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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Obsolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Council of Jerusalem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مجلس أورشليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس أورشليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceyu_de_Xerusal%C3%A9n" title="Conceyu de Xerusalén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conceyu de Xerusalén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Йерусалимски събор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йерусалимски събор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concili_de_Jerusalem" title="Concili de Jerusalem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concili de Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo%C5%A1tolsk%C3%BD_koncil" title="Apoštolský koncil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apoštolský koncil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelm%C3%B8det" title="Apostelmødet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apostelmødet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelkonzil" title="Apostelkonzil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apostelkonzil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n" title="Concilio de Jerusalén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio de Jerusalén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostola_koncilio" title="Apostola koncilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apostola koncilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemgo_kontzilioa" title="Jerusalemgo kontzilioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerusalemgo kontzilioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="شورای اورشلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای اورشلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concile_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Concile de Jérusalem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concile de Jérusalem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%98_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="예루살렘 공의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예루살렘 공의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolski_sabor_u_Jeruzalemu" title="Apostolski sabor u Jeruzalemu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apostolski sabor u Jeruzalemu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsili_Yerusalem" title="Konsili Yerusalem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsili Yerusalem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_di_Gerusalemme" title="Concilio di Gerusalemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concilio di Gerusalemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtaguso_wa_Yerusalemu" title="Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzs%C3%A1lemi_zsinat" title="Jeruzsálemi zsinat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jeruzsálemi zsinat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ерусалимски собор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерусалимски собор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nsily_tao_Jerosalema" title="Kônsily tao Jerosalema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônsily tao Jerosalema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مجمع اورشليم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجمع اورشليم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilie_van_Jeruzalem" title="Concilie van Jeruzalem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concilie van Jeruzalem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="エルサレム会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルサレム会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C3%B3r_jerozolimski" title="Sobór jerozolimski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sobór jerozolimski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conc%C3%ADlio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m" title="Concílio de Jerusalém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concílio de Jerusalém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иерусалимский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иерусалимский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Council of Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo%C5%A1tolsk%C3%BD_koncil" title="Apoštolský koncil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apoštolský koncil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalimski_sabor" title="Jerusalimski sabor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jerusalimski sabor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalemski_sabor" title="Jeruzalemski sabor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jeruzalemski sabor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemin_kokous" title="Jerusalemin kokous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jerusalemin kokous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliet_i_Jerusalem" title="Konciliet i Jerusalem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konciliet i Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konseho_ng_Herusalem" title="Konseho ng Herusalem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konseho ng Herusalem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeru%C5%9Falim_Konsili" title="Yeruşalim Konsili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeruşalim Konsili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(49)" title="Єрусалимський собор (49) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єрусалимський собор (49)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="耶路撒冷會議 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶路撒冷會議" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">First Christian synod (c. 48–50 AD)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1st-century council of early Christianity. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jerusalem Council (disambiguation)">Jerusalem Council</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Council of Jerusalem</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 48–50 AD</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accepted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christianity">Mainstream Christianity</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Unspecified but presumably <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Topics</th><td class="infobox-data">Controversy about <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">male circumcision</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>, and whether keeping the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a> is necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Documents and statements</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Excerpts from New Testament (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Apostles">Acts of Apostles</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:2px solid lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council#List_of_ecumenical_councils" title="Ecumenical council">Chronological list of ecumenical councils</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/220px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19–29&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19–29</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 78 AD</span>: "we should write to them [Gentiles] to abstain only from things polluted by <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry and Christianity">idols</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Fornication#Christianity" title="Fornication">fornication</a> and from whatever has been strangled and from <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">blood</a>..." 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Council of Jerusalem</b> or <b>Apostolic Council</b> is a council described in <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">chapter 15</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 48–50</span>. </p><p>The council decided that <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a> who <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a> were not obligated to keep most of the rules prescribed to the Jews by the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish dietary laws</a> and other specific rituals, including the rules concerning <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision of males</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council did, however, retain the prohibitions on eating <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">meat containing blood</a>, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry and Christianity">idolatry</a>, sometimes referred to as the <b>Apostolic Decree</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose and origin of these four prohibitions is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accounts of the council are found in Acts of the Apostles (chapter 15 in two different forms, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Alexandrian and Western versions</a>) and also possibly in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">letter to the Galatians</a> (chapter 2).