Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="fr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <link href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" rel="schema.DC"> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="proceedings" /> <meta property="og:type" content="proceedings" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" content="https://hal.science/hal-04074552" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" content="hal-04074552" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://hal.science/hal-04074552" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Eloise Gaillou" /> <meta name="citation_author_hal_id" content="eloisegaillou" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mines Paris - PSL (脡cole nationale sup茅rieure des mines de Paris)" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Eloise Gaillou" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Stefanos Karampelas" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Stefanos Karampelas" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Annabelle Herreweghe" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Annabelle Herreweghe" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Farida Maouche" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Farida Maouche" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ugo Hennebois" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Ugo Hennebois" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sophie Leblan" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Sophie Leblan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="B茅reng猫re Meslin Sainte Beuve" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="B茅reng猫re Meslin Sainte Beuve" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Michel Lechartier" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Michel Lechartier" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Didier Nectoux" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Didier Nectoux" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aur茅lien Delaunay" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Aur茅lien Delaunay" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="As most of the French Crown Jewels, the Coronation Crown of Napoleon III was dismantled in 1887 prior to the large auction intended to get rid of the foremost symbol of Royalty and Empire. The crown was created by the Emperor's jeweler, Alexandre Gabriel Lemonnier in 1855, depicting 8 golden eagles and palm leafs, adorned with diamonds and emeralds. The large 8 emeralds were given back to the Empress Eugenie, while the large 8 diamonds and other smaller diamonds were sold in 1887. The smaller 50 emeralds were put aside and donated to the Ecole Nationale Sup茅rieure des Mines de Paris-Paris School of Minesbefore the auction (Morel, 1988). Lemonnier also created a similar but smaller crown for Empress Eugenie, which was kept in her family and eventually donated to the Louvre museum in 1988. In this study, we are reporting for the first time a gemological study of the remaining 45 emeralds in the collection of Paris School of Mines (Figure 1: 8 main emeralds, ENSMP69866). Our examination revealed that 41 out of 45 gems were indeed natural emeralds, presenting no evidence of clarity enhancement. Because of their gemological characteristics, we could established their provenance to most likely be Colombia, especially that they were mounted in 1855. Four samples however found to be artificial glass, possibly set on the crown since the beginning. This study is part of a worldwide intention of studying gemstones of historical meaning and significance." /> <meta name="DC.description" content="As most of the French Crown Jewels, the Coronation Crown of Napoleon III was dismantled in 1887 prior to the large auction intended to get rid of the foremost symbol of Royalty and Empire. The crown was created by the Emperor's jeweler, Alexandre Gabriel Lemonnier in 1855, depicting 8 golden eagles and palm leafs, adorned with diamonds and emeralds. The large 8 emeralds were given back to the Empress Eugenie, while the large 8 diamonds and other smaller diamonds were sold in 1887. The smaller 50 emeralds were put aside and donated to the Ecole Nationale Sup茅rieure des Mines de Paris-Paris School of Minesbefore the auction (Morel, 1988). Lemonnier also created a similar but smaller crown for Empress Eugenie, which was kept in her family and eventually donated to the Louvre museum in 1988. In this study, we are reporting for the first time a gemological study of the remaining 45 emeralds in the collection of Paris School of Mines (Figure 1: 8 main emeralds, ENSMP69866). Our examination revealed that 41 out of 45 gems were indeed natural emeralds, presenting no evidence of clarity enhancement. Because of their gemological characteristics, we could established their provenance to most likely be Colombia, especially that they were mounted in 1855. Four samples however found to be artificial glass, possibly set on the crown since the beginning. This study is part of a worldwide intention of studying gemstones of historical meaning and significance." /> <meta name="description" content="As most of the French Crown Jewels, the Coronation Crown of Napoleon III was dismantled in 1887 prior to the large auction intended to get rid of the foremost symbol of Royalty and Empire. The crown was created by the Emperor's jeweler, Alexandre Gabriel Lemonnier in 1855, depicting 8 golden eagles and palm leafs, adorned with diamonds and emeralds. The large 8 emeralds were given back to the Empress Eugenie, while the large 8 diamonds and other smaller diamonds were sold in 1887. The smaller 50 emeralds were put aside and donated to the Ecole Nationale Sup茅rieure des Mines de Paris-Paris School of Minesbefore the auction (Morel, 1988). Lemonnier also created a similar but smaller crown for Empress Eugenie, which was kept in her family and eventually donated to the Louvre museum in 1988. In this study, we are reporting for the first time a gemological study of the remaining 45 emeralds in the collection of Paris School of Mines (Figure 1: 8 main emeralds, ENSMP69866). Our examination revealed that 41 out of 45 gems were indeed natural emeralds, presenting no evidence of clarity enhancement. Because of their gemological characteristics, we could established their provenance to most likely be Colombia, especially that they were mounted in 1855. Four samples however found to be artificial glass, possibly set on the crown since the beginning. This study is part of a worldwide intention of studying gemstones of historical meaning and significance." /> <meta property="og:description" content="As most of the French Crown Jewels, the Coronation Crown of Napoleon III was dismantled in 1887 