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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritical_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritical_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diacritical marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritical_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Logographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Numeral system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numeral_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Numeral system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Numeral_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positional_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positional_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Positional notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positional_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Punctuation marks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punctuation_marks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Punctuation marks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arithmetic_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arithmetic_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Arithmetic operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arithmetic_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Fonts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Keyboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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title="Pahawh hmong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pahawh hmong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="パハウ・フモン文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パハウ・フモン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_pahawh_hmong" title="Pismo pahawh hmong – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo pahawh hmong" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Пахау – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пахау" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="อักษรม้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรม้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Pahawh_Hm%C3%B4ng" title="Chữ Pahawh Hmông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Pahawh Hmông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:violet;">Pahawh Hmong<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009642731">.mw-parser-output .script-Hmng{font-family:"Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong"}</style><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬄𖬶𖬟 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/250px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/375px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png/500px-%22Phaj_Hauj_Hmoob%22_in_Pahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"Phaj Hauj Hmoob" in Pahawh</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Semisyllabary" class="mw-redirect" title="Semisyllabary">Semisyllabary</a> </div> (onset–rime; vowel-centered equivalent of an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1959–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365954?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Daw" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Daw">Hmong Daw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Njua" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Njua">Hmong Njua</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Hmng</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(450)</span>, Pahawh Hmong</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Pahawh Hmong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16B00.pdf">U+16B00–U+16B8F</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf">Final Accepted Script Proposal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/27px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/40px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/53px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains Pahawh Hmong <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the Pahawh Hmong characters.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Pahawh Hmong</b> (<small><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">RPA</a></small>: Phaj hauj Hmoob <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[pʰâ<span class="wrap"> </span>hâu<span class="wrap"> </span>m̥ɔ̃́]</a></span>, <small>Pahawh</small>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬝𖬵 𖬄𖬶𖬟 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">[pʰâ<span class="wrap"> </span>hâu<span class="wrap"> </span>m̥ɔ̃́]</a></span>; known also as <i>Ntawv Pahawh, Ntawv Keeb, Ntawv Caub Fab, Ntawv Soob Lwj</i>) is an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semi-syllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a>, invented in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a>, to write two <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong languages</a>, Hmong Daw <i>(Hmoob Dawb</i> White Miao) and Hmong Njua <small>AKA</small> Hmong Leng <i>(Moob Leeg</i> Green Miao). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Phaj hauj</i> means "to unite," "to resist division," or "to have peace" in <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pahawh is written from left to right. Each syllable is written with two letters, an <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> <i>(la,</i> an initial consonant or <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a> <i>(yu,</i> a vowel, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or vowel plus <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">final consonant</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the order of these elements is rime-initial, the opposite of their spoken order. (That is, each syllable would seem to be written right to left if it were transcribed literally into the Roman alphabet.) This is an indication that Shong conceived of the rimes as primary; Pahawh Hmong might therefore be thought of as a vowel-centered <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. Tones and many onsets are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. </p><p>The onset <i>k</i> is not written, so that a rime letter (V) written by itself is read as <i>kV.</i> Nor is the rime <i>au</i> (on mid tone) written, so that an onset letter (C) written by itself is read <i>Cau,</i> except following a bare rime, as otherwise these could be read as a single syllable. The <i>absence</i> of an onset, however, is indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">null-onset letter</a>. Again, this is similar to an abugida, but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For an example of the positional variation, consider the phrase (in RPA orthography) <i>kuv rau tshais rau koj noj</i> "I serve you breakfast". Since the first word, <i>kuv,</i> starts with a <i>k,</i> it is written as the bare rime <i>uv</i> in Pahawh. The word <i>rau,</i> with mid-tone <i>au</i> as the rime, is normally written as a bare onset <i>r,</i> and indeed this is the case for the second instance in this sentence. However, since the first <i>rau</i> follows a bare rime, it cannot be written as a bare onset <i>r,</i> or the combination might be read as <i>ruv</i> rather than <i>kuv rau.</i> Therefore, the combination <i>kuv rau</i> is written <i>uv rau</i> rather than <i>uv r,</i> with the rime <i>au</i> made explicit (Smalley <i>et al.</i> 1990:58). </p><p>Here is the aforementioned sentence in Pahawh, written using the third stage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬰𖬡</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋𖬲𖬪𖬰</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲𖬬</span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Orthographic conventions in Pahawh </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Written order </th> <td><i>es</i></td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><i>0e</i></td> <td><i>0</i></td> <td><i>e áus</i></td> <td><i>es#</i></td> <td><i>eŝ</i></td> <td><i>és</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Read as </th> <td>[séŋ]</td> <td>[kéŋ]</td> <td>[sau]</td> <td>[éŋ]</td> <td>[au]</td> <td>[kéŋsau]</td> <td>[séŋséŋ]</td> <td>[nyéŋ]</td> <td>[sè’] </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_la_glossed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="536" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/330px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Pahawh_la_glossed.png/440px-Pahawh_la_glossed.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Pahawh onsets. Except for the null onset series at lower right, these are consistent for stages 2–4. Row 3 reads <i>l-, dl-, dlh-</i> in Hmong Njua.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_yu_glossed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/220px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="523" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/330px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pahawh_yu_glossed.png/440px-Pahawh_yu_glossed.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Pahawh rimes, stage 2. The tone diacritics are irregular. Note that <i>-v</i> tone is sometimes written with the left-hand rime glyph, sometimes with the right. In stage 3, it is consistently written with the right-hand glyph, and all tones have the diacritics of <i>koo</i> above: [left glyph] <i>-b</i> none, <i>-m</i> dot, <i>-j</i> <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>; [right glyph] <i>-v</i> none, <i>-</i> dot, <i>-s</i> macron, <i>-g</i> <a href="/wiki/Trema_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema (diacritic)">trema</a>. When used, <i>-d</i> tone takes the left-hand glyphs with a stroke <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span> diacritic. The <i>ia</i> and <i>a</i> rows may be read <i>a</i> and <i>aa</i> in Hmong Njua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pahawh has twenty onset letters to transcribe sixty phonemic onsets. This is accomplished with two diacritics, a dot and a tack, written above the onset. However, although there is some scattered similarity between the sounds of the resulting forms, there is no overall pattern to the system. For example, the letter for <i>h</i> with a dot is pronounced <i>th,</i> and with a tack is pronounced <i>pl.</i> The null consonant does not take diacritics in Hmong Daw, but does in Hmong Njua, for two onsets, <i>ndl</i> and <i>ndlh,</i> which only occur in Hmong Njua. (Similarly, Daw <i>d</i> and <i>dh,</i> which do not occur in Njua, are used for Njua <i>dl</i> and <i>dlh,</i> which do not occur in Daw.) </p><p>The rimes, in contrast, are over-specified. There are thirteen rime sounds, but twenty-six letters to represent them. One of each pair takes four of the eight <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, while the other takes the other four tones. Diacritics (none, dot, macron, and trema) distinguish the tones that each rime letter may carry. One of the tones, written <i>-d</i> in RPA, is not phonemic but is a <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a>-final <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(phonology)" title="Register (phonology)">register</a> <i>-m.