CINXE.COM
Alexander R. Pruss, Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries - PhilPapers
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://philpapers.org/rec/PRUIAT-2","20210828010236","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1630112556"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title> Alexander R. Pruss, Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries - PhilPapers</title> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"> <meta name="description" content="We show that infinitesimal probabilities are much too small for modeling the individual outcome of a countably infinite fair lottery "> <meta name="keywords" content="Probability;Infinity;Infinitesimals;Regularity"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRUIAT-2"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20210828010236cs_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/vendor/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20210828010236cs_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/vendor/css/bootstrap-tour.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236cs_/https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.1.0/css/all.css" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"> <meta property="og:title" content=" Alexander R. Pruss, Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries - PhilPapers"/> <meta property="og:description" content="We show that infinitesimal probabilities are much too small for modeling the individual outcome of a countably infinite fair lottery "/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="315507632137867"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/philpeople250.png"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRUIAT-2"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014"> <meta name="citation_format_txt" content=" Pruss, Alexander R. (2014). Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries. _Synthese_ 191 (6):1051-1057. "> <meta name="citation_format_bib" content="@article{Pruss2014-PRUIAT-2, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, author = {Alexander R. Pruss}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/s11229-013-0307-z}, title = {Infinitesimals Are Too Small for Countably Infinite Fair Lotteries}, pages = {1051--1057}, journal = {Synthese}, number = {6}, volume = {191} } "> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11229-013-0307-z"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alexander R. Pruss"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Synthese"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="191"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"> <link rel="icon" type="image/gif" href="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/favicon-ppl.gif"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20210828010236cs_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/style.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20210828010236js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/xpapers.397f18e19371cbbc212fc5e4b3b1d0d6.js"></script> <link rel="image_src" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/logo.jpg"> <script async src="/web/20210828010236js_/https://philpapers.org/cdn-cgi/bm/cv/669835187/api.js"></script></head> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageDesc="We show that infinitesimal probabilities are much too small for modeling the individual outcome of a countably infinite fair lottery "; var BASE_URL="/"; var SERVER=""; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://widgets.philpapers.org//init.js" async defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20210828010236js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/philpapers/yui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var $j = jQuery.noConflict(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-3-typeahead/4.0.2/bootstrap3-typeahead.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script type="text/javascript">$j(document).ready(prototypeBootstrapCompatibility());</script> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-tour/0.12.0/js/bootstrap-tour-standalone.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/typed.js@2.0.11"></script> <!--<![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript">$j(document).ready(ppTour.initialize());</script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/raw/vendor/js/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <body class="yui-skin-sam" id="mainBody"> <div id="all" class="ppskin clearfix"> <div id="banner" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="no-padding-md container"> <div id="headlinks"> <span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://auth.philpapers.org/login?service=https://philpapers.org/cas.pl&gateway=1">Sign in</a> | <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/login?action=registration">Create an account</a> </span> </span> </div> <div class="philx desktop"> <span class="philxbtn philxbtnsel"><b>PhilPapers</b></span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpeople.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilPeople</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philarchive.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilArchive</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philevents.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilEvents</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philjobs.org/"><span class="philxbtn">PhilJobs</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="head" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top panel panel-default"> <div class="no-padding-md container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div id="logo" class="nav-left"> <a class="navbar-brand" title="PhilPapers home" rel="home" style="border:none;padding:0" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/"> <img id="logo" width="50px" height="50px" alt="PhilPapers home" style="padding-bottom:6px" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/philpeople.png"> </a> </div> <button id="menu-dropdown-button" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right hidden-xs" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i style="font-size:24px" class="fa fa-bars"></i> </button> <button id="profile-dropdown-button" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right hidden-xs" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#profile-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></i> </button> <button id="search-dropdown-button" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right hidden-xs" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#search-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></i> </button> </div> <div class="hidden-xxs visible-xs visible-sm"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </button> <button id="profile-dropdown-button" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed nav-right" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#profile-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-nav"> <i style="font-size:16px" class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></i> </button> </div> <form