CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mark Oliphant - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aa44da20-be82-46a8-a6ca-f40562f0db03","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mark_Oliphant","wgTitle":"Mark Oliphant","wgCurRevisionId":1246809557,"wgRevisionId":1246809557,"wgArticleId":315710,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from October 2022","Use Australian English from April 2013","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Articles with hCards","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","1901 births","2000 deaths","Scientists from Adelaide","Australian physicists", "Australian nuclear physicists","Accelerator physicists","Companions of the Order of Australia","Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science","Governors of South Australia","Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire","Manhattan Project people","Radar pioneers","University of Adelaide alumni","Australian fellows of the Royal Society","Academics of the University of Birmingham","Academic staff of the Australian National University","Presidents of the Australian Academy of Science","People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom","Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering","People educated at Adelaide High School","People educated at Unley High School"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mark_Oliphant","wgRelevantArticleId":315710,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q727443","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg/800px-Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1045"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg/640px-Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="836"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mark Oliphant - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mark_Oliphant rootpage-Mark_Oliphant skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mark+Oliphant" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mark+Oliphant" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mark+Oliphant" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mark+Oliphant" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavendish_Laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavendish_Laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cavendish Laboratory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavendish_Laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Birmingham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Birmingham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 University of Birmingham </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University_of_Birmingham-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle University of Birmingham subsection </button> <ul id="toc-University_of_Birmingham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Radar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manhattan_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Manhattan Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later years in Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mark Oliphant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مارك أوليفانت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارك أوليفانت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مارک اولیفانت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارک اولیفانت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="মার্ক ওলিফান্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্ক ওলিফান্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مارک اولیفانت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک اولیفانت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcus Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მარკ ოლიფანტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარკ ოლიფანტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مارك اوليفانت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارك اوليفانت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="マーク・オリファント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーク・オリファント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcus Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Олифант, Марк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олифант, Марк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcus Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mark Oliphant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Марк Лоуренс Оліфант – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марк Лоуренс Оліфант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E8%8A%AC%E7%89%B9" title="马克·奥利芬特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马克·奥利芬特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q727443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mark_Oliphant" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mark_Oliphant" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mark_Oliphant" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&oldid=1246809557" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mark_Oliphant&id=1246809557&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMark_Oliphant">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMark_Oliphant">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mark_Oliphant&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mark_Oliphant" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q727443" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian physicist (1901–2000)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Mark Oliphant</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">FTSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg/220px-Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg/330px-Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg/440px-Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Oliphant in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant</div> (1901-10-08)8 October 1901 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 July 2000(2000-07-14) (aged 98) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Co-discovery of <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a></li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radar">microwave radar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook_Medal" title="James Cook Medal">James Cook Medal</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZAAS_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAAS Medal">ANZAAS Medal</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> The Neutralization of Positive Ions at Metal Surfaces, and the Emission of Secondary Electrons  (1929)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Titterton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest William Titterton">Ernest William Titterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Howard_Ward" title="Alan Howard Ward">Alan Howard Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 December 1971 – 30 November 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellis_Napier" title="Mellis Napier">Sir Mellis Napier</a> (1971–1973)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Crocker" title="Walter Crocker">Sir Walter Crocker</a> (1973–1976)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(Australian_governor)" title="James Harrison (Australian governor)">Sir James Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Sir Douglas Nicholls</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia_Party" title="Australia Party">Australia Party</a> (until 1977) <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> (from 1977)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">FTSE</a> (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000) was an Australian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> who played an important role in the first experimental demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">development of nuclear weapons</a>. Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, Oliphant graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> in 1922. He was awarded an <a href="/wiki/1851_Exhibition_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Exhibition Scholarship">1851 Exhibition Scholarship</a> in 1927 on the strength of the research he had done on <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and went to England, where he studied under Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>. There, he used a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> to fire <a href="/wiki/Heavy_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy hydrogen">heavy hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuterons</a>) at various targets. He discovered the respective nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> (helions) and of <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (tritons). He also discovered that when they <a href="/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" title="Neutron–proton ratio">reacted with each other</a>, the particles that were released had far more energy than they started with. Energy had been liberated from inside the nucleus, and he realised that this was a result of nuclear fusion. Oliphant left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1937 to become the <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a> Professor of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. He attempted to build a 60-inch (150 cm) <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at the university, but its completion was postponed by the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in 1939. He became involved with the development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, heading a group at the University of Birmingham that included <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Boot" title="Harry Boot">Harry Boot</a>. They created a radical new design, the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a>, that made <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radar">microwave radar</a> possible. Oliphant also formed part of the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a>, which reported in July 1941, that an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> was not only feasible, but might be produced as early as 1943. Oliphant was instrumental in spreading the word of this finding in the United States, thereby starting what became the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Later in the war, he worked on it with his friend <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, developing <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_isotope_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic isotope separation">electromagnetic isotope separation</a>, which provided the <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> component of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> atomic bomb used in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Hiroshima">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a> in August 1945. After the war, Oliphant returned to Australia as the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Research_School_of_Physical_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering">Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering</a> at the new <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> (ANU), where he initiated the design and construction of the world's largest (500 megajoule) <a href="/wiki/Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">homopolar generator</a>. He retired in 1967, but was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>. He became the first South Australian-born governor of South Australia. He assisted in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> political party, and he was the chairman of the meeting in Melbourne in 1977, at which the party was launched. Late in life he witnessed his wife, Rosa, suffer before her death in 1987, and he became an advocate for voluntary <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. He died in Canberra in 2000. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Marcus "Mark" Laurence Elwin Oliphant was born on 8 October 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Kent_Town,_South_Australia" title="Kent Town, South Australia">Kent Town</a>, a suburb of Adelaide. His father was Harold George "Baron" Olifent,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servant</a> with the <a href="/wiki/SA_Water" title="SA Water">South Australian Engineering and Water Supply Department</a> and part-time lecturer in economics with the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Educational_Association" title="Workers' Educational Association">Workers' Educational Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a> His mother was Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, née Tucker, an artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19813-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joffe-5">[5]</a> He was named after <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a>, the Australian author, and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author)" title="Laurence Oliphant (author)">Laurence Oliphant</a>, the British traveller and mystic. Most people called him Mark; this became official when he was knighted in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19816-6">[6]</a> He had <a href="/wiki/Oliphant_brothers" title="Oliphant brothers">four younger brothers</a>: Roland, Keith, Nigel and Donald; all were registered at birth with the surname Olifent. His grandfather, Harry Smith Olifent (7 November 1848 – 30 January 1916) was a clerk at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_GPO" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide GPO">Adelaide GPO</a>, and his great-grandfather James Smith Olifent (c. 1818 – 21 January 1890) and his wife Eliza (c. 1821 – 18 October 1881) left their native <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> for South Australia aboard the barque Ruby, arriving in March 1854. He would later be appointed Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Adelaide Destitute Asylum</a>, and Eliza Olifent was appointed Matron of the establishment in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Mark's parents were <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">Theosophists</a>, and as such may have refrained from eating meat. Marcus became a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> while a boy, after witnessing the slaughter of pigs on a farm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19818-8">[8]</a> He was found to be completely deaf in one ear and he needed glasses for severe <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">astigmatism</a> and short-sightedness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198116-9">[9]</a> Oliphant was first educated at primary schools in <a href="/wiki/Goodwood,_South_Australia" title="Goodwood, South Australia">Goodwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mylor,_South_Australia" title="Mylor, South Australia">Mylor</a>, after the family moved there in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198114–15-10">[10]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Unley_High_School" title="Unley High School">Unley High School</a> in Adelaide, and, for his final year in 1918, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_High_School" title="Adelaide High School">Adelaide High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198119-11">[11]</a> After graduation he failed to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary">bursary</a> to attend university, so he took a job with S. Schlank & Co., an Adelaide manufacturing jeweller noted for medallions. He then secured a <a href="/wiki/Cadetship" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadetship">cadetship</a> with the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a>, which allowed him to take courses at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198120–21-12">[12]</a> In 1919, Oliphant began studying at the University of Adelaide. At first he was interested in a career in medicine, but later in the year, <a href="/wiki/Kerr_Grant" title="Kerr Grant">Kerr Grant</a>, the physics professor, offered him a cadetship in the Physics Department. It paid 10 <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(Australian)" title="Shilling (Australian)">shillings</a> a week (equivalent to AUD$89 in 2022), the same amount that Oliphant received for working at the State Library, but it allowed him to take any university course that did not conflict with his work for the department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198122–23-13">[13]</a> He received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> (BSc) degree in 1921 and then did <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours</a> in 1922, supervised by Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198128-14">[14]</a> Roy Burdon, who acted as head of the department when Grant went on sabbatical in 1925, worked with Oliphant to produce two papers in 1927 on the properties of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, "The Problem of the Surface Tension of Mercury and the Action of Aqueous Solutions on a Mercury Surface"<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and "Adsorption of Gases on the Surface of Mercury".