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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Pierre Ramond</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born 31 January 1943) is distinguished professor of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initiated the development of <a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">superstring theory</a>. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pierre Ramond</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1943<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1943-01-31</span>)</span> (age <span class="currentage"></span>81)<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">US/French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology" title="New Jersey Institute of Technology">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a><br><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RNS_formalism" title="RNS formalism">RNS formalism</a><br><a href="/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Ramond–Ramond field">Ramond–Ramond field</a><br><a href="/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Kalb–Ramond field">Kalb–Ramond field</a><br><a href="/wiki/Ramond_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramond algebra">Ramond algebra</a><br><a href="/wiki/Seesaw_mechanism" title="Seesaw mechanism">Seesaw mechanism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._P._Balachandran" title="A. P. Balachandran">A. P. Balachandran</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Academic_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Academic career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Superstring_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Superstring theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Honors_and_awards"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Honors and awards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Publications"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Publications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Academic career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Ramond completed his BSEE from <a href="/wiki/Newark_College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark College of Engineering">Newark College of Engineering</a> (now <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Institute_of_Technology" title="New Jersey Institute of Technology">New Jersey Institute of Technology</a>) in 1965 and completed his Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> in 1969. He was a postdoctoral fellow at NAL (FermiLab) from 1969 to 1971. He became instructor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> from 1971 to 1973 and assistant professor at Yale University from 1973 to 1976. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> as an R. A. Millikan Senior Fellow in 1976. He became a professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> in 1980, and promoted to his present title of "distinguished professor" in 1999. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Superstring_theory">Superstring theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Superstring theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Ramond initiated the development of <a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">superstring theory</a>. In 1970, Ramond generalized Dirac's work for <a href="/wiki/Point-like_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-like particle">point-like particles</a> to stringlike ones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this process he discovered two-dimensional supersymmetry and laid the ground for supersymmetry in four spacetime dimensions. He found the spectrum of fermionic modes in string theory and the paper started superstring theory. From this paper André Neveu and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">John Schwarz</a> developed a string theory with both fermions and bosons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, particles can be divided into two types: <a href="/wiki/Bosons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosons">bosons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermions">fermions</a>. The distinction between bosons and fermions is basic. Fermions are particles which have half integer spin (1/2, 3/2, 5/2 and so on, multiplied by the reduced Planck constant), and bosons are particles which have integer spin (0, 1, 2 and so on, multiplied by the reduced Planck constant). Examples of fermions are quarks, leptons and baryons. Quantum of fundamental forces such as <a href="/wiki/Gravitons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitons">gravitons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a>, etc. are all bosons. In quantum field theory, fermions interact by exchanging bosons. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> and others in 1970 was only a bosonic string. Ramond completed the theory by inventing a fermionic string to accompany the bosonic ones. The <a href="/wiki/Virasoro_algebra" title="Virasoro algebra">Virasoro algebra</a> which is the symmetry algebra of the bosonic string was generalized to a superconformal algebra (the Ramond algebra, an example of a <a href="/wiki/Super_Virasoro_algebra" title="Super Virasoro algebra">super Virasoro algebra</a>) including anticommuting operators also. </p><p>In 1979, with <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Slansky" title="Richard Slansky">Richard Slansky</a> he proposed the seesaw mechanism which explains small neutrino masses in the context of Grand-Unified theories. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors and awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Ramond has received several awards for his contributions to theoretical physics. He received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from NJIT in 1990. Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1998 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Recipient of the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pregel" title="Boris Pregel">Boris Pregel</a> award from the NY Academy of Sciences; 2004 <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Klein Medal">Oskar Klein Medal</a> awarded by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences & Stockholm University; 2007 Lise Meitner Prize from Chalmers Technical University & Goteborg University. In 2015 he received the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics</a>. In 2020, with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">André Neveu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Virasoro_(physicist)" title="Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist)">Miguel Virasoro</a>, he was jointly awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/ICTP" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTP">ICTP</a> for their pioneering contributions to the inception and formulation of string theory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Ramond has played an active role in service to his profession as a scientist and educator. He was President of the Aspen Center For Physics in 2006-2008;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he served as chair of the Faculty Senate of the University of Florida in 2004-05, and chair of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society in 2012. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamond1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ramond, Pierre (1971). "Dual theory for free fermions". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>3</b> (10): 2415–2418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhRvD...3.2415R">1971PhRvD...3.2415R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.3.2415">10.1103/PhysRevD.3.2415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Dual+theory+for+free+fermions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2415-2418&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.3.2415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971PhRvD...3.2415R&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalbRamond1974" class="citation journal cs1">Kalb, Michael; —— (1974). "Classical direct interstring action". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>9</b> (8): 2273–2284. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PhRvD...9.2273K">1974PhRvD...9.2273K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.9.2273">10.1103/PhysRevD.9.2273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Classical+direct+interstring+action&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2273-2284&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.9.2273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PhRvD...9.2273K&rft.aulast=Kalb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Ramond%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossKostantRamondSternberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Benedict; <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Gross" title="Benedict Gross">Kostant, Bertram</a>; ——; <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Sternberg" title="Shlomo Sternberg">Sternberg, Shlomo</a> (21 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21094">"The Weyl character formula, the half-spin representations, and equal rank subgroups"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>95</b> (15): 8441–8442. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9808133">math/9808133</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.8441G">1998PNAS...95.8441G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.15.8441">10.1073/pnas.95.15.8441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21094">21094</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9671696">9671696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=The+Weyl+character+formula%2C+the+half-spin+representations%2C+and+equal+rank+subgroups&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8441-8442&rft.date=1998-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21094%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.8441G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fmath%2F9808133&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9671696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.15.8441&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft.au=Kostant%2C+Bertram&rft.au=Ramond%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamond2012" class="citation book cs1">—— (2012). "Dual model with fermions: memoirs of an early string theorist". In Cappelli, Andrea; Castellani, Elena; Colomo, Filippo; Di Vecchia, Paolo (eds.). <i>The Birth of String Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 361–372. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.3656">0708.3656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007arXiv0708.3656R">2007arXiv0708.3656R</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19790-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19790-8"><bdi>978-0-521-19790-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dual+model+with+fermions%3A+memoirs+of+an+early+string+theorist&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+String+Theory&rft.pages=361-372&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0708.3656&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007arXiv0708.3656R&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19790-8&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamond1981–1990" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ4_BAAAQBAJ"><i>Field Theory : A Modern Primer</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. 1981–1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-30450-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-30450-3"><bdi>0-201-30450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Theory+%3A+A+Modern+Primer&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1981%2F1990&rft.isbn=0-201-30450-3&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ4_BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamond2003" class="citation book cs1"><i>Journeys Beyond the Standard Model</i>. Westview Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4131-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4131-0"><bdi>0-8133-4131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+Beyond+the+Standard+Model&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8133-4131-0&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamond2010" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521896030"><i>Group Theory: A Physicist's Survey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521896030" title="Special:BookSources/9780521896030"><bdi>9780521896030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Theory%3A+A+Physicist%27s+Survey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521896030&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Faus%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780521896030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Ramond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Leonard Susskind</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1_3Xp3rT3c">String Theory and M-Theory: Lecture 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.ufl.edu/faculty/ramond.shtml">Pierre Ramond at University of Florida</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamond1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ramond, P. (1971). "Dual Theory for Free Fermions". <i>Phys. Rev</i>. <b>D3</b> (10): 2415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhRvD...3.2415R">1971PhRvD...3.2415R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevd.3.2415">10.1103/physrevd.3.2415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Dual+Theory+for+Free+Fermions&rft.volume=D3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2415&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevd.3.2415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971PhRvD...3.2415R&rft.aulast=Ramond&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeveuSchwarz1971" class="citation journal cs1">Neveu, A.; Schwarz, J. (1971). "Tachyon-free dual model with a positive-intercept trajectory". <i>Physics Letters</i>. <b>34B</b> (6): 517–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhLB...34..517N">1971PhLB...34..517N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2871%2990669-1">10.1016/0370-2693(71)90669-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Tachyon-free+dual+model+with+a+positive-intercept+trajectory&rft.volume=34B&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=517-518&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2871%2990669-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971PhLB...34..517N&rft.aulast=Neveu&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819025854/http://www.superstringtheory.com/history/history3.html">"A timeline of mathematics and theoretical physics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.superstringtheory.com/history/history3.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+timeline+of+mathematics+and+theoretical+physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.superstringtheory.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2020/8/ictp-dirac-medal-2020-announced.aspx">Dirac Medal ICTP 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspenphys.org/aboutus/history/presidentialessays/ramond.html">"Aspen Center for Physics"</a>. <i>www.aspenphys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aspenphys.org&rft.atitle=Aspen+Center+for+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspenphys.org%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2Fpresidentialessays%2Framond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried,_H._M.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fried, H. M. (June 1982). "Review: <i>Field Theory: A Modern Primer</i> by P. Ramond". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhT....35f..57R">1982PhT....35f..57R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2915136">10.1063/1.2915136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Field+Theory%3A+A+Modern+Primer+by+P.+Ramond&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=1982-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2915136&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PhT....35f..57R&rft.au=Fried%2C+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton,_Paul_H.2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Frampton" title="Paul Frampton">Frampton, Paul H.</a> (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UPBAAQAAIAAJ">"Review: <i>Journeys Beyond the Standard Model</i> by Pierre Ramond"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhT....54a..52R">2001PhT....54a..52R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1349615">10.1063/1.1349615</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738201160" title="Special:BookSources/9780738201160"><bdi>9780738201160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Journeys+Beyond+the+Standard+Model+by+Pierre+Ramond&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1349615&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhT....54a..52R&rft.isbn=9780738201160&rft.au=Frampton%2C+Paul+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPBAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Ramond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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