class="navbar-form-alt" onsubmit="if ($j(this).find('input').val().length < 3) { alert('You must specify a search query of three or more characters')} else {window.location='/s/'+escape(UTF8.encode($j(this).find('input').val()));} return false;" method="GET" action="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/autosense.pl" onsubmit=""> <div class="input-group topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> <span class="input-group-btn search-help"> <div class="dropdown topSearch-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="topSearch-dropdown-btn dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-sort-desc dropdown-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> </form> </div> <div id="main-nav" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group"> <script type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(function() { initializeToggles(); }); </script> <ul class="navbar-nav nav"> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-new"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">New</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li class="first-item"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/recent">All new items</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=journals">Journal articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/recent?preset=web">Manuscripts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-browse"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Topics</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/all">All Categories</a></li> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-10"><a href="#nav-10" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Metaphysics and Epistemology</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics-and-epistemology">Metaphysics and Epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-action">Philosophy of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language">Philosophy of Language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind">Philosophy of Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-religion">Philosophy of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/me-misc">M&E;, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-24"><a href="#nav-24" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Value Theory</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory">Value Theory</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/applied-ethics">Applied Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics">Meta-Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/normative-ethics">Normative Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-gender-race-and-sexuality">Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-law">Philosophy of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-and-political-philosophy">Social and Political Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/value-theory-miscellaneous">Value Theory, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-36"><a href="#nav-36" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Science, Logic, and Mathematics</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-logic-and-mathematics">Science, Logic, and Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic">Logic and Philosophy of Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-biology">Philosophy of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-cognitive-science">Philosophy of Cognitive Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-computing-and-information">Philosophy of Computing and Information</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mathematics">Philosophy of Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-physical-science">Philosophy of Physical Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-social-science">Philosophy of Social Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability">Philosophy of Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/general-philosophy-of-science">General Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-science-misc">Philosophy of Science, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-51"><a href="#nav-51" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">History of Western Philosophy</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy">History of Western Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/ancient-greek-and-roman-philosophy">Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/medieval-and-renaissance-philosophy">Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/17th18th-century-philosophy">17th/18th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/19th-century-philosophy">19th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/20th-century-philosophy">20th Century Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy-misc">History of Western Philosophy, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-58"><a href="#nav-58" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Philosophical Traditions</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions">Philosophical Traditions</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/africanafricana-philosophy">African/Africana Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/asian-philosophy">Asian Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/continental-philosophy">Continental Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/european-philosophy">European Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-the-americas">Philosophy of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophical-traditions-miscellaneous">Philosophical Traditions, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-4"><a href="#nav-4" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Philosophy, Misc</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-misc">Philosophy, Misc</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-introductions-and-anthologies">Philosophy, Introductions and Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-general-works">Philosophy, General Works</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/teaching-philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-miscellaneous">Philosophy, Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> <li class=" dropdown-submenu" id="nav-70"><a href="#nav-70" class="dropdown-toggle submenu-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Other Academic Areas</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a class="dir" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas">Other Academic Areas</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/natural-sciences">Natural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/cognitive-sciences">Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-sciences">Formal Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/arts-and-humanities">Arts and Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/professional-areas">Professional Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/other-academic-areas-misc">Other Academic