prior to the large auction intended to get rid of the foremost symbol of Royalty and Empire. The crown was created by the Emperor's jeweler, Alexandre Gabriel Lemonnier in 1855, depicting 8 golden eagles and palm leafs, adorned with diamonds and emeralds. The large 8 emeralds were given back to the Empress Eugenie, while the large 8 diamonds and other smaller diamonds were sold in 1887. The smaller 50 emeralds were put aside and donated to the Ecole Nationale Sup茅rieure des Mines de Paris-Paris School of Minesbefore the auction (Morel, 1988). Lemonnier also created a similar but smaller crown for Empress Eugenie, which was kept in her family and eventually donated to the Louvre museum in 1988. In this study, we are reporting for the first time a gemological study of the remaining 45 emeralds in the collection of Paris School of Mines (Figure 1: 8 main emeralds, ENSMP69866). Our examination revealed that 41 out of 45 gems were indeed natural emeralds, presenting no evidence of clarity enhancement. Because of their gemological characteristics, we could established their provenance to most likely be Colombia, especially that they were mounted in 1855. Four samples however found to be artificial glass, possibly set on the crown since the beginning. This study is part of a worldwide intention of studying gemstones of historical meaning and significance." /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="emerald;Egypt;Gemology;Napoleon 1st" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="emerald;Egypt;Gemology;Napoleon 1st" /> <meta name="keywords" content="emerald;Egypt;Gemology;Napoleon 1st" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/04/19" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/07/18" /> <meta name="DC.date" content="2022/07/18" /> <meta name="DC.issued" content="2022/07/18" /> <meta name="citation_conference_title" content="23rd International Mineralogical Association Conference, Lyon, France, 18-22 July 2022" /> <meta name="DC.relation.ispartof" content="23rd International Mineralogical Association Conference, Lyon, France, 18-22 July 2022" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="IMA2022-1136" /> <meta name="DC.citation.issue" content="IMA2022-1136" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="OL10_2" /> <link rel='http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#inbox' href="https://inbox.hal.science/" /> <link href="//cdn.mathjax.org" rel="dns-prefetch" > <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/assets/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#000092"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000092"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/build/main.6bfe8fc6.css" /> <link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/select2/4.0.13/css/select2.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/assets/css/select2totree.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/style.ng.css?1674236289" /> <script src="/assets/js/translations.php?lang=fr"></script> <script src="/assets/build/runtime.763fa2e6.js"></script> <script src="/assets/build/main.68aa59c9.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" async></script> <script type='text/x-mathjax-config'>MathJax.Hub.Config({tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['$$','$$']]}});</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/select2/4.0.13/js/select2.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/select2totree.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/tarteaucitron/tarteaucitron.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/tarteaucitron4hal/tarteaucitron.servicesHAL.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> tarteaucitron.init({ "privacyUrl": "", /* Privacy policy url */ "hashtag": "#tarteaucitron", /* Open the panel with this hashtag */ "cookieName": "tarteaucitron", /* Cookie name */ "orientation": "top", /* Banner position (top - bottom) */ "showAlertSmall": true, /* Show the small banner on bottom right */ "cookieslist": true, /* Show the cookie list */ "adblocker": false, /* Show a Warning if an adblocker is detected */ "AcceptAllCta" : true, /* Show the accept all button when highPrivacy on */ "highPrivacy": false, /* Disable auto consent */ "handleBrowserDNTRequest": false, /* If Do Not Track == 1, disallow all */ "removeCredit": false, /* Remove credit link */ "moreInfoLink": true, /* Show more info link */ "useExternalCss": false, /* If false, the tarteaucitron.css file will be loaded */ "cookieDomain": "hal.science", /* Shared cookie for multisite */ "readmoreLink": "/cookiespolicy", /* Change the default readmore link */ "closePopup": false, "showIcon": false, // Ne pas mettre showAlertSmall et showIcon a true en meme temps "DenyAllCta" : true, }); 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data-val='docSubType_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Sous-type de document</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='identifiers_id' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Tous les identifiants du document</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='halId_id' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Identifiant HAL du d茅p么t</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='language_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Langue du document (texte)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='country_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Pays (Texte)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='city_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Ville</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='inPress_bool' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">脌 para卯tre (true ou false)</a></li></ul> <input type="text" name="qa[title_t][]" id="document" value="" class="input-flex form-control input-sm" lang="title_t" aria-describedby="document-error" style=" " data-keyword="1" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type='button' class='btn btn-sm btn-primary form-btn-multi form-btn-add' onclick='MultiTextSimpleLangKeywordAdd(this, "qa");' data-toggle='tooltip' data-placement='right' data-original-title='Ajouter'><i class='icon icon-plus'></i> <span> Ajouter</span></button></span></div></div></div> <div class="form-group row " id="author-element"><label for="author" class="col-md-3 control-label optional">Auteur</label> <div class="col-md-9"><div class="input-group" style="margin-bottom : 10px;"><button class='btn btn-sm btn-default dropdown-toggle form-btn-lang' style=' z-index:0!important;' data-toggle='dropdown' type='button' value='auth_t'>Auteur (multicrit猫res) </button><ul class='dropdown-menu' role='menu' style='max-height: 