<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars dispute that Galatians 2 is about the Council of Jerusalem, while others have defended this identification.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity#History_and_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity § History and background</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity#Jewish_background" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background</a></div> <p>Jerusalem was the first center of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>) the location of "the first Christian church".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> lived and taught there for some time after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just, brother of Jesus</a> was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">other kinsmen</a> likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as <i><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></i> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 130</span>, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The apostles <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> went to Jerusalem to meet with the "Pillars of the Church":<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James the Just, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 48-50</span>, roughly 15 to 25 years after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> (between AD 26 and 36). <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2</a> both suggest that the meeting was called to debate the legitimacy of the evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> and the Gentile converts' freedom from most of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially from the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision of males</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice that was considered execrable and repulsive in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was especially disdained in <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical civilization</a> both from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, which instead valued the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> positively.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer to as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>) were Jewish by birth and even <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">converts</a> would have considered the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. According to scholars, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_outcome">Issues and outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Issues and outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">History of early Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></div> <p>The purpose of the meeting, according to Acts, was to resolve a disagreement in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a>, which had wider implications than just circumcision, since circumcision is considered the "everlasting" sign of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Abrahamic covenant</a> in Judaism (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9–14&version=nrsv">Genesis 17:9–14</a>). The Acts say that "certain men which came down from <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>" were preaching that <span class="nowrap">"[u]nless</span> you are circumcised according to the custom of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, you cannot be saved";<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts states that furthermore some of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> who had become believers stated that it was "needful to circumcise [the Gentiles,] and to command [them] to keep the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">law of Moses</a>" (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity</a></div> <p>The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute was between those such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by James, who believed that the church must observe the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:12">Galatians 2:12</a>)), and Paul the Apostle, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who believed there was no such necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main concern for Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his letters</a> directed to the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early Christian communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>, sending the message that <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith in Christ">faith in Christ</a> is sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the council, following advice offered by Peter (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:7–11">Acts 15:7–11</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:14">Acts 15:14</a>), Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:12">Acts 15:12</a>), and James quoted from the words of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:16–17">Acts 15:16–17</a>, quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Amos%209:11–12">Amos 9:11–12</a>). James added his own words<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the quotation: "Known to God from eternity are all His works"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then submitted a proposal, which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:19–21">Acts 15:19–21</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:23–29">Acts 15:23–29</a> sets out the content of the letter written in accordance with James' proposal. The <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western version</a> of Acts (see <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles: Manuscripts</a>) adds the negative form of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> ("and whatever things ye would not have done to yourselves, do not do to another").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proselyte#Rules_for_proselytes_in_the_Torah" title="Proselyte">Proselyte § Rules for proselytes in the Torah</a></div> <p>This determined questions wider than that of circumcision, particularly dietary questions, fornication, idolatry, and blood, as well as the application of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">Biblical law</a> to non-Jews. It was stated by the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> in the council: "the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper." (Acts 15:27–28) This Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James and the elders in Jerusalem of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul's final Jerusalem visit, immediately prior to Paul's arrest at the temple, recounting: "When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly. On the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present." (Acts 21:17–18, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>) The elders then proceed to notify Paul of what seems to have been a common concern among Jewish believers, that he was teaching <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> Jewish converts to Christianity "to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs." They remind the assembly that, "as for the Gentiles who have believed, we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality". In the view of some scholars, the reminder of James and the elders here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council's letter to Gentiles,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in regard to non-strangled <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meat,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contrasts with Paul's advice to Gentiles in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "eat whatever is sold in the meat markets" (1 Corinthians 10:25).