</i> It may be written in Pahawh by changing the dot diacritic to a short stroke, but it is not used by many people. </p><p>Shong used the rimes with the values <i>kiab</i> and <i>kab</i> in Hmong Daw for <i>kab</i> and <i>kaab</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/káŋ/</span>) in Hmong Njua. However, Cwjmem retains the Daw values for Njua and adds a pipe (|) to the left of <i>kab kam kad kaj</i> etc. to write <i>kaab kaam kaad kaaj</i> etc. </p><p>In addition to phonetic elements, Pahawh Hmong has a minor <a href="/wiki/Logograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograph">logographic</a> component, with characters for </p> <ul><li>the numerals 0–10, <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2</span></sup> (hundreds), <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000400000000000000♠"></span>4</span></sup> (myriads), <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠"></span>6</span></sup> (millions), <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000800000000000000♠"></span>8</span></sup>, <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10</span></sup>, and <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120000000000000♠"></span>12</span></sup> (trillions), though the higher numerals have been dropped leaving a positional decimal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetical</a> signs</li> <li>periods of time: year, season, month, day, date</li> <li>the most common <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">grammatical classifier</a>, <i>lub,</i> which when written out phonetically consists of two very similar letters, and</li> <li>eighteen <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> signs. These were never disseminated, but were intended to clarify personal relationships in Hmong refugee camps, where people regularly met strangers of unknown clan. Strict taboos govern the behavior of Hmong men and women from the same clan.</li></ul> <p>Punctuation is derived from the Roman alphabet, presumably through French or Lao,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for a sign introduced by one of Shong's disciples that replaced Shong's <span class="nowrap">⟨!⟩</span>, but also includes a native sign for <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> and a native <a href="/wiki/Cantillation" title="Cantillation">cantillation</a> mark. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_and_third_stage_tones">Second and third stage tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second and third stage tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two orthographic systems in use for Pahawh Hmong, the <i>second reduced stage</i> from 1965 and the <i>third reduced stage</i> from 1970 (see history, below). Some Hmong communities consider the second stage to be more authentic, while others prefer the third stage as being more regular. It would appear that stage two is more widespread. </p><p>The differences are primarily in tone assignment. Bare rimes—that is, rime letters without a tone diacritic—have various values in stage two, but are regularly high tone <i>(-b)</i> or rising tone <i>(-v)</i> in stage three. Likewise, although the pedagogic charts are organized so that each column corresponds to a single tone, the tonic diacritics are scattered about the columns in stage two, but correspond to them in stage three. (Stage 4, which today is only used for shorthand, dispenses with the <i>-v</i> rime letters, replacing them with additional diacritics on the <i>-b</i> rime letters, so that each rime and tone has a single dedicated glyph.) </p><p>Tone transcription is that of the <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">Romanized Popular Alphabet</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tone values of bare rimes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Text </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Stage Two</th> <th>Stage Three </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>keem</td> <td>keeb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEEV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kee</td> <td>keev </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kim</td> <td>kib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>ki</td> <td>kiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kaum</td> <td>kaub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAUV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kau</td> <td>kauv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kum</td> <td>kub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>ku</td> <td>kuv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kem</td> <td>keb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KEV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kev</td> <td>kev </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kaim</td> <td>kaib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kai</td> <td>kaiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>koob</td> <td>koob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOOV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>koov</td> <td>koov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kawb</td> <td>kawb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAWV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kaw</td> <td>kawv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kuam</td> <td>kuab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KUAV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kua</td> <td>kuav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kom</td> <td>kob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KOV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kog</td> <td>kov </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kiab</td> <td>kiab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KIAV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kia</td> <td>kiav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB</figcaption></figure></td> <td>kam</td> <td>kab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kav</td> <td>kav </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kwm</td> <td>kwb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KWV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td>kwv</td> <td>kwv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaam</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaab </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/24px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/36px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg/48px-PAHAWH_HMONG_VOWEL_KAAV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaav</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">kaav </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Special:EditPage/Pahawh Hmong">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_Source_rimes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/207px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/311px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Pahawh_Source_rimes.png/414px-Pahawh_Source_rimes.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Rimes of stage 1<br />(Hmong Daw values)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pahawh Hmong was the product of a native messianic movement, based on the idea that, throughout history, God had given the Hmong power through the gift of writing, and revoked it as divine retribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1959 <a href="/wiki/Shong_Lue_Yang" title="Shong Lue Yang">Shong Lue Yang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet" title="Romanized Popular Alphabet">RPA</a>: <i>Soob Lwj Yaj</i>; Pahawh Hmong: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬤𖬵 𖬘𖬲𖬞 𖬖𖬲𖬤</span>), a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos, created Pahawh. Yang was not previously literate in any language.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An illiterate peasant, Shong claimed to be the Son of God, messiah of the Hmong and <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu people</a>, and that God had revealed Pahawh to him in 1959, in northern Vietnam near the border with Laos, to restore writing to the Hmong and Khmu people. Over the next twelve years he and his disciples taught it as part of a Hmong cultural revival movement, mostly in Laos after Shong had fled Communist Vietnam. The Khmuic version of the script never caught on, and has disappeared. Shong continually modified the Hmong script, producing four increasingly sophisticated versions, until he was assassinated by Laotian soldiers in 1971 to stop his growing influence as part of the opposition resistance. Knowledge of the later stages of Pahawh come to us through his disciple Chia Koua Vang, who corresponded with Shong in prison. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahawh_Source_onsets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png/208px-Pahawh_Source_onsets.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png/312px-Pahawh_Source_onsets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Pahawh_Source_onsets.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Onsets of stage 1<br />(Hmong Daw values)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The first stage of Pahawh, Pahawh Pa <i>(</i>RPA: <i>Paj hawj Paj</i>; Pahawh: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵</span>),</i> common called the <b>source</b> version, had distinct glyphs for all 60 onsets and 91 rimes of both Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua. Although there were diacritics, there was no relationship between them and the sound values of the letters, and many of the diacritics are unique to a single letter. Among the rimes, there was a strong tendency for letters which differed only in diacritic to share the same vowel and differ in tone. However, this was not absolute. For example, a letter shaped like Ü stood for the rime <i>iaj,</i> while <u>U</u>, differing only in its diacritic, stood for the rime <i>us.</i> Plain U without a diacritic did not occur. Similarly, the letter that, without a diacritic, represents the rime <i>ag,</i> when combined with a diacritic dot represents the onset <i>rh.</i> Thus it can be seen that at this stage the diacritics were integral parts of their letters, with only the beginnings of an independent existence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Stage 1 was abandoned after Shong revealed the second stage, with only the occasional glyph showing up when people who know it write using other versions. However, it is not considered obsolete, as people remember Shong's instructions to use this source of all later Pahawh as a sacred script<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/First_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="452" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="49" /></a><figcaption>Pahawh Pa (Phajhawj Paj)</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <ul><li>The second stage, Pahawh Njia Dua O <i>(</i>RPA: <i>Paj hawj Ntsiab Duas Ob</i>; Pahawh: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬔𖬝 𖬑𖬲𖬞𖬰 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span>)</i> "second stage reduced version", was the first practical Hmong script. It was taught by Shong in 1965 and is supported today by the Australian Language Institute and Cwjmem (Everson 1999). The consonants are graphically regular, in that each column in the pedagogic charts contains the same diacritic, but are phonetically irregular, in that the diacritics have no consistent meaning. (This situation remained in all later stages.) Tone assignment is irregular, in that the diacritics do not represent specific tones with the rimes any more than they represent specific features with the consonants. For example, the trema sometimes represents the <i>-b</i> tone, sometimes <i>-j, -v,</i> or <i>-g,</i> depending on which rime it is added to. The one exception is the <i>-d</i> "tone", which is actually a <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> inflection of the <i>-m</i> tone. Shong added a specific diacritic for this when Chia, who was familiar with RPA, asked him how RPA <i>-d</i> should be written, but it was treated as extraneous to the tone system, was not included in the rime charts, and was not always taught to Shong's disciples.<figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Second_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="50" /></a><figcaption><i>Pahawh Njia Dua O (Pajhawj Ntsiab Duas Ob)</i></figcaption></figure></li> <li>The third stage, Pahawh Njia Dua Pe <i>(</i>RPA: <i>Paj hawj Ntsiab Duas Peb</i>; Pahawh: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬔𖬝 𖬑𖬲𖬞𖬰 𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span>)</i> "third stage reduced version", introduced in 1970, regularized tone assignment, which was irregular in the second stage. It restores the null onset, which with the addition of diacritics covers Hmong Njua consonants not found in Hmong Daw, that had been found in stage 1, but does not otherwise change the onsets. Chia believes the lack of this series in stage two was merely an oversight on his part in his prison correspondence with Shong (Smalley <i>et al.