldid=218327350" title="Adresse permanente de cette 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/4/-16.55472/-68.67333/fr" data-zoom="4" data-lat="-16.55472" data-lon="-68.67333" data-overlays="[&quot;_6417ed9472937844b4421e67efc83b7b4e906fce&quot;]">16°&#160;33′&#160;17″&#160;sud, 68°&#160;40′&#160;24″&#160;ouest</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Tiahuanaco" class="mw-disambig" title="Tiahuanaco">Tiahuanaco</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;color:black;"><div style="font-size:85%; padding-bottom:6px;">Tiwanaku&#160;: centre spirituel et politique de la culture tiwanaku&#160;*</div> <div style="padding:0.25em; font-size:70%; border-top:1px solid lightgrey; border-bottom:1px solid lightgrey; line-height: 2em;"><span class="mw-valign-bottom skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial" title="Patrimoine mondial"><img alt="Logo du patrimoine mondial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/25px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/38px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/50px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>&#8194;<a href="/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial" title="Patrimoine mondial">Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO</a></div> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Tiwanaku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg/280px-Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg/420px-Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg/560px-Tiwanaku_Statue_Der_Moench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Coordonnées </th><td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/4/-16.55472/-68.67333/fr" data-zoom="4" data-lat="-16.55472" data-lon="-68.67333" data-overlays="[&quot;_6417ed9472937844b4421e67efc83b7b4e906fce&quot;]">16°&#160;33′&#160;17″&#160;sud, 68°&#160;40′&#160;24″&#160;ouest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:45%;">Pays </th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Bolivie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Bandera_de_Bolivia_(Estado).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Bolivie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Bolivie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/20px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/40px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivie" title="Bolivie">Bolivie</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Subdivision </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_d%27Ingavi" title="Province d&#39;Ingavi">Province d'Ingavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_La_Paz_(Bolivie)" title="Département de La Paz (Bolivie)">département de La Paz</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type </th> <td>Culturel </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Critères </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/fr/criteres/">(iii) (iv)</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Numéro<br />d’identification </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/567">567</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région </th> <td>Amérique latine et Caraïbes&#160;<b>**</b> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Année d’inscription </th> <td><time datetime="2000" data-sort-value="2000" class="date-lien"><a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a></time> (<a href="/wiki/24e_session_du_Comit%C3%A9_du_patrimoine_mondial" title="24e session du Comité du patrimoine mondial"><abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-quatrième">24<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;session</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div style="border-top:1px solid lightgrey"></div><div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div><span class="thumbcaption">* Descriptif officiel UNESCO<br />** Classification UNESCO</span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #F9F9F9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Patrimoine_mondial" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Puerta_monolitica_(Puerta_del_Sol.)_1903-1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg/220px-Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg/330px-Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg/440px-Puerta_monolitica_%28Puerta_del_Sol.%29_1903-1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption> La porte du soleil en 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>La civilisation de <b>Tiwanaku</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Aymara_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymara (langue)">aymara</a>, ou <b>Tiahuanaco</b>, nom de la <a href="/wiki/Tiahuanaco_(ville)" title="Tiahuanaco (ville)">ville moderne</a> en <a href="/wiki/Espagnol" title="Espagnol">espagnol</a>), est une civilisation pré-<a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">inca</a> qui a dominé la moitié sud des <a href="/wiki/Cordill%C3%A8re_des_Andes" title="Cordillère des Andes">Andes</a> centrales entre les <a href="/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle" title="Ve siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#32;et&#32;<a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#160;siècles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Géographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png/170px-Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png/255px-Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png/340px-Huari-with-tiahuanaco.png 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Carte de l'extension des peuples Tiwanaku et Huari.