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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Differenza_fra_calore,_temperatura_e_energia_interna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differenza_fra_calore,_temperatura_e_energia_interna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Differenza fra calore, temperatura e energia interna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differenza_fra_calore,_temperatura_e_energia_interna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effetti_del_calore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effetti_del_calore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effetti del calore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effetti_del_calore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calore_e_entropia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calore_e_entropia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Calore e entropia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calore_e_entropia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unità_di_misura_del_calore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unità_di_misura_del_calore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unità di misura del calore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unità_di_misura_del_calore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagazione_del_calore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagazione_del_calore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Propagazione del calore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagazione_del_calore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 112 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmte" title="Warmte - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Warmte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="ሙቀት - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81t" title="Hāt - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hāt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="उष्मा - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حرارة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حرارة - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرارة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupi" title="Lupi - aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lupi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik" title="İstilik - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایستی‌لیک - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rme" title="Wärme - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wärme" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init" title="Init - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Init" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Цеплыня - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цеплыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Топлина - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="তাপ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplota" title="Toplota - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toplota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainit" title="Kainit - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kainit" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گەرمی - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplo" title="Teplo - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teplo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%88%C4%83" title="Ăшă - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăшă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwres" title="Gwres - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwres" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rme" title="Wärme - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wärme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Θερμότητα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Heat" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmo" title="Varmo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojushulk" title="Soojushulk - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojushulk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero" title="Bero - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calol" title="Calol - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Calol" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="گرما - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6_(fysiikka)" title="Lämpö (fysiikka) - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpö (fysiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%BCs" title="Lämmüs - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakata" title="Katakata - figiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Katakata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaleur_(thermodynamique)" title="Chaleur (thermodynamique) - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaleur (thermodynamique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waremk" title="Waremk - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waremk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarmte" title="Waarmte - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Waarmte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teas" title="Teas - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉષ્મા - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉષ્મા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hiass" title="Çhiass - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="חום (פיזיקה) - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חום (פיזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chal%C3%A8" title="Chalè - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chalè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91" title="Hő - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջերմաքանակ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմաքանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas" title="Panas - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloro" title="Kaloro - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaloro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmi" title="Varmi - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iit" title="Iit - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor" title="Kalor - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="სითბო - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სითბო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93%C9%A3al" title="Aẓɣal - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aẓɣal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fefeku" title="Fefeku - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fefeku" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жылулық - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылулық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಉಷ್ಣತೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಷ್ಣತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAhn_(fiz%C3%AEk)" title="Têhn (fizîk) - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têhn (fizîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermte" title="Wermte - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wermte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ey%C3%A1ngala" title="Eyángala - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eyángala" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iluma" title="Šiluma - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltums" title="Siltums - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="ताप - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ताप" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Топлина - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топлина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="താപം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дулаан - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дулаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haba" title="Haba - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Haba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0" title="အပူ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="ताप - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ताप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmte" title="Warmte - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warmte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varme" title="Varme - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27a" title="Ho'a - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ho'a" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗਰਮੀ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciep%C5%82o" title="Ciepło - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciepło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor" title="Calor - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căldură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ldur%C3%A2" title="Câldurâ - arumeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câldurâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Теплота - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теплота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluri" title="Caluri - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caluri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toplina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teplo" title="Teplo - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teplo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplota" title="Toplota - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madziya" title="Madziya - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Madziya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul" title="Kul - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nxeht%C3%ABsia" title="Nxehtësia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nxehtësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топлота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas" title="Panas - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rme" title="Värme - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joto" title="Joto - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெப்பம் (இயற்பியல்) - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பம் (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉష్ణము - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Гармо - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гармо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ความร้อน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C4%B1" title="Isı - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Җылылык - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җылылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кількість теплоти - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кількість теплоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="حرارت - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiqlik_miqdori" title="Issiqlik miqdori - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Issiqlik miqdori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t" title="Nhiệt - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8F" title="热量 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A5" title="היץ - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt" title="Jia̍t - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calore" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Calore" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calore"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Calore"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Calore" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Calore" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&oldid=141303807" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Calore&id=141303807&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalore"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalore"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Calore"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Calore&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Calore" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44432" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Calore_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calore (disambigua)">Calore (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130658281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – "Caldo" rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Caldo_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caldo (disambigua)">Caldo (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <table class="noprint toccolours" border="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 10px 10px; border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 95%; float: right;" width="170px"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Termochimica" title="Termochimica">Termochimica</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: #eeeeee;"><b>Concetti base</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">Temperatura</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calore</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica">Reazione chimica</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Processo_spontaneo" title="Processo spontaneo">Processo spontaneo</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard">Condizioni standard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: #eeeeee;"><b>Grandezze in termochimica</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_di_legame" title="Entalpia di legame">Entalpia di legame</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione">Entalpia standard di formazione</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_reazione" title="Entalpia standard di reazione">Entalpia standard di reazione</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Entropia_molare_standard" title="Entropia molare standard">Entropia molare standard</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Energia_libera_di_Gibbs_standard_di_formazione" title="Energia libera di Gibbs standard di formazione">Energia libera di Gibbs standard di formazione</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: #eeeeee;"><b>Leggi in termochimica</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Legge_di_Hess" title="Legge di Hess">Legge di Hess</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Equazione_di_Kirchhoff" title="Equazione di Kirchhoff">Equazione di Kirchhoff</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: #eeeeee;"><b><a href="/wiki/Calorimetria" title="Calorimetria">Calorimetria</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Calorimetro" title="Calorimetro">Calorimetro</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"> <td><a href="/wiki/Calorimetro_delle_mescolanze" title="Calorimetro delle mescolanze">Calorimetro delle mescolanze</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: #dddddd; font-size:90%"><i><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Termochimica" title="Categoria:Termochimica">Categoria:Termochimica</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_Horseshoe_(stevefe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg/300px-Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg/450px-Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg/600px-Hot_Horseshoe_%28stevefe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>L'energia viene trasferita in diversi modi: per <a href="/wiki/Conduzione_termica" title="Conduzione termica">conduzione</a> (nel ferro di cavallo), per <a href="/wiki/Convezione" title="Convezione">convezione</a> (nella risalita di aria calda) e per <a href="/wiki/Irraggiamento_termico" class="mw-redirect" title="Irraggiamento termico">irraggiamento termico</a> (visibile attraverso il bagliore delle braci rosse).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica">termodinamica</a>, il <b>calore</b> è definito come il trasferimento di <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> tra due <a href="/wiki/Sistema_termodinamico" title="Sistema termodinamico">sistemi</a> associato ad una differenza di temperatura e non imputabile ad un <a href="/wiki/Lavoro_(fisica)" title="Lavoro (fisica)">lavoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fermi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fermi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fermi2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fermi2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il calore è quindi una forma di scambio di energia fra due corpi e non una forma di energia contenuta in un corpo, come ad esempio l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna">energia interna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differenza_fra_calore,_temperatura_e_energia_interna"><span id="Differenza_fra_calore.2C_temperatura_e_energia_interna"></span>Differenza fra calore, temperatura e energia interna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Differenza fra calore, temperatura e energia interna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Differenza fra calore, temperatura e energia interna"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nel linguaggio comune, il calore viene spesso confuso con la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, sebbene fisicamente si tratti di due grandezze distinte.<sup id="cite_ref-mic_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mic-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La temperatura è una <a href="/wiki/Funzione_di_stato" title="Funzione di stato">funzione di stato</a>, ossia una proprietà specifica associabile ad un corpo in <a href="/wiki/Equilibrio_termodinamico" title="Equilibrio termodinamico">equilibrio termodinamico</a> considerato singolarmente in un dato istante. Il trasferimento di calore al contrario è un fenomeno fisico dinamico che si verifica ad esempio quando due corpi con temperature differenti vengono posti a contatto termico. In quanto tale, il calore non è una <a href="/wiki/Funzione_di_stato" title="Funzione di stato">funzione di stato</a> e non è nemmeno associabile ad una configurazione di <a href="/wiki/Equilibrio_termodinamico" title="Equilibrio termodinamico">equilibrio termodinamico</a>, il trasferimento di calore cessa infatti quando tutte le parti del sistema abbiano raggiunto l'equilibrio termico fra di loro e con l'ambiente. </p><p>In base al <a href="/wiki/Primo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Primo principio della termodinamica">primo principio della termodinamica</a>, il calore corrisponde allo scambio di energia fra due sistemi dovuto ad una differenza di temperatura. Il calore è definibile come "energia in transito", non come "energia posseduta da un corpo";<sup id="cite_ref-DOE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> esso viene "scambiato" tra due corpi, o parti dello stesso corpo, e non "posseduto" da un singolo corpo (come invece succede per l'energia interna). </p><p>Un corpo ad alta temperatura non ha più calore di un corpo a bassa temperatura.<sup id="cite_ref-mic_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mic-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non ha quindi significato affermare che un corpo contenga più calore di un altro, proprio perché il calore esiste solo considerando lo scambio di energia fra due sistemi e in quanto tale non può essere posseduto permanentemente da nessun corpo considerato singolarmente. Inoltre il calore, contrariamente a quanto supposto prima del XIX secolo, non è un fluido contenuto nei corpi, in senso stretto un corpo caldo non "cede" calore ad uno freddo. </p><p>La sensazione di caldo o di freddo dell'uomo e di molti animali è legata al calore e quindi all'interazione fra il corpo umano e l'ambiente, ma non direttamente alla temperatura. Ad esempio, immergendo per qualche secondo una mano in acqua fredda e l'altra in acqua calda, e successivamente immergendole entrambe in acqua tiepida, la prima avrà la sensazione che l'acqua sia calda, la seconda che sia fredda. Questo accade perché nel primo caso la mano nell'acqua fredda avrà raggiunto una temperatura più bassa e il calore si trasmette dall'acqua tiepida alla mano, stimolando i termorecettori a percepire "caldo", mentre nel secondo caso il calore si trasmette dalla mano all'acqua tiepida e si percepisce "freddo".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inoltre, la trasmissione del calore dalla mano ad un oggetto o liquido dipende anche dalla <a href="/wiki/