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Les luttes de définition et les hiérarchies professionnelles </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRESSE - Journalisme et journalistes, Les logiques des productions journalistiques" href="/encyclopedie/presse-journalisme-et-journalistes/2-les-logiques-des-productions-journalistiques/"> 2. Les logiques des productions journalistiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PRESSE - Journalisme et journalistes, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/presse-journalisme-et-journalistes/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PRESSE</strong><span class="label-sub"> Journalisme et journalistes</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC170038_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC170038_0"></i><p>Les historiens du journalisme ont décrit l'émergence et le développement de ce champ de production culturelle à partir de la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Leurs travaux permettent de saisir la permanence des débats sur la profession de journaliste, sa responsabilité morale et juridique, sa formation, ses « dérives » ainsi que sur les mécanismes de défense que celles-ci suscitent. L'histoire du journalisme français peut se résumer à une lutte pour conquérir une relative autonomie professionnelle par rapport à d'autres espaces sociaux, notamment politique et économique. Cette prétention à incarner un « quatrième pouvoir » a non seulement toujours donné lieu à des polémiques, tout particulièrement fortes lors de l'apparition de nouveaux genres ou supports d'information comme le montre encore l’exemple récent d’Internet, mais aussi à l'occasion des périodes de guerre, voire d'affaires et de scandales.</p><p>C'est entre 1880 et le premier conflit mondial que le journalisme s'est progressivement constitué comme un univers professionnel relativement autonome. La loi de 1881 est une première étape au sens où, selon Christian Delporte, elle « révèle et contribue à définir une partie essentielle des référents culturels et identitaires de la profession », sur laquelle vont s'appuyer les journalistes pour s'affranchir un peu plus du contrôle politique. Le développement d'un marché dominé, non plus par la presse d'opinion et littéraire en déclin mais par la presse populaire en pleine expansion, favorise cette prise de distance. La presse grand public fait émerger l'information et le reportage, c'est-à-dire de nouveaux contenus et de nouvelles pratiques, qui restent cependant marqués en France par une forte tradition littéraire et politique.</p><p>L'autonomie relative du journalisme se construit également à travers les luttes sur la définition du métier et de ses frontières. L'activité journalistique s'impose progressivement à partir de 1870-1880 comme un travail à part entière, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne concerne plus quelques « amateurs éclairés » pour lesquels il n'était qu'un tremplin vers la littérature, le pouvoir ou l'administration. L'entre-deux-guerres est aussi décisive dans la construction et la reconnaissance de la profession avec la mise en place du syndicat des journalistes (1918), à l'origine du statut de 1935. Ce dernier prévoit notamment deux dispositions importantes, qui subsistent aujourd'hui : la clause de conscience permet aux journalistes de quitter leurs entreprises avec des indemnités en cas de changement de ligne éditoriale ; l'instauration d'une carte d'identité professionnelle, délivrée par une commission <em>ad hoc</em>. Pour autant, l'échec des projets de constitution d'un ordre des journalistes montre que la régulation interne des pratiques et des discours reste très lâche. Le mouvement de professionnalisation se <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au sens, apparu au xvi e siècle, de déclaration publique écrite et solennelle effectuée par un groupe, un « manifeste » relève de la vie politique ou diplomatique : c'est typiquement le cas du Manifeste du parti communiste en 1848. Au cours du xix e siècle, le terme voit son acception s'étendre à un « exposé théorique lançant un mouvement littéraire ou artistique » (..." title="Article : MANIFESTE, arts" href="/encyclopedie/manifeste-arts/">manifeste</a> enfin, dans l'entre-deux-guerres, par la confirmation du succès de la « presse d'information » sur la « presse partisane » et le renforcement du reporter comme modèle d'excellence professionnelle. La synthèse proposée ici vise à restituer cette histoire et à expliquer les transformations du journalisme français depuis le deuxième conflit mondial.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC170038_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC170038_1"></i><h2>Les luttes de définition et les hiérarchies professionnelles</h2><p>Contrairement à ce que peuvent laisser penser les discours généraux sur les journalistes, l'espace journalistique s'avère très diversifié et hiérarchisé quand on s'intéresse à ses pratiques et, bien évidemment, aux publics auxquels il s'adresse. On peut dégager plusieurs lignes de clivage.