</figcaption></figure> <p>La civilisation de Tiwanaku a pris naissance sur la rive sud du <a href="/wiki/Lac_Titicaca" title="Lac Titicaca">lac Titicaca</a>, à plus de <span class="nowrap">3&#160;800 mètres</span> d'altitude, aux environs du site archéologique de la Cité du Soleil de <a href="/wiki/Tiahuanaco_(ville)" title="Tiahuanaco (ville)">Tiahuanaco</a>. Son extension maximale est mal connue, mais les recherches archéologiques témoignent d'une expansion sur de vastes territoires en direction du sud et du sud-est du lac Titicaca. Ces régions correspondent à l'actuel nord du <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> et à l'ouest de la <a href="/wiki/Bolivie" title="Bolivie">Bolivie</a>. </p><p>Durant un demi-siècle, la civilisation de Tiwanaku est contemporaine de la civilisation <a href="/wiki/Huari" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari">Wari</a> située plus au nord&#160;: durant ce laps de temps, elles s'influencèrent mutuellement, les <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Archéologie">archéologues</a> trouvant des artefacts artistiquement semblables, et s'affrontèrent sporadiquement, peut-être pour les <a href="/wiki/Mine_(gisement)" title="Mine (gisement)">mines</a> situées aux limites d'influence des deux cultures. Les Waris paraissent avoir été affaiblis par cette rivalité, et déclinèrent au <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datation">Datation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Datation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Datation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon des théories <a href="/wiki/Protochronisme" title="Protochronisme">protochronistes</a> controversées émises par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Posnansky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Posnansky (page inexistante)">Arthur Posnansky</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Posnansky" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Posnansky"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Arthur Posnansky&#160;»">(en)</span></a> ou Rolf Müller<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et relayées par des journalistes comme <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Serge_Hutin" title="Serge Hutin">Serge Hutin</a>, la construction de Tiwanaku remonterait à plus de 10&#160;000&#160;ans <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Ces thèses, qui ont été réfutées notamment par le professeur Charles E. Orser, Jr. (éditeur du <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Historical_Archaeology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Historical Archaeology (page inexistante)">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Historical_Archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:International Journal of Historical Archaeology"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;International Journal of Historical Archaeology&#160;»">(en)</span></a></i>), se fondent notamment sur différentes constructions interprétées comme des quais, mais qui se trouvent à une distance du lac qui ferait remonter leur construction à 15&#160;000&#160;ans <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, à l’époque où le lac aurait pu longer ces constructions. </p><p>De 1910 à 1945, Arthur Posnansky soutenait que le site avait entre 11&#160;000 et 17&#160;000&#160;ans d'âge<sup id="cite_ref-Posnansky_1910_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posnansky_1910-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posnansky_1945_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posnansky_1945-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au début des années 1970, Carlos Ponce Sanginés avança que le site avait été occupé pour la première fois vers 1580 avant J.-C.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponce_Sanginés_1971_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponce_Sanginés_1971-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> mais à partir des années 1980, les chercheurs s'accordèrent pour dire que cette date n'était pas fiable et que le site ne datait que de 200 ou 300 ans <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Browman_1980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browman_1980-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Janusek_2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janusek_2003-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanish_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanish_2003-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2012, une étude statistique des datations fiables obtenues par radio-carbone place la fondation du site aux alentours de 110 de notre ère (50-170, probabilité de 68&#160;%), date corroborée par l'absence de styles céramiques dans les périodes antérieures<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2012a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2012a-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2012b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2012b-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Culture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La civilisation de Tiwanaku présente une grande maîtrise de la taille de la pierre et une architecture préfigurant celle des <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a>. La civilisation de Tiwanaku a fortement influencé celle de <a href="/wiki/Huari" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari">Huari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Cité_du_Soleil"><span id="La_Cit.C3.A9_du_Soleil"></span>La Cité du Soleil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : La Cité du Soleil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La