Areas, Misc</a></li> </ul> <li> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/journals">Journals</a></li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu hidden-xs" id="nav-profile"> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-submit"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Submit material</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/edit">Submit a book or article</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/utils/batch_import.pl">Upload a bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/pages/list.html">Personal pages we track</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/archives/list.html">Archives we track</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/feeds.html">Information for publishers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown with-submenu" id="nav-help"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">More</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/whatyoucando.html">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/submit.html">Submitting to PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/subscriptions/">Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/editors.html">Editor's Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/categorization.html">The Categorization Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/feeds.html">For Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/archive_admins.html">For Archive Admins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/surveys/">PhilPapers Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/api/">API</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/utils/bargains.pl">Bargain Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">About PhilPapers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="hidden-xxs hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <form class="navbar-form-alt" onsubmit="if ($j(this).find('input').val().length < 3) { alert('You must specify a search query of three or more characters')} else {window.location='/s/'+escape(UTF8.encode($j(this).find('input').val()));} return false;" method="GET" action="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/autosense.pl" onsubmit=""> <div class="input-group topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> <span class="input-group-btn search-help"> <div class="dropdown topSearch-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="topSearch-dropdown-btn dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-sort-desc dropdown-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div id="profile-dropdown" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="navbar-form navbar-right btn-group"> <ul class="navbar-nav nav"> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/inoff.html">Sign in</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/users/new.html">Create an account</a></li></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div id="search-dropdown" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <ul class="navbar-nav nav"> <li> <form class="navbar-form-alt" onsubmit="if ($j(this).find('input').val().length < 3) { alert('You must specify a search query of three or more characters')} else {window.location='/s/'+escape(UTF8.encode($j(this).find('input').val()));} return false;" method="GET" action="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/autosense.pl" onsubmit=""> <div class="topSearch-container"> <input id="topSearch" autocomplete="off" class="topSearch form-control input-lg" type="text" name="searchStr" style="color:black" onfocus="if (this.value == 'search for..') {this.value = '';this.style.color='black'}" value="" placeholder="Search PhilPapers"> </div> </form> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/search.html">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/advanced.html">Advanced Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $j(document).ready(ppTypeahead.initialize(".topSearch")); </script> <div id="contentContainer" class=" container panel panel-default"> <div id="content"> <div class="clearfix" id="rec" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="flex"> <h1 class="recTitle" itemprop="name" style="flex-grow: 1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252Fs11229-013-0307-z.pdf">Infinitesimals are too small for countably infinite fair lotteries</a></h1> </div> <div class="rec-main"> <div class="recAuthors"> <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Alexander R. Pruss" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Alexander R.%20Pruss"><span class="name" itemprop="author">Alexander R. Pruss</span></a> </div> <div class="recPubInfo" style="display:flex;align-items:center"> <div> <em class="pubName"><a class="discreet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?pub=1066">Synthese</a></em> 191 (6):1051-1057 (<span itemprop="copyrightYear">2014</span>) <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3A&journal&atitle=Infinitesimals%20are%20too%20small%20for%20countably%20infinite%20fair%20lotteries&issue=6&date=2014&jtitle=Synthese&aulast=Pruss&genre=article&volume=191&aufirst=Alexander"></span> </div> </div> <div div class="philstar-components entry-buttons-container"> <div> <like-button token="" source_id="610272" source_type="Philpapers::Publication" login_path="/login"> </like-button> </div> <div> <recommend-button token="" source_id="610272" source_type="Philpapers::Publication" login_path="/login"/> </recommend-button> </div> <bookmark button_classes="is-primary is-outlined" token="" source_id="610272" source_type="Philpapers::Publication" login_path="/login"/> </bookmark> </div> <hr/> <table id="entry" class="responsive"> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> Authors </td> <td class="content"> <div id="profile-list" class="philstar-components"> <div class="profile-tab"> <div class="profile-tab__image"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-r-pruss"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpeople.org/profiles/photo/27127/small"></img> </a> </div> <div class="profile-tab__content"> <a class="profile-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpeople.org/profiles/alexander-r-pruss"> Alexander R. Pruss </a> <div class="affil"> Baylor University </div> </div> <div class="profile-tab__follow"> <follow-button token="" :relationship_id="null" :profile_id="27127" login_path="/login"/> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> Abstract </td> <td class="content" id="abstractElement"> <div itemprop="description"> We show that infinitesimal probabilities are much too small for modeling the individual outcome of a countably infinite fair lottery </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> Keywords </td> <td class="content" itemprop="keywords"> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Probability">Probability</a> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Infinity">Infinity</a> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Infinitesimals">Infinitesimals</a> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Regularity">Regularity</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> Categories </td> <td