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Oliphant later recalled that Burdon taught him "the extraordinary exhilaration there was in even minor discoveries in the field of physics".<a href="#cite_note-curiosity-17">[17]</a> Oliphant married Rosa Louise Wilbraham, who was from Adelaide, on 23 May 1925. The two had known each other since they were teenagers. He made Rosa's wedding ring in the laboratory from a gold nugget from the <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolgardie">Coolgardie</a> Goldfields that his father had given him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198129-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cavendish_Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cavendish Laboratory">edit</a>]</div> In 1925, Oliphant heard a speech given by the New Zealand physicist Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, and he decided he wanted to work for him – an ambition that he fulfilled by earning a position at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198129-18">[18]</a> He applied for an <a href="/wiki/1851_Exhibition_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Exhibition Scholarship">1851 Exhibition Scholarship</a> on the strength of the research he had done on mercury with Burdon. It came with a living allowance of £250 per annum (equivalent to AUD$45,000 in 2022). When word came through that he had been awarded a fellowship, he <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">wired</a> Rutherford and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, Cambridge. Both accepted him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198130-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/220px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/330px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg/440px-The_Cavendish_Laboratory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_631839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Cavendish Laboratory was the home of some of the great discoveries in physics. It was founded in 1874 by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a> (Cavendish was his family name), and its first professor was <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> Rutherford's Cavendish Laboratory was carrying out some of the most advanced research into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> in the world at the time. Oliphant was invited to afternoon tea by Rutherford and Lady Rutherford. He soon met other researchers at the Cavendish Laboratory, including <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kapitza">Peter Kapitza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Bretscher" title="Egon Bretscher">Egon Bretscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Moon">Philip Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a>. There were two fellow Australians: <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keith_Roberts" title="John Keith Roberts">John Keith Roberts</a>. Oliphant would become especially close friends with Cockcroft. The laboratory had considerable talent but little money to spare, and tended to use a "string and sealing wax" approach to experimental equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198137-21">[21]</a> Oliphant had to buy his own equipment, at one point spending £24 (equivalent to AUD$2,200 in 2022) of his allowance on a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">vacuum pump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198141-22">[22]</a> Oliphant submitted his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> thesis on The Neutralization of Positive Ions at Metal Surfaces, and the Emission of Secondary Electrons in December 1929.<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> For his <a href="/wiki/Oral_exam" title="Oral exam">viva</a>, he was examined by Rutherford and Ellis. Receiving his degree was the attainment of a major life goal, but it also meant the end of his 1851 Exhibition Scholarship. Oliphant secured an 1851 Senior Studentship, of which there were five awarded each year. It came with a living allowance of £450 per annum (equivalent to A$80,000 in 2022) for two years, with the possibility of a one-year extension in exceptional circumstances, which Oliphant was also awarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198142–43-24">[24]</a> A son, Geoffrey Bruce Oliphant, was born 6 October 1930,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198143-25">[25]</a> but he died of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> on 5 September 1933. He was interred in an unmarked grave in the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge">Ascension Parish Burial Ground</a> in Cambridge, alongside Timothy Cockcroft, the infant son of Sir John and Lady Elizabeth Cockcroft, who had died the year before. Unable to have more children, the Oliphants adopted a four-month-old boy, Michael John, in 1936,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198159-26">[26]</a> and a daughter, Vivian, in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198171-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory,_early_20th_century._(9660575343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Ernest_Rutherfords_laboratory%2C_early_20th_century._%289660575343%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Sir Ernest Rutherford's laboratory, 1926</figcaption></figure> In 1932 and 1933, the scientists at the Cavendish Laboratory made a series of ground-breaking discoveries. Cockcroft and Walton bombarded <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> with high energy <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmuting</a> it into energetic <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. This was one of the earliest experiments to change the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> of one element to another by artificial means. Chadwick then devised an experiment that discovered a new, uncharged particle with roughly the same mass as the proton: the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. In 1933, Blackett discovered tracks in his <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a> that confirmed the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> and revealed the opposing spiral traces of positron–electron <a href="/wiki/Pair_production" title="Pair production">pair production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198145–46-28">[28]</a> Oliphant followed up the work by constructing a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> that could fire protons with up to 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronvolts">electronvolts</a> of energy. He soon confirmed the results of Cockcroft and Walton on the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_disintegration" title="Artificial disintegration">artificial disintegration</a> of the nucleus and positive <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>. He produced a series of six papers over the following two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198148–50-29">[29]</a> In 1933, the Cavendish Laboratory received a gift from the American <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> of a few drops of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>. The accelerator was used to fire <a href="/wiki/Heavy_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy hydrogen">heavy hydrogen</a> nuclei (<a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuterons</a>, which Rutherford called diplons) at various targets. Working with Rutherford and others, Oliphant thereby discovered the nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> (helions) and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (tritons).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198152–55-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Oliphant used <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic separation">electromagnetic separation</a> to separate the isotopes of lithium.<a href="#cite_note-Electromagnetic_separation-34">[34]</a> He was the first to experimentally demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. He found that when deuterons reacted with nuclei of helium-3, tritium or with other deuterons, the particles that were released had far more energy than they started with. <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">Binding energy</a> had been liberated from inside the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198155–57-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a>'s 1920 prediction that energy released by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusing</a> small nuclei together could provide the energy source that powers the stars,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Oliphant speculated that nuclear fusion reactions might be what powered the sun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198152–55-30">[30]</a> With its higher <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)#Nuclear_physics" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>, the deuterium–tritium nuclear fusion reaction became the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-curiosity-17">[17]</a> Oliphant had not foreseen this development:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... we had no idea whatever that this would one day be applied to make hydrogen bombs. Our curiosity was just curiosity about the structure of the nucleus of the atom, and the discovery of these reactions was purely, as the Americans would put it, coincidental.<a href="#cite_note-curiosity-17">[17]</a> </blockquote> In 1934, Cockcroft arranged for Oliphant to become a fellow of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, which paid about £600 a year. When Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> in 1935, Oliphant and Ellis both replaced him as Rutherford's assistant director for research. The job came with a salary of £600 (equivalent to AUD$131,000 in 2022).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198158-38">[38]</a> With the money from St John's, this gave him a comfortable income.<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> Oliphant soon fitted out a new accelerator laboratory with a 1.23 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a> generator at a cost of £6,000 (equivalent to AUD$1,310,000 in 2022) while he designed an even larger 2 MeV generator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198153-39">[39]</a> He was the first to conceive of the proton <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a>, a new type of cyclic particle accelerator.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1937, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. When he died he was its longest-serving fellow.<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Birmingham">University of Birmingham</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University of Birmingham">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg/220px-Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg/330px-Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg/440px-Poynting_Physics_building_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a> Physics building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Its mode of construction helped give rise to the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Redbrick_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbrick university">redbrick university</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198171-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Walter_Johnson_Smith" title="Samuel Walter Johnson Smith">Samuel Walter Johnson Smith</a>'s imminent mandatory retirement at age 65 prompted a search for a new <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a> Professor of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198166–69-41">[41]</a> The university wanted not just a replacement, but a well-known name, and was willing to spend lavishly in order to build up nuclear physics expertise at Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Neville Moss, its Professor of <a href="/wiki/Mining_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining Engineering">Mining Engineering</a> and the Dean of its Faculty of Science approached Oliphant, who presented his terms. In addition to his salary of £1,300 (equivalent to AUD$270,000 in 2022), he wanted the university to spend £2,000 (equivalent to A$415,000 in 2022) to upgrade the laboratory, and another £1,000 per annum (equivalent to A$208,000 in 2022) on it. And he did not wish to start until October 1937, to enable him to wrap up his work at the Cavendish Laboratory. Moss agreed to Oliphant's terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198166–69-41">[41]</a> To obtain funding for the 60-inch (150 cm) <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> that he wanted, Oliphant wrote to the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, who was from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. Chamberlain took up the matter with his friend <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nuffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nuffield">Lord Nuffield</a>, who provided £60,000 (equivalent to AUD$12,000,000 in 2022) for the project, enough for the cyclotron, a new building to house it, and a trip to <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, so Oliphant could confer with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, the inventor of the cyclotron. Lawrence supported the project, sending Oliphant the plans of the 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron that he was constructing at Berkeley, and inviting Oliphant to visit him at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198174–78-43">[43]</a> Oliphant sailed for New York on 10 December 1938, and met Lawrence in Berkeley. The two men got along very well, dining at <a href="/wiki/Trader_Vic%27s" title="Trader Vic's">Trader Vic's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>. Oliphant was aware of the problems in building cyclotrons encountered by Chadwick at the University of Liverpool and Cockcroft at the Cavendish Laboratory, and intended to avoid these and get his cyclotron built on time and on budget by following Lawrence's specifications as closely as possible. He hoped that it would be running by Christmas 1939, but the outbreak of the Second World War quashed his hopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198174–78-43">[43]</a> The Nuffield Cyclotron would not be completed until after the war.