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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dimensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_citizen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_citizen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Senior citizen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_citizen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Age qualifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Signs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Signs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Middle age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Old age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_and_historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_and_historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Societal and historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_and_historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Contemporary perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Simulated </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frailty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frailty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Frailty </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frailty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Frailty subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Frailty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_and_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_and_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Care and costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_and_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religiosity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographic changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Psychosocial aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychosocial_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychosocial aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Life expectancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistic_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Artistic depiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Old age</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="كبر السن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبر السن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8" title="বৃদ্ধ বয়স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৃদ্ধ বয়স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_ed%C3%A1" title="Tercer edá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tercer edá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocal%C4%B1q" title="Qocalıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qocalıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বার্ধক্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্ধক্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_tuha" title="Masa tuha – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Masa tuha" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81u-h%C3%B2e" title="Lāu-hòe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lāu-hòe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Старасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Старасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagurangan" title="Kagurangan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kagurangan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Старост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellesa" title="Vellesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vellesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Ватлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ватлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Stáří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stáří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter" title="Alter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_edad" title="Tercera edad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera edad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maljuna%C4%9Do" title="Maljunaĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maljunaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahartzaro" title="Zahartzaro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zahartzaro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سالمندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سالمندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieillesse" title="Vieillesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieillesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanaois" title="Seanaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seanaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_idade" title="Terceira idade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira idade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="노인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="वृद्धावस्था – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृद्धावस्था" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost" title="Starost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_tua" title="Masa tua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masa tua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senilit%C3%A0" title="Senilità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Senilità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%94" title="זקנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זקנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವೃದ್ಧಾಪ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೃದ್ಧಾಪ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Кәрілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәрілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vye" title="Vye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senectus" title="Senectus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Senectus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecumdienas" title="Vecumdienas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vecumdienas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatv%C4%97" title="Senatvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senatvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobang%C3%A9" title="Bobangé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobangé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Старост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വാർദ്ധക്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാർദ്ധക്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="वृद्धावस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृद्धावस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umur_tua" title="Umur tua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Umur tua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaarde" title="Bejaarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bejaarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="बृद्धावस्था – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बृद्धावस्था" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A2%E8%80%85" title="高齢者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高齢者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielhum" title="Vielhum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vielhum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE" title="ବୃଦ୍ଧାବସ୍ଥା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃଦ୍ଧାବସ୍ଥା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarilik" title="Qarilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qarilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੁਢੇਪਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਢੇਪਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malitengay" title="Malitengay – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Malitengay" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%88%DA%BE%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بڈھے وار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بڈھے وار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Starość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velhice" title="Velhice – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velhice" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83tr%C3%A2ne%C8%9Be" title="Bătrânețe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătrânețe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegliadetgna" title="Vegliadetgna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vegliadetgna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Старость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Кырдьыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кырдьыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_age" title="Auld age – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auld age" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleq%C3%ABria" title="Pleqëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pleqëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicchiania" title="Vicchiania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vicchiania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroba" title="Staroba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Старост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanhuus" title="Vanhuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanhuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lderdom" title="Ålderdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ålderdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katandaan" title="Katandaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katandaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="முதுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వృద్ధాప్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వృద్ధాప్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8" title="วัยสูงอายุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัยสูงอายุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Солмандӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Солмандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0leri_ya%C5%9F" title="İleri yaş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İleri yaş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Старість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پیرانہ سالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرانہ سالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_cao_tu%E1%BB%95i" title="Người cao tuổi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người cao tuổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AEs_djo%C3%BBs" title="Vîs djoûs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vîs djoûs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="אלטקייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלטקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="老人家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="老人家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4" title="老年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpikpom%C9%9B" title="Kpikpomɛ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kpikpomɛ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>. People who are of old age are also referred to as: old people, elderly, elders, senior citizens, seniors or older adults.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Old age is not a definite biological stage: the chronological age denoted as "old age" varies culturally and historically.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Some disciplines and domains focus on the aging and the aged, such as the organic processes of <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> medical studies of the aging process (<a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">gerontology</a>),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> diseases that afflict older adults (<a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">geriatrics</a>),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> technology to support the aging society (<a href="/wiki/Gerontechnology" title="Gerontechnology">gerontechnology</a>), and leisure and sport activities adapted to older people (such as <a href="/wiki/Senior_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior sport">senior sport</a>). Older people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to illness and injury than younger adults. They face social problems related to <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> proposed a human-rights convention to protect old people.