</i> 1990:70). It was not distributed as widely in Laos as the second stage, due to fear of admitting knowledge of the script after the Communist takeover. Both second and third stage are currently in use in different Hmong communities; however, because the third stage did not appear widely until after Shong's death, there is a suspicion in many communities that it and the fourth stage were invented by Shong's disciples, and therefore are not authentic Pahawh. In the third stage, there is also presence of different signs for month, tens, and zero.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Third_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="49" /></a><figcaption><i>Pahawh Njia Dua Pe (Pajhawj Ntsiab Duas Peb)</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The final version, Pahawh Tsa <i>(</i>RPA: <i>Paj hawj Txha</i>; Pahawh: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬲𖬟 𖬗𖬰𖬦𖬰</span>)</i> "core version", published in 1971 just a month before Shong's death, was a radical simplification with one letter per rime and one diacritic per tone. The onsets were not changed. The only graphic addition was that of three new tone marks, for seven total, but half of the rimes were eliminated: The <i>-b, -m, -d, -j</i> tones are written as in stage 3; the <i>-v, -, -s, -g</i> tones now use the same rime letters as the other tones but with different diacritics: <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, underlined dot, underlined stroke, and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>. (The diaeresis is retained from stage 3, so only the rime letter changes for this tone.) Stage 4 is not widely known, but is used as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> by some who do know it; indeed, it may be called "Hmong shorthand" in English.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_Pahawh_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Final_Pahawh_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="453" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="50" /></a><figcaption><i>Pahawh Tsa (Pajhawj Txha)</i></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Number of Pahawh glyphs at each stage </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sounds</th> <th>Stage 1</th> <th>Stage 2</th> <th>Stage 3</th> <th>Stage 4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rimes </th> <td rowspan="2">91</td> <td rowspan="2">91 based<br />on 26</td> <td>26</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tones </th> <td>7–8 (3–4 diacritics)</td> <td>8 (7 diacritics) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Onsets </th> <td>60</td> <td>19×3</td> <td>20×3</td> <td>20×3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pahawh is not as widespread as RPA romanization for writing Hmong, partially because of the difficulties in typesetting it, but it is a source of great pride for many Hmong who do not use it, as in Southeast Asia every respectable language has a script of its own, which RPA does not provide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, for some educated Hmong, Pahawh is considered an embarrassing remnant of a superstitious past (Smalley <i>et al.</i> 1990:165). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chao_Fa_(Hmong_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chao Fa (Hmong group) (page does not exist)">Chao Fa</a> (means "Lord of the Sky" in <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, Hmong: <i>Cob Fab</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬯 𖬖𖬜𖬵</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChaoFaPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/35px-ChaoFaPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/53px-ChaoFaPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChaoFaPahawh.png/70px-ChaoFaPahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="98" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which literally translates to the "Heavenly Lord", is a Hmong group whose anti-Laotian government uses this writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman291-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1975 until today, the Hmong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chao_Fa_(Hmong_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chao Fa (Hmong group) (page does not exist)">Chao Fa</a>, isolated from the rest of the world, has been heavily persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a>, nonstop and without resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Keeb</td> <td>Keem</td> <td>Keej</td> <td>Keev</td> <td>Kee</td> <td>Kees</td> <td>Keeg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽˀ˩<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˦˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˦<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˦<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽ˧˦˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>eŋ˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kib</td> <td>Kim</td> <td>Kij</td> <td>Kiv</td> <td>Ki</td> <td>Kis</td> <td>Kig </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kaub</td> <td>Kaum</td> <td>Kauj</td> <td>Kauv</td> <td>Kau</td> <td>Kaus</td> <td>Kaug </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯ˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au̯˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kub</td> <td>Kum</td> <td>Kuj</td> <td>Kuv</td> <td>Ku</td> <td>Kus</td> <td>Kug </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉𖬶</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Keb</td> <td>Kem</td> <td>Kej</td> <td>Kev</td> <td>Ke</td> <td>Kes</td> <td>Keg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kaib</td> <td>Kaim</td> <td>Kaij</td> <td>Kaiv</td> <td>Kai</td> <td>Kais</td> <td>Kaig </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪ˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̪˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬶</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Koob</td> <td>Koom</td> <td>Kooj</td> <td>Koov</td> <td>Koo</td> <td>Koos</td> <td>Koog </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃ˀ˩<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˦˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˦<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˨<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃˧˦˥<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔŋ˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kawb</td> <td>Kawm</td> <td>Kawj</td> <td>Kawv</td> <td>Kaw</td> <td>Kaws</td> <td>Kawg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪ˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɨ̪˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬶</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kuab</td> <td>Kuam</td> <td>Kuaj</td> <td>Kuav</td> <td>Kua</td> <td>Kuas</td> <td>Kuag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯əˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kob</td> <td>Kom</td> <td>Koj</td> <td>Kov</td> <td>Ko</td> <td>Kos</td> <td>Kog </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬶</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕𖬲</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kiab</td> <td>Kiam</td> <td>Kiaj</td> <td>Kiav</td> <td>Kia</td> <td>Kias</td> <td>Kiag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯əˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬶</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kab</td> <td>Kam</td> <td>Kaj</td> <td>Kav</td> <td>Ka</td> <td>Kas</td> <td>Kag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚𖬲</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚𖬰</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬰</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬲</span></b></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛𖬶</span></b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaab</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaam</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaaj</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaav</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaa</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaas</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Kaag </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˥]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aːˀ˩]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˦˥]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˥˧]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˦]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˨]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬶</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Kwb</td> <td>Kwm</td> <td>Kwj</td> <td>Kwv</td> <td>Kw</td> <td>Kws</td> <td>Kwg </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨˀ˩]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˦˥]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˥˧]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˦]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˨]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ˧˦˥]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> systems of <span style="background:#EEE8AA">Hmong Daw</span> and <span style="background:#CAFF70">Mong Njua</span> are as shown in the following charts. Phonemes particular to each dialect are color-coded respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hmong Daw and Mong Njua vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <th><small>nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> ⟨i⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂, 𖬃</span></big></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span> ⟨w⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘, 𖬙</span></big></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> ⟨u⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆, 𖬇</span></big></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> ⟨e⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈, 𖬉</span></big></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ~eŋ</span> ⟨ee⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀, 𖬁</span></big> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> ⟨a⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖, 𖬗</span></big></td> <td style="background:#caff70; text-align:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã~aŋ</span> ⟨aa⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚, 𖬛</span></big> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span> ⟨o⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒, 𖬓</span></big></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ̃~ɒŋ</span> ⟨oo⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌, 𖬍</span></big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Closing </th> <th>Centering </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is front</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> ⟨ai⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊, 𖬋</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iə</span> ⟨ia⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔, 𖬕</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is central</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɨ</span> ⟨aw⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎, 𖬏</span></big> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close component is back</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> ⟨au⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄, 𖬅</span></big> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uə</span> ⟨ua⟩ <br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐, 