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> <p>The description of the Apostolic Council in Acts 15, generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historicity of Luke's account in Acts has been challenged<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was rejected by some scholars in the mid to late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this is sometimes expressed with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a>'s <i>Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i> includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In conclusion, therefore, it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree<sup id="cite_ref-threefour_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threefour-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as original (foods offered to idols, strangled meat, eating blood, and unchastity—whether ritual or moral), and to explain the two forms of the threefold decree<sup id="cite_ref-threefour_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threefour-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some such way as those suggested above.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis of the Apostolic Decree. ... According to Jacques Dupont, "Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">'Eastern' text</a> of the decree as the only authentic text (in four items) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual" [<i>Les problèmes du Livre des Actes d'après les travaux récents</i> (Louvain, 1950), p.70].<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_Council's_decision"><span id="Origin_of_the_Council.27s_decision"></span>Origin of the Council's decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of the Council's decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Christianity" title="Category:Jewish Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)"><img alt=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/120px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/180px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/240px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Recent groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pejoratives</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Adversity</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split of Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christian anti-semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Writings</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>New Testament</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Gospel of the Nazarenes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Elchasai" title="Book of Elchasai">Book of Elchasai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Issues</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Aramaic of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yeshua (name)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expounding_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Expounding of the Law">Expounding of the Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#0000b4 1px solid"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template talk:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Council of Jerusalem retained the prohibitions on eating blood, meat containing blood, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on fornication and idolatry. The resulting Apostolic Decree in Acts 15 may simply parallel the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven Noahide laws</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and thus be a commonality rather than a differential.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apostolic Decree may have been a <a href="/wiki/List_of_events_in_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of events in early Christianity">major act of differentiation</a> of the early Church <a href="/wiki/Jewish_roots_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish roots of Christianity">from its Jewish roots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baptism-JE_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baptism-JE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For great as was the success of Barnabas and Paul in the heathen world, the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church, until, on the initiative of Peter, and of James, the head of the Jerusalem church, it was agreed that acceptance of the Noachian Laws—namely, regarding avoidance of idolatry, fornication, and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal—should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church.</p></blockquote> <p><i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i> also states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">R. Emden</a> [...] gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven moral laws of Noah</a> and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">laws of Moses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>The 20th-century American Catholic priest and biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph A. Fitzmyer</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span> disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on the seven Noahide laws (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%209&version=nrsv">Gen 9</a>), and instead proposes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2017–18&version=nrsv">Lev 17–18</a> as the basis for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Obsolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the prohibitions of the Apostolic Decree were reiterated in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Council_in_Trullo" class="mw-redirect" title="Council in Trullo">Council in Trullo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it "has been obsolete for centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>", according to the 19th-century German Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is still nominally recognized and observed by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The apostolic decree was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> to have been obsolete when the distinction between Jewish and gentile converts had disappeared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The council] also declares that the apostolic prohibition, to abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled, was suited to that time when a single church was rising from Jews and gentiles, who previously lived with different ceremonies and customs. This was so that the gentiles should have some observances in common with Jews, and occasion would be offered of coming together in one worship and faith of God and a cause of dissension might be removed, since by ancient custom blood and strangled things seemed abominable to Jews, and gentiles could be thought to be returning to idolatry if they ate sacrificial food. In places, however, where the Christian religion has been promulgated to such an extent that no Jew is to be met with and all have joined the church, uniformly practicing the same rites and ceremonies of the gospel and believing that to the clean all things are clean, since the cause of that apostolic prohibition has ceased, so its effect has ceased.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Bull of Union with the Copts, 1442</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This reasoning was repeated in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a>'s Creed for Oriental converts of 1642 <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>'s encyclical <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_Quo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex Quo (page does not exist)">Ex Quo</a></i> of 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_and_loosing" title="Binding and loosing">Binding and loosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible#In_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">Circumcision in the Bible#In rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">Circumcision in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalism (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Bruce Metzger's <i>Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i>: "the Apostolic Decree [15.29, 15.20, 21.25] [...] contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible [...] (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited <a href="/wiki/Levitical_Degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levitical Degrees">Levitical Degrees</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Leviticus%2018:6–18">Leviticus 18:6–18</a>), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for <i>porneia</i>", or mixed marriages with pagans (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Numbers%2025:1">Numbers 25:1</a>; also compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%206:14">2Corinthians 6.14</a>), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a> has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood; <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's</a> has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus' <i><a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a></i> has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood; <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">NAB</a> has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html">commentary on canon II of Gangra</a> notes: "We further see that, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Gangra" title="Synod of Gangra">Synod of Gangra</a>, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greeks</a>, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Balsamon</a> also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canon</a>, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Faustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Faustum">Contra Faustum</a>, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory the Third</a> (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical Synods</a>, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815221447/http://www.nccbuscc.org/nab/bible/tobit/tobit4.htm">4:15</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%207:12">Matthew 7:12</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, cited the positive form as summary of the "<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a>".