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_cavity_magnetron,_1940_(9663811280).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg/220px-Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg/330px-Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg/440px-Original_cavity_magnetron%2C_1940_%289663811280%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>An anode of the original cavity magnetron developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Boot" title="Harry Boot">Harry Boot</a> at Birmingham University</figcaption></figure> In 1938, Oliphant became involved with the development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, then still a secret. While visiting prototype radar stations, he realised that shorter-wavelength <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> were needed urgently, especially if there was to be any chance of building a radar set small enough to fit into an aircraft. In August 1939, he took a small group to <a href="/wiki/Ventnor" title="Ventnor">Ventnor</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, to examine the <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> system first hand. He obtained a grant from the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> to develop radar systems with wavelengths less than 10 centimetres (4 in); the best available at the time was 150 centimetres (60 in).<a href="#cite_note-odnb-45">[45]</a> Oliphant's group at Birmingham worked on developing two promising devices, the <a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">klystron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a>. Working with <a href="/wiki/James_Sayers_(physicist)" title="James Sayers (physicist)">James Sayers</a>, Oliphant managed to produce an improved version of the klystron capable of generating 400W. Meanwhile, two more members of his Birmingham team, <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Boot" title="Harry Boot">Harry Boot</a>, worked on a radical new design, a cavity magnetron. By February 1940, they had an output of 400W with a wavelength of 9.8 centimetres (3.9 in), just the kind of <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">short wavelengths</a> needed for good airborne radars. The magnetron's power was soon increased a hundred-fold, and Birmingham concentrated on magnetron development. The first operational magnetrons were delivered in August 1941. This invention was one of the key scientific breakthroughs during the war and played a major part in defeating the German <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a>, intercepting enemy bombers, and in directing Allied bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198183–90-46">[46]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, and the possibility that Britain might be invaded, prompted Oliphant to send his wife and children to Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a> in February 1942 led him to offer his services to <a href="/wiki/John_Madsen_(physicist)" title="John Madsen (physicist)">John Madsen</a>, the Professor of Electrical Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, and the head of the Radiophysics Laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, which was responsible for developing radar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198183–90-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958427–428-47">[47]</a> He embarked from Glasgow for Australia on <a href="/wiki/QSMV_Dominion_Monarch" title="QSMV Dominion Monarch">QSMV Dominion Monarch</a> on 20 March. The voyage, part of a 46-ship convoy, was a slow one, with the convoy frequently zigzagging to avoid U-boats, and the ship did not reach Fremantle until 27 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198191–92-48">[48]</a> The Australians were already preparing to produce radar sets locally. Oliphant persuaded Professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Laby" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Laby">Thomas Laby</a> to release <a href="/wiki/Eric_Burhop" title="Eric Burhop">Eric Burhop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_H._Martin" title="Leslie H. Martin">Leslie Martin</a> from their work on optical munitions to work on radar, and they succeeded in building a cavity magnetron in their laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> in May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958446-49">[49]</a> Oliphant worked with Martin on the process of moving the magnetrons for the laboratory to the production line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198192–93-50">[50]</a> Over 2,000 radar sets were produced in Australia during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958450-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project">Manhattan Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manhattan Project">edit</a>]</div> At the University of Birmingham in March 1940, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> examined the theoretical issues involved in developing, producing and using <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a> in a paper that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a>. They considered what would happen to a sphere of pure uranium-235, and found that not only could a <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> occur, but it might require as little as 1 kilogram (2 lb) of uranium-235 to unleash the energy of hundreds of tons of <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>. The first person they showed their paper to was Oliphant, and he immediately took it to Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a>, the chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196439–41,_407-52">[52]</a> As a result, a special subcommittee of the CSSAW known as the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> was created to investigate the matter further. It was chaired by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Thomson</a>, and its original membership included Oliphant, Chadwick, Cockcroft and Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196445-53">[53]</a> In its final report in July 1941, the MAUD Committee concluded that an atomic bomb was not only feasible, but might be produced as early as 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196478-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large oval-shaped structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg/220px-Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg/330px-Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg/440px-Y-12_Calutron_Alpha_racetrack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>The giant Alpha I racetrack at the <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 National Security Complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, used for electromagnetic separation.</figcaption></figure> Great Britain was at war and authorities there thought that the development of an atomic bomb was urgent, but there was much less urgency in the United States. Oliphant was one of the people who pushed the American program into motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372-55">[55]</a> On 5 August 1941, Oliphant flew to the United States in a <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a> bomber, ostensibly to discuss the radar-development program, but was assigned to find out why the United States was ignoring the findings of the MAUD Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Indiscretion-56">[56]</a> He later recalled: "the minutes and reports had been sent to <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Briggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Briggs">Lyman Briggs</a>, who was the Director of the Uranium Committee, and we were puzzled to receive virtually no comment. I called on Briggs in Washington [DC], only to find out that this inarticulate and unimpressive man had put the reports in his safe and had not shown them to members of his committee. I was amazed and distressed."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Oliphant then met with the Uranium Committee at its meeting in New York on 26 August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Indiscretion-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_King_Allison" title="Samuel King Allison">Samuel K. Allison</a>, a new member of the committee, was an experimental physicist and a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. He recalled that Oliphant "came to a meeting and said 'bomb' in no uncertain terms. He told us we must concentrate every effort on the bomb, and said we had no right to work on power plants or anything but the bomb. The bomb would cost 25 million dollars, he said, and Britain did not have the money or the manpower, so it was up to us." Allison was surprised that Briggs had kept the committee in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986373-58">[58]</a> Oliphant then travelled to Berkeley, where he met his friend Lawrence on 23 September, giving him a copy of the Frisch–Peierls memorandum. Lawrence had <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> check the figures, bringing him into the project for the first time. Oliphant found another ally in Oppenheimer,<a href="#cite_note-Indiscretion-56">[56]</a> and he not only managed to convince Lawrence and Oppenheimer that an atomic bomb was feasible, but inspired Lawrence to convert his 37-inch (94 cm) cyclotron into a giant <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_isotope_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic isotope separation">electromagnetic isotope separation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196244-59">[59]</a> a technique Oliphant had pioneered in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Electromagnetic_separation-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a> later wrote, "if Congress knew the true history of the atomic energy project, I have no doubt but that it would create a special medal to be given to meddling foreigners for distinguished services, and that Dr Oliphant would be the first to receive one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Oliphant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Oliphant.jpg/220px-University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Oliphant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/University_of_Birmingham_-_Poynting_Physics_Building_-_blue_plaques_group_-_Oliphant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>The University of Birmingham – Poynting Physics Building – blue plaque</figcaption></figure> On 26 October 1942, Oliphant embarked from Melbourne, taking Rosa and the children back with him. The wartime sea voyage on the French Desirade was again a slow one, and they did not reach Glasgow until 28 February 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198193–94-60">[60]</a> He had to leave them behind once more in November 1943 after the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> effort was merged with the American <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a>, and he left for the United States as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British Mission</a>. Oliphant was one of the scientists whose services the Americans were most eager to secure. Oppenheimer, who was now the director of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> attempted to persuade him to join the team there, but Oliphant preferred to head a team assisting his friend Lawrence at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley to develop the electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a>—a vital but less overtly military part of the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–114-61">[61]</a> Oliphant secured the services of fellow Australian physicist <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a>, who had been working for the Admiralty on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic mines">magnetic mines</a>, along with James Stayers and Stanley Duke, who had worked with him on the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a>. This initial group set out for Berkeley in a <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a> bomber in November 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–115-62">[62]</a> Oliphant became Lawrence's de facto deputy, and was in charge of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory when Lawrence was absent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964256–260-63">[63]</a> Although based in Berkeley, he often visited <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, where the separation plant was, and was an occasional visitor to Los Alamos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981183-64">[64]</a> He made efforts to involve Australian scientists in the project,<a href="#cite_note-Binnie-65">[65]</a> and had Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Rivett" title="David Rivett">David Rivett</a>, the head of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, release Eric Burhop to work on the Manhattan Project.<a href="#cite_note-Binnie-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> He briefed <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom">Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a>, on the project, and urged the Australian government to secure Australian uranium deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Binnie-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A meeting with <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, the director of the Manhattan Project, at Berkeley in September 1944, convinced Oliphant that the Americans intended to monopolise nuclear weapons after the war, restricting British research and production to Canada, and not permitting nuclear weapons technology to be shared with Australia. Characteristically, Oliphant bypassed Chadwick, the head of the British Mission, and sent a report direct to <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Akers" title="Wallace Akers">Wallace Akers</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> Directorate in London. Akers summoned Oliphant back to London for consultation. En route, Oliphant met with Chadwick and other members of the British Mission in Washington, where the prospect of resuming an independent British project was discussed. Chadwick was adamant that the cooperation with the Americans should continue, and that Oliphant and his team should remain until the task of building an atomic bomb was finished. Akers sent Chadwick a telegram directing that Oliphant should return to the UK by April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_Oliphant_Deign-68">[68]</a> Oliphant returned to England in March 1945, and resumed his post as a professor of physics at the University of Birmingham. He was on holiday in Wales with his family when he first heard of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981122–124-69">[69]</a> He was later to remark that he felt "sort of proud that the bomb had worked, and absolutely appalled at what it had done to human beings". Oliphant became a harsh critic of nuclear weapons and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a>, saying, "I, right from the beginning, have been terribly worried by the existence of nuclear weapons and very much against their use."