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European">European</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European">edit</a>]</div> The history of old age in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a> has been characterized by several prominent features across the last 3000 years:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <ul><li>Consistent age threshold: The chronological threshold for old age has remained consistent throughout European history, typically ranging from 60 to 70 years. This definition has persisted from antiquity to modern times, despite overwhelming social and economic changes.</li> <li>Legal and cultural recognition: Old age was always recognized in legal and cultural contexts. The laws often included precise age-based exclusions or provisions for the elderly. Cultural representations, such as the division of the life cycle into age-defined stages, were common and often adapted from earlier Greek, Roman, and Egyptian traditions.</li> <li>Varied experiences: Old age was a highly diverse experience, encompassing individuals from different classes and socioeconomic backgrounds, political status, levels of fitness, and degrees of power.</li> <li>Changing status: The status of the elderly has varied across different periods. For instance, during the early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries), old age gained a more favorable status, particularly for older men, based on the moral worth associated with this life stage and Christian attitudes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg/170px-Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg/255px-Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg/340px-Maes_Old_Woman_Dozing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Old Woman Dozing by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Maes" title="Nicolaes Maes">Nicolaes Maes</a> (1656). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> Current definitions of old age include official definitions, sub-group definitions, and four dimensions as follows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_definitions">Official definitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Official definitions">edit</a>]</div> Most developed Western countries set the retirement age around the age of 65; this is also generally considered to mark the transition from middle to old age. Reaching this age is commonly a requirement to become eligible for senior social programs.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Old age cannot be universally defined because it is context-sensitive. The United Nations, for example, considers old age to be 60 years or older.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In contrast, a 2001 joint report by the U.S. National Institute on Aging and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> [WHO] Regional Office for Africa set the beginning of old age in Sub-Saharan Africa at 50.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This lower threshold stems primarily from a different way of thinking about old age in developing nations. Unlike in the developed world, where chronological age determines retirement, societies in developing countries determine old age according to a person's ability to make active contributions to society.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This number is also significantly affected by lower life expectancy throughout the developing world. Dating back to the Middle Ages and prior, what certain scholars thought of as old age varied depending on the context, but the state of being elderly was often thought as being 60 years of age or older in many respects.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-group_definitions">Sub-group definitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sub-group definitions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontologists</a> have recognized that people experience very different conditions as they approach old age. In developed countries, many people in their later 60s and 70s (frequently called "early old age") are still fit, active, and able to care for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 607  However, after age 80, they generally become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Frailty_syndrome" title="Frailty syndrome">frail</a>, a condition marked by serious mental and physical debilitation.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Therefore, rather than lumping together all people who have been defined as old, some gerontologists have recognized the diversity of old age by defining sub-groups. One study distinguishes the young-old (60 to 69), the middle-old (70 to 79), and the very old (80+).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Another study's sub-grouping is young-old (65 to 74), middle-old (75 to 84), and oldest-old (85+).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A third sub-grouping is young-old (65 to 74), old (74 to 84), and old-old (85+).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Describing sub-groups in the 65+ population enables a more accurate portrayal of significant life changes.<a href="#cite_note-cicirelli-23">[23]</a>: 4  Two British scholars, Paul Higgs and Chris Gilleard, have added a "fourth age" sub-group. In British English, the "third age" is "the period in life of active retirement, following middle age".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Higgs and Gilleard describe the fourth age as "an arena of inactive, unhealthy, unproductive, and ultimately unsuccessful ageing".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dimensions">edit</a>]</div> Key Concepts in Social <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a> lists four dimensions: chronological, biological, psychological, and social.<a href="#cite_note-phillips-26">[26]</a>: 12–3  Wattis and Curran add a fifth dimension: developmental.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Chronological age may differ considerably from a person's functional age. The distinguishing marks of old age normally occur in all five senses at different times and at different rates for different people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> In addition to chronological age, people can be considered old because of the other dimensions of old age. For example, people may be considered old when they become grandparents or when they begin to do less or different work in retirement.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_citizen">Senior citizen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senior citizen">edit</a>]</div> Senior citizen is a common euphemism for an old person used in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>. It implies that the person being referred to is retired.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This in turn usually implies that the person is over the <a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">retirement age</a>, which varies according to country. Synonyms include old age pensioner or pensioner in British English, and retiree and senior in American English. Some dictionaries describe widespread use of "senior citizen" for people over the age of 65.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> When defined in a legal context, senior citizen is often used for legal or policy-related reasons in determining who is eligible for certain benefits available to the age group. It is used in general usage instead of traditional terms such as "old person", "old-age pensioner", or "elderly" as a courtesy and to signify continuing relevance of and respect for this population group as "<a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>" of society, of senior "rank".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The term was apparently coined in 1938 during a political campaign.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Famed caricaturist <a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> claimed on several occasions that his father Isaac Hirschfeld invented the term "senior citizen".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It has come into widespread use in recent decades in legislation, commerce, and common speech. Especially in less formal contexts, it is often abbreviated as "senior(s)", which is also used as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_qualifications">Age qualifications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age qualifications">edit</a>]</div> The age of 65 has long been considered the benchmark for senior citizenship in numerous countries. This convention originated from Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's introduction of the pension system in Germany during the late 19th century. Bismarck's legislation set the retirement age at 70, with 65 as the age at which individuals could start receiving a pension. This age standard gradually gained acceptance in other nations and has since become deeply entrenched in public consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The age which qualifies for senior citizen status varies widely. In governmental contexts, it is usually associated with an age at which <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a> or medical benefits for the elderly become available. In commercial contexts, where it may serve as a <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> device to attract customers, the age is often significantly lower.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In commerce, some businesses offer customers of a certain age a "<a href="/wiki/Senior_discount" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior discount">senior discount</a>". The age at which these discounts are available varies from 55, 60, 62 or 65 upwards, and other criteria may also apply. Sometimes a special "<a href="/wiki/Senior_discount_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior discount card">senior discount card</a>" or other proof of age needs to be produced to show entitlement. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the standard retirement age is currently 66 (gradually increasing to 67).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a> allows couples in which one spouse has reached the age of 50 to join, regardless of the age of the other spouse. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Security" title="Old Age Security">Old Age Security</a> (OAS) pension is available at 65 (the Conservative government of Stephen Harper had planned to gradually increase the age of eligibility to 67, starting in the years 2023–2029, although the Liberal government of Justin Trudeau is considering leaving it at 65),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan" title="Canada Pension Plan">Canada Pension Plan</a> (CPP) as early as age 60. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs">Signs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Signs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aging#Signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">Aging § Signs</a></div> The distinguishing characteristics of old age are both physical and mental.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The marks of old age are so unlike the marks of middle age that legal scholar Richard Posner suggests that, as an individual transitions into old age, that person can be thought of as different people "time-sharing" the same identity.<a href="#cite_note-posner-45">[45]</a>: 86–7  These marks do not occur at the same chronological age for everyone. Also, they occur at different rates and order for different people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-28">[28]</a> Marks of old age can easily vary between people of the same chronological age.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A basic mark of old age that affects both body and mind is "slowness of behavior".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The term describes a correlation between advancing age and slowness of reaction and physical and mental task performance.