140px; overflow:auto;'><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='auth_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authFullName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Nom complet</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authLastName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Nom de famille</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authFirstName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Pr茅nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authMiddleName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Compl茅ment de nom, deuxi猫me pr茅nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authOrganism_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Organisme payeur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authIdHal_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : IdHal (cha卯ne de caract猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authQuality_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Fonction</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authIdHal_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : personID (entier)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authOrganismId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Identifiant de l'organisme payeur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='authStructId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Auteur : Identifiant de la structure</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='director_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Directeur de th猫se</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='publisher_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">脡diteur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='scientificEditor_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">脡diteur scientifique</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='seriesEditor_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">脡diteur de la s茅rie</a></li></ul> <input type="text" name="qa[auth_t][]" id="author" value="" class="input-flex form-control input-sm" lang="auth_t" aria-describedby="author-error" style=" " data-keyword="1" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type='button' class='btn btn-sm btn-primary form-btn-multi form-btn-add' onclick='MultiTextSimpleLangKeywordAdd(this, "qa");' data-toggle='tooltip' data-placement='right' data-original-title='Ajouter'><i class='icon icon-plus'></i> <span> Ajouter</span></button></span></div></div></div> <div class="form-group row " id="structure-element"><label for="structure" class="col-md-3 control-label optional">Structure</label> <div class="col-md-9"><div class="input-group" style="margin-bottom : 10px;"><button class='btn btn-sm btn-default dropdown-toggle form-btn-lang' style=' z-index:0!important;' data-toggle='dropdown' type='button' value='structure_t'>Structure (multicrit猫res) </button><ul class='dropdown-menu' role='menu' style='max-height: 140px; overflow:auto;'><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structure_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structAcronym_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Acronyme</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structCode_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Code</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structCountry_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structType_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Type</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structValid_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : 脡tat dans le r茅f茅rentiel</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='structId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure : Identifiant HAL de la structure</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='rteamStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/茅quipe de recherche : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='deptStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/regroupement d'茅quipes : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='labStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/laboratoire : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='rgrpLabStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/regroupement de laboratoires : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='instStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/institution : Pays</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='rgrpInstStructCountry_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Structure/regroupement d'institutions : Pays</a></li></ul> <input type="text" name="qa[structure_t][]" id="structure" value="" class="input-flex form-control input-sm" lang="structure_t" aria-describedby="structure-error" style=" " data-keyword="1" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type='button' class='btn btn-sm btn-primary form-btn-multi form-btn-add' onclick='MultiTextSimpleLangKeywordAdd(this, "qa");' data-toggle='tooltip' data-placement='right' data-original-title='Ajouter'><i class='icon icon-plus'></i> <span> Ajouter</span></button></span></div></div></div> <div class="form-group row " id="qa-element"><label for="qa" class="col-md-3 control-label optional">Autres</label> <div class="col-md-9"><div class="input-group" style="margin-bottom : 10px;"><button class='btn btn-sm btn-default dropdown-toggle form-btn-lang' style=' z-index:0!important;' data-toggle='dropdown' type='button' value='text'>Champ de recherche par d茅faut (multicrit猫res) </button><ul class='dropdown-menu' role='menu' style='max-height: 140px; overflow:auto;'><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='text' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Champ de recherche par d茅faut (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep1' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journal_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revues (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalPublisher_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : 脡diteur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalTitleAbbr_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : Titre abr茅g茅</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalTitle_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : Titre</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : Identifiant interne</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalDate_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : Date de d茅but de publication</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalEissn_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : ISSN 茅lectronique</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalIssn_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : ISSN</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalPublisher_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : 脡diteur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalSherpaColor_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : Couleur dans SHERPA/RoMEO</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='journalValid_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Revue : 脡tat dans le r茅f茅rentiel</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep2' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='conference_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Colloque (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='conferenceTitle_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Colloque : Titre</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='conferenceOrganizer_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Colloque : Organisateur</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='conferenceStartDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Colloque : date de d茅but (Ann茅e)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='conferenceEndDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Colloque : date de fin (Ann茅e)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='invitedCommunication_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Conf茅rence invit茅e (oui/non)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep3' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProject_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projets ANR (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectAcronym_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : Acronyme</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectAcronymProgram_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : Acronyme du programme</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectReference_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : Code d茅cision (r茅f茅rence)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectTitle_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : Nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : Identifiant interne</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='anrProjectValid_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet ANR : 脡tat dans le r茅f茅rentiel</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep4' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProject_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projets europ茅ens (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectAcronym_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Acronyme</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectCallId_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Identifiant de l'appel 脿 projet</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectReference_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : R茅f茅rence</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectTitle_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectEndDate_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Date de fin</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectFinancing_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Financement</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectStartDate_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Date de d茅but</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectValid_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : 脡tat dans le r茅f茅rentiel</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='europeanProjectId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Projet europ茅en : Identifiant interne</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep6' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='producedDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de production : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='releasedDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de mise en ligne : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='publicationDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de publication : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='writingDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date d'茅criture : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='modifiedDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de modification du d茅p么t : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='submittedDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de d茅p么t : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='ePublicationDateY_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Date de publication 茅lectronique : ann茅e</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep7' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collection_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collection HAL (multicrit猫res)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collCategory_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collection HAL : cat茅gorie</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collCode_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collection HAL : Code</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collection HAL : Nom</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collection HAL : Identifiant interne</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep8' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='contributorId_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Identifiant interne du contributeur/d茅posant</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='contributorFullName_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Nom complet du contributeur/d茅posant</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep9' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='domain_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Domaines</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='primaryDomain_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Domaine primaire</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='level0_domain_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Domaine racine</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='level1_domain_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Sous-domaine niveau 1</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='level2_domain_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Sous-domaine niveau 2</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='level3_domain_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Sous-domaine niveau 3</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep10' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='status_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Statut du