class="content" itemprop="keywords" id="record-categories"> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/areas-of-mathematics" rel="section">Areas of Mathematics</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mathematics" rel="section">Philosophy of Mathematics</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/infinitesimals-and-probability" rel="section">Infinitesimals and Probability</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> (<a class="ll" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/edit/PRUIAT-2#categorization">categorize this paper</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> ISBN(s) </td> <td class="content"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> DOI </td> <td class="content"> <a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-013-0307-z" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">10.1007/s11229-013-0307-z</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="pp-label"> Options </td> <td class="content"> <div id="entryOptions" class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <div class="entry-option"> <img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/tango-full/16x16/categories/preferences-system.png"> <a title="Edit this entry" class="ll" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/edit/PRUIAT-2">Edit this record</a> </div> <div class="entry-option"> <img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/tango-full/16x16/actions/edit-copy.png"> <span title="Mark as duplicate" class="ll" onclick="window.location='/utils/duplicate.pl?eId=PRUIAT-2'">Mark as duplicate</span> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <div class="entry-option"> <div id="la-PRUIAT-2" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"></div><img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/tango-full/16x16/actions/document-save.png"> <span class="ll" onclick="showExports('PRUIAT-2')">Export citation<img src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span> </div> <div class="entry-option"> <img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/google.png"> <a title="Search on Google Scholar" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://www.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Infinitesimals%20are%20too%20small%20for%20countably%20infinite%20fair%20lotteries+author%3APruss">Find it on Scholar</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <div class="entry-option"> <img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/tango-full/16x16/places/user-trash.png"> <span title="Request deletion from PhilPapers" class="ll" onclick="userDelete("PRUIAT-2")">Request removal from index</span> </div> <div class="entry-option"> <img class="texticon" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/tango-full/16x16/actions/edit-find-replace.png"> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/utils/revisions.pl?eId=PRUIAT-2" rel="nofollow">Revision history</a> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class=""></td> <td class=""> <div id="msg-PRUIAT-2"></div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="flex"> <div> <h2>Download options</h2> <div class="download-options"><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 pp-label">PhilArchive copy</div> <div class="col-md-12 entry-tbl-content"> <div style="border:5px solid #ccc;padding:10px"> <!--googleoff: snippet--> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("This entry is not archived by us. If you are the author and have permission from the publisher, we recommend that you archive it. Many publishers automatically grant permission to authors to archive pre-prints. By uploading a copy of your work, you will enable us to better index it, making it easier to find."); </script> <!--googleon: snippet--> <br><br> <span class="ll" onclick="editEntry2('PRUIAT-2','onlineDetails')">Upload a copy of this paper</span> <span class="ll" onclick="ppAct('checkSherpaRomeo',{journalTitle:'Synthese'}, function(r) { $('editor-pub-policy-page').update('Publisher\'s policy:<br>'+r+'').show() })">Check publisher's policy</span> Papers currently archived: 61,714 <div style="display:none" id="editor-pub-policy-page"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 pp-label">External links</div> <div class="col-md-12 entry-tbl-content"> <ul class="externalLinks"> <li><a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=none&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-013-0307-z" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">From the Publisher via CrossRef (no proxy) </a></li><li><a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=none&u=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-013-0307-z" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">link.springer.com (no proxy) </a></li><li><a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=none&u=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-013-0307-z" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">link.springer.com [2] (no proxy) </a></li><li><a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=none&u=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252Fs11229-013-0307-z.pdf" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">link.springer.com [3] (no proxy) </a></li><li><a class="outLink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=PRUIAT-2&proxyId=none&u=https%3A%2F%2Fbearspace.baylor.edu%2FAlexander_Pruss%2Fwww%2Fpapers%2FInfinitesimalsAreTooSmall.pdf" rel="nofollow" onclick="trackclick("PRUIAT-2",this.href,0);return true;">bearspace.baylor.edu <img src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/icons/unlocked.png"> (no proxy) </a></li> </ul> <br> <em><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/users/new.html">Setup an account with your affiliations</a> in order to access resources via your University's proxy server</em><br> <span class="subtle"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/offcampus.html">Configure custom proxy</a> (use this if your affiliation does not provide a proxy)</span> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 pp-label">Through your library</div> <div class="col-md-12"> <ul class="externalLinks"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://auth.philpapers.org/login?service=https://philpapers.org/cas.pl&gateway=1">Sign in / register</a> and customize your OpenURL resolver..</li><li><span class="subtle"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/openurl.html">Configure custom resolver</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h2>References found in this work <span class="beta">BETA</span></h2> <div id="PRUIAT-2-WENFIL" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/WENFIL"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Fair Infinite Lotteries.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Sylvia Wenmackers" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Sylvia%20Wenmackers"><span class="name">Sylvia Wenmackers</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Leon Horsten" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Leon%20Horsten"><span class="name">Leon Horsten</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Synthese</em> 190 (1):37-61.