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, studies from Buffalo University and Northwestern University have shown that the elderly are a happier age group than their younger counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> Physical marks of old age include the following: <ul><li>Bone and joint problems: Old bones are marked by "thinning and shrinkage". This might result in a loss of height (about two inches (5 cm) by age 80), a stooping posture in many people, and a greater susceptibility to bone and joint diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wahsa.org-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-documbase1-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Chronic diseases: Some older people have at least one <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic condition</a> and many have multiple conditions. In 2007–2009, the most frequently occurring conditions among older people in the United States were uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> (34%), arthritis (50%), and heart disease (32%).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH), defined as "coughing and bringing up <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>", is a common respiratory symptom in elderly people.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Dental problems: Older people may have less <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and reduced ability to maintain <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a>, consequently increasing the chance of <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">tooth decay and infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Digestive system issues: About 40% of the time, old age is marked by digestive disorders such as difficulty in swallowing, inability to eat enough and to absorb nutrition, constipation and bleeding.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a> (ET): An uncontrollable shaking in a part of the upper body. It is more common in the elderly and symptoms worsen with age.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Eyesight deterioration: <a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">Presbyopia</a> can occur by age 50 and it hinders reading, especially of small print in low lighting. The speed with which an individual reads and the ability to locate objects may also be impaired.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56">[56]</a> By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a> or have had <a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">cataract surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2009-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_in_older_adults" title="Falls in older adults">Falls</a>: Old age increases the risk of injury from falls.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Every year, about a third of those 65 years old and more than half of those 80 years old fall.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Falls are the leading cause of injury and death for old people.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Gait change: Some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">gait</a> normally change with old age. Speed slows after age 70. Time with both feet on the ground ("double stance") increases. Old people sometimes move as if they were walking carefully on ice.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Hair usually turns gray and may become thinner.<a href="#cite_note-webmd.com-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> About age 50, about 50% of Europeans have 50% grey hair.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Many men are affected by <a href="/wiki/Hair_loss" title="Hair loss">balding</a>.</li> <li>Women enter <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>.</li> <li>Hearing loss: By age 75, 48% of men and 37% of women have lost at least some significant hearing. Of the 26.7 million people [where?] over age 50 with a hearing impairment, one seventh use hearing aids.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56">[56]</a> In the 70–79 age range, partial <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> affecting communication rises to 65%, mostly in low-income men.<a href="#cite_note-Feder2015-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Hearts can become less efficient in old age, lessening stamina. Atherosclerosis can constrict blood flow.<a href="#cite_note-webmd.com-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Immune-function loss (<a href="/wiki/Immunosenescence" title="Immunosenescence">immunosenescence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Lungs may expand less efficiently, providing less oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-wahsa.org-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Mobility impairment or loss: "Impairment in mobility affects 14% of those between 65 and 74, [and] half of those over 85."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Loss of mobility is common in old people and has serious "social, psychological, and physical consequences".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Pain: 25% of seniors have chronic pain, increasing with age, up to 80% of those in nursing homes.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Most pains are <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatological</a>, musculoskeletal-related,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_older_age" title="Sexuality in older age">Decreases in sexual drive</a> in both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Increasing research on sexual behavior and desires in later life is challenging the "asexual" image of older adults. People aged 75–102 do experience sensuality and sexual pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Sexual attitudes and identity are established in early adulthood and change little.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Sexuality remains important throughout life, and the sexual expression of "typical, healthy older persons is a relatively neglected topic of research".<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_Expression-79">[79]</a> Other known sexual behaviors in older age groups include sexual thoughts, fantasies, and dreams;<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> masturbation; oral sex; and vaginal and anal intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_Expression-79">[79]</a></li> <li>Skin loses elasticity and gets drier and more lined and wrinkled.<a href="#cite_note-webmd.com-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Wounds take longer to heal and are likelier to leave permanent scars.</li> <li>Trouble sleeping and daytime sleepiness affect more than half of seniors.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In a study of 9,000 people with a mean age of 74, only 12% reported no sleep complaints.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By age 65, <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">deep sleep</a> drops to about 5% of sleep time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">Taste buds</a> diminish by up to half by the age of 80. Food becomes less appealing and nutrition can suffer.<a href="#cite_note-wahsa.org-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-documbase1-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Over the age of 85, <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a> perception decreases, so that 41% of the elderly do not drink enough.<a href="#cite_note-Volkert2005-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Urinary incontinence is often found in old age.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>Vocal cords weaken and vibrate more slowly. This results in a weakened, breathy voice, "old person's voice".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental">Mental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mental">edit</a>]</div> Mental marks of old age include the following: <ul><li>Agreeability: Despite the stressfulness of old age, the words "agreeable" and "accepting" are used commonly to describe people of old age. However, in some people, the dependence that comes with old age induces feelings of incompetence and worthlessness from having to rely on others for many different basic living functions.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 608–9 </li> <li>Caution follows closely with old age. This antipathy toward "risk-taking" often stems from the fact that old people have less to gain and more to lose than younger people.<a href="#cite_note-posner-45">[45]</a>: 112, 116 </li> <li>Depressed mood.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to Cox, <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Yvonne_Abramson" title="Lyn Yvonne Abramson">Abramson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Devine" title="Patricia Devine">Devine</a>, and Hollon (2012), old age is a risk factor for depression caused by prejudice. When younger people are prejudiced against the elderly and then become old themselves, their anti-elderly prejudice turns inward, causing depression. "People with more negative age stereotypes will likely have higher rates of depression as they get older."<a href="#cite_note-Cox_et_al._(2012)-88">[88]</a> Old age depression results in the 65+ population having the highest suicide rate.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 610 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_crime" title="Fear of crime">Fear of crime</a> in old age, especially among the frail, sometimes weighs more heavily than concerns about finances or health and restricts what they do. The fear persists in spite of the fact that old people are victims of crime less often than younger people.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 617 </li> <li>Increasing fear of health problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">Mental disorders</a> affect about 15% of people aged 60+ according to estimates by the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Another survey taken in 15 countries reported that mental disorders of adults interfered with their daily activities more than physical problems.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 610 </li> <li>Reduced mental and cognitive ability:<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_and_aging" title="Memory and aging">Memory loss</a> is common in old age due to the brain's decreased ability to encode, store, and retrieve information. It takes more time to learn the same amount of new information.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> increases in old age from about 10% at age 65 to about 50% over age 85.<a href="#cite_note-jacoby-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Demented behavior can include wandering, physical aggression, verbal outbursts, depression, and psychosis.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Stubbornness: A study of over 400 seniors found a "preference for the <a href="/wiki/Schedule" title="Schedule">routine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Explanations include old age's toll on "fluid intelligence" and the "more deeply entrenched" ways of the old.<a href="#cite_note-posner-45">[45]</a>: 116 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_age">Middle age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle age">edit</a>]</div> Many books written by authors in <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle adulthood</a> depict a few common perceptions on old age.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> One writer notices the change in his parents: They move slowly, they have less strength, they repeat stories, their minds wander, and they fret.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Another writer sees her aged parents and is bewildered: They refuse to follow her advice, they are obsessed with the past, they avoid risk, and they live at a "glacial pace".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In her The Denial of Aging, Dr. Muriel R. Gillick, a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomer</a>, accuses her contemporaries of believing that by proper exercise and diet they can avoid the scourges of old age and proceed from middle age to death.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Studies find that many people in the 65–84 range can postpone morbidity by practicing healthy lifestyles. However, at about age 85, most people experience similar morbidity.