<a href="#cite_note-curiosity-17">[17]</a> His wartime work would have earned him a <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> with Gold Palm, but the Australian government vetoed this honour,<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> as government policy at the time was not to confer honours on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981198-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_in_Australia">Later years in Australia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years in Australia">edit</a>]</div> In April 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>, asked Oliphant if he would be a technical advisor to the Australian delegation to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United Nations Atomic Energy Commission">United Nations Atomic Energy Commission</a> (UNAEC), which was debating international control of nuclear weapons. Oliphant agreed, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for External Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a> and the Australian Representative at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>, to hear the <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a>. The attempt at international control was unsuccessful, and no agreement was reached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981131–132-71">[71]</a> Chifley and the Secretary for <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Post-War_Reconstruction" title="Department of Post-War Reconstruction">Post-War Reconstruction</a>, Dr <a href="/wiki/H._C._Coombs" title="H. C. Coombs">H. C. "Nugget" Coombs</a>, also discussed with Oliphant a plan to create a new research institute that would attract the world's best scholars to Australia and lift the standard of university education nationwide. They hoped to start by attracting three of Australia's most distinguished expatriates: Oliphant, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_(William)_Keith_Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir (William) Keith Hancock">Keith Hancock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981144–145-72">[72]</a> It was academic suicide; Australia was far from the centres where the latest research was being carried out, and communications were much poorer at that time. But Oliphant accepted, and in 1950 returned to Australia as the first Director of the <a href="/wiki/Research_School_of_Physical_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering">Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. Within the school he created a Department of Particle Physics, which he headed himself, a Department of Nuclear Physics under <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Titterton" title="Ernest Titterton">Ernest Titterton</a>, a Department of Geophysics under John Jaeger, a Department of Astronomy under <a href="/wiki/Bart_Bok" title="Bart Bok">Bart Bok</a>, a Department of Theoretical Physics under <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Le_Couteur" title="Kenneth Le Couteur">Kenneth Le Couteur</a> and a Department of Mathematics under <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Neumann" title="Bernhard Neumann">Bernhard Neumann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981171–179-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baxter_Oliphant_(1954).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Baxter_Oliphant_%281954%29.jpg/220px-Baxter_Oliphant_%281954%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Baxter_Oliphant_%281954%29.jpg/330px-Baxter_Oliphant_%281954%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Baxter_Oliphant_%281954%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>During a two-day symposium on "Atomic Power in Australia" at the New South Wales University of Technology, Sydney, which began on 31 August 1954, Oliphant (left), <a href="/wiki/Homi_Jehangir_Bhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Homi Jehangir Bhabha">Homi Jehangir Bhabha</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Baxter" title="Philip Baxter">Philip Baxter</a> (right) meet over a cup of tea</figcaption></figure> Oliphant was an advocate of nuclear weapons research. He served on the post-war Technical Committee that advised the British government on nuclear weapons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold197445-74">[74]</a> and publicly declared that Britain needed to develop its own nuclear weapons independent of the United States to "avoid the danger of becoming a lesser power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200053-75">[75]</a> The establishment of a world-class nuclear physics research capability in Australia was intimately linked with the government's plans to develop nuclear power and weapons. Locating the new research institute in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> would place it close to the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme" title="Snowy Mountains Scheme">Snowy Mountains Scheme</a>, which was planned to be the centrepiece of a new nuclear power industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974147-76">[76]</a> Oliphant hoped that Britain would assist with the Australian program, and the British were interested in cooperation because Australia had uranium ore and weapons testing sites, and there were concerns that Australia was becoming too closely aligned with the United States. Arrangements were made for Australian scientists to be seconded to the British <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment" title="Atomic Energy Research Establishment">Atomic Energy Research Establishment</a> at Harwell, but the close cooperation he sought was stymied by security concerns arising from Britain's commitments to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974336–337-77">[77]</a> Oliphant envisaged Canberra one day becoming a <a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">university town</a> like Oxford or Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200052–53-78">[78]</a> A threat to the future of the university arose in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">1949 election</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> won. Many Liberals were opposed to the university, which they saw as an extravagance. Menzies defended it, but in 1954 he announced that it had entered a period of consolidation, with a funding ceiling, ending the possibility of successful competition with universities in Europe and North America. A further blow came in 1959, when the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies government">Menzies government</a> amalgamated it with the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_University_College" title="Canberra University College">Canberra University College</a>. Henceforth, it would no longer be a research university, but a regular one, with responsibility for teaching undergraduates. Nonetheless, parts of the university stayed committed to the old mission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981171–179-73">[73]</a> and the ANU remained a university where research is central to its activities.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Despite the setbacks, by 2014 the vision of Canberra as a university town would be well on its way to becoming a reality.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In September 1951, Oliphant applied for a visa to travel to the United States for a nuclear physics conference in Chicago. The visa was not refused, nor was Oliphant accused of subversive activities, but neither was it issued. This was the height of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>. The American <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarran Act">McCarran Act</a> restricted travel to the United States, and in Australia the Menzies government was <a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Australian referendum">attempting to ban the Communist Party</a>, and was not inclined to support Oliphant against the American government. A subsequent request to travel to Canada via Hawaii in September 1954 was refused by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Although Oliphant was granted a special waiver that allowed him to transit the US, he preferred to cancel the trip rather than accept this humiliation. The Menzies government subsequently excluded him from participating in or observing the <a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a>, nor was he allowed access to classified nuclear information for fear of antagonising the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981188–193-81">[81]</a> In 1955, Oliphant initiated the design and construction of a 500 megajoule <a href="/wiki/Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">homopolar generator</a> (HPG), the world's largest. This massive machine contained three discs 3.5 metres (11 ft) in diameter and weighing 38 tonnes (37 long tons). He obtained £40,000 (equivalent to A$3,000,000 in 2022) initial funding from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Australian Atomic Energy Commission">Australian Atomic Energy Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981229–231-82">[82]</a> Completed in 1963, the HPG was intended to be the power source for a synchrotron, but this was not built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981247–249-83">[83]</a> Instead, it was used to power the LT-4 <a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a> and a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">railgun</a> that was used as a scientific instrument for experiments with <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>. It was decommissioned in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shine_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Shine_dome.jpg/220px-Shine_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Shine_dome.jpg/330px-Shine_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Shine_dome.jpg/440px-Shine_dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Australian Academy of Science – The Shine Dome in Canberra</figcaption></figure> Oliphant founded the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a> in 1954, teaming up with <a href="/wiki/David_Martyn" class="mw-redirect" title="David Martyn">David Martyn</a> to overcome the obstacles that had frustrated previous attempts. Oliphant was its president until 1956. Deciding that the Academy of Science should have its own special building, Oliphant raised the required money from donations. As chairman of the Building Design Committee, he selected and oversaw the construction of one of Canberra's most striking architectural designs. He also delivered the Academy of Science's 1961 <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> Lecture, on the subject of "<a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> in his time and today".<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a> Oliphant retired as Professor of Particle Physics in 1964, and was appointed Professor of Ionised Gases. In this chair he produced his first research papers since the 1930s. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981247–249-83">[83]</a> He was invited by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>, to become the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a>, a position he held from 1971 to 1976. During this period, he caused great concern to Dunstan when he strongly supported the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">Sir John Kerr</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FRS-3">[3]</a> He assisted in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> political party, and he was the chairman of the meeting in Melbourne in 1977 at which the party was launched.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a> reported in 1981 that "Sir Mark Oliphant warned the Dunstan Government of the 'grave dangers' of appointing an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigine">Australian Aborigine</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, to succeed him as South Australia's Governor".<a href="#cite_note-Black-85">[85]</a> Oliphant had secretly written, "[t]here is something inherent in the personality of the Aborigine which makes it difficult for him to adapt fully to the ways of the white man." The authors of Oliphant's biography noted that "that was the prevailing attitude of almost the entire white population of Australia until well after World War II".<a href="#cite_note-Black-85">[85]</a> Oliphant was created a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (KBE) in 1959,<a href="#cite_note-KBE-86">[86]</a> and was made a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">Companion of the Order of Australia</a> (AC) in 1977 "for eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in the field of public service and in service to the crown".<a href="#cite_note-AC-87">[87]</a> Late in life, Oliphant watched his wife, Rosa, suffer before her death in 1987, and he became an advocate for voluntary euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> On 14 July 2000, he died in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, at the age of 98.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> His body was cremated.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-45">[45]</a> His daughter Vivian died from a brain tumour in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> after his son Michael died from colon cancer in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981267-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG/170px-Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG/255px-Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG/340px-Mark_Oliphant_Canberra_Homopolar_Generator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the 500 MJ generator at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> </figcaption></figure> Places and things named in honour of Oliphant include the Oliphant Building at the Australian National University,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> a South Australian high schools science competition,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant_College" title="Mark Oliphant College">a school</a> in the Adelaide suburb of <a href="/wiki/Munno_Para_West,_South_Australia" title="Munno Para West, South Australia">Munno Para West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and a bridge on Parkes Way in Canberra near his old laboratory at the ANU.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> His papers are in the Adolph Basser Library at the Australian Academy of Science, and the Barr Smith Library at the University of Adelaide.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Oliphant's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Oliphant" title="Pat Oliphant">Pat Oliphant</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning cartoonist.