Cité du Soleil"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_temple_de_Kalasasaya_et_ses_environs">Le temple de Kalasasaya et ses environs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Le temple de Kalasasaya et ses environs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le temple de Kalasasaya et ses environs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles connexes&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Kalasasaya" title="Kalasasaya">Kalasasaya</a> et <a href="/wiki/Porte_du_Soleil" title="Porte du Soleil">Porte du Soleil</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tiwanaku4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwanaku4.jpg/170px-Tiwanaku4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwanaku4.jpg/255px-Tiwanaku4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tiwanaku4.jpg/340px-Tiwanaku4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>Statue incrustée sur l'un des murs du temple semi-souterrain devant le temple de Kalasasaya.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tiwanaku0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tiwanaku0.jpg/220px-Tiwanaku0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tiwanaku0.jpg/330px-Tiwanaku0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tiwanaku0.jpg/440px-Tiwanaku0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Porte_du_Soleil" title="Porte du Soleil">porte du Soleil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tiwanaku1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tiwanaku1.jpg/170px-Tiwanaku1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tiwanaku1.jpg/255px-Tiwanaku1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tiwanaku1.jpg/340px-Tiwanaku1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Statue anthropomorphe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Kalasasaya2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalasasaya2.jpg/220px-Kalasasaya2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalasasaya2.jpg/330px-Kalasasaya2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalasasaya2.jpg/440px-Kalasasaya2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Le temple semi-souterrain à l'avant-plan et, au fond, le temple de Kalasasaya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un des principaux sites archéologiques actuels de la civilisation de Tiwanaku est la Cité du Soleil, lieu de célébration du dieu créateur <a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Kon Tici Viracocha</a>&#160;; elle comporte de nombreux édifices à vocation cérémonielle dont le principal est le temple de Kalasasaya, une vaste enceinte close. </p><p>Les deux plus célèbres monuments environnants sont la pyramide à sept degrés d'Akapana et la fameuse <a href="/wiki/Porte_du_Soleil" title="Porte du Soleil">porte du Soleil</a>. </p><p>La pyramide peut apparaître comme une mini-réplique du temple de Kalasasaya, chacune de ses terrasses étant ornée de statues monolithiques sur ses bords. Une autre thèse interprète le monticule comme une figuration des montagnes de la <a href="/wiki/Cordill%C3%A8re_des_Andes" title="Cordillère des Andes">cordillère des Andes</a>. Le sommet de la pyramide est occupé par des cases —&#160;dont l'usage reste inconnu&#160;— disposées autour d'une cour intérieure. </p><p>En contrebas d’Akapana un contraste saisissant apparaît avec le temple semi-souterrain (<i>semisubterraneo</i>). Celui-ci impressionne par son ingénieux système de canalisations traversant la pyramide pour faire jaillir de l'eau en haut de l'Akapana, qui se déversait ensuite d'un étage à l'autre, le spectacle devait se situer entre celui que dégage une <a href="/wiki/Rizi%C3%A8re" title="Rizière">rizière</a> et celui d'une <a href="/wiki/Fontaine_(bassin)" title="Fontaine (bassin)"> fontaine</a>. Cette cascade artificielle symbolise certainement les sources du <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Illimani" title="Nevado Illimani">Nevado Illimani</a>. </p><p>Enfin des <a href="/wiki/Monolithe" title="Monolithe">monolithes</a>, comme ceux de <a href="/wiki/Monolithe_Bennett" title="Monolithe Bennett">Bennett</a> et de Ponce, sont orientés vers l'intérieur du site. </p><p>La porte du Soleil est un portail d'une largeur de quatre mètres et d'une hauteur de trois mètres construit dans un seul bloc d'<a href="/wiki/And%C3%A9site" title="Andésite">andésite</a> d'environ 10&#160;tonnes<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il faisait partie d'une construction plus importante située au sommet de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyramide_d%27Akapana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyramide d&#39;Akapana (page inexistante)">pyramide d'Akapana</a> ou à <a href="/wiki/Kalasasaya" title="Kalasasaya">Kalasasaya</a>, sites où l'on retrouve des constructions constituées du même type de pierre. Au moment de sa découverte par des explorateurs européens au milieu du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a>, le mégalithe gisait au sol, à l'horizontale, traversé d'une grande fissure. Aujourd'hui, il se dresse toujours à l'endroit où on l'a trouvé mais on pense qu'il ne s'agit pas du site primitif<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_pyramide_d'Akapana"><span id="La_pyramide_d.27Akapana"></span>La pyramide d'Akapana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : La pyramide d&#039;Akapana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La pyramide d&#039;Akapana"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tiwanaku5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwanaku5.jpg/220px-Tiwanaku5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwanaku5.jpg/330px-Tiwanaku5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tiwanaku5.jpg/440px-Tiwanaku5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Vue partielle de la pyramide d'Akapana.