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Even with healthy lifestyles, most 85+ people will undergo extended "frailty and disability".<a href="#cite_note-jacoby-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_age">Old age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Old age">edit</a>]</div> Early old age can be a pleasant time; children are grown, work is over, and there is time to pursue other interests.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 603  Many old people are also willing to get involved in community and <a href="/wiki/Activist_ageing" title="Activist ageing">activist organizations</a> to promote their well-being. In contrast, perceptions of old age by writers 80+ years old tend to be negative.<a href="#cite_note-Tor_Inge_Romoren_2003-102">[102]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Minois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Minois (page does not exist)">Georges Minois</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q921484#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q921484">Wikidata</a>] writes that the first man known to talk about his old age was an Egyptian scribe who lived 4,500 years ago. The scribe addressed God with a prayer of lament:<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 14  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">O Sovereign my Lord! Oldness has come; old age has descended. Feebleness has arrived; dotage is here anew. The heart sleeps wearily every day. The eyes are weak, the ears are deaf, the strength is disappearing because of weariness of the heart and the mouth is silent and cannot speak. The heart is forgetful and cannot recall yesterday. The bone suffers old age. Good is become evil. All taste is gone. What old age does to men is evil in every respect.<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 14–5 </blockquote> Minois comments that the scribe's "cry shows that nothing has changed in the drama of decrepitude between the age of the Pharaoh and the atomic age" and "expresses all the anguish of old people in the past and the present".<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 14  <a href="/wiki/Lillian_B._Rubin" title="Lillian B. Rubin">Lillian Rubin</a>, active in her 80s as an author, sociologist, and psychotherapist, opens her book 60 on Up: The Truth about Aging in America with "getting old sucks. It always has, it always will." Dr. Rubin contrasts the "real old age" with the "rosy pictures" painted by middle-age writers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Writing at the age of 87, Mary C. Morrison describes the "heroism" required by old age: to live through the disintegration of one's own body or that of someone you love. Morrison concludes, "old age is not for the fainthearted".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the book Life Beyond 85 Years, the 150 interviewees had to cope with physical and mental debilitation and with losses of loved ones. One interviewee described living in old age as "pure hell".<a href="#cite_note-cjohnson-106">[106]</a>: 7–8, 208  Research has shown that in high-income countries, on average, one in four people over 60 and one in three over 75 feels lonely.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> Johnson and Barer did a pioneering study of Life Beyond 85 Years by interviews over a six-year period. In talking with 85-year-olds and older, they found some popular conceptions about old age to be erroneous. Such erroneous conceptions include (1) people in old age have at least one family member for support, (2) old age well-being requires social activity, and (3) "successful adaptation" to age-related changes demands a continuity of self-concept. In their interviews, Johnson and Barer found that 24% of the 85+ had no face-to-face family relationships; many have outlived their families. Second, that contrary to popular notions, the interviews revealed that the reduced activity and socializing of the over-85s does not harm their well-being; they "welcome increased detachment". Third, rather than a continuity of self-concept, as the interviewees faced new situations they changed their "cognitive and emotional processes" and reconstituted their "self–representation".<a href="#cite_note-cjohnson-106">[106]</a>: 5–6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_and_historical">Societal and historical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Societal and historical">edit</a>]</div> Based on his survey of old age in history, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Minois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Minois (page does not exist)">Georges Minois</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Minois" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Minois">fr</a>] concludes that "it is clear that always and everywhere youth has been preferred to old age". In Western thought, "old age is an evil, an infirmity and a dreary time of preparation for death". Furthermore, death is often preferred over "decrepitude, because death means deliverance".<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 303  "The problem of the ambiguity of old age has ... been with us since the stage of <a href="/wiki/Urgesellschaft" title="Urgesellschaft">primitive society</a>; it was both the source of wisdom and of infirmity, experience and decrepitude, of prestige and suffering."<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 11  In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical period</a> of Greek and Roman cultures, old age was denigrated as a time of "decline and decrepitude".<a href="#cite_note-hillier-108">[108]</a>: 6–7  "Beauty and strength" were esteemed and old age was viewed as defiling and ugly. Old age was reckoned as one of the unanswerable "great mysteries" along with evil, pain, and suffering. "Decrepitude, which shrivels heroes, seemed worse than death."<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 43  Historical periods reveal a mixed picture of the "position and status" of old people, but there has never been a "golden age of aging".<a href="#cite_note-hillier-108">[108]</a>: 6  Studies have challenged the popular belief that in the past old people were venerated by society and cared for by their families.<a href="#cite_note-pjohnson-109">[109]</a>: 1  Veneration for and antagonism toward the aged have coexisted in complex relationships throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> "Old people were respected or despised, honoured or put to death according to circumstance."<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 11  In ancient times, those who were frail were seen as a burden and ignored or, in extreme cases, killed.<a href="#cite_note-hillier-108">[108]</a>: 6 <a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> People were defined as "old" because of their inability to perform useful tasks rather than their years.<a href="#cite_note-pjohnson-109">[109]</a>: 6  Although he was skeptical of the gods, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> concurred in the dislike of old people. In his Ethics, he wrote that "old people are miserly; they do not acknowledge disinterested friendship; only seeking for what can satisfy their selfish needs".<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 60  The Medieval and Renaissance periods depicted old age as "cruel or weak".<a href="#cite_note-hillier-108">[108]</a>: 7  The 16th-century Utopians <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Guevara" title="Antonio de Guevara">Antonio de Guevara</a> allowed no decrepit old people in their fictional lands.<a href="#cite_note-Minois-103">[103]</a>: 277–8, 280  For Thomas More, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a>, when people are so old as to have "out-lived themselves" and are terminally ill, in pain, and a burden to everyone, the priests exhort them about choosing to die. The priests assure them that "they shall be happy after death". If they choose to die, they end their lives by starvation or by taking opium.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Guevara" title="Antonio de Guevara">Antonio de Guevara</a>'s utopian nation "had a custom, not to live longer than sixty five years". At that age, they practiced self-immolation. Rather than condemn the practice, Bishop Guevara called it a "golden world" in which people "have overcome the natural appetite to desire to live".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_perspectives">Contemporary perspectives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary perspectives">edit</a>]</div> In the modern period, the cultural status of old people has declined in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-hillier-108">[108]</a>: 7  <a href="/wiki/Joan_Erikson" title="Joan Erikson">Joan Erikson</a> observed that "aged individuals are often ostracized, neglected, and overlooked; elders are seen no longer as bearers of wisdom but as embodiments of shame".<a href="#cite_note-erikson-114">[114]</a>: 114  Attitudes toward old age well-being vary somewhat between cultures. For example, in the United States, being healthy, physically, and socially active are signs of a good old age. On the other hand, Africans focus more on food and material security and a helpful family when describing old age well-being.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Additionally, Koreans are more anxious about aging and more scared of old people than Americans are.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Research on age-related attitudes consistently finds that negative attitudes exceed positive attitudes toward old people because of their looks and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In his study Aging and Old Age, Posner discovers "resentment and disdain of older people" in American society.<a href="#cite_note-posner-45">[45]</a>: 320  Harvard University's <a href="/wiki/Implicit-association_test" title="Implicit-association test">implicit-association test</a> measures implicit "attitudes and beliefs" about "Young vis a vis Old".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Blind Spot: Hidden Biases of Good People, a book about the test, reports that 80% of Americans have an "automatic preference for the young over old" and that attitude is true worldwide. The young are "consistent in their negative attitude" toward the old.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Ageism documents that Americans generally have "little tolerance for older persons and very few reservations about harboring negative attitudes" about them.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Despite its prevalence, <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a> is seldom the subject of public discourse.<a href="#cite_note-phillips-26">[26]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulated">Simulated</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Simulated">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> wrote that "there is one form of experience that belongs only to those that are old – that of old age itself".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Nevertheless, simulations of old age attempt to help younger people gain some understanding. Texas A&M University offers a plan for an "Aging Simulation" workshop.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The workshop is adapted from Sensitizing People to the Processes of Aging.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Some of the simulations include: <dl><dd><ul><li>Sight: Wearing swimmer's goggles with black paper pasted to lens with only a small hole to simulate tunnel vision</li> <li>Hearing: Use ear plugs to dull the sound of people talking</li> <li>Touch: Trying to button a shirt or buckle a belt while wearing thick gloves</li> <li>Dexterity: Unscrew a jar lid with tape around several fingers</li> <li>Mobility and balance: Carry packages in one hand while using a walker</li></ul></dd></dl> The Macklin Intergenerational Institute conducts Xtreme Aging workshops, as depicted in The New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> A condensed version was presented on NBC's Today Show and is available online.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> One exercise was to lay out 3 sets of 5 slips of paper. On set #1, write your 5 most enjoyed activities; on set #2, write your 5 most valued possessions; on set #3, write your 5 most loved people. Then "lose" them one by one, trying to feel each loss, until you have lost them all, as happens in old age. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frailty">Frailty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Frailty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blake_London.jpg/220px-Blake_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blake_London.jpg/330px-Blake_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blake_London.jpg/440px-Blake_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption> An image of an elderly man being guided by a young child accompanies <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/London_(William_Blake_poem)" title="London (William Blake poem)">London</a>, from his <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Songs of Innocence and Experience">Songs of Innocence and Experience</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> Most people in the age range of 65–79 (the years of retirement and early old age) enjoy rich possibilities for a full life, but the condition of <a href="/wiki/Frailty_syndrome" title="Frailty syndrome">frailty</a>, distinguished by "bodily failure" and greater dependence, becomes increasingly common from around age 80.<a href="#cite_note-Tor_Inge_Romoren_2003-102">[102]</a> In the United States, hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011 shows that injury was the most common reason for hospitalization among patients aged 65+.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontologists</a> note the lack of research regarding and the difficulty in defining frailty. However, they add that physicians recognize frailty when they see it.<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: xxi, 4, 6  A group of <a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">geriatricians</a> proposed a general definition of frailty as "a physical state of increased vulnerability to stressors<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> that results from decreased reserves and disregulation<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> in multiple physiological systems".<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: 20  Frailty is a common condition in later old age but different definitions of frailty produce diverse assessments of prevalence. One study placed the incidence of frailty for ages 65+ at 10.7%.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Another study placed the incidence of frailty in age 65+ population at 22% for women and 15% for men.<a href="#cite_note-gillick-132">[132]</a>: 106  A Canadian study illustrated how frailty increases with age and calculated the prevalence for 65+ as 22.4% and for 85+ as 43.7%.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A worldwide study of "patterns of frailty" based on data from 20 nations found (a) a consistent correlation between frailty and age, (b) a higher frequency among women, and (c) more frailty in wealthier nations where greater support and medical care increases longevity.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In Norway, a 20-year longitudinal study of 400 people found that bodily failure and greater dependence became prevalent in the 80+ years. The study calls these years the "fourth age" or "old age in the real meaning of the term". Similarly, the "Berlin Aging Study" rated overall functionality on four levels: good, medium, poor, and very poor. People in their 70s were mostly rated good. In the 80–90 year range, the four levels of functionality were divided equally. By the 90–100 year range, 60% would be considered frail because of very poor functionality and only 5% still possessed good functionality.<a href="#cite_note-Tor_Inge_Romoren_2003-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markers">Markers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Markers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage theory of aging</a></div> Three unique markers of frailty have been proposed: (a) loss of any notion of invincibility, (b) loss of ability to do things essential to one's care, and (c) loss of possibility for a subsequent life stage.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Old age survivors on average deteriorate from agility in their early retirement years (65–79) to a period of frailty preceding death. This deterioration is gradual for some and precipitous for others. Frailty is marked by an array of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> physical and mental problems which means that frailty is not treatable as a specific disease. These problems, coupled with increased dependency in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_activities_of_daily_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic activities of daily living">basic activities of daily living (ADLs)</a> required for personal care, add emotional problems: depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In sum, frailty has been depicted as a group of "complex issues", distinct but "causally interconnected", that often include "comorbid diseases",<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> progressive weakness, stress, exhaustion, and depression.<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: 25–6  Healthy humans after age 50, accumulate endogenous <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA single- and double-strand breaks</a> in a linear fashion in cellular DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-138">[138]</a> Other forms of DNA damage also increase with age.<a href="#cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-138">[138]</a> After age 50 a decline in <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> capability also occurs.<a href="#cite_note-Vlachogiannis2023-138">[138]</a> These findings are in accord with the <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">theory that DNA damage is a fundamental aspect of aging</a> in older people.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Care_and_costs">Care and costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Care and costs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenpflege_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Altenpflege_02.jpg/170px-Altenpflege_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Altenpflege_02.jpg/255px-Altenpflege_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Altenpflege_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>The hand of an elderly person</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program,_1970%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg/220px-On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg/330px-On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg/440px-On_Lok_Senior_Health_Services_day_care_program%2C_1970%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption>Women at the On Lok Senior Health Services day care program in San Francisco, late 1970s</figcaption></figure> Frail people require a high level of care. Medical advances have made it possible to extend life, or "postpone death", at old age for years. This added time costs many frail people "prolonged sickness, dependence, pain, and suffering".<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: 9  According to a study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the rate of emergency department visits was consistently highest among patients ages 85 years and older in 2006–2011 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Additionally, patients aged 65+ had the highest percentage of hospital stays for adults with multiple chronic conditions but the second highest percentage of hospital costs in 2003–2014.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> These final years are also costly in economic terms.<a href="#cite_note-logue-142">[142]</a>: 17–8, 92  One out of every four Medicare dollars is spent on the frail in their last year of life ... in attempts to postpone death.<a href="#cite_note-wang-143">[143]</a> Medical treatments in the final days are not only economically costly, but they are often unnecessary or even harmful.<a href="#cite_note-wang-143">[143]</a> Nortin Hadler, M.D. warns against the tendency to medicalize and overtreat the frail.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In her Choosing Medical Care in Old Age, Michael R. Gillick M.D. argues that appropriate medical treatment for the frail is not the same as for the robust. The frail are vulnerable to "being tipped over" by any physical stress put on the system such as medical interventions.<a href="#cite_note-gillick-132">[132]</a>: 116, 189  In addition to everyday care, frail elderly people and others with disabilities are particularly vulnerable during natural disasters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> They may be unable or unwilling to <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuate</a> to avoid a hurricane or wildfire.<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Old age, death, and frailty are closely linked, with approximately half the deaths in old age preceded by months or years of frailty.<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: 3, 19  Older Adults' Views on Death is based on interviews with 109 people in the 70–90 age range, with a mean age of 80.7. Almost 20% of the people wanted to use whatever treatment that might postpone death. About the same number said that, given a terminal illness, they would choose <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>. Roughly half chose doing nothing except live day by day until death comes naturally without medical or other intervention designed to prolong life. This choice was coupled with a desire to receive <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> if needed.<a href="#cite_note-cicirelli-23">[23]</a>: 6–7, 9, 12, 32  About half of older adults have <a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">multimorbidity</a>, that is, they have three or more chronic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Medical advances have made it possible to "postpone death", but in many cases this postponement adds "prolonged sickness, dependence, pain, and suffering", a time that is costly in social, psychological, and economic terms.<a href="#cite_note-logue-142">[142]</a>: 18, 72  The longitudinal interviews of 150 age 85+ people summarized in Life Beyond 85 Years found "progressive terminal decline" in the year prior to death: constant fatigue, much sleep, detachment from people, things, and activities, simplified lives. Most of the interviewees did not fear death; some would welcome it. One person said, "Living this long is pure hell." However, nearly everyone feared a long process of dying. Some wanted to die in their sleep; others wanted to die "on their feet".<a href="#cite_note-cjohnson-106">[106]</a>: 202–7  The study of Older Adults' Views on Death found that the more frail people were, the more "pain, suffering, and struggles" they were enduring, the more likely they were to "accept and welcome" death as a release from their misery. Their fear about the process of dying was that it would prolong their distress. Besides being a release from misery, some saw death as a way to reunite with deceased loved ones. Others saw death as a way to free their caretakers from the burden of their care.<a href="#cite_note-cicirelli-23">[23]</a>: 55, 270, 276  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religiosity">Religiosity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religiosity">edit</a>]</div> Generally speaking, old people have always been more religious than young people.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> At the same time, wide cultural variations exist.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 608  In the United States, 90% of old age Hispanics view themselves as very, quite, or somewhat religious.<a href="#cite_note-Melvin_A._Kimble_1995-148">[148]</a>: 125  The Pew Research Center's study of black and white old people found that 62% of those in ages 65–74 and 70% in ages 75+ asserted that religion was "very important" to them. For all 65+ people, more women (76%) than men (53%) and more blacks (87%) than whites (63%) consider religion "very important" to them. This compares to 54% in the 30–49 age range.<a href="#cite_note-pewsocialtrends1-149">[149]</a> In a British 20-year longitudinal study, less than half of the old people surveyed said that religion was "very important" to them, and a quarter said they had become less religious in old age.