</span></div><div id="PRUIAT-2-JACICA" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/JACICA"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinitesimal Chances and the Laws of Nature.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Adam Elga" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Adam%20Elga"><span class="name">Adam Elga</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2004</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Australasian Journal of Philosophy</em> 82 (1):67 – 76.</span></div><div id="PRUIAT-2-PRUILP" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRUILP"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinite Lotteries, Perfectly Thin Darts and Infinitesimals.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Alexander R. Pruss" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Alexander R.%20Pruss"><span class="name">Alexander R. Pruss</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2012</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Thought: A Journal of Philosophy</em> 1 (2):81-89.</span></div><div id="PRUIAT-2-MOUERC" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/MOUERC"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Every Real Closed Field has an Integer Part.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by M. H. Mourgues" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/M. H.%20Mourgues"><span class="name">M. H. Mourgues</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by J. P. Ressayre" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/J. P.%20Ressayre"><span class="name">J. P. Ressayre</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">1993</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Journal of Symbolic Logic</em> 58 (2):641-647.</span></div><p><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/references/PRUIAT-2">Add more references</a> <h2>Citations of this work <span class="beta">BETA</span></h2> <div id="FILANR-2-PRUIAT-2" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/FILANR-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Are Non-Accidental Regularities a Cosmic Coincidence? Revisiting a Central Threat to Humean Laws.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Aldo Filomeno" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Aldo%20Filomeno"><span class="name">Aldo Filomeno</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2019</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Synthese</em> 198 (6):5205-5227.</span></div><div id="BENIP-3-PRUIAT-2" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/BENIP-3"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinitesimal Probabilities.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Vieri Benci" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Vieri%20Benci"><span class="name">Vieri Benci</span></a>, <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Leon Horsten" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Leon%20Horsten"><span class="name">Leon Horsten</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Sylvia Wenmackers" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Sylvia%20Wenmackers"><span class="name">Sylvia Wenmackers</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2016</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</em> 69 (2):509-552.</span></div><div id="STETNS-7-PRUIAT-2" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/STETNS-7"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">The Normative Status of Logic.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Florian Steinberger" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Florian%20Steinberger"><span class="name">Florian Steinberger</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2017</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em>Stanford Enyclopedia of Philosophy</em>.</span></div><div id="NORCTJ-PRUIAT-2" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/NORCTJ"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Correction to John D. Norton “How to Build an Infinite Lottery Machine”.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by John D. Norton" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/John D.%20Norton"><span class="name">John D. Norton</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Alexander R. Pruss" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Alexander R.%20Pruss"><span class="name">Alexander R. Pruss</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2018</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">European Journal for Philosophy of Science</em> 8 (1):143-144.</span></div><div id="DIBTQP-PRUIAT-2" class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/DIBTQP"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">The Qualitative Paradox of Non-Conglomerability.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Nicholas DiBella" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Nicholas%20DiBella"><span class="name">Nicholas DiBella</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2018</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Synthese</em> 195 (3):1181-1210.</span></div><p><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/citations/PRUIAT-2">View all 16 citations / Add more citations</a> <h2>Similar books and articles</h2> <div class="simList"> <div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/WENFIL"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Fair Infinite Lotteries.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Sylvia Wenmackers" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Sylvia%20Wenmackers"><span class="name">Sylvia Wenmackers</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Leon Horsten" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Leon%20Horsten"><span class="name">Leon Horsten</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Synthese</em> 190 (1):37-61.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/PRUILP"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinite Lotteries, Perfectly Thin Darts and Infinitesimals.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Alexander R. Pruss" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Alexander R.%20Pruss"><span class="name">Alexander R. Pruss</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2012</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Thought: A Journal of Philosophy</em> 1 (2):81-89.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/BENNP-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Non-Archimedean Probability.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Vieri Benci" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Vieri%20Benci"><span class="name">Vieri Benci</span></a>, <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Leon Horsten" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Leon%20Horsten"><span class="name">Leon Horsten</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Sylvia Wenmackers" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Sylvia%20Wenmackers"><span class="name">Sylvia Wenmackers</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Milan Journal of Mathematics</em> 81 (1):121-151.