</p><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC170038_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC170038_1_0"></i><h3>Journalismes « engagé » et « objectif »</h3><p>Dans l'histoire de la presse française, deux conceptions s'affrontent d'emblée : d'une<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C170038_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="MARCHETTI, Dominique"><a title="Auteur : Dominique MARCHETTI" rel="author" href="/auteurs/dominique-marchetti/"><strong>Dominique MARCHETTI</strong></a> : sociologue, directeur de recherche au CNRS </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PRESSE - Journalisme et journalistes" href="/carte-mentale/presse-journalisme-et-journalistes/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC170038_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Médias: information et communication" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/medias-information-et-communication/"> Médias: information et communication </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Médias" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/medias-information-et-communication/medias/"> Médias </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Journalisme"> <a title="Classification : Journalisme" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/medias-information-et-communication/medias/journalisme/"> Journalisme </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC170038_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/le-siecle-de-la-presse-1830-1939/"> <span class="rg">LE SIÈCLE DE LA PRESSE 1830-1939 </span><span class="rm">(C. Charle)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Éric PHÉLIPPEAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 084 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'histoire retracée par <em>Le Siècle de la presse 1830-1939</em> (Seuil, Paris, 2004) a la couleur d'une synthèse érudite. Et ce n'est pas là le moindre de ses mérites. Christophe Charle ne s'était pas encore signalé comme spécialiste de l'histoire de la presse française. Mais comment ses précédents...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/1848-et-l-art-expositions/"> <span class="rg">1848 ET L'ART </span><span class="rm">(expositions)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-François POIRIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 189 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Deux expositions qui se sont déroulées respectivement à Paris du 24 février au 31 mai 1998 au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Invention moderne, guère antérieure à l'âge classique, du moins dans la forme publique que nous leur connaissons aujourd'hui, les musées sont l'une des rares institutions de ce monde dont on imagine mal qu'elles puissent un jour disparaître. Si pertinentes et justifiées fussent-elles parfois, les multiples attaques dont ils n'ont cessé de faire l'objet et les débats sans fin que suscite..." title="Article : MUSÉE" href="/encyclopedie/musee/">musée</a> d'Orsay, <em>1848, La République et l'art vivant</em>, et du 4 février au 30 mars 1998 à l'Assemblée nationale, <em> Les Révolutions de 1848, l'Europe des images</em> ont proposé une...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agence-france-presse-afp/"> <span class="rg">AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE </span><span class="rm">(AFP)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Christine LETEINTURIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">600 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> L'Agence France-Presse est la première agence de presse généraliste francophone et la troisième du monde, derrière, Associated Press et Reuters. Héritière de l'Agence Havas fondée en 1932, elle est créée, à titre provisoire, par une ordonnance du 30 septembre 1944 et dotée d'un statut spécial définitif...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agenda-politique-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">AGENDA POLITIQUE, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nicolas HUBÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">548 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La « mise à l’agenda » concerne la question des « effets » des médias sur le débat public et sur les électeurs, et en particulier lors des moments de « surchauffe symbolique » que sont les élections. Maxwell McCombs et Donald Shaw ont formulé en 1972 le principe suivant : il se peut que la presse...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/algerie/#c13619"> <span class="rg">ALGÉRIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Charles-Robert AGERON</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Sid-Ahmed SOUIAH</span> , <span rel="author">Benjamin STORA</span> et <span rel="author">Pierre VERMEREN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">41 835 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">25 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALG&Eacute;RIE" href="/encyclopedie/algerie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Algérie : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/f/csm_at000404_19055dacaa.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...l’étranger, Berbère Télévision (Paris) ou Al Magharibia (Londres), une chaîne islamiste lancée par le fils d’Abassi Madani, qui vit au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'émirat de Qatar a une superficie de 11 500 kilomètres carrés, soit un peu plus que celle d'un grand département français. Sa population était de presque 1,7 million d'habitants au recensement de 2010. Malgré cette petite taille, le Qatar a entrepris dans les années 1970 une modernisation sans précédent, grâce aux revenus de la manne pétrolière. Depuis les années 2000, l'État q..." title="Article : QATAR" href="/encyclopedie/qatar/">Qatar</a>. Le pays dispose de titres de presse nombreux, peu onéreux et donc encore assez lus. Les Algériens achetaient souvent trois ou quatre journaux par jour au début de la décennie... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/presse/"> Afficher les 110 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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