document</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='version_i' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Version du document</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='submitType_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Type de d茅p么t</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='docType_s' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Type de document</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='isbn_id' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">ISBN</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='number_id' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Num茅ro - r茅f茅rence</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='doiId_id' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Identifiant DOI</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='--sep11' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');"></a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='classification_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Classification</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='audience_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Audience</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='popularLevel_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Vulgarisation</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='peerReviewing_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Comit茅 de lecture - texte (oui ou non)</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='proceedings_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Actes de colloque</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='localReference_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">R茅f茅rence interne</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='funding_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Financement</a></li><li class='dropdown-item'><a data-val='collaboration_t' href='javascript:void(0);' onclick="LangInit(this, 'qa');">Collaborations</a></li></ul> <input type="text" name="qa[text][]" id="qa" value="" lang="text" class=" form-control input-sm" aria-describedby="qa-error" style=" " data-keyword="1" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type='button' class='btn btn-sm btn-primary form-btn-multi form-btn-add' onclick='MultiTextSimpleLangKeywordAdd(this, "qa");' data-toggle='tooltip' data-placement='right' data-original-title='Ajouter'><i class='icon icon-plus'></i> <span> Ajouter</span></button></span></div></div></div> <dt id="submit-label"> </dt><dd id="submit-element"> <button name="submit" id="submit-button" type="submit" value=" Lancer la recherche" class="btn btn-lg btnSearch hal-visualize-button" aria-describedby="submit-button-error"> Lancer la recherche</button></dd></form> <div class="mt-3"> <button class="tools-color btn-hide-show" data-selectOne="#solrSearchHeader" data-selectTwo="#advSearchHeader"> <span>Recherche experte (SolR)</span> </button> </div> </div> <div id="solrSearchHeader" class="hide"> <h3> Recherche experte (SolR)</h3> <form action="/search/index" method="get" id="searchHeaderSolr" name="search-simple" role="search"> <textarea type="text" name="q" class="p-5" autocomplete="off" cols="150" placeholder="Chercher un document, un auteur, un mot clef..." value=""></textarea> <div> <button type="submit" aria-label="Rechercher" class="hal-visualize-button"> <span class="icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span>Lancer la recherche</span> </button> </div> </form> <div class="mt-3"> <button class="tools-color btn-hide-show" data-selectOne="#solrSearchHeader" data-selectTwo="#advSearchHeader"> <span>Vers la recherche avanc茅e</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="ssheader-submit" class="btn-primary-orange position-relative"> <a href="/submit/index" class="btn-hal hal-submit-button btn-primary-orange stretched-link"> <span class="icon-add colo-white" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span> D茅poser </span> </a> </li> </ul> 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class="section-content section-shadow"> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> <h2 class="title-lang en active" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0;">Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines</h2> </div> <div> <span style="margin-left: 2%; margin-right: 3%"></span> </div> </div> <span></span> <div id="authors-simplified"> <div class="authors"> <a type="button" data-toggle="popover" class="btn-popover no-hide" data-container="body" data-placement="right" data-title="" data-content=" <div class='popover-authors'> <div class='popover-author-header'> <h4>Auteur</h4> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> <li>PersonId : <strong>12702</strong></li> <li>IdHAL : <a href="/search/index/q/*/authIdHal_s/eloisegaillou" target="_blank" title="Consulter les publications"><strong>eloisegaillou</strong></a></li> <li>ORCID : <strong><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7949-268X" title="ORCID" target="_blank">0000-0002-7949-268X</a></strong></li> <li>IdRef : <strong><a href="https://www.idref.fr/109903552" title="IdRef" target="_blank">109903552</a></strong></li> </ul> </div> <a class='popover-affil' href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/489575">Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie</a> <a class='popover-affil' href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/301492">Mines Paris - PSL (脡cole nationale sup茅rieure des mines de Paris)</a> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authIdHal_s/eloisegaillou" title="Search author" target="_blank"> <div class='popover-resume hal-privilege-button'> <span class='icon-search hal-icon'></span> Chercher dans HAL </div> </a> <div class='popover-resume hal-option-button'><a href='//cv.hal.science/eloisegaillou' title='CV HAL' target='_blank'><span class='icon-resume hal-icon'></span>Consulter le CV</a></div> </div> "> <span>Eloise Gaillou</span> </a> (1, 2) , <a type="button" data-toggle="popover" class="btn-popover no-hide" data-container="body" data-placement="right" data-title="" data-content=" <div class='popover-authors'> <div class='popover-author-header'> <h4>Auteur</h4> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> </div> <a class='popover-affil' href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Stefanos+Karampelas" title="Search author" target="_blank"> <div class='popover-resume hal-privilege-button'> <span class='icon-search hal-icon'></span> Chercher dans HAL </div> </a> </div> "> <span>Stefanos Karampelas</span> </a> (3) , <a type="button" data-toggle="popover" class="btn-popover no-hide" data-container="body" data-placement="right" data-title="" data-content=" <div class='popover-authors'> <div