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/WENPOP"><span class="pub_name recTitle"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Philosophy of Probability: Foundations, Epistemology, and Computation.</span></span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Sylvia Wenmackers" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Sylvia%20Wenmackers"><span class="name">Sylvia Wenmackers</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2011</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> Dissertation, University of Groningen</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/SERLLM"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Lagrange Lecture: Methodology of Numerical Computations with Infinities and Infinitesimals.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Yaroslav Sergeyev" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Yaroslav%20Sergeyev"><span class="name">Yaroslav Sergeyev</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2010</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Rendiconti Del Seminario Matematico dell'Università E Del Politecnico di Torino</em> 68 (2):95–113.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/ARTFAT"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">From Actuals to Fictions: Four Phases in Leibniz's Early Thought on Infinitesimals.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Richard Arthur" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Richard%20Arthur"><span class="name">Richard Arthur</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">manuscript</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/BURAOO"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">An Outcome of the de Finetti Infinite Lottery is Not Finite.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Marc Burock" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Marc%20Burock"><span class="name">Marc Burock</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">unknown</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/ARTLSI"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Leibniz's Syncategorematic Infinitesimals, Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis, and Newton's Proposition.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Richard Arthur" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Richard%20Arthur"><span class="name">Richard Arthur</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">manuscript</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/ARTAII"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Actual Infinitesimals in Leibniz's Early Thought.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Richard T. W. Arthur" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Richard T. W.%20Arthur"><span class="name">Richard T. W. Arthur</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">unknown</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/DELPYL"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Pascal Y Los Indivisibles.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Javier de Lorenzo" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Javier%20de Lorenzo"><span class="name">Javier de Lorenzo</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">1985</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Theoria</em> 1 (1):87-120.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/HAUIAO-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinitesimals as Origins of Evolution: Comments Prompted by Timothy Herron and Hilary Putnam on Peirce's Synechism and Infinitesimals.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Carl Hausman" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Carl%20Hausman"><span class="name">Carl Hausman</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">1998</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society</em> 34 (3):627 - 640.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/WAGSF"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Small Fields.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Frank O. Wagner" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Frank O.%20Wagner"><span class="name">Frank O. Wagner</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">1998</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Journal of Symbolic Logic</em> 63 (3):995-1002.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/KATLIT"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Leibniz’s Infinitesimals: Their Fictionality, Their Modern Implementations, and Their Foes From Berkeley to Russell and Beyond. <span class="hint">[REVIEW]</span></span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Mikhail G. Katz" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Mikhail G.%20Katz"><span class="name">Mikhail G. Katz</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by David Sherry" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/David%20Sherry"><span class="name">David Sherry</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Erkenntnis</em> 78 (3):571-625.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/MORIAA-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Infinitesimals as an Issue of Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Science.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Thomas Mormann" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Thomas%20Mormann"><span class="name">Thomas Mormann</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Mikhail Katz" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Mikhail%20Katz"><span class="name">Mikhail Katz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2013</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science</em> (2):236-280.</span></div><div class="citation"><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/rec/MARTAI-4"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Theories and Inter-Theory Relations in Bošković.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Ivica Martinovi" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/s/Ivica%20Martinovi"><span class="name">Ivica Martinovi</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">1990</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">International Studies in the Philosophy of Science</em> 4 (3):247 – 262.