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1243">"Paul the Apostle"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1243–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1243-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA19"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a> (Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1–2&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:6–10&version=nrsv">15:6–10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:15–16&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:15–16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:7–9&version=nrsv">2:7–9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:2–3&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:2–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:6–12&version=nrsv">5:6–12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:12–15&version=nrsv">6:12–15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:2–3&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:2–3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%207:17–21&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 7:17–21</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%202:17–29&version=nrsv">Romans 2:17–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:9–28&version=nrsv">3:9–28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:1–11&version=nrsv">5:1–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:13&version=nrsv">Romans 11:13</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:7&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 2:7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:11&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Titus%201:10–16&version=nrsv">Titus 1:10–16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (July 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotthahn.com/s/01Stendahl.pdf">"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>: <span class="nowrap">199–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000024779">10.1017/S0017816000024779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4517">1475-4517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508631">1508631</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09003793">09003793</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803348474">803348474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331485">170331485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045859/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/569543b4bfe87360795306d6/t/5a4d41fa085229a032376713/1515012617149/01Stendahl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Apostle+Paul+and+the+Introspective+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=1963-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000024779&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803348474&rft.issn=1475-4517&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09003793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotthahn.com%2Fs%2F01Stendahl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (Autumn 1993). <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Reinhartz, Adele</a> (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>. <b>112</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>: <span class="nowrap">459–</span>477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267745">10.2307/3267745</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267745">3267745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+Intra-Jewish+Polemic+in+Paul%27s+Letter+to+the+Galatians&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267745&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a></i>. <b>56</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">373–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341488">10.1163/15685365-12341488</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5365">1568-5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24735868">24735868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Argument+against+Gentile+Circumcision+in+Romans+2%3A17-29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24735868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.eissn=1568-5365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341488&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries</a>. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. Chapter V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300139822" title="Special:BookSources/9780300139822"><bdi>9780300139822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries&rft.pages=Chapter+V&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780300139822&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether or not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1–10&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1–10</a> is a record of the <i>Council of Jerusalem</i> or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others "privately", not in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>). <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> in his <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> argues that they (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1–10, and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099)</a>: "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in "<a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St. James">St. James' Liturgy</a>", ed. Brightman, p. 54). Saint Mark of syriac orthodox church is also known as last supper church and believe first christian church. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA862">"James, St."</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James%2C+St.&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm">St. James the Less</a> <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_of_Christian_fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand of Christian fellowship">right hands of fellowship</a>; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:9&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:9</a>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges2001-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/">"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a></i>. <b>75</b> (Fall 2001). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">375–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119">10.1353/bhm.2001.0119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568485">11568485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29580193">29580193</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+Prepuce+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Male+Genital+Aesthetics+and+Their+Relation+to+Lipodermos%2C+Circumcision%2C+Foreskin+Restoration%2C+and+the+Kynodesme&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall+2001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29580193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11568485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fhodges2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin_1980-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19051-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultheissTrussStiefJonas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/schultheiss/">"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plastic_and_Reconstructive_Surgery" title="Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</a></i>. <b>101</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>: <span class="nowrap">1990–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037">10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623850">9623850</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Uncircumcision%3A+A+Historical+Review+of+Preputial+Restoration&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1990-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9623850&rft.aulast=Schultheiss&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Truss%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Stief%2C+Christian+G.