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le paysage est dominé par Akapana, pyramide en gradins à sept niveaux au plan général évoquant la croix des Andes. Ce dernier emblème, à structure échelonnée, lui aussi serait omniprésent dans l'art des hautes terres, imitant selon certains la croix du Sud et reproduisant pour d'autres les quatre parties de l'univers. Quoi qu'il en soit, ses architectes font preuve d'un sens certain du spectaculaire&#160;: murs de pied faits de blocs de grès ponctués tous les trois mètres de piliers à base rectangulaire de trois mètres de haut. </p><p>Cet aspect si massif frappe <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>, premier Européen à découvrir Tiwanaku et qui ne peut, avoue-t-il, <span class="citation">«&#160;ni comprendre, ni deviner quels outils ou instruments avaient permis de les façonner&#160;»</span>. Érigée au centre d'une large douve, Akapana s'intègre par sa forme aux montagnes voisines environnantes. Un réseau très perfectionné de canalisations accentuerait la similitude avec le ruissellement de l'eau sur ses flancs à partir de la citerne placée au sommet&#160;: eaux de pluie dégringolant sur les versants des Andes&#160;? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dans_la_culture">Dans la culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Dans la culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans la culture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeux_vidéo"><span id="Jeux_vid.C3.A9o"></span>Jeux vidéo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Jeux vidéo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Jeux vidéo"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le jeu vidéo <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider:_Legend" title="Tomb Raider: Legend">Tomb Raider: Legend</a></i>, sorti en 2006, la cité de Tiwanaku est citée au début du jeu<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeux_de_société"><span id="Jeux_de_soci.C3.A9t.C3.A9"></span>Jeux de société</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Jeux de société" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Jeux de société"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un jeu nommé Tiwanaku a été créé par <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Olivier Grégoire">Olivier Grégoire</a> en <a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Simon Collier (dir.), <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean</i>, Cambridge University Press 1992, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-41322-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-41322-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-41322-0</span></a>)</small> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00coll">[1]</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Waisbard1971"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simone_Waisbard1971">Simone Waisbard, <cite class="italique">Tiahuanaco: Dix mille ans d'énigmes incas</cite>, Robert Laffont, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Les énigmes de l'univers&#160;», <time>1971</time>, 376&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=TPpXDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, …le docteur Rolf Muller a calculé en 1930 que Kalasasaya (le temple) remonterait à une antiquité allant de 7000 à 14000 ans. Opinion réfutée par les archéologues<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tiahuanaco%3A+Dix+mille+ans+d%27%C3%A9nigmes+incas&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&amp;rft.aulast=Waisbard&amp;rft.aufirst=Simone&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.pages=%E2%80%A6le+docteur+Rolf+Muller+a+calcul%C3%A9+en+1930+que+Kalasasaya+%28le+temple%29+remonterait+%C3%A0+une+antiquit%C3%A9+allant+de+7000+%C3%A0+14000+ans.+Opinion+r%C3%A9fut%C3%A9e+par+les+arch%C3%A9ologues&amp;rft.tpages=376&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posnansky_1910-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Posnansky_1910_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Posnansky1910"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Posnansky1910">Arthur <span class="nom_auteur">Posnansky</span>, <cite class="italique">Tihuanacu e islas del Sol y de la Luna (Titicaca y Koati).</cite>, La Paz, <time>1910</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tihuanacu+e+islas+del+Sol+y+de+la+Luna+%28Titicaca+y+Koati%29.&amp;rft.place=La+Paz&amp;rft.aulast=Posnansky&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posnansky_1945-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Posnansky_1945_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Posnansky1945"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Posnansky1945">Arthur <span class="nom_auteur">Posnansky</span> (Translated by James F. Sheaver), <cite class="italique">Tihuanacu, the Cradle of American Man</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;I–II, New York, JJ Augustin, <time>1945</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tihuanacu%2C+the+Cradle+of+American+Man&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=JJ+Augustin&amp;rft.aulast=Posnansky&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft.volume=I%E2%80%93II&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponce_Sanginés_1971-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ponce_Sanginés_1971_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ponce_Sanginés1971"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carlos_Ponce_Sanginés1971">Carlos <span class="nom_auteur">Ponce Sanginés</span>, <cite class="italique">Tiwanaku&#160;: Espacio, Tiempo y Cultura</cite>, La Paz, Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, <time>1971</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tiwanaku&amp;rft.place=La+Paz&amp;rft.pub=Academia+Nacional+de+Ciencias+de+Bolivia&amp;rft.stitle=Espacio%2C+Tiempo+y+Cultura&amp;rft.aulast=Ponce+Sangin%C3%A9s&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browman_1980-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Browman_1980_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Browman1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Browman1980">David <span class="nom_auteur">Browman</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Tiwanaku expansion and economic patterns</cite>&#160;», <i>Estudios Arqueológicos</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time>1980</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">107–120</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Tiwanaku+expansion+and+economic+patterns&amp;rft.jtitle=Estudios+Arqueol%C3%B3gicos&amp;rft.aulast=Browman&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=107%E2%80%93120&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janusek_2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Janusek_2003_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Janusek2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Janusek2003">John <span class="nom_auteur">Janusek</span>, <cite class="italique">Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2: Urban and Rural Archaeology</cite>, Washington, D.C., Smithsonian, <time>2003</time>, 30–89&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, «&#160;Vessels, Time, and Society: Toward a Ceramic Chronology in the Tiwanaku Heartland&#160;»<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tiwanaku+and+Its+Hinterland%3A+Archaeological+and+Paleoecological+Investigations+of+an+Andean+Civilization%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Urban+and+Rural+Archaeology&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=Smithsonian&amp;rft.aulast=Janusek&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.tpages=30%E2%80%9389&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanish_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanish_2003_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stanish2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Stanish2003">Charles <span class="nom_auteur">Stanish</span>, <cite class="italique">Ancient Titicaca</cite>, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>2003</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Titicaca&amp;rft.place=Los+Angeles&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Stanish&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh2012a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2012a_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marsh2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Erik_Marsh2012">Erik <span class="nom_auteur">Marsh</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">A Bayesian Re-Assessment of the Earliest Radiocarbon Dates from Tiwanaku, Bolivia</cite>&#160;», <i>Radiocarbon</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;54, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">203–218</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i2.15826">10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i2.15826</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+Bayesian+Re-Assessment+of+the+Earliest+Radiocarbon+Dates+from+Tiwanaku%2C+Bolivia&amp;rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Marsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.pages=203%E2%80%93218&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_js_rc.v54i2.15826&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh2012b-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2012b_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marsh2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Erik_Marsh2012">Erik <span class="nom_auteur">Marsh</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">The Founding of Tiwanaku: Evidence from Kk'araña</cite>&#160;», <i>Ñawpa Pacha</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;32,&#8206; <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">169–188</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/naw.2012.32.2.69">10.1179/naw.2012.32.2.69</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Founding+of+Tiwanaku%3A+Evidence+from+Kk%27ara%C3%B1a&amp;rft.jtitle=%C3%91awpa+Pacha&amp;rft.aulast=Marsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=169%E2%80%93188&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fnaw.2012.32.2.69&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ATiwanaku"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Fernando Cajías de la Vega, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=4PROZA7uOdAC&amp;pg=PA44&amp;dq=%22puerta%20del%20sol%22%20%22andesita%22%20%2210%20toneladas%22"><i>La enseñanza de la historia&#160;: Bolivia</i></a>, Convenio Andrés Bello, 1999, p.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolata-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolata_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alan Kolata, <i>The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1993, xvii + 317 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tombraiderchronicles.com/tr7/walkthrough/level01.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Tomb Raider Legend Walkthrough and Game Guide: Level 1: BOLIVIA - Tiwanaku</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">www.tombraiderchronicles.