</span></div></div> <h2>Analytics</h2> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236js_/https://www.google.com/jsapi"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> google.load("visualization", "1", {packages:["corechart"]}); google.setOnLoadCallback(drawChart); function drawChart() { var data = new google.visualization.DataTable(); data.addColumn('date', 'Date'); data.addColumn('number', 'Downloads'); data.addRows([ [new Date(2013,5,21),5], [new Date(2014,2,31),1], [new Date(2014,6,9),3], [new Date(2015,2,28),1], [new Date(2015,3,7),1], [new Date(2015,4,15),3], [new Date(2015,5,5),16], [new Date(2015,6,17),2], [new Date(2015,9,8),1], [new Date(2016,0,9),1], [new Date(2016,1,9),4], [new Date(2016,2,8),1], [new Date(2016,3,15),1], [new Date(2016,7,12),3], [new Date(2016,8,23),2], [new Date(2016,9,20),5], [new Date(2016,10,2),12], [new Date(2017,1,6),2], [new Date(2017,2,16),1], [new Date(2017,3,4),2], [new Date(2017,4,6),1], [new Date(2017,8,7),1], [new Date(2017,11,26),1], [new Date(2018,0,2),1], [new Date(2018,2,16),1], [new Date(2018,3,8),2], [new Date(2018,4,6),1], [new Date(2018,7,31),1], [new Date(2018,10,1),1], [new Date(2018,11,22),1], [new Date(2019,1,23),1], [new Date(2019,3,24),8], [new Date(2019,6,3),17], [new Date(2019,7,19),4], [new Date(2019,9,12),3], [new Date(2019,10,1),6], [new Date(2019,11,11),2], [new Date(2020,1,24),2], [new Date(2020,2,16),1], [new Date(2020,4,8),2], [new Date(2020,5,15),1], [new Date(2020,8,10),2], [new Date(2020,10,17),1], [new Date(2021,0,26),1], [new Date(2021,1,13),1], [new Date(2021,5,3),1], [new Date(2021,6,11),6], [new Date(2021,7,3),3]]); var options = { chartArea:{left:50,top:10,width:"90%",height:"150"}, interpolateNulls: true, legend:{position:'none'}, hAxis:{format:'MMM y'}, vAxis:{baseline:"0"}, lineWidth:'2', colors:['#109D49'], }; var format = new google.visualization.DateFormat({pattern:"MMM yyyy"}); format.format(data,0); var chart = new google.visualization.AreaChart(document.getElementById('chart_div')); chart.draw(data,options); } </script> <div class="row clearfix"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-3" style="text-align:left;margin-top:20px"> <b>Added to PP index</b> <br> 2013-06-21 <br><br> <b>Total views</b> <br> <span itemprop="interactionCount">140</span> ( #74,382 of 2,441,627 )<br><br> <b>Recent downloads (6 months)</b> <br> 10 ( #68,293 of 2,441,627 )<p> <span class="ll" onclick="faq('downloads');">How can I increase my downloads?</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-9" style="font-size:smaller"> <b>Downloads</b> <div id="chart_div" style="text-align:left;"> </div> </div> </div> <h2>My notes</h2> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://auth.philpapers.org/login?service=https://philpapers.org/cas.pl&gateway=1&persist%5Bafter%5D=%2Frec%2FPRUIAT-2">Sign in to use this feature</a> </div> </div> <div class="ml-3 hidden-sm hidden-xs rec-side"> <div class="sideBox creditBox"> <div class="sideBoxH">About us</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> <center> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://cdp.uwo.ca/"><img alt="Centre for Digital Philosophy" style="height:85px" alt="CDP" border="0" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/CDP-logo.gif"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy"><img style="height:45px" alt="UWO" border="0" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/western.gif"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://pdcnet.org/"><img alt="Phiosophy Documentation Center" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/pdc.jpg" border="0" style="height:75px"></a> <a class="sponsor" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://philosophy.sas.ac.uk/"><img alt="Institute of Philosophy, London" style="height:60px" border="0" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/ip-logo-white.png"></a> </center> </div> </div> <div class="sideBox creditBox" style="max-width:250px;min-width:180px;"> <div class="sideBoxH">Editorial team</div> <div class="sideBoxC"> General Editors:<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://www.dbourget.com/">David Bourget</a> (Western Ontario)<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://consc.net/chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (ANU, NYU) <br> <br> Area Editors:<br> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/1">David Bourget</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/101427">Gwen Bradford</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/31">Berit Brogaard</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/13269">Margaret Cameron</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/2">David Chalmers</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/195">James Chase</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/2788">Rafael De Clercq</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/2834">Ezio Di Nucci</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/20041">Barry Hallen</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/8358">Hans Halvorson</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/42">Jonathan Ichikawa</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/9918">Michelle Kosch</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/3014">Øystein Linnebo</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/61">JeeLoo Liu</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/23744">Paul Livingston</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/912">Brandon Look</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/324">Manolo Martínez</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/10866">Matthew McGrath</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/4781">Michiru Nagatsu</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/5174">Susana Nuccetelli</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/70">Giuseppe Primiero</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/202">Jack Alan Reynolds</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/4160">Darrell P. Rowbottom</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/882122">Aleksandra Samonek</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/3858">Constantine Sandis</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/121">Howard Sankey</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/631">Jonathan Schaffer</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/13916">Thomas Senor</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/6920">Robin Smith</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/45">Daniel Star</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/6621">Jussi Suikkanen</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/14464">Lynne Tirrell</a><br><a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/profile/7255">Aness Kim Webster</a> <br><br> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/all">Other editors</a><br> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a><br> <a href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">Learn more about PhilPapers</a> <br><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <br> </div> <div class="yui-skin-sam" style="z-index:3000"> <div class="ppskin" id="container"></div> <div id="load_c" style="display:none"> <div id="load_c2"> <div id="loadmsg">loading ..