<a href="#cite_note-Joffe-5">[5]</a> His daughter-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Monica_Oliphant" title="Monica Oliphant">Monica Oliphant</a>, is a distinguished Australian physicist specialising in the field of renewable energy, for which she was made an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of Australia">Officer of the Order of Australia</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1937 Elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1943 Awarded <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> by the Royal Society<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1946 Awarded Silvanius Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1948 Awarded <a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> by the Institution of Engineers<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1954 Elected (Foundation) <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science">Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science</a><a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1955 Invited to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Bakerian_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakerian Lecture">Bakerian Lecture</a> by the Royal Society<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1955 Invited to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Memorial_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford Memorial Lecture">Rutherford Memorial Lecture</a> by the Royal Society<a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1956 Awarded Galathea Medal by King <a href="/wiki/Frederik_IX_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik IX of Denmark">Frederik IX of Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-AAS-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1959 Created <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-KBE-86">[86]</a></li> <li>1961 Awarded <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders_Medal_and_Lecture" title="Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture">Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>1976 Inducted as first Honorary Fellow and a Foundation <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering</a><a href="#cite_note-FTSE-101">[101]</a></li> <li>1977 Appointed <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">Companion of the Order of Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-AC-87">[87]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Memorials to Mark Oliphant</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue on North Terrace, Adelaide"><img alt="Statue on North Terrace, Adelaide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg/200px-J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg/300px-J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg/400px-J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue on <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace, Adelaide</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Text on the statue"><img alt="Text on the statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg/187px-J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg/281px-J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg/375px-J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Text on the statue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 330px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J150W-Oliphant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque on the Jubilee 150 Walkway"><img alt="Plaque on the Jubilee 150 Walkway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/J150W-Oliphant.jpg/200px-J150W-Oliphant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/J150W-Oliphant.jpg/300px-J150W-Oliphant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/J150W-Oliphant.jpg/400px-J150W-Oliphant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque on the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_150_Walkway" title="Jubilee 150 Walkway">Jubilee 150 Walkway</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Oliphant, Mark (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomicage031262mbp">The Atomic age</a>. London: G. Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880015">880015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880015&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomicage031262mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1970). Science and the Future. Bedford Park, South Australia: Flinders University Science Association. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37096592">37096592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Future&rft.place=Bedford+Park%2C+South+Australia&rft.pub=Flinders+University+Science+Association&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37096592&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rutherfordrecoll0000olip">Rutherford: Recollections of the Cambridge Days</a>. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-40968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-40968-3"><bdi>978-0-444-40968-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/379045">379045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford%3A+Recollections+of+the+Cambridge+Days&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F379045&rft.isbn=978-0-444-40968-3&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordrecoll0000olip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliphant_brothers" title="Oliphant brothers">Oliphant brothers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210531716">"Family Notices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_and_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="The Express and Telegraph">The Express and Telegraph</a>. South Australia. 2 November 1901. p. 4. Retrieved 5 April 2020 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+and+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Family+Notices&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1901-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article210531716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56764831">"Workers' Educational Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register_(Adelaide)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Register (Adelaide)">The Register</a>. 9 October 1928. p. 3. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Workers%27+Educational+Association&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1928-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article56764831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRS-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRS_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleaney2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brebis_Bleaney" title="Brebis Bleaney">Bleaney, B.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2001.0022">"Sir Mark (Marcus Laurence Elwin) Oliphant, A.C., K.B.E. 8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000: Elected F.R.S. 1937"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a>. 47: 383–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2001.0022">10.1098/rsbm.2001.0022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Mark+%28Marcus+Laurence+Elwin%29+Oliphant%2C+A.C.%2C+K.B.E.+8+October+1901+%E2%80%93+14+July+2000%3A+Elected+F.R.S.+1937&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=383-393&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2001.0022&rft.aulast=Bleaney&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2001.0022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19813-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19813_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joffe-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joffe_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joffe_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mickjoffe.com/Sir_Mark_Oliphant">"Mick Joffe, interview with Sir Mark Oliphant"</a>. Mick Joffe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233449/http://www.mickjoffe.com/Sir_Mark_Oliphant">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mick+Joffe%2C+interview+with+Sir+Mark+Oliphant&rft.pub=Mick+Joffe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mickjoffe.com%2FSir_Mark_Oliphant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19816-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19816_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31848647">"Topics of the Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_South_Australian_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The South Australian Advertiser">The South Australian Advertiser</a>. South Australia. 14 April 1865. p. 2. Retrieved 5 April 2020 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Australian+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Topics+of+the+Day&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1865-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article31848647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19818-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard19818_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198116-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198116_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198114–15-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198114–15_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198119-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198119_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198120–21-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198120–21_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198122–23-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198122–23_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198128-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198128_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdonOliphant1927" class="citation journal cs1">Burdon, R. S.; Oliphant, M. L. (1927). "The Problem of the Surface Tension of Mercury and the Action of Aqueous Solutions on a Mercury Surface". <a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Faraday_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Faraday Society">Transactions of the Faraday Society</a>. 23: 205–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FTF9272300205">10.1039/TF9272300205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Surface+Tension+of+Mercury+and+the+Action+of+Aqueous+Solutions+on+a+Mercury+Surface&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=205-213&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FTF9272300205&rft.aulast=Burdon&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Oliphant%2C+M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantBurdon1927" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L.; Burdon, R. S. (22 October 1927). "Adsorption of Gases on the Surface of Mercury". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 120 (3025): 584–585. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927Natur.120..584O">1927Natur.120..584O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F120584b0">10.1038/120584b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4069073">4069073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Adsorption+of+Gases+on+the+Surface+of+Mercury&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3025&rft.pages=584-585&rft.date=1927-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4069073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F120584b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927Natur.120..584O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Burdon%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-curiosity-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-curiosity_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-curiosity_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-curiosity_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-curiosity_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1997" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Denise (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/journal/as_oliphant.htm">""Just Curiosity...", Sir Mark Oliphant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203004516/http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/journal/as_oliphant.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Just+Curiosity...%22%2C+Sir+Mark+Oliphant&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asap.unimelb.edu.au%2Fbsparcs%2Fexhib%2Fjournal%2Fas_oliphant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198129-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198129_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198129_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198130-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198130_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history">"The History of the Cavendish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708091429/http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Cavendish&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phy.cam.ac.uk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198137-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198137_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198141-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198141_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-AAS-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAS_23-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806033305/http://www.science.org.au/fellows/memoirs/oliphant.html">"Australian Academy of Science – Biographical Memoirs – Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.au/fellows/memoirs/oliphant.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Academy+of+Science+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Memoirs+%E2%80%93+Marcus+Laurence+Elwin+Oliphant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.au%2Ffellows%2Fmemoirs%2Foliphant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198142–43-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198142–43_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198143-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198143_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198159-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198159_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198171-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198171_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198171_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198145–46-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198145–46_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198148–50-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198148–50_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198152–55-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198152–55_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198152–55_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 52–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantRutherford1933" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L. E.; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rutherford">Rutherford, Lord</a> (3 July 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0117">"Experiments on the Transmutation of Elements by Protons"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 141 (843): 259–281. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933RSPSA.141..259O">1933RSPSA.141..259O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0117">10.1098/rspa.1933.0117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Experiments+on+the+Transmutation+of+Elements+by+Protons&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=843&rft.pages=259-281&rft.date=1933-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933RSPSA.141..259O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1933.0117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantKinseyRutherford1933" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L. E.; Kinsey, B. B.; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rutherford">Rutherford, Lord</a> (1 September 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0150">"The Transmutation of Lithium by Protons and by Ions of the Heavy Isotope of Hydrogen"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 141 (845): 722–733. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933RSPSA.141..722O">1933RSPSA.141..722O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0150">10.1098/rspa.1933.0150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Transmutation+of+Lithium+by+Protons+and+by+Ions+of+the+Heavy+Isotope+of+Hydrogen&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=845&rft.pages=722-733&rft.date=1933-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1933.0150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933RSPSA.141..722O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Kinsey%2C+B.+B.&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1933.0150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantHarteckRutherford1934" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L. E.; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harteck" title="Paul Harteck">Harteck, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rutherford">Rutherford, Lord</a> (1 May 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0077">"Transmutation Effects Observed with Heavy Hydrogen"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 144 (853): 692–703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934RSPSA.144..692O">1934RSPSA.144..692O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0077">10.1098/rspa.1934.0077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Transmutation+Effects+Observed+with+Heavy+Hydrogen&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=853&rft.pages=692-703&rft.date=1934-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0077&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934RSPSA.144..692O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Harteck%2C+P.&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1934.0077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electromagnetic_separation-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Electromagnetic_separation_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Electromagnetic_separation_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantShireCrowther1934" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L. E.; Shire, E. S.; Crowther, B. M. (15 October 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0197">"Separation of the Isotopes of Lithium and Some Nuclear Transformations Observed with them"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 146 (859): 922–929. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934RSPSA.146..922O">1934RSPSA.146..922O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0197">10.1098/rspa.1934.0197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Separation+of+the+Isotopes+of+Lithium+and+Some+Nuclear+Transformations+Observed+with+them&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=859&rft.pages=922-929&rft.date=1934-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1934.0197&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934RSPSA.146..922O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Shire%2C+E.+S.&rft.au=Crowther%2C+B.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1934.0197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198155–57-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198155–57_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantKemptonRutherford1935" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, M. L. E.; Kempton, A. R.; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rutherford">Rutherford, Lord</a> (1 April 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0071">"The Accurate Determination of the Energy Released in Certain Nuclear Transformations"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 149 (867): 406–416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935RSPSA.149..406O">1935RSPSA.149..406O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0071">10.1098/rspa.1935.0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Accurate+Determination+of+the+Energy+Released+in+Certain+Nuclear+Transformations&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=867&rft.pages=406-416&rft.date=1935-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1935.0071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935RSPSA.149..406O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Kempton%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1935.0071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddington1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington, Arthur S.</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429642">"The internal constitution of the stars"</a>. The Observatory. 43 (1341): 341–358. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Obs....43..341E">1920Obs....43..341E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.52.1341.233">10.1126/science.52.1341.233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17747682">17747682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+internal+constitution+of+the+stars&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1341&rft.pages=341-358&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17747682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.52.1341.233&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Obs....43..341E&rft.aulast=Eddington&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198158-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198158_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198153-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198153_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotblat2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Rotblat" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Rotblat">Rotblat, Józef</a> (2000). "Mark Oliphant (1901–2000)". Nature. 407 (6803): 468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35035202">10.1038/35035202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11028988">11028988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36978443">36978443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mark+Oliphant+%281901%E2%80%932000%29&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=6803&rft.pages=468&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36978443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11028988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35035202&rft.aulast=Rotblat&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198166–69-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198166–69_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198166–69_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 66–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212431/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/energy/history-of-energy-at-birmingham.aspx">"A Century of Expertise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/energy/history-of-energy-at-birmingham.aspx">the original</a> on 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Expertise&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Factivity%2Fenergy%2Fhistory-of-energy-at-birmingham.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198174–78-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198174–78_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198174–78_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 74–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Dr N. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.np.ph.bham.ac.uk/history/cyclotrons">"The Nuffield Cyclotron at Birmingham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220611/http://www.np.ph.bham.ac.uk/history/cyclotrons">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nuffield+Cyclotron+at+Birmingham&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Dr+N.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.np.ph.bham.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fcyclotrons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleaney" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bleaney, Brebis. "Oliphant, Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin (1901–2000)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F74397">10.1093/ref:odnb/74397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oliphant%2C+Sir+Marcus+Laurence+Elwin+%281901%E2%80%932000%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F74397&rft.aulast=Bleaney&rft.aufirst=Brebis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198183–90-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198183–90_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198183–90_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 83–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958427–428-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellor1958427–428_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMellor1958">Mellor 1958</a>, pp. 427–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198191–92-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198191–92_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958446-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellor1958446_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMellor1958">Mellor 1958</a>, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198192–93-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198192–93_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellor1958450-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellor1958450_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMellor1958">Mellor 1958</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196439–41,_407-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing196439–41,_407_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowing1964">Gowing 1964</a>, pp. 39–41, 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196445-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing196445_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowing1964">Gowing 1964</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196478-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing196478_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowing1964">Gowing 1964</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-Indiscretion-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indiscretion_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indiscretion_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indiscretion_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Darren (17 January 2018). "The Indiscretion of Mark Oliphant: How an Australian Kick-started the American Atomic Bomb Project". Historical Records of Australian Science. 29: 28–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FHR17023">10.1071/HR17023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Records+of+Australian+Science&rft.atitle=The+Indiscretion+of+Mark+Oliphant%3A+How+an+Australian+Kick-started+the+American+Atomic+Bomb+Project&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FHR17023&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1982" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, Mark (December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">"The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 38 (10): 14–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982BuAtS..38j..14O">1982BuAtS..38j..14O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1982.11455816">10.1080/00963402.1982.11455816</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Beginning%3A+Chadwick+and+the+Neutron&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=14-18&rft.date=1982-12&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1982.11455816&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982BuAtS..38j..14O&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwoAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986373-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986373_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196244-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196244_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962">Hewlett & Anderson 1962</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198193–94-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard198193–94_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–114-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–114_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–115-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981113–115_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 113–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964256–260-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964256–260_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowing1964">Gowing 1964</a>, pp. 256–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981183-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981183_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-Binnie-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Binnie_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binnie_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binnie_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinnie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Binnie, Anna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsoc.org.au/publications/journal_2000_on/139_p1,2_binnie.pdf">"Oliphant, the Father of Atomic Energy"</a> (PDF). Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 139 (419–420): 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.361572">10.5962/p.361572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9173">0035-9173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259734791">259734791</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228103540/http://royalsoc.org.au/publications/journal_2000_on/139_p1,2_binnie.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Oliphant%2C+the+Father+of+Atomic+Energy&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=419%E2%80%93420&rft.pages=11-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259734791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0035-9173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.361572&rft.aulast=Binnie&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsoc.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fjournal_2000_on%2F139_p1%2C2_binnie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-07/4-rivett-to-white.aspx">"Rivett to White"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. 5 January 1944. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421162747/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-07/4-rivett-to-white.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rivett+to+White&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.date=1944-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfat.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical-documents%2FPages%2Fvolume-07%2F4-rivett-to-white.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-06/258-bruce-to-curtin.aspx">"Bruce to Curtin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a>. 16 August 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421162811/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-06/258-bruce-to-curtin.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+to+Curtin&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.date=1943-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfat.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical-documents%2FPages%2Fvolume-06%2F258-bruce-to-curtin.