&rft.au=Jonas%2C+Udo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Fschultheiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirschJacobsFriedenwald" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; Friedenwald, Aaron; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Broydé, Isaac</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4">"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a> ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Epiphanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Epiphanes">Antiochus Epiphanes</a> prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Circumcision%3A+In+Apocryphal+and+Rabbinical+Literature&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Friedenwald%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4391-circumcision%23anchor4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner,_Jacob1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1993). <i>Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies</i>. Scholars Press. p. 149. <q>Circumcised <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, along with any others who revealed the <i>glans penis</i>, were the butt of ribald <a href="/wiki/Roman_jokes" title="Roman jokes">humor</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek art</a> portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a></i>, that was aimed at elongation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Ancient+Judaism%2C+New+Series%3A+Religious+and+Theological+Studies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1–2&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#15:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 15:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackSmithSpivey2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"</a>. <i>Anatomy of the New Testament</i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17">10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-5711-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536">1082543536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242771713">242771713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082543536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242771713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MSHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klutz_2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Christian+Origins+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. <i>Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme</i>. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>211, <span class="nowrap">246–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7"><bdi>90-04-09521-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=90-04-09521-7&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">Gill, J.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/15.htm">"Acts 15"</a>. Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible. Accessed 13 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15:18&version=nkjv">Acts 15:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/apopresby.htm">"Apostolic Presbyterianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916135720/http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/apopresby.htm">Archived</a> 2018-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a> and Reg Barrow.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert McQueen Grant <i>Augustus to Constantine: The Rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World</i>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, p. iv. "According to Acts 21:25, the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Barnett (2004). <i>Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament</i>. p. 292. "He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree (Acts 21:25). Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James's decree, but only to churches in Syria, Cilicia and Galatia ... Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher-killed meat and against the idol-sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther – 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63–65). There is no hint here of an apostolic decree involving food."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon D. Fee (1987). <i>The First Epistle to the Corinthians</i>. p. 480. "Paul's 'rule' for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: 'Eat anything sold in the meat market<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke describes, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181–182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely (Der Messias und das Gottesvolk [1945]). Haenchen's view is that the Apostolic Council "is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality" (The Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1971], p. 463). Dibelius' view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1956], pp. 93–101) is that Luke's treatment is literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-threefour-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threefour_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-threefour_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For a clarification of "fourfold decree" vs "threefold decree", see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>: A-D</a>, 1995, by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ("Apostolic Council"), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&dq=decree+fourfold+threefold&pg=PA202">page 202</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce M. Metzger, <i>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i>, 2nd edn, (NY: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzger, <i>Textual Commentary</i>, 383n9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVana2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">"Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël"</a> [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. <i>Pardés: Études et culture juives</i> (in French). <b>52</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Éditions in Press: <span class="nowrap">211–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">10.3917/parde.052.0211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2271-1880">2271-1880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2"><bdi>978-2-84835-260-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5652">0295-5652</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pard%C3%A9s%3A+%C3%89tudes+et+culture+juives&rft.atitle=Les+lois+noa%E1%BA%96ides%3A+Une+mini-Torah+pr%C3%A9-sina%C3%AFtique+pour+l%27humanit%C3%A9+et+pour+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211&rft.issn=0295-5652&rft.eissn=2271-1880&rft.isbn=978-2-84835-260-2&rft.aulast=Vana&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fparde.052.0211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah". <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a></i>. <b>102</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">72–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0907">0035-0907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44076024">44076024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Noachide+Commandments+and+New+Testament+Ethics%3A+with+Special+Reference+to+Acts+15+and+Pauline+Halakhah&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44076024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-0907&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baptism-JE-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baptism-JE_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=222&letter=B&search=Baptism">Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism</a>: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">proselyte to Judaism</a> (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche Jerusalems," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">imposition of hands</a>, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi. <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">Anointing</a> with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 63: "If any bishop, or presbyter or deacon or anyone else on the sacerdotal list at all, eat meat in the blood of its soul, or that has been killed by a wild beast, or that has died a natural death, let him be deposed. For the Law has forbidden this. But if any layman do the same let him be excommunicated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 67: "Divine Scripture has commanded us to ‘abstain from blood, and strangled flesh and fornication’ (Gen 9:3-4, Lev 17 & 18:3, Acts 15: 28-29). We therefore suitably penance those who on account of their dainty stomach eat the blood of any animal after they have rendered it eatable by some art. If therefore anyone from now on should attempt to eat the blood of any animal in any way whatsoever, if he be a clergyman, let him be deposed from office; but if he be a layman let him be excommunicated. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html">commentary on canon II of Gangra</a> notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Gangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangra">Gangra</a>, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. <a href="/wiki/Balsamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsamon">Balsamon</a> also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canon</a>, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Faustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Faustum">Contra Faustum</a>, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory the Third</a> (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical Synods</a>, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Convent of St. Elisabeth, Minsk, Belarus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.obitel-minsk.com/blog/2018/01/eating-food-that-has-blood-in-it">Eating food that has blood in it</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net//councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Florence, Bull of Union with the Copts"</a>. 14 December 1431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Florence%2C+Bull+of+Union+with+the+Copts&rft.date=1431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2F%2Fcouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLzGuC5F62IC">Professio Orthodoxae Fidei ab orientalibus facienda, Congregatio De Propaganda Fide, 1642</a>: 18. And [I believe] also that that prohibition of the Apostles of foods sacrificed to idols, and of blood, and of what has been strangled was suited to that time, so that matter for dissension between Jews and Gentiles might be taken away. With the cause of that Apostolic prohibition coming to an end, the effect came to an end also.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Ben14/b14exquo.htm">Ex Quo, Benedict XIV, 1756</a>: 62. So the Decree for the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobites</a> of the Council of Florence reads: "The holy Roman Church firmly believes, professes, and preaches that every creature of God is good and not to be rejected if it is taken with thanks. According to the Lord's word, a man is not defiled by what enters his mouth. The Church affirms that the distinction made by the Mosaic Law between clean and unclean foods belongs to the ceremonial laws which have passed away with the coming of the Gospel…. So it declares that no kind of food is to be condemned which human society regards as food, and no distinction is to be made between animals on the basis of gender or the manner of their death. However many things which are not forbidden may and should be given up for the health of the body, the practice of virtue, and regular Church discipline. As the Apostle says: 'All things are permitted, but not all are expedient.'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Badenas, Robert. <i>Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective</i>, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0">0-905774-93-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie.</a> <i>Peter, Stephen, James and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie.</a> <i>Men and movements in the primitive church: Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity</i></li> <li>Clark, A.C. <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i>, A critical edition with Introduction and Notes on selected passages, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> "The Incident at Antioch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:11–18">Galatians 2:11–18</a>)," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">JSNT</a></i> 18, 1983, pg 95–122</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> <i>Jesus, Paul and the Law</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5">0-664-25095-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> <i>The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians</i> 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35953-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35953-8">0-521-35953-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> <i>The Theology of Paul the Apostle</i> Eerdmans 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8">0-8028-3844-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> <i>Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i> 2003</li> <li>Eisenman, Robert, 1997. <i>James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5">0-670-86932-5</a> A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jas_Elsner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jas Elsner">Elsner, Jas</a>. <i>Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity</i> 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3">0-19-284201-3</a></li> <li>Gaus, Andy. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a></i> 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2">0-933999-99-2</a></li> <li>Keener, Craig S. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary: Volume 3, 15:1–23:35. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2014.</li> <li>Kim, Seyoon <i>Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel</i> 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4974-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4974-1">0-8028-4974-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/XCV. The Council of Jerusalem (about A. D. 50)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XCV._The_Council_of_Jerusalem_(about_A._D._50)">"XCV. The Council of Jerusalem (about A. D. 50)" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XCV.+The+Council+of+Jerusalem+%28about+A.+D.+50%29&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Maccoby, Hyam.</a> <i>The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity</i>. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5">0-06-015582-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ronald_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Ronald MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis Ronald</a>, 1983. <i>The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon</i> Philadelphia: Westminster Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> <i>A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i> 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8">3-438-06010-8</a></li> <li>Mount, Christopher N. <i>Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul</i> 2001</li> <li>Ropes, J.H., <i>The Text of Acts</i>, Vol. III; <i>The Beginnings of Christianity: Part I: The Acts of the Apostles</i>, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd., 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> <i>Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion</i> 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8">0-8006-1899-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> <i>Paul the Law and the Jewish People</i> 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> <i>Jesus and Judaism</i>, Fortress Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5">0-8006-2061-5</a></li> <li>Savelle, Charles. “A Reexamination of the Prohibitions in Acts 15.” Bibliotheca Ssacra 161 (2004): 449–68.</li> <li>Simon, Marcel. <i>The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church.</i> Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LII (1969–70), pp. 437–460</li> <li>Telfer, W. <i>The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch</i> The Journal of Theological Studies, 1939, pp. 133–146, 258–271</li> <li>Westerholm, Stephen. <i>Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics</i> 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5">0-8028-4809-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N.T.</a> <i>What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?</i> 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6">0-8028-4445-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template talk:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acts_of_the_Apostles158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_3" title="Acts 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_4" title="Acts 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_10" title="Acts 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_13" title="Acts 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_14" title="Acts 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_16" title="Acts 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a></i> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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