</div> <img id="loadimg" width="16" height="16" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/generic-load.gif"> </div> </div> <div id="outer-con" class="ppskin" style="z-index:1000"> <div id="editor-con" style="display:none"> <div class="hd"></div> <div class="bd" id="editor-bd" style=""></div> </div> <div id="categorizer-con" style="display:none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container footer-container panel panel-default panelb-body"> <div id="footerWrap"> <div class="footer centered" style=""> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> var authResponse; window.fbAsyncInit = function() { /* FB.init({ appId : '315507632137867', // App ID channelUrl : '//web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://bits/channel.html', // Channel File status : true, // check login status cookie : true, // enable cookies to allow the server to access the session xfbml : true // parse XFBML }); */ FB.init({appId: '315507632137867', status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true, oauth:true, channelUrl:"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/assets/raw/channel.html"}); FB.getLoginStatus(function(response) { if (response.authResponse) { // logged in and connected user, someone you know //fb_step2(response.authResponse); authResponse = response.authResponse; } else { // no user session available, someone you dont know } }); FB.Event.subscribe('auth.login', function(response) { if (response.session) { fb_step2(response.authResponse); } else { } }); // Additional initialization code here }; // Load the SDK Asynchronously (function(d){ var js, id = 'facebook-jssdk', ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.src = "//web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js"; ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); </script> <div style="margin-bottom:10px" class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.facebook.com/PhilPapersPlus" data-send="true" height="63" max_rows="1" data-show-faces="false"></div> <div class="hidden-xs"> <div class="centered" style="padding-bottom:5px"><table class="centered"><tr><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/applied-ethics" rel="subsection">Applied ethics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="subsection">Epistemology</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/history-of-western-philosophy" rel="subsection">History of Western Philosophy</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics" rel="subsection">Meta-ethics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/metaphysics" rel="subsection">Metaphysics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/normative-ethics" rel="subsection">Normative ethics</a></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-biology" rel="subsection">Philosophy of biology</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="subsection">Philosophy of language</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind" rel="subsection">Philosophy of mind</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-religion" rel="subsection">Philosophy of religion</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/browse/science-logic-and-mathematics" rel="subsection">Science Logic and Mathematics</a></td><td valign="top" width="16%"><a style="font-size:smaller" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/categories.pl">More ...</a></td></tr></table></div> </div> <div class="btnmenu"> <a rel="subsection" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/">Home</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/recent">New books and articles</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/categories.pl">Bibliographies</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/journals">Philosophy journals</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/bbs">Discussions</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/index/">Article Index</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/about.html">About PhilPapers</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/api">API</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/contact.html">Contact us</a> | <a rel="subsection" href="/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/codeofconduct.html">Code of conduct</a> </div> <br> <a class="sponsorbtm" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://cdp.uwo.ca/"><img style="height:75px" alt="CDP" border="0" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/CDP-logo.gif"></a> <a class="sponsorbtm" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://pdcnet.org/"><img alt="Phiosophy Documentation Center" src="/web/20210828010236im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/pdc.jpg" border="0" style="height:75px"></a> <br> <div> PhilPapers logo by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://www.behance.net/AndreaAndrews">Andrea Andrews</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://www.behance.net/MeghanDriscoll">Meghan Driscoll</a>. </div> This site uses cookies and Google Analytics (see our <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/terms.html#analytics">terms & conditions</a> for details regarding the privacy implications). <br> <br>Use of this site is subject to <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/help/terms.html">terms & conditions</a>. <br>All rights reserved by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://philpapers.org/foundation">The PhilPapers Foundation</a><br> <br> Page generated Fri Aug 27 21:02:37 2021 on philpapers-web-554f6ddf89-qls2h <hr>Debug information<br><br>cache stats: hit=8636, miss=22824, save=<br>autohandler : 655 ms<br>called component : 627 ms<br>entry : 627 ms<br>entry-links : 273 ms<br>entry_basics : 115 ms<br>entry-header : 92 ms<br>menu : 85 ms<br>similar_entries : 82 ms<br>citations-references : 72 ms<br>citations-citations : 41 ms<br>entry_stats : 20 ms<br>entry-cats : 12 ms<br>prepCit : 7 ms<br>entry-side : 5 ms<br>save cache object : 3 ms<br>entry_chapters : 2 ms<br>get_entry : 2 ms<br>entry_stats_query : 2 ms<br>init renderer : 1 ms<br>retrieve cache object : 0 ms<br>auth : 0 ms<br>entry-profiles : 0 ms<br>setup : 0 ms<br>writeLog : 0 ms<br>entry-buttons : 0 ms<br>stat_db : 0 ms<br><br><br>pid: 7638<br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20210828010236js_/https://philpapers.org/dynamic-assets/webpack/webpack.d3516037e567f964aae9.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var onload_functions = new Array(); onload_functions[0] = function() { basicOnLoad() }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function() { // store pre-loaded menus for my biblio etc. for (x=0;x<onload_functions.length;x++) { onload_functions[x](); } } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Google analytics var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/https://ssl." : "https://web.archive.org/web/20210828010236/http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-6029851-1"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(){window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'68599d753b7e0d2c',m:'9ae0fcf1121a46cc801ecee55b134a5fddbdf35f-1630112557-1800-AfMfRo6/oMn3/yItX/ZNS7zRxJDpYwZKU+o2rwnoKtuu/792mYOXDmlfUUfJhtaqDXzXQ10Ay4R4TuVEszOIDhwguZhsrMJHNOTJYgbSxqFOFxB6aNxPAD73YIbIBL60Ug==',s:[0x7c6e02dfb3,0x452614f50f],}})();</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 01:02:36 Aug 28, 2021 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 21:24:08 Feb 25, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.658 exclusion.robots: 0.033 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.02 esindex: 0.015 cdx.remote: 21.056 LoadShardBlock: 203.724 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 158.705 (4) load_resource: 232.706 PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 125.18 -->