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_the_Oliphant_Deign-68"><a href="#cite_ref-On_the_Oliphant_Deign_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Darren (15 May 2018). "'On the Oliphant Deign, Now to Sound the Blast': How Mark Oliphant Secretly Warned of America's Post-war Intentions of an Atomic Monopoly". Historical Records of Australian Science. 29 (2): 130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FHR18008">10.1071/HR18008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Records+of+Australian+Science&rft.atitle=%27On+the+Oliphant+Deign%2C+Now+to+Sound+the+Blast%27%3A+How+Mark+Oliphant+Secretly+Warned+of+America%27s+Post-war+Intentions+of+an+Atomic+Monopoly&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FHR18008&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981122–124-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981122–124_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 122–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981198-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981198_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981131–132-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981131–132_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981144–145-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981144–145_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981171–179-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981171–179_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981171–179_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 171–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold197445-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold197445_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowingArnold1974">Gowing & Arnold 1974</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200053-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200053_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2000">Reynolds 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974147-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974147_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowingArnold1974">Gowing & Arnold 1974</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974336–337-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974336–337_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowingArnold1974">Gowing & Arnold 1974</a>, pp. 336–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200052–53-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200052–53_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2000">Reynolds 2000</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.anu.edu.au/__documents/strategic-plans/anu-2020-strategy.pdf">"ANU by 2020"</a> (PDF). Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204195830/http://about.anu.edu.au/__documents/strategic-plans/anu-2020-strategy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANU+by+2020&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.anu.edu.au%2F__documents%2Fstrategic-plans%2Fanu-2020-strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2014" class="citation news cs1">Macdonald, Emma (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/canberra-the-most-university-town-in-the-country-say-uc-and-anu-20141201-11xh7s.html">"Canberra the most 'university town' in the country, say UC and ANU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Times">Canberra Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610005222/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/canberra-the-most-university-town-in-the-country-say-uc-and-anu-20141201-11xh7s.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Canberra+the+most+%27university+town%27+in+the+country%2C+say+UC+and+ANU&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fact-news%2Fcanberra-the-most-university-town-in-the-country-say-uc-and-anu-20141201-11xh7s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981188–193-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981188–193_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 188–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981229–231-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981229–231_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 229–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981247–249-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981247–249_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981247–249_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, pp. 247–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250480545">"Don's Party Ready to Go"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Post-courier" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua New Guinea Post-courier">Papua New Guinea Post-courier</a>. 10 May 1977. p. 9. Retrieved 9 May 2020 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-courier&rft.atitle=Don%27s+Party+Ready+to+Go&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1977-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article250480545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19810820&id=6zJVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3739,1176081">"Oliphant did not want Black"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 20 August 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511050518/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19810820&id=6zJVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h5QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3739,1176081">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Oliphant+did+not+want+Black&rft.date=1981-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1300%26dat%3D19810820%26id%3D6zJVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3739%2C1176081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBE-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KBE_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KBE_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette41590" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41590/supplement/38">"No. 41590"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (1st supplement). 30 December 1958. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+41590&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1958-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F41590%2Fsupplement%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AC_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AC_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/885284">"Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) entry for Mark Oliphant"</a>. Australian Honours Database. Canberra, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)">Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet</a>. 26 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2013. <q>For eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in the field of public service and in service to the crown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Honours+Database&rft.atitle=Companion+of+the+Order+of+Australia+%28AC%29+entry+for+Mark+Oliphant&rft.date=1977-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F885284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503095850/http://www.saves.asn.au/archives/resources/handbook/rtc1.php">"Handbook of the South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society"</a>. South Australian Voluntary Euthanasia Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saves.asn.au/archives/resources/handbook/rtc1.php">the original</a> on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+South+Australian+Voluntary+Euthanasia+Society&rft.pub=South+Australian+Voluntary+Euthanasia+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saves.asn.au%2Farchives%2Fresources%2Fhandbook%2Frtc1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s152880.htm">"Sir Mark Oliphant dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 18 July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222150420/http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s152880.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Mark+Oliphant+dies&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2000-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fnews%2Fstories%2Fs152880.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F2008-09-15%2F0109%22">"Ms Vivian Wilson"</a>. Parliament of Australia. 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ms+Vivian+Wilson&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fdisplay.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%253A%2522chamber%252Fhansards%252F2008-09-15%252F0109%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981267-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburnEllyard1981267_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981">Cockburn & Ellyard 1981</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campusmap.anu.edu.au/displaybldg.asp?no=60">"Oliphant Building"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091152/http://campusmap.anu.edu.au/displaybldg.asp?no=60">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliphant+Building&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampusmap.anu.edu.au%2Fdisplaybldg.asp%3Fno%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/Find_a_Park/Browse_by_region/Adelaide_Hills/Mark_Oliphant_Conservation_Park">"Mark Oliphant Conservation Park"</a>. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010418/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/Find_a_Park/Browse_by_region/Adelaide_Hills/Mark_Oliphant_Conservation_Park">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+Oliphant+Conservation+Park&rft.pub=Department+of+Environment%2C+Water+and+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.sa.gov.au%2Fparks%2FFind_a_Park%2FBrowse_by_region%2FAdelaide_Hills%2FMark_Oliphant_Conservation_Park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425132322/http://www.sasta.asn.au/index.php/page/view_by_id/46">"Oliphant Science Awards"</a>. South Australian Science Teachers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasta.asn.au/index.php/page/view_by_id/46">the original</a> on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliphant+Science+Awards&rft.pub=South+Australian+Science+Teachers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasta.asn.au%2Findex.php%2Fpage%2Fview_by_id%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005035427/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/about/libraries/bsl/oliphant.pdf">"Sir Mark Oliphant (1901–2000)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/about/libraries/bsl/oliphant.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Mark+Oliphant+%281901%E2%80%932000%29&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Flibrary%2Fabout%2Flibraries%2Fbsl%2Foliphant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moc.sa.edu.au/about/people/introduction/">"Mark Oliphant College B-12"</a>. Mark Oliphant College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215125019/http://moc.sa.edu.au/about/people/introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+Oliphant+College+B-12&rft.pub=Mark+Oliphant+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoc.sa.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.cmtedd.act.gov.au/archived-media-releases/mediaf8e0.html?v=9635&s=87&v=9635&s=87">"Katy Gallagher | Chief Minister, Australian Capital Territory | Parkes Way bridge to honour ANU pioneer"</a> (Press release). ACT Government. 16 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807113738/http://info.cmtedd.act.gov.au/archived-media-releases/mediaf8e0.html?v=9635&s=87&v=9635&s=87">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katy+Gallagher+%26%23124%3B+Chief+Minister%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory+%26%23124%3B+Parkes+Way+bridge+to+honour+ANU+pioneer&rft.pub=ACT+Government&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.cmtedd.act.gov.au%2Farchived-media-releases%2Fmediaf8e0.html%3Fv%3D9635%26s%3D87%26v%3D9635%26s%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P000683b.htm">"Oliphant, Marcus Laurence Elwin"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Australian Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701044901/http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P000683b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliphant%2C+Marcus+Laurence+Elwin&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+Australian+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoas.info%2Fbiogs%2FP000683b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Verity (8 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/monica-oliphant-treehugging-physicist-turned-to-renewables/news-story/70f102581d3ff4f926d59089313cda3c">"Monica Oliphant: 'tree-hugging' physicist turned to renewables"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Monica+Oliphant%3A+%27tree-hugging%27+physicist+turned+to+renewables&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Verity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fmonica-oliphant-treehugging-physicist-turned-to-renewables%2Fnews-story%2F70f102581d3ff4f926d59089313cda3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org.au/matthew-flinders-medal-and-lecture">"Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture"</a>. science.org.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329205554/https://www.science.org.au/matthew-flinders-medal-and-lecture">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.org.au&rft.atitle=Matthew+Flinders+Medal+and+Lecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fmatthew-flinders-medal-and-lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTSE-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FTSE_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172903/https://www.atse.org.au/atse/about/history/content/about/history.aspx">"History"</a>. Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atse.org.au/atse/about/history/content/about/history.aspx">the original</a> on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Australian+Academy+of+Technological+Sciences+and+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atse.org.au%2Fatse%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fcontent%2Fabout%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Stewart; Ellyard, David (1981). Oliphant, the Life and Times of Sir Mark Oliphant. Adelaide: Axiom Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9594164-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9594164-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9594164-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oliphant%2C+the+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+Mark+Oliphant&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Axiom+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-9594164-0-4&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Ellyard%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945. London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670156897">670156897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670156897&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowingArnold1974" class="citation book cs1">Gowing, Margaret; <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Arnold" title="Lorna Arnold">Arnold, Lorna</a> (1974). Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15781-7"><bdi>978-0-333-15781-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611555258">611555258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+and+Deterrence%3A+Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1945%E2%80%931952%2C+Volume+1%2C+Policy+Making&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611555258&rft.isbn=978-0-333-15781-7&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf">The New World, 1939–1946</a> (PDF). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07186-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637004643">637004643</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637004643&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07186-5&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Oscar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F5docs%2FTheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor1958" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, D. P. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517013809/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67920">The Role of Science and Industry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4092792">4092792</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67920">the original</a> on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4092792&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fhistories%2Fsecond_world_war%2Fvolume.asp%3FlevelID%3D67920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2000" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Wayne (2000). Australia's Bid for the Atomic Bomb. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84914-1"><bdi>978-0-522-84914-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46880369">46880369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Bid+for+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46880369&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84914-1&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3"><bdi>978-0-671-44133-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44133-3&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ramsey, Andrew (2019). The Basis of Everything. Sydney: HarperCollinsPublishers Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4607-5523-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4607-5523-5"><bdi>978-1-4607-5523-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104182720">1104182720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+Everything&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=HarperCollinsPublishers+Australia&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104182720&rft.isbn=978-1-4607-5523-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brett_Mason" title="Brett Mason">Mason, Brett</a> (2022). Wizards of Oz : how Oliphant and Florey helped win the war and shape the modern world. Sydney, NSW. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-854-8"><bdi>978-1-74223-854-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345458814">1345458814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wizards+of+Oz+%3A+how+Oliphant+and+Florey+helped+win+the+war+and+shape+the+modern+world&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1345458814&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-854-8&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeetv.ieee.org/history/larson-collection-interview-with-mark-oliphant">"Larson Collection interview with Mark Oliphant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larson+Collection+interview+with+Mark+Oliphant&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeetv.ieee.org%2Fhistory%2Flarson-collection-interview-with-mark-oliphant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"> Video interview.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145703/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4805.html">"Oral History Transcript – Sir Mark Oliphant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. 3 November 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4805.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Transcript+%E2%80%93+Sir+Mark+Oliphant&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft.date=1971-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fohilist%2F4805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photos.lbl.gov/viewphoto.php?imageId=4717023">"Group photograph of British Mission at Berkeley, 1944"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+photograph+of+British+Mission+at+Berkeley%2C+1944&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotos.lbl.gov%2Fviewphoto.php%3FimageId%3D4717023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Oliphant" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Major General <a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(Australian_governor)" title="James Harrison (Australian governor)">Sir James Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> 1971–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Sir Douglas Nicholls</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_South_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Template:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Template talk:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_South_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governors of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hindmarsh" title="John Hindmarsh">Hindmarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gawler" title="George Gawler">Gawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robe" title="Frederick Robe">Robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Young" title="Henry Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Graves_MacDonnell" title="Richard Graves MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_Daly" title="Dominick Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Fergusson,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet">Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Musgrave" title="Anthony Musgrave">Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jervois" title="William Jervois">Jervois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._F._Robinson" title="William C. F. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Keith-Falconer,_9th_Earl_of_Kintore" title="Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore">Earl of Kintore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Fowell_Buxton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Fowell Buxton, 3rd Baronet">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallam_Tennyson,_2nd_Baron_Tennyson" title="Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson">Baron Tennyson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Le_Hunte" title="George Le Hunte">Le Hunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Bosanquet" title="Day Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Galway" title="Henry Galway">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Weigall" title="Archibald Weigall">Weigall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bridges" title="Tom Bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Hore-Ruthven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Dugan,_1st_Baron_Dugan_of_Victoria" title="Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria">Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barclay-Harvey" title="Malcolm Barclay-Harvey">Barclay-Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Norrie,_1st_Baron_Norrie" title="Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie">Norrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_(RAF_officer)" title="Robert George (RAF officer)">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edric_Bastyan" title="Edric Bastyan">Bastyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(Australian_governor)" title="James Harrison (Australian governor)">Harrison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Seaman" title="Keith Seaman">Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dunstan_(governor)" title="Donald Dunstan (governor)">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Mitchell" title="Roma Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Neal" title="Eric Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Jackson-Nelson" title="Marjorie Jackson-Nelson">Jackson-Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Scarce" title="Kevin Scarce">Scarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieu_Van_Le" title="Hieu Van Le">Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Adamson" title="Frances Adamson">Adamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/21px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/42px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Mark Oliphant at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mark_Oliphant" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mark Oliphant">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" class="extiw" title="q:Mark Oliphant">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082332236">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/53019332">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1861034/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhPwRbwRq7mykkC3GmBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1019586931">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81134920">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35397500">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p14856559X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812830261505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271834905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060995055306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=187350">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/938517">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oliphant-sir-marcus-laurence-elwin--mark-782">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1019586931.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/131830597">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6125s1p">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&oldid=1246809557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&oldid=1246809557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_births" title="Category:1901 births">1901 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000_deaths" title="Category:2000 deaths">2000 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Adelaide" title="Category:Scientists from Adelaide">Scientists from Adelaide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_physicists" title="Category:Australian physicists">Australian physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_nuclear_physicists" title="Category:Australian nuclear physicists">Australian nuclear physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accelerator_physicists" title="Category:Accelerator physicists">Accelerator physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Order_of_Australia" title="Category:Companions of the Order of Australia">Companions of the Order of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science">Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Category:Governors of South Australia">Governors of South Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Knights_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project_people" title="Category:Manhattan Project people">Manhattan Project people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radar_pioneers" title="Category:Radar pioneers">Radar pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Adelaide_alumni" title="Category:University of Adelaide alumni">University of Adelaide alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Australian fellows of the Royal Society">Australian fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Birmingham" title="Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham">Academics of the University of Birmingham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Australian_National_University" title="Category:Academic staff of the Australian National University">Academic staff of the Australian National University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Category:Presidents of the Australian Academy of Science">Presidents of the Australian Academy of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_nuclear_weapons_programme_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom">People associated with the nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" title="Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Adelaide_High_School" title="Category:People educated at Adelaide High School">People educated at Adelaide High School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Unley_High_School" title="Category:People educated at Unley High School">People educated at Unley High School</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2022">Use dmy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_April_2013" title="Category:Use Australian English from April 2013">Use Australian English from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 September 2024, at 06:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Oliphant&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-9xnc6","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.629","walltime":"1.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25149,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":219939,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21006,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":267817,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1718.413 1 -total"," 21.27% 365.431 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 18.47% 317.344 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.19% 226.699 65 Template:Sfn"," 10.61% 182.369 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 7.96% 136.815 12 Template:Cite_book"," 6.70% 115.209 11 Template:Inflation"," 6.32% 108.657 23 Template:Cite_web"," 6.26% 107.621 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.54% 95.166 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.901","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13897702,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBinnie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleaney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleaney2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurdonOliphant1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburnEllyard1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddington1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowing1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowingArnold1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellor1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphant1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantBurdon1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantHarteckRutherford1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantKemptonRutherford1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantKinseyRutherford1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantRutherford1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphantShireCrowther1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotblat2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite It's an Honour\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Oliphant, Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of South Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 11,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Manhattan Project\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-v4gpj","timestamp":"20241125144330","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mark Oliphant","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Oliphant","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q727443","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q727443","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-11T03:09:35Z","dateModified":"2024-09-21T06:08:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/34\/Sir_Mark_Oliphant.jpg","headline":"nuclear physicist, Governor of South Australia (1901\u20132000)"}</script> </body> </html>