class='popover-author-header'> <h4>Auteur</h4> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> </div> <a class='popover-affil' href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> <a 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<span>3</span> <a type="button" data-toggle="popover" class="btn-popover no-hide close-outside" data-container="body" data-placement="right" data-title="" data-content="<div class='popover-structure'><a href='/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746' target='_blank'>LFG - Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a><small> (30 Rue Notre Dame des Victoires, 75002 Paris - France)</small> <label class='label label-primary label-INCOMING'>1060746</label></div>"> LFG - Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie </a> <br> </div> </div> </div> <div id="authors-detailed"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authIdHal_s/eloisegaillou" target="_blank">Eloise Gaillou</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> <li>PersonId : <strong>12702</strong></li> <li>IdHAL : <a href="/search/index/q/*/authIdHal_s/eloisegaillou" target="_blank" title="Consulter les publications"><strong>eloisegaillou</strong></a></li> <li>ORCID : <strong><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7949-268X" title="ORCID" target="_blank">0000-0002-7949-268X</a></strong></li> <li>IdRef : <strong><a href="https://www.idref.fr/109903552" title="IdRef" target="_blank">109903552</a></strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/489575">Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie</a> </div> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/301492">Mines Paris - PSL (脡cole nationale sup茅rieure des mines de Paris)</a> </div> <div class='detailed-resume'><a href='//cv.hal.science/eloisegaillou' title='CV HAL' target='_blank'><span class='icon-resume hal-icon'></span>CV</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Stefanos+Karampelas" target="_blank">Stefanos Karampelas</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Annabelle+Herreweghe" target="_blank">Annabelle Herreweghe</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Farida+Maouche" target="_blank">Farida Maouche</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/489575">Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Ugo+Hennebois" target="_blank">Ugo Hennebois</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Sophie+Leblan" target="_blank">Sophie Leblan</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/B%C3%A9reng%C3%A8re+Meslin+Sainte+Beuve" target="_blank">B茅reng猫re Meslin Sainte Beuve</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Michel+Lechartier" target="_blank">Michel Lechartier</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/489575">Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Didier+Nectoux" target="_blank">Didier Nectoux</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/489575">Mus茅e de Min茅ralogie</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4"> <div class="bg-beige"> <a href="/search/index/q/*/authFullName_s/Aur%C3%A9lien+Delaunay" target="_blank">Aur茅lien Delaunay</a> <ul> <li>Fonction : <strong>Auteur</strong></li> </ul> <div class='detailed-affil'> <span class='icon-institution hal-icon'></span> <a href="/search/index/q/*/structId_i/1060746">Laboratoire Fran莽ais Gemmologie</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-hide-show" data-selectOne="#authors-simplified" data-selectTwo="#authors-detailed" style="margin-top: 22px;">R茅duire la vue d茅taill茅e</button> </div> <div class="row" style="width: 102%;"> <div class="abstract col-lg-7"> <div> <h4> R茅sum茅 </h4> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Choix langues"> <button class="btn btn-lang-abstract active" aria-pressed="true" data-lang="en"> en </button> </div> </div> <div class="abstract-content active" lang="en"> As most of the French Crown Jewels, the Coronation Crown of Napoleon III was dismantled in 1887 prior to the large auction intended to get rid of the foremost symbol of Royalty and Empire. The crown was created by the Emperor's jeweler, Alexandre Gabriel Lemonnier in 1855, depicting 8 golden eagles and palm leafs, adorned with diamonds and emeralds. The large 8 emeralds were given back to the Empress Eugenie, while the large 8 diamonds and other smaller diamonds were sold in 1887. The smaller 50 emeralds were put aside and donated to the Ecole Nationale Sup茅rieure des Mines de Paris-Paris School of Minesbefore the auction (Morel, 1988). Lemonnier also created a similar but smaller crown for Empress Eugenie, which was kept in her family and eventually donated to the Louvre museum in 1988. In this study, we are reporting for the first time a gemological study of the remaining 45 emeralds in the collection of Paris School of Mines (Figure 1: 8 main emeralds, ENSMP69866). Our examination revealed that 41 out of 45 gems were indeed natural emeralds, presenting no evidence of clarity enhancement. Because of their gemological characteristics, we could established their provenance to most likely be Colombia, especially that they were mounted in 1855. Four samples however found to be artificial glass, possibly set on the crown since the beginning. This study is part of a worldwide intention of studying gemstones of historical meaning and significance. </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-5"> <div class="keywords"> <div> <h4> Mots cl茅s </h4> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Choix langues" style="align-items: unset;"> <button class="btn btn-lang-keywords active" aria-pressed="true" data-lang="en"> en </button> </div> <div class="keys-lang en active" data-lang="en"> <a class="hal-bgtext" href="/search/index/q/*/keyword_t/emerald" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">emerald</a> <a class="hal-bgtext" href="/search/index/q/*/keyword_t/Egypt" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Egypt</a> <a class="hal-bgtext" href="/search/index/q/*/keyword_t/Gemology" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Gemology</a> <a class="hal-bgtext" href="/search/index/q/*/keyword_t/Napoleon%201st" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Napoleon 1st</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="domains"> <h4> Domaines </h4> <a class="hal-bgtext" href="/search/index/q/*/level1_domain_s/sdu.stu" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Sciences de la Terre</a> </div> <button data-toggle="modal" data-docid="4074552" data-target="#metadatas_Modal" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="metadatas_Modal" class="btn hal-option-button metadatas" style="margin-top: 48px; 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Gemological study of emeralds from the Crown of Napoleon III at Paris School of Mines - Archive ouverte HAL