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-08-10" data-sort-value="2022-08-10">10 août 2022</time>)</small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adriana Baulenas, <i>Tiahuanaco, ville sanctuaire de la culture des Andes</i>, in <i>Histoire &amp; Civilisations</i>, n° 106, juin 2024, pp. 86-89. <small>&#91;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histoire-et-civilisations.com/thematiques/epoque-moderne/tiahuanaco-ville-sanctuaire-de-la-culture-des-andes-94490.php">lire en ligne</a>&#93;</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pumatampu" title="Pumatampu">Pumatampu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumapunku" title="Pumapunku">Pumapunku</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiwanaku&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tiwanaku?uselang=fr">Tiwanaku</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiwanakuarcheo.net/1_main/biblio.html">Bibliographie en ligne</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Christophe_Delaere_/Vincent_Charpentier,_2021">Christophe Delaere, archéologue, chercheur à l’Université libre de Bruxelles, avec Vincent Charpentier, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/carbone-14-le-magazine-de-l-archeologie/decouvertes-exceptionnelles-dans-les-profondeurs-du-lac-titicaca"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Découvertes exceptionnelles dans les profondeurs du lac Titicaca</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">France Culture&#160;: Carbone 14, Le magazine de l'archéologie (voir aussi INRAP.fr)</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-11-20" data-sort-value="2021-11-20">20 novembre 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-11-23" data-sort-value="2021-11-23">23 novembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Civilisations_pr%C3%A9colombiennes" title="Modèle:Palette Civilisations précolombiennes"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Civilisations_pr%C3%A9colombiennes&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Civilisations_pr%C3%A9colombiennes" title="Civilisations précolombiennes">Civilisations précolombiennes</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena" title="Adena">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasazis" title="Anasazis">Anasazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Caborn-Welborn" title="Culture Caborn-Welborn">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Fremont" title="Culture Fremont">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokams" title="Hohokams">Hohokams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Hopewell" title="Culture Hopewell">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Marksville" title="Culture de Marksville">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation_du_Mississippi" title="Civilisation du Mississippi">Civilisation du Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon" title="Mogollon">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Poverty_Point" title="Culture de Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9soam%C3%A9rique" title="Mésoamérique">Mésoamérique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azt%C3%A8ques" title="Aztèques">Aztèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_c%C3%A9ramique_Capacha" title="Complexe céramique Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation_maya" title="Civilisation maya">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichim%C3%A8ques" title="Chichimèques">Chichimèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula" title="Cholula">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorotega" title="Chorotega">Chorotega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Culture Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_des_tombes_%C3%A0_puits" title="Culture des tombes à puits">Culture des tombes à puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Teuchitlan" title="Culture de Teuchitlan">Culture de Teuchitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ope%C3%B1o" title="El Opeño">El Opeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pi-Olm%C3%A8ques" title="Épi-Olmèques">Épi-Olmèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaxt%C3%A8ques" title="Huaxtèques">Huaxtèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%A8ques" title="Mixtèques">Mixtèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olm%C3%A8ques" title="Olmèques">Olmèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipils" title="Pipils">Pipils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royaume_tarasque" title="Royaume tarasque">Tarasques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Tlatilco" title="Culture de Tlatilco">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A8ques" title="Toltèques">Toltèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonaques" title="Totonaques">Totonaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation_zapot%C3%A8que" title="Civilisation zapotèque">Zapotèques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Sud" title="Amérique du Sud">Amérique du Sud</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Calima" title="Culture Calima">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1aris" title="Cañaris">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation_de_Caral" title="Civilisation de Caral">Caral</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Civilisation_de_Paracas" title="Civilisation de Paracas">Paracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Recuay" title="Culture Recuay">Recuay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_(culture)" title="Lambayeque (culture)">Sicán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado%C3%AFde" title="Saladoïde">Saladoïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinar_(culture)" title="Salinar (culture)">Salinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayronas" title="Tayronas">Tayronas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiahuanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Valdivia" title="Culture Valdivia">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vic%C3%BAs" title="Culture Vicús">Vicús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BA" title="Virú">Virú</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Notions générales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_pr%C3%A9colombiens" title="Arts précolombiens">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilisation_pr%C3%A9colombienne#Chronologie_générale" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation précolombienne"> Chronologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_m%C3%A9soam%C3%A9ricaines" title="Religions mésoaméricaines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographie_sur_la_M%C3%A9soam%C3%A9rique" title="Bibliographie sur la Mésoamérique">Bibliographie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochtones_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Autochtones d&#39;Amérique">Autochtones d'Amérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portail:Am%C3%A9rique_pr%C3%A9colombienne" title="Portail:Amérique précolombienne">Portail de l’Amérique précolombienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Patrimoine_mondial_en_Bolivie" title="Modèle:Palette Patrimoine mondial en Bolivie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Patrimoine_mondial_en_Bolivie&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Bolivie" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Bolivie">Patrimoine mondial en&#160;Bolivie</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Culturel</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><div> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Ville de Potosí</a> (1987, en péril)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missions_j%C3%A9suites_de_Bolivie" title="Missions jésuites de Bolivie">Missions jésuites de Chiquitos</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucre_(Bolivie)" title="Sucre (Bolivie)">Ville historique de Sucre</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerte_de_Samaipata" title="Fuerte de Samaipata">Fort de Samaipata</a> (1998)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiwanaku&#160;: centre spirituel et politique de la culture tiwanaku</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemins_incas" title="Chemins incas">Qhapaq Ñan, réseau de routes andin</a> <small>(avec cinq autres pays)</small> (2014)</li></ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Naturel</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parc_national_Noel_Kempff_Mercado" title="Parc national Noel Kempff Mercado">Parc national Noel Kempff Mercado</a> (2000) </p> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Patrimoine mondial en&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Afrique" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Afrique">Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Am%C3%A9rique" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Amérique">Amérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Asie" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Asie">Asie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Europe" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial_en_Oc%C3%A9anie" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial en Océanie">Océanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail de l’archéologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/23px-Woman_head_louvre.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/35px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/46px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail:Archéologie">Portail de l’archéologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Am%C3%A9rique_pr%C3%A9colombienne" title="Portail de l’Amérique précolombienne"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mesoamerican_icon2.svg/28px-Mesoamerican_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mesoamerican_icon2.svg/42px-Mesoamerican_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mesoamerican_icon2.svg/56px-Mesoamerican_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Am%C3%A9rique_pr%C3%A9colombienne" title="Portail:Amérique précolombienne">Portail de l’Amérique précolombienne</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Patrimoine_mondial" title="Portail du patrimoine mondial"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/24px-Unesconero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/36px-Unesconero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/48px-Unesconero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="212" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Patrimoine_mondial" title="Portail:Patrimoine mondial">Portail du patrimoine mondial</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Bolivie" title="Portail de la Bolivie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/49px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/65px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Bolivie" title="Portail:Bolivie">Portail de la Bolivie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐ffqzr Cached time: 20241124133334 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.360 seconds Real time usage: 0.509 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3606/1000000 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