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 608  The late-life rise in religiosity is stronger in Japan than in the United States, but in the Netherlands it is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 608  In the practice of religion, a study of 60+ people found that 25% read the Bible every day and over 40% watch religious television.<a href="#cite_note-Melvin_A._Kimble_1995-148">[148]</a>: 12  Pew Research found that in the age 65+ range, 75% of whites and 87% of blacks pray daily.<a href="#cite_note-pewsocialtrends1-149">[149]</a> When comparing religiosity, the individual practice may be a more accurate measure than participation in organized religion. With organized religion, participation may often be hindered due to transportation or health problems.<a href="#cite_note-Melvin_A._Kimble_1995-148">[148]</a>: 125  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_changes">Demographic changes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographic changes">edit</a>]</div> In the industrialized countries, life expectancy and, thus, the old age population have increased consistently over the last decades.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-150">[150]</a> In the United States the proportion of people aged 65 or older increased from 4% in 1900 to about 12% in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 1900, only about 3 million of the nation's citizens were 65 or older (out of 76 million total American citizens). By 2000, the number of senior citizens had increased to about 35 million (of 280 million US citizens). Population experts estimate that more than 50 million Americans—about 17 percent of the population—will be 65 or older in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> By 2050, it is projected that at least 400,000 Americans will be 100 or older.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The number of old people is growing around the world chiefly because of the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_baby_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post–World War II baby boom">post–World War II baby boom</a> and increases in the provision and standards of health care.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> By 2050, 33% of the developed world's population and almost 20% of the less developed world's population will be over 60 years old.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The growing number of people living to their 80s and 90s in the developed world has strained public welfare systems and has also resulted in increased incidence of diseases like cancer and dementia that were rarely seen in premodern times. When the United States Social Security program was created, people older than 65 numbered only around 5% of the population and the average life expectancy of a 65-year-old in 1936 was approximately 5 years, while in 2011 it could often range from 10 to 20 years. Other issues that can arise from an increasing population are growing demands for health care and an increase in demand for different types of services.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-157">[157]</a> In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychosocial_aspects">Psychosocial aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Psychosocial aspects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhistMonk02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BuddhistMonk02.jpg/170px-BuddhistMonk02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BuddhistMonk02.jpg/255px-BuddhistMonk02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BuddhistMonk02.jpg/340px-BuddhistMonk02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>An elderly <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> woman</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">"Stages of Psychosocial Development"</a>, the human personality is developed in a series of eight stages that take place from the time of birth and continue on throughout an individual's complete life. He characterises old age as a period of "Integrity vs. Despair", during which people focus on reflecting back on their lives. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Coping is a very important skill needed in the aging process to move forward with life and not be 'stuck' in the past. The way people adapt and cope, reflects their aging process on a psycho-social level.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> For people in their 80s and 90s, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Erikson" title="Joan Erikson">Joan Erikson</a> added a ninth stage in The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version.<a href="#cite_note-erikson-114">[114]</a> As she wrote, she added the ninth stage because the Integrity of the eighth stage imposes "a serious demand on the senses of elders" and the Wisdom of the eighth stage requires capacities that ninth stage elders "do not usually have".<a href="#cite_note-erikson-114">[114]</a>: 112–3  Newman & Newman also proposed a ninth stage of life, Elderhood. Elderhood refers to those individuals who live past the life expectancy of their birth cohorts. They described two different types of people in this stage of life. The "young old" are the healthy individuals who can function on their own without assistance and can complete their daily tasks independently, while the "old old" are those who depend on specific services due to declining health or diseases.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habibaadansalat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Habibaadansalat.jpg/220px-Habibaadansalat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Habibaadansalat.jpg/330px-Habibaadansalat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Habibaadansalat.jpg/440px-Habibaadansalat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4278" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An elderly <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> woman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg/220px-Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg/330px-Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg/440px-Walking_style_of_an_aged_woman_on_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An elderly woman walks along a road.</figcaption></figure> Social theories, or concepts,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> propose explanations for the distinctive relationships between old people and their societies. One theory, proposed in 1961, is the <a href="/wiki/Disengagement_theory" title="Disengagement theory">disengagement theory</a>, which proposes that, in old age, a mutual disengagement between people and their society occurs in anticipation of death. By becoming disengaged from work and family responsibilities, according to this concept, people are enabled to enjoy their old age without stress. This theory has been subjected to the criticism that old age disengagement is neither natural, inevitable, nor beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Furthermore, disengaging from social ties in old age is not across the board: unsatisfactory ties are dropped and satisfying ones kept.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 613  In opposition to the disengagement theory, the <a href="/wiki/Activity_theory_(aging)" title="Activity theory (aging)">activity theory</a> of old age argues that disengagement in old age occurs not by desire, but by the barriers to social engagement imposed by society. This theory has been faulted for not factoring in psychological changes that occur in old age as shown by reduced activity, even when available. It has also been found that happiness in old age is not proportional to activity.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 614  According to the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_theory" title="Continuity theory">continuity theory</a>, in spite of the inevitable differences imposed by their old age, most people try to maintain continuity in personhood, activities, and relationships with their younger days.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 614  <a href="/wiki/Socioemotional_selectivity_theory" title="Socioemotional selectivity theory">Socioemotional selectivity theory</a> also depicts how people maintain continuity in old age. The focus of this theory is continuity sustained by social networks, albeit networks narrowed by choice and by circumstances. The choice is for more harmonious relationships. The circumstances are loss of relationships by death and distance.<a href="#cite_note-Berk-18">[18]</a>: 614–5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Life expectancy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> by nation at birth in the year 2011 ranged from 48 years to 82 years. Low values were caused by high death rates for infants and children.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In almost all countries, women, on average, live longer than men. The disparities vary between 12 years in Russia to no difference or higher life expectancy for men in countries such as Zimbabwe and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The number of elderly people worldwide began to surge in the second half of the 20th century. In developed countries before then, five or less percent of the population was over 65. Few lived longer than their 70s and people who attained advanced age (i.e. their 80s) were rare enough to be a novelty and were revered as wise sages. The worldwide over-65 population in 1960 was one-third of the under-5 population. By 2013, the over-65 population had grown to equal the under-5 population and is projected to double the under-5 population by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Before the surge in the over-65 population, accidents and disease claimed many people before they could attain old age, and health problems in those over 65 meant a quick death in most cases. If a person lived to an advanced age, it was generally due to genetic factors and/or a relatively easy lifestyle, since diseases of old age could not be treated before the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In October 2016, a group of scientists identified the maximum <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">human lifespan</a> at an average age of 115, with an absolute upper limit of 125 years.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20151005-169">[169]</a> However, the concept of a maximum lifespan of humans is still widely debated among the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161005-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> created the world's first comprehensive government <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> in the 1880s, providing for old age pensions. It was a political solution by conservatives to weaken the socialist movement.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-171">[171]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">United States of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, 65 (UK 60 for women) was traditionally the age of retirement with full old age benefits.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In 2003, the age at which a United States citizen became eligible for full Social Security benefits began to increase gradually, and will continue to do so until it reaches 67 in 2027. Full retirement age for Social Security benefits for people retiring in 2012 is age 66.<a href="#cite_note-socialsecurity.gov-174">[174]</a> In the United Kingdom, the state pension age for men and women will rise to 66 in 2020 with further increases scheduled after that. Originally, the purpose of old age pensions was to open up jobs for younger unemployed people, and also prevent elderly people from being reduced to beggary, which is still common in some underdeveloped countries, but growing life expectancies and older populations have brought into question the model under which pension systems were designed.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Some complained that "powerful" and "greedy", old people were getting more than their share of the nation's resources.