𖬑</span></big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Vau</td> <td>Nrau</td> <td>Fau</td> <td>Ntsau</td> <td>Tsau</td> <td>Phau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɳʈ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ntʃ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nkau</td> <td>Ntxau</td> <td>Rhau</td> <td>Lau</td> <td>Dau</td> <td>Dhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋk-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿdz-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔd-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔdʰ-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Rau</td> <td>Nphau</td> <td>Nplhau</td> <td>Hnau</td> <td>Khau</td> <td>Ntau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mpʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mpʰl-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰn̥-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nt-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nau</td> <td>Nqau</td> <td>Nqhau</td> <td>Mlau</td> <td>Hmlau</td> <td>Gau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nq-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nqʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ml-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰml-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Xau</td> <td>Au</td> <td>Nyau</td> <td>Cau</td> <td>Ntshau</td> <td>Txau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[au]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ntʃʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Hlau</td> <td>Zau</td> <td>Ntxhau</td> <td>Yau</td> <td>Ncau</td> <td>Sau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰl-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿtsʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲc-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Mau</td> <td>Txhau</td> <td>Qau</td> <td>Hau</td> <td>Thau</td> <td>Plau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pl-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Plhau</td> <td>Tshau</td> <td>Pau</td> <td>Nthau</td> <td>Nplau</td> <td>Nkhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰl-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿtʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐbˡ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑkʰ-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Chau</td> <td>Xyau</td> <td>Tau</td> <td>Nchau</td> <td>Nrhau</td> <td>Npau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲcʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɳtʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb-]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬰</span></th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬵</span></th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭</span></th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬰</span></th> <th style="background:#CAFF70;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬵</span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Qhau</td> <td>Hnyau</td> <td>Hmau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Dlau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Ndlau</td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;">Ndlhau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʰ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰɲ-]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰm-]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dˡ-]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ntˡ-]</span></td> <td style="background:#CAFF70;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ndʰl-]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hmong makes a number of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> contrasts unfamiliar to English speakers. All non-glottal <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> distinguish <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and unaspirated forms, most also <a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalization</a> independently of this. The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to <span style="background:#EEE8AA">Hmong Daw</span> and <span style="background:#CAFF70">Mong Njua</span> are color-coded respectively.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Hmong Daw and Mong Njua consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_l"><a href="#endnote_l">*</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̥</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hm⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬵</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̥ˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨hml⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̥</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hn⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʰɲ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hny⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨ml⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>tenuis</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨pl⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ntˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨Ndl⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span><br />  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮𖬰</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pˡʰ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨plh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟𖬰</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ndʰl</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨Ndlh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">cʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_nd"><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐb</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨np⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬵</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐbˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨npl⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿd</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nt⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩𖬵</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dˡ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨Dl⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶯɖ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nr⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶮɟ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nc⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑɡ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nk⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶰɢ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nq⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐpʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nph⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬰</span></big> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐpˡʰ</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨nplh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿtʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nth⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫</span></big> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʰl</span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨Dlh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭𖬴</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶯʈʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nrh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶮcʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nch⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑkʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nkh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶰqʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nqh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>tenuis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʂ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨txh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʂʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalization">prenasalized</a></small><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_nd"><a href="#endnote_nd">**</a></sup> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿdz</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntx⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶯdʐ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nts⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿtsʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntxh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬵</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶯtʂʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntsh⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̥</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hl⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤𖬵</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ç</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xy⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬰</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟</span></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʐ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥𖬰</span></big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʝ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span><br /><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤</span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritical_marks">Diacritical marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diacritical marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pahawh Hmong diacritics were devised by Shong Lue Yang in isolation, and have no genetic relation to similar-looking punctuation in the European tradition (DOT ABOVE, DIAERESIS, MACRON). Since it can also typically take shapes that are different from the typical shapes that European punctuation has, it would be inappropriate to attempt to unify Pahawh Hmong diacritics with characters in the General Punctuation mark. Combining diacritics are found at 16B30..16B36 and function in the usual way. Note that 16B34 and 16B35 could be composed (16B32 + 16B30 and 16B32 + 16B31 respectively). Such an encoding is not recommended (because decomposition would break the one-to-four character convention for representing Hmong syllables) and no canonical decomposition is given in the character properties. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hmong Tone Markers </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬰</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬱</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬲</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬳</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬴</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬵</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬶</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Pahawh / Hmong RPA </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵</span> / Cim Tub</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬓𖬰𖬮𖬰</span> / Cim So</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬉𖬲</span> / Cim Kes</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬗𖬩𖬰</span> / Cim Khav</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬐𖬤𖬵</span> / Cim Suam</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬒𖬟</span> / Cim Hom</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬄𖬧𖬵</span> / Cim Taum </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a> and three numbers – singular, dual, and plural. They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is used to translate both "I" and "me", "she" and "her", and so forth. These are the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a> of Hmong Daw and Mong Njua (in Pahawh Hmong and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Examples in Pahawh / RPA / English </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">First </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲</span></td> <td>Kuv</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ku˧˦</span></td> <td>I/me (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬲 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / Kuv yog Hmoob; I am Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬰𖬮𖬰 / 𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Wb / Ib</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔɨ˥</span></td> <td>we/us (formal/dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Wb yog Hmoob / Ib yog Hmoob; We are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Peb</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pe˥</span></td> <td>we/us (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / Peb yog Hmoob; We are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Second </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲</span></td> <td>Koj</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɒ˥˧</span></td> <td>you (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬲 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / Koj yog Hmoob; You are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬬 / 𖬈𖬰𖬦</span></td> <td>Neb / Meb</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ne˥</span></td> <td>you two/your (second person dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬦 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Neb yog Hmoob / Meb yog Hmoob; You two are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬 / 𖬈𖬲𖬦</span></td> <td>Nej / Mej</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ne˥˧</span></td> <td>you/your (three or more: second person plural)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬲𖬦 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Nej yog Hmoob / Mej yog Hmoob; You are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Third </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬</span></td> <td>Nws</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɨ˩</span></td> <td>he/she/it/him/her/his/its (formal)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬲𖬬 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Nws yog Hmoob; He/She/Her [brother, sister, etc.]/His [brother, sister, etc.]/it[s] is Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬱𖬢 / 𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Nkawd / Ob tug</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿdaɨ˨˩˧</span></td> <td>they/them two (dual)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬱𖬢 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰 𖬇𖬲𖬧𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Nkawd yog Hmoob, Ob tug yog Hmoob; They/Them two are Hmong </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬞 / 𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Lawv / Puab</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">laɨ̯˧˦</span></td> <td>they/them, others</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎𖬶𖬞 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬪𖬵 𖬓𖬤 𖬌𖬣𖬵</span>, Lawv yog Hmoob / Puab yog Hmoob; They are Hmong </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logographs">Logographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Logographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hmong Symbols </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Pahawh / Hmong RPA</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭣</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_VOS_LUB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬆𖬰𖬞</span> / Vos Lub</td> <td>A classifier </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭤</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYOO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍𖬰𖬧𖬰</span> / Xyoo</td> <td>Year </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭥</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HLI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬥</span> / Hli</td> <td>Month </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭦</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_THIRD-STAGE_HLI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬥</span> / Hli</td> <td>3-Stage Hli </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭧</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_ZWJ_THAJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘𖬲𖬥𖬰 𖬖𖬰𖬟𖬰</span> / Zwj Thaj</td> <td>Date </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭨</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_HNUB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬰𖬩</span> / Hnub</td> <td>Day </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭩</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NQIG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃𖬲𖬬𖬰</span> / Nqig</td> <td>Waning Moon </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭪</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XIAB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬮</span> / Xiab</td> <td>Waxing Moon </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭫</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_NTUJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆𖬶𖬩𖬵</span> / Ntuj</td> <td>Season </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭬</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_AV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬮𖬰</span> / Av</td> <td>Earth </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭭</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TXHEEJ_CEEV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬰𖬦𖬰 𖬀𖬲𖬯</span> / Txheej Ceev</td> <td>Urgent </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭮</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MEEJ_TSEEB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬰𖬦 𖬀𖬶𖬝𖬰</span> / Meej Tseeb</td> <td>Facts </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭯</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_TAU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧𖬵</span> / Tau</td> <td>Received </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭰</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_LOS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬞</span> / Los</td> <td>Come </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭱</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_MUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇𖬰𖬦</span> / Mus</td> <td>Go </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭲</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_HAIS_LUS_NTOG_NTOG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬋𖬰𖬟 𖬇𖬰𖬞 𖬓𖬩𖬵</span> / Cim Hais Lus Ntog</td> <td>Smooth </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭳</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_CUAM_TSHOOJ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬐𖬯 𖬌𖬲𖬪𖬰</span> / Cim Cuam Tshooj</td> <td>Fraction </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭴</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬙𖬯𖬵</span> / Cim Txwv</td> <td>Do not Open </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭵</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_TXWV_CHWV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬙𖬯𖬵 𖬙𖬧</span> / Cim Txwv Chwv</td> <td>Do not Touch </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭶</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_PUB_DAWB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬆𖬰𖬪𖬵 𖬎𖬞𖬰</span> / Cim Pub Dawb</td> <td>Give Freely </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭷</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_CIM_NRES_TOS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬉𖬲𖬜𖬰 𖬓𖬲𖬧𖬵</span> / Cim Nres Tos</td> <td>Stop </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numeral_system">Numeral system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Numeral system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pahawh Hmong has a distinct numeral system with values for 0–9, along with a set of symbols for <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a>. The positional notation system is still taught, and reflects the spoken language, but is not used for arithmetic calculation. Larger numbers can thus be written two ways, using just 0–9 with place value being understood or by using the positional notation characters. For example, the number 57023 would be commonly be written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕𖭗𖭐𖭒𖭓</span> (five-seven-zero-two-three), but it can also be written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕𖭗𖭜𖭐𖭒𖭛𖭓</span> (fifty-seven thousand-twenty-three).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079–82_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079–82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Numerals">Arabic Numerals</a></th> <th>Hmong Numeral </th> <th>Image</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭐</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊𖬲𖬢𖬰</span></td> <td>Ntxaiv </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Ib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭒</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_TWO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒𖬰𖬮𖬰</span></td> <td>Ob </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭓</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_THREE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Peb </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭔</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FOUR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬰𖬟𖬵</span></td> <td>Plaub </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_FIVE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬝𖬰</span></td> <td>Tsib </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>6</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭖</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SIX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span></td> <td>Rau </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>7</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭗</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰</span></td> <td>Xya </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭘</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬤</span></td> <td>Yim </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>9</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭙</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_NINE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬰𖬯</span></td> <td>Cuaj </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑𖭐</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ONE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/23px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/35px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg/47px-PAHAWH_HMONG_DIGIT_ZERO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄</span></td> <td>Kaum </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positional_notation">Positional notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Positional notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numbers</th> <th>English Cardinal Numbers</th> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th>Hmong RPA</th> <th>Pahawh Symbols </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0-9</td> <td>Ones</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬰𖬯</span></td> <td>Cua</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10-90</td> <td>Tens</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄𖬯</span></td> <td>Caum</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭛</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>100-900</td> <td>Hundreds</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑𖬰𖬪𖬵</span></td> <td>Pua</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭜</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1,000-9,000</td> <td>Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬦𖬰</span></td> <td>Txhiab</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭜𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10,000-90,000</td> <td>Ten Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖𖬜</span></td> <td>Vam</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭝</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>5</sup></td> <td>Hundreds Thousands</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬶𖬝</span></td> <td>Ntsuab</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭝𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>6</sup></td> <td>Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌𖬡</span></td> <td>Roob</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭞</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>7</sup></td> <td>Ten Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙𖬰𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Tw</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭞𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>8</sup></td> <td>Hundred Millions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬲𖬬</span></td> <td>Neev</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭟</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>9</sup></td> <td>Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Taw</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭟𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>10</sup></td> <td>Ten Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐𖬲𖬡</span></td> <td>Ruav</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭠</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>11</sup></td> <td>Hundred Billions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈</span></td> <td>Kem</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭠𖭐</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>10<sup>12</sup></td> <td>Trillions</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Tas</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭡</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbols </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬷</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬒𖬟𖬰</span></td> <td>Vos Thom</td> <td>Question Mark </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬸</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬖𖬲𖬪𖬰 𖬀𖬶𖬯</span></td> <td>Vos Tshab Ceeb</td> <td>Exclamation Mark </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬹</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬀𖬧</span></td> <td>Cim Cheem</td> <td>Comma </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬺</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬔𖬟𖬰</span></td> <td>Vos Thiab</td> <td>Ampersand </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬻</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬀𖬜𖬵</span></td> <td>Vos Feem</td> <td>Percent Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭄</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅𖬰𖬮</span></td> <td>Xaus</td> <td>Indicates completion of a section </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭅</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬯 𖬒𖬶𖬝𖬰 𖬓𖬡</span></td> <td>Cim Tsov Rog</td> <td>indicates military topics </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭀</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬀𖬲𖬤𖬵</span></td> <td>Vos Seev</td> <td>Indicates chanting intonation </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭁</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬰𖬦 𖬐𖬶𖬤𖬵</span></td> <td>Meej Suab</td> <td>Indicates foreign pronunciation </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭂</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓𖬲𖬜 𖬑𖬜𖬰</span></td> <td>Vos Nrua</td> <td>Reduplication </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭃</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 𖬖𖬤</span></td> <td>Ib Yam</td> <td>Replication, Ditto Mark </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Non-script-specific punctuation marks are also used including the question mark (?), left parentheses, right parentheses, period (.), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:), less than sign (<), greater than sign (>), and dash (–).<sup id="cite_ref-n4175_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n4175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic_operators">Arithmetic operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arithmetic operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th rowspan="2">Image </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pahawh Hmong</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hmong_RPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong RPA">Hmong RPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬼</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_NTXIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬂𖬶𖬢𖬰</span></td> <td>Xyeem Ntxiv</td> <td>Plus Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬽</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_RHO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬓𖬰𖬢𖬵</span></td> <td>Xyeem Rho</td> <td>Minus Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬾</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_TOV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬒𖬶𖬧𖬵</span></td> <td>Xyeem Tov</td> <td>Multiplication Sign </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬿</span> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB"><img alt="PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/25px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/37px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg/49px-PAHAWH_HMONG_SIGN_XYEEM_FAIB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB</figcaption></figure></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀𖬧𖬰 𖬊𖬰𖬜𖬵</span></td> <td>Xyeem Faib</td> <td>Division Sign </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood Carving Pahawh"><img alt="Wood Carving Pahawh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/240px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/360px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg/480px-Wood_Carving_Pahawh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Wood Carving Pahawh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book"><img alt="Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png/405px-Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png/607px-Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Arithmetical_symbols_in_a_Second_Stage_Reduced_Version_maths_book.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Arithmetical symbols in a 2nd Stage Reduced Version maths book</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logographs_and_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logographs and symbols"><img alt="Logographs and symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/73px-Logographs_and_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/109px-Logographs_and_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Logographs_and_symbols.png/146px-Logographs_and_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Logographs and symbols</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Special:EditPage/Pahawh Hmong">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because Shong was illiterate, it is sometimes assumed that he invented Pahawh <i>ex nihilo.</i> However, Shong was acutely aware of writing and of the advantages that it provided; indeed, that was the basis of his messianic movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A claim of illiteracy and basis of the messianic movement is a strong yet important claim that needs to be justified with sources - ATC (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It would appear that existing scripts provided his inspiration, even if he did not fully understand them, much as the Roman alphabet inspired the illiterate <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> when he invented the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee script</a>, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not only do the forms of the majority of the letters in the oldest stage of Pahawh closely resemble the letters of the local <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao alphabet</a> and missionary scripts such as <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser alphabet">Fraser</a>, though they are independent in sound value (much like the relationship between Roman and Cherokee), but the appearance of vowel and tone diacritics in those scripts, which would appear nearly random to the illiterate, may explain the idiosyncratic use of diacritics in early Pahawh. Nevertheless, even if the graphic forms of Pahawh letters derive from other scripts, much of the typology of the script, with its primary rimes and secondary onsets, would appear to be Shong's invention. </p><p>The later stages of Pahawh became typologically more like Lao and the Roman alphabet, suggesting that perhaps they influenced its evolution. However, even from the start, Pahawh is "fascinatingly similar [...] and fascinatingly different" from the Lao alphabet (Smalley <i>et al.</i> 1990:90). For example, it resembles an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> such as Lao where the order of writing does not reflect the order of speech, but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. There is an inherent vowel, as in Lao, though only on one tone, but also an inherent consonant. In Lao, tone depends on the consonant; it is modified with diacritics, but the patterns of modification are complex. In early Pahawh, tone depends on the rime and is modified with irregular diacritics. Starting with stage 2, there are two tone-classes of rime, just as in Lao there are two tone-classes of consonant. </p><p>Nearly all other scripts invented by illiterates are <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a> like Cherokee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, to represent Hmong as a syllabary, Pahawh would have needed 60×91 = 5460 letters. By breaking each syllable in two in the fashion of Chinese phonetics, Shong was able to write Hmong, in his original version, with a mere 60+91 = 151 letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong_(Unicode_block)" title="Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)">Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Pahawh Hmong alphabet was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Pahawh Hmong is U+16B00–U+16B8F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong_(Unicode_block)" title="Pahawh Hmong (Unicode block)">Pahawh Hmong</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U16B00_grey"><a href="#endnote_U16B00_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16B00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B0x </td> <td title="U+16B00: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬀</span> </td> <td title="U+16B01: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬁</span> </td> <td title="U+16B02: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬂</span> </td> <td title="U+16B03: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬃</span> </td> <td title="U+16B04: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬄</span> </td> <td title="U+16B05: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAUV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬅</span> </td> <td title="U+16B06: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬆</span> </td> <td title="U+16B07: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬇</span> </td> <td title="U+16B08: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬈</span> </td> <td title="U+16B09: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬉</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0A: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬊</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0B: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬋</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0C: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOOB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬌</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0D: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬍</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0E: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬎</span> </td> <td title="U+16B0F: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B1x </td> <td title="U+16B10: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬐</span> </td> <td title="U+16B11: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KUAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬑</span> </td> <td title="U+16B12: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬒</span> </td> <td title="U+16B13: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬓</span> </td> <td title="U+16B14: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔</span> </td> <td title="U+16B15: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KIAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬕</span> </td> <td title="U+16B16: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬖</span> </td> <td title="U+16B17: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬗</span> </td> <td title="U+16B18: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬘</span> </td> <td title="U+16B19: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬙</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1A: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬚</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1B: PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬛</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1C: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT VAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬜</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1D: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NTSAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬝</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1E: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT LAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬞</span> </td> <td title="U+16B1F: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B2x </td> <td title="U+16B20: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NLAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬠</span> </td> <td title="U+16B21: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT RAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬡</span> </td> <td title="U+16B22: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NKAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬢</span> </td> <td title="U+16B23: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT QHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬣</span> </td> <td title="U+16B24: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT YAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬤</span> </td> <td title="U+16B25: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HLAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬥</span> </td> <td title="U+16B26: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT MAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬦</span> </td> <td title="U+16B27: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT CHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬧</span> </td> <td title="U+16B28: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NCHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬨</span> </td> <td title="U+16B29: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT HNAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬩</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2A: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT PLHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬪</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2B: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NTHAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬫</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2C: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬬</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2D: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT AU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬭</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2E: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT XAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬮</span> </td> <td title="U+16B2F: PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT CAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B3x </td> <td title="U+16B30: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM TUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬰</span> </td> <td title="U+16B31: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM SO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬱</span> </td> <td title="U+16B32: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM KES"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬲</span> </td> <td title="U+16B33: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM KHAV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬳</span> </td> <td title="U+16B34: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM SUAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬴</span> </td> <td title="U+16B35: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM HOM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬵</span> </td> <td title="U+16B36: PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM TAUM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬶</span> </td> <td title="U+16B37: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THOM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬷</span> </td> <td title="U+16B38: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS TSHAB CEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬸</span> </td> <td title="U+16B39: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CHEEM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬹</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3A: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬺</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3B: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS FEEM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬻</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3C: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM NTXIV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬼</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3D: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM RHO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬽</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3E: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM TOV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬾</span> </td> <td title="U+16B3F: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYEEM FAIB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬿</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B4x </td> <td title="U+16B40: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS SEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭀</span> </td> <td title="U+16B41: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ SUAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭁</span> </td> <td title="U+16B42: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS NRUA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭂</span> </td> <td title="U+16B43: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN IB YAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭃</span> </td> <td title="U+16B44: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XAUS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭄</span> </td> <td title="U+16B45: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TSOV ROG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭅</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B5x </td> <td title="U+16B50: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭐</span> </td> <td title="U+16B51: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭑</span> </td> <td title="U+16B52: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭒</span> </td> <td title="U+16B53: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭓</span> </td> <td title="U+16B54: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭔</span> </td> <td title="U+16B55: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭕</span> </td> <td title="U+16B56: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭖</span> </td> <td title="U+16B57: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭗</span> </td> <td title="U+16B58: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭘</span> </td> <td title="U+16B59: PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭙</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B5B: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TENS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭛</span> </td> <td title="U+16B5C: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER HUNDREDS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭜</span> </td> <td title="U+16B5D: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TEN THOUSANDS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭝</span> </td> <td title="U+16B5E: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER MILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭞</span> </td> <td title="U+16B5F: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER HUNDRED MILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B6x </td> <td title="U+16B60: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TEN BILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭠</span> </td> <td title="U+16B61: PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TRILLIONS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭡</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B63: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS LUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭣</span> </td> <td title="U+16B64: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XYOO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭤</span> </td> <td title="U+16B65: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HLI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭥</span> </td> <td title="U+16B66: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN THIRD-STAGE HLI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭦</span> </td> <td title="U+16B67: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN ZWJ THAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭧</span> </td> <td title="U+16B68: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN HNUB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭨</span> </td> <td title="U+16B69: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NQIG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭩</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6A: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XIAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭪</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6B: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN NTUJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭫</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6C: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN AV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭬</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6D: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TXHEEJ CEEV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭭</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6E: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MEEJ TSEEB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭮</span> </td> <td title="U+16B6F: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN TAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B7x </td> <td title="U+16B70: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN LOS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭰</span> </td> <td title="U+16B71: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN MUS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭱</span> </td> <td title="U+16B72: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM HAIS LUS NTOG