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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive polymer: Development of naproxen sodium microspheres and suppositories with in-vitro and ex-vivo studies | ADMET and DMPK </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/public/journals/4/favicon_en_US.jpg"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.13"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Devika Tripathi"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Krisaly Rathour"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Prashant Pandey"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Ritesh Kumar Tiwari"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Awani Kumar Rai"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-10-03"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-05-18"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-07-24"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-10-03"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Background and purpose: The study explores basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive carrier for naproxen sodium, demonstrating its ability to enhance solubility when administered rectally. The mucilage, derived from Ocimum basilicum seeds, showed bioadhesive properties and thermal stability, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Experimental approach: Microspheres were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, varying polymer ratios to optimize drug delivery. Key results: Particle size analysis revealed a range of 456卤0.51 to 712卤0.21 碌m, with larger microspheres formed at higher mucilage concentrations due to increased viscosity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 45.01卤0.25 % to 79.4卤0.93 %, improving with higher basil/alginate ratios. The superior batch, OBM5, showed excellent mucoadhesive qualities in ex-vivo assays, attributed to the increased polymer content, facilitating interaction with rectal mucosa. SEM analysis of OBM5 indicated a spherical, monolithic structure conducive to free flow. Drug release was efficient, with OBM5 achieving 88.7卤1.3 % after 7 hours, indicating a control颅led release profile. Conclusion: Incorporated into polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 suppositories, suppose颅tories were completely disintegrated in buffer solution within 25 minutes. The bioadhesive force of basil seed mucilage on rectal mucosa was significantly enhanced, reaching 6.44卤0.58 g, correlating with mucilage concentration. These findings underscore the efficacy of basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive biopolymer for rectal drug delivery systems."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="2372"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.5599/admet.2372"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/2372"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 ADMET and DMPK"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="ADMET and DMPK"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="1848-7718"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Ocimum basilicum"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="mucilage"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="bioadhesive"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="drug solubility"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="colorectal administration"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="drug delivery"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive polymer: Development of naproxen sodium microspheres and suppositories with in-vitro and ex-vivo studies "/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Original Scientific Articles"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ADMET and DMPK"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="ADMET DMPK"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1848-7718"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Devika Tripathi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Krisaly Rathour"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Prashant Pandey"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow- 226025, U.P., India and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ritesh Kumar Tiwari"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy), Bareilly-243202, U.P., India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Awani Kumar Rai"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive polymer: Development of naproxen sodium microspheres and suppositories with in-vitro and ex-vivo studies "/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/10/03"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.5599/admet.2372"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/2372"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Ocimum basilicum"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="mucilage"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="bioadhesive"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="drug solubility"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="colorectal administration"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="drug delivery"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/download/2372/2223"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="P.R. 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class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Original Scientific Articles </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive polymer: Development of naproxen sodium microspheres and suppositories with in-vitro and ex-vivo studies </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Devika Tripathi </span> <span class="affiliation"> PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-2389" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-2389 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Krisaly Rathour </span> <span class="affiliation"> PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-062X" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-062X </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Prashant Pandey </span> <span class="affiliation"> Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow- 226025, U.P., India and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-914X" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-914X </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Ritesh Kumar Tiwari </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy), Bareilly-243202, U.P., India </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6840" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6840 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Awani Kumar Rai </span> <span class="affiliation"> PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur-209305, U.P., India </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-8443" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-8443 </a> </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2372"> https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2372 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Ocimum basilicum, mucilage, bioadhesive, drug solubility, colorectal administration, drug delivery </span> </section> <div class="item cover_image"> <div class="sub_item"> <img src="https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/public/journals/4/submission_2372_2067_coverImage_en_US.jpg" alt="Graphical Abstract" > </div> </div> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p><strong>Background and purpose:</strong> The study explores basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive carrier for naproxen sodium, demonstrating its ability to enhance solubility when administered rectally. The mucilage, derived from Ocimum basilicum seeds, showed bioadhesive properties and thermal stability, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. <strong>Experimental approach:</strong> Microspheres were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, varying polymer ratios to optimize drug delivery. <strong>Key results: </strong>Particle size analysis revealed a range of 456卤0.51 to 712卤0.21 碌m, with larger microspheres formed at higher mucilage concentrations due to increased viscosity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 45.01卤0.25 % to 79.4卤0.93 %, improving with higher basil/alginate ratios. The superior batch, OBM5, showed excellent mucoadhesive qualities in ex-vivo assays, attributed to the increased polymer content, facilitating interaction with rectal mucosa. SEM analysis of OBM5 indicated a spherical, monolithic structure conducive to free flow. Drug release was efficient, with OBM5 achieving 88.7卤1.3 % after 7 hours, indicating a control颅led release profile. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Incorporated into polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 suppositories, suppose颅tories were completely disintegrated in buffer solution within 25 minutes. The bioadhesive force of basil seed mucilage on rectal mucosa was significantly enhanced, reaching 6.44卤0.58 g, correlating with mucilage concentration. These findings underscore the efficacy of basil seed mucilage as a bioadhesive biopolymer for rectal drug delivery systems.</p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Downloads </h3> <div class="value"> <canvas class="usageStatsGraph" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="2372"></canvas> <div class="usageStatsUnavailable" data-object-type="Submission" data-object-id="2372"> Download data is not yet available. </div> </div> </div> <section class="item references"> <h2 class="label"> References </h2> <div class="value"> <p>P.R. Guru, R.K. Kar, A.K. Nayak, S. Mohapatra. A comprehensive review on pharmaceutical uses of plant-derived biopolysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 233 (2023) 123454. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123454">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123454</a>. </p> <p>F.J. Acebedo-Mart铆nez, A. Dom铆nguez-Mart铆n, C. Alarc贸n-Payer, A. Sevillano-P谩ez, C. Verdugo-Escamilla, J.M. 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