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In 2011, using a Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), the old age American poverty rate was measured as 15.9%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistance">Assistance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Assistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg/220px-An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg/330px-An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg/440px-An_Old_Man_by_Rezowan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>An elderly <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> man with a walking stick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenpflege_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Altenpflege_04.jpg/220px-Altenpflege_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Altenpflege_04.jpg/330px-Altenpflege_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Altenpflege_04.jpg/440px-Altenpflege_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Walker_(mobility)" title="Walker (mobility)">walker</a> in the apartment of a senior woman</figcaption></figure> In the United States in 2008, 11 million people aged 65+ lived alone: 5 million or 22% of ages 65–74, 4 million or 34% of ages 75–84, and 2 million or 41% of ages 85+. The 2007 gender breakdown for all people 65+ was men 19% and women 39%.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Many new assistive devices made especially for the home have enabled more old people to care for their own <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a> (ADL). Some examples of devices are a medical alert and safety system, shower seat (making it so the person does not get tired in the shower and fall), a bed cane (offering support to those with unsteadiness getting in and out of bed) and an ADL cuff (used with eating utensils for people with paralysis or hand weakness).<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> A Swedish study found that at age 76, 46% of the subjects used assistive devices. When they reached age 86, 69% used them. The subjects were ambivalent regarding the use of the assistive devices: as "enablers" or as "disablers".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> People who view assistive devices as enabling greater independence accept and use them, whereas those who see them as symbols of disability reject them.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a> like <a href="/wiki/Love_for_the_Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Love for the Elderly">Love for the Elderly</a> aim to combat such age-related prejudice by educating the public about the importance of appreciating growing older, while also providing services of kindness to elders in senior homes.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Even with assistive devices as of 2006, 8.5 million Americans needed personal assistance because of impaired <a href="/wiki/Basic_activities_of_daily_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic activities of daily living">basic activities of daily living</a> required for personal care or impaired <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_activities_of_daily_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental activities of daily living">instrumental activities of daily living</a> (IADL) required for independent living. Projections place this number at 21 million by 2030 when 40% of Americans over 70 will need assistance.<a href="#cite_note-burbank-128">[128]</a>: 17  There are many options for such long-term care to those who require it.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a> in which a family member, volunteer, or trained professional will aid the person in need and help with daily activities. Another option is community services which can provide the person with transportation, meal plans, or activities in <a href="/wiki/Senior_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior centers">senior centers</a>. A third option is <a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">assisted living</a> where 24-hour round-the-clock supervision is given with aid in eating, bathing, dressing, etc. A final option is a <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a> which provides professional nursing care.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, a documentary film called <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Love_(2014_film)" title="The Age of Love (2014 film)">The Age of Love</a> used humor and the poignant adventures of 30 seniors who attend a speed dating event for 70 to 90-year-olds and discover how the search for romance changes—or does not change—from childhood to old age.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_depiction">Artistic depiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Artistic depiction">edit</a>]</div> Scholarly literature has emerged, especially in Britain, showing historical trends in the visual depiction of old age.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van Eyck, Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele, c. 1434–36"><img alt="Jan van Eyck, Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele, c. 1434–36" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg/170px-La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg/255px-La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg/340px-La_Madone_au_Chanoine_Van_der_Paele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="821" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_Canon_van_der_Paele" title="Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele">Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1434–36</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albrecht Dürer, Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63, 1514"><img alt="Albrecht Dürer, Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63, 1514" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg/122px-D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg/183px-D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg/244px-D%C3%BCrer_-_Bildnis_der_Mutter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Artist%27s_Mother_at_the_Age_of_63" title="Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63">Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63</a>, 1514</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titian, Self-Portrait, c. 1567"><img alt="Titian, Self-Portrait, c. 1567" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tizian_090.jpg/125px-Tizian_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tizian_090.jpg/188px-Tizian_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tizian_090.jpg/250px-Tizian_090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3051" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, Self-Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1567</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activist_ageing" title="Activist ageing">Activist ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_dogs" title="Aging in dogs">Aging in dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_place" title="Aging in place">Aging in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">Centenarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elder rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_village" title="Elder village">Elder village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">Elderly care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preferences_in_older_adults_and_seniors" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preferences in older adults and seniors">Food preferences in older adults and seniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_care_management" title="Geriatric care management">Geriatric care management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerascophobia" title="Gerascophobia">Gerascophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Older_Persons" title="International Day of Older Persons">International Day of Older Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">List of the verified oldest people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness_in_old_age" title="Loneliness in old age">Loneliness in old age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensioner" title="Pensioner">Pensioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_for_the_Aged_Day" title="Respect for the Aged Day">Respect for the Aged Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_home" title="Retirement home">Retirement home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Alert" title="Silver Alert">Silver Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">Supercentenarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successful_ageing" class="mw-redirect" title="Successful ageing">Successful ageing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition (American Psychological Association, 2009) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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National Institute on Aging. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216003008/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-long-term-care">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2022-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+on+Aging&rft.atitle=What+Is+Long-Term+Care%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nia.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-long-term-care&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+age" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf">"CBO : Rising Demand for Long-Term Services and Supports for Elderly People"</a> (PDF). Cbo.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317163117/https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44363-LTC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cbo.gov&rft.atitle=CBO+%3A+Rising+Demand+for+Long-Term+Services+and+Supports+for+Elderly+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcbofiles%2Fattachments%2F44363-LTC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+age" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/feb/02/documentary-tracks-seniors-in-search-of-love/">"Documentary tracks seniors in search of love"</a>. The Spokesman-Review. 2015-02-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706230838/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/feb/02/documentary-tracks-seniors-in-search-of-love/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2015-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Documentary+tracks+seniors+in+search+of+love&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F02%2Fdocumentary-tracks-seniors-in-search-of-love%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+age" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Andrew Blaikie, "Beside the sea: Visual imagery, ageing and heritage". Ageing and Society 17#6 (1997): 629–648. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurholtScharfWalsh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Burholt, Vanessa; Scharf, Thomas; Walsh, Kieran (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2013.01.007">"Imagery and imaginary of islander identity: Older people and migration in Irish small-island communities"</a>. Journal of Rural Studies. 31: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JRurS..31....1B">2013JRurS..31....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2013.01.007">10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.01.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F3514">10379/3514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Rural+Studies&rft.atitle=Imagery+and+imaginary+of+islander+identity%3A+Older+people+and+migration+in+Irish+small-island+communities&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10379%2F3514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jrurstud.2013.01.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JRurS..31....1B&rft.aulast=Burholt&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=Scharf%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jrurstud.2013.01.