NTOG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭲</span> </td> <td title="U+16B73: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CUAM TSHOOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭳</span> </td> <td title="U+16B74: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭴</span> </td> <td title="U+16B75: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM TXWV CHWV"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭵</span> </td> <td title="U+16B76: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM PUB DAWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭶</span> </td> <td title="U+16B77: PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM NRES TOS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭷</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+16B7D: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSHEEJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭽</span> </td> <td title="U+16B7E: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN YEEG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭾</span> </td> <td title="U+16B7F: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN LIS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖭿</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+16B8x </td> <td title="U+16B80: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN LAUJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮀</span> </td> <td title="U+16B81: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN XYOOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮁</span> </td> <td title="U+16B82: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KOO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮂</span> </td> <td title="U+16B83: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN HAWJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮃</span> </td> <td title="U+16B84: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN MUAS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮄</span> </td> <td title="U+16B85: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN THOJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮅</span> </td> <td title="U+16B86: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮆</span> </td> <td title="U+16B87: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN PHAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮇</span> </td> <td title="U+16B88: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KHAB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮈</span> </td> <td title="U+16B89: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN HAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮉</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8A: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN VAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮊</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8B: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN FAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮋</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8C: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN YAJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮌</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8D: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN TSWB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮍</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8E: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN KWM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮎</span> </td> <td title="U+16B8F: PAHAWH HMONG CLAN SIGN VWJ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖮏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U16B00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U16B00_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U16B00_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_writing" title="Hmong writing">Hmong writing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonts">Fonts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fonts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For now, Pahawh Hmong Unicode is only supported by: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts/blob/master/hinted/ttf/NotoSansPahawhHmong/NotoSansPahawhHmong-Regular.ttf">Noto Sans Pahawh Hmong (direct download link)</a>, a font made by Google</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v6m8oAvqMq0Vw1UNZaj55SqMY6bD8CTx/view">Pahawh Unicode (direct download link)</a>, Google Drive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pahawh.com/fonts.html">Pahawh Hmong (Unicode) fonts & Non-Unicode Fonts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Keyboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pahawh Hmong Keyboard (Unicode) for Keyman </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pahawh.com/keyman/index.html">Android and IPhone</a>, made by Hmoob Vaj Loog Vooj Vuab and other generous donors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyman.com">Keyman now supports Pahawh Hmong (Basic) keyboard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyman.com/_legacy/keyboards/pahawh_hmong_basic">Windows, macOS, Linux, Web, iPhone and iPad, Android, Mobile web</a>, made possible by Lorna Evans, the author</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only final consonant is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>. However, this is sometimes analyzed as vowel nasalization: <i>oo, ee, aa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aŋ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̃,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃,<span class="wrap"> </span>ã/</span>. Thus Pahawh can be considered an alphabet where both consonants and vowels may be complex, much like <i>x</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span> and <i>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ]</span> in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coincidentally, RPA also has an inherent consonant which is not written, <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, along with a null-consonant diacritic, the apostrophe: <i>ai</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔāi/</span>, <i>’ai</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/āi/</span>. Few Hmong words are vowel initial, so writing the absence of a consonant with an apostrophe is more economical than writing glottal stop with an apostrophe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punctuation was introduced in 1969 when Chia Koua Vang, who was literate in RPA, wrote to Shong in prison asking him what to put at the ends of sentences. Neither Shong nor any of his other disciples were literate in any other script at this point, so presumably someone taught him punctuation there. (Smalley <i>et al.</i> 1990:76–77)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman291-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman291_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fadiman" title="Anne Fadiman">Fadiman, Anne</a>. "Note on Hmong Orthography, Pronunciation, and Quotations." <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1997. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smalley, William Allen, Chia Koua Vang (<i>Txiaj Kuam Vaj</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲𖬯𖬵 𖬐𖬰 𖬖𖬲𖬜</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/53px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/70px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="100" /></a></span>), and Gnia Yee Yang (<i>Nyiaj Yig Yaj</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009642731"><span class="script-Hmng">𖬔𖬲𖬮𖬵 𖬃𖬶𖬤 𖬖𖬲𖬤</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/53px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/70px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="94" /></a></span>). <i>Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, March 23, 1990. 10. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on March 23, 2012. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226762866" title="Special:BookSources/0226762866">0226762866</a>, 9780226762869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079–82-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalleyChiaGnia199079–82_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmalleyChiaGnia1990">Smalley, Chia & Gnia 1990</a>, pp. 79–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n4175-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n4175_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2012" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (2012-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf">"N4175: Final proposal to encode the Pahawh Hmong script in the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N4175%3A+Final+proposal+to+encode+the+Pahawh+Hmong+script+in+the+UCS&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2012%2F12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatliff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ratliff" title="Martha Ratliff">Ratliff, Martha</a> (1996). "The Pahawh Hmong Script". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Daniels, Peter T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">Bright, William</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Writing_Systems" title="The World's Writing Systems">The World's Writing Systems</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, NY: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford Press">University of Oxford Press</a>. pp. 619–624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pahawh+Hmong+Script&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=619-624&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ratliff&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Henry (2005). <i>Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach</i>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. pp. 260–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems%3A+A+Linguistic+Approach&rft.pages=260-262&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalleyChiaGnia1990" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, William Allen; Chia, Koua Vang (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/35px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/53px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png/70px-ChiaKouaVangPahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="100" /></a></span>; <i>Txiaj Kuam Vaj</i>); and Gnia, Yee Yang (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/35px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/53px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GniaYeeYangPahawh.png/70px-GniaYeeYangPahawh.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="94" /></a></span>; <i>Nyiaj Yig Yaj</i>) (1990). <i>Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+Writing%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Hmong+Messianic+Script&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=William+Allen&rft.au=Chia%2C+Koua+Vang+%2835px%3B+%27%27Txiaj+Kuam+Vaj%27%27%29&rft.au=Gnia%2C+Yee+Yang+%2835px%3B+%27%27Nyiaj+Yig+Yaj%27%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahawh+Hmong" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/pahawhhmong.htm">Omniglot</a> Pahawh Hmong Alphabet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028031332/http://pahawh.org/">https://web.archive.org/web/20221028031332/http://pahawh.org/</a> The Pahawh Hmong Platform (<b>old website</b>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wiki.liamscode.net/unicode/block.php?n=Pahawh%20Hmong">https://wiki.liamscode.net/unicode/block.php?n=Pahawh%20Hmong</a> Pahawh Hmong Unicode Block</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pahawh.com/index.html">https://pahawh.com/index.html</a> Pahawh Hmong Platform (<b>new website</b>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaomoua.com/dauslauj/#uskey%7CHmong">RPA to Hmong IPA & Hmong RPA to Pahawh Hmong converter</a> Downloadable (Credited to Chao Moua & AutoHotKey)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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