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+age" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Wendy Martin, "Visual methods in ageing research" in Julia Twigg and Wendy Martin eds., Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology (2015): 93–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Andrew Blaikie, Ageing and popular culture (Cambridge: University Press, 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521645478_frontmatter.pdf">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817195201/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521645478_frontmatter.pdf">Archived</a> August 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrody2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brody, Elaine M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnp143">"On Being Very, Very Old: An Insider's Perspective"</a>. The Gerontologist. 50 (1): 2–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnp143">10.1093/geront/gnp143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20071402">20071402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gerontologist&rft.atitle=On+Being+Very%2C+Very+Old%3A+An+Insider%27s+Perspective&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnp143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20071402&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgeront%252Fgnp143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+age" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Chappel, James. Golden Years How Americans Invented and Reinvented Old Age (2024), chapter 7</li> <li>Cole, Thomas R. The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America (Cambridge UP, 1992)</li> <li>Fischer, David Hackett. Growing Old in America (Oxford UP, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growingoldinamer00fisc/page/n7/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Fleming, Kevin C., et al. "A cultural and economic history of old age in America." Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol. 78. No. 7. (Elsevier, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kevin-Fleming-9/publication/10679992_A_Cultural_and_Economic_History_of_Old_Age_in_America/links/5abcea0945851584fa6e7522/A-Cultural-and-Economic-History-of-Old-Age-in-America.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Haber, Carole, and Brian Gratton. Old age and the search for security: An American social history (Indiana U P, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldagesearchfors0000habe_v7i0">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hushbeck Judith C. "Economic history of old age in the United States" Occupational obsolescence and downward mobility,1860–1920" (PhD Dissertation, American University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1984. 8416666).</li></ul> <ul><li>Jalland, Patricia. Old age in Australia: a history (Melbourne University Publishing, 2015)</li></ul> <ul><li>Loue, Sana ed. Encyclopedia Of Aging And Public Health (Springer 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofag0000unse_f9v1">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Minois, Georges. History of old age: From antiquity to the renaissance (U of Chicago Press, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=F8FhsGGvf2cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP14&dq=history+of++old+age&ots=S44oNim18e&sig=lZ6o-uAcWNleYKtSAzlxKxmnfes">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Parkin, Tim G. Old age in the Roman world: a cultural and social history (JHU Press, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iTpa6IH3XHMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Old+Age+in+the+Roman+World.+A+Cultural+and+Social+History,+(Ancient+Society+and+History)by+Tim+G.+Parkin&ots=s-FQHMuAUO&sig=h-lUWEThHql3FOmS3-Vsuba6jsQ">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Scott, Paula Amelia. "Shades of the evening: A history of old age in Connecticut, 1790-1830" (PhD Dissertation, U of California, Los Angeles; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1994. 9508699).</li></ul> <ul><li>Thane, Pat. "Old Age in European Cultures: A Significant Presence from Antiquity to the Present," American Historical Review 125#2 2020, pp.385–395, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190">https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa190</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Thane, Pat. "Social histories of old age and aging." Journal of social history 37.1 (2003): 93-111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/10/article/46422/summary">summary</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Thane, Pat, ed. The long history of old age (Thames & Hudson, 2005).</li> <li>Thane, Pat. Old age in English history : past experiences, present issues (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rhNREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP3&dq=history+of++old+age&ots=CzgfBO9D11&sig=z-U8h3tFqrufIDzBCvYeqsFPfhs">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_age&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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age</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eld" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:eld">eld</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elderly" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:elderly">elderly</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Old age">Old age</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Milton Crum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahpcc.org.uk/includes/articles/old.pdf">"I'm Old"</a> at Association of Hospice & Palliative Care Chaplains or at The Center for Spiritual Resources, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thecsr.org/resource-directory/im-old-an-essay-on-aging-by-milton-crum/#sthash.e87C5Jyc.dpuf">http://thecsr.org/resource-directory/im-old-an-essay-on-aging-by-milton-crum/#sthash.e87C5Jyc.dpuf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610215301/http://www.thecsr.org/resource-directory/im-old-an-essay-on-aging-by-milton-crum/#sthash.e87C5Jyc.dpuf">Archived</a> 2015-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Laura Carstensen – research at Stanford university's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224105/http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/llc.htm">Life-span Development Laboratory</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://longevity.stanford.edu/about/people/leadership/carstensen">Stanford Center on Longevity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825005829/http://longevity.stanford.edu/about/people/leadership/carstensen">Archived</a> 2019-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Milton Crum, "I'm Frail" at Association of Hospice & Palliative Care Chaplains, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahpcc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/imfrail.pdf">http://www.ahpcc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/imfrail.pdf</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102063629/http://www.ncoa.org/enhance-economic-security/economic-security-Initiative/savvy-saving-seniors/top-10-scams-targeting.html">Scams targeting the elderly (NCOA)</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncoa.org/page/the-national-institute-of-senior-centers">National Institute of Senior Centers</a>"</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalservice.gov/programs/senior-corps">National Service – Senior Corps</a>"</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle age</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)#Physical_stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Stages of human development</a> Old age </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/LGBT_life_expectancy" title="LGBT life expectancy">LGBT life expectancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging" title="Biomarkers of aging">Biomarkers of aging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" title="Outline of life extension">Topic outline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" title="Index of topics related to life extension">index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" title="Biodemography of human longevity">Biodemography of human longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity" title="Longevity escape velocity">Longevity escape velocity</a></li> <li>Methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_longevity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet and longevity">Diet and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">SENS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">World macroregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions of countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by life expectancy">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_life_expectancy" title="List of cities in China by life expectancy">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Finnish regions by life expectancy">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kazakhstan_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Kazakhstan by life expectancy">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tajikistani_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Tajikistani regions by life expectancy">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_oblasts_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by life expectancy">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_shortest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy">shortest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_longest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy">longest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions by continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African regions by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian regions by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian regions by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American regions by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_claims" title="Longevity claims">Longevity claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">verified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_people_by_country" title="List of the oldest people by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_people" title="List of oldest living people">living</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">Regeneration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">Eternal youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longevity genes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">FOXO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein" title="Cholesteryl ester transfer protein">CETP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klotho_(biology)" title="Klotho (biology)">Klotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_1" title="Sirtuin 1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">TNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_zone" title="Blue zone">Blue zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_risk" title="Longevity risk">Longevity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">Longest-living organisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1640" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191089#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1640" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191089#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094506">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949173b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949173b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126204&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000088887&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545922705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/df8e6bcc-0b04-4afb-baff-7de02e59b170">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-r5dbc","wgBackendResponseTime":259,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.889","walltime":"2.100","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24783,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":393763,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9016,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":609926,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1835.335 1 -total"," 51.64% 947.693 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.88% 328.175 83 Template:Cite_web"," 15.94% 292.539 56 Template:Rp"," 15.17% 278.354 56 Template:R/superscript"," 11.32% 207.737 36 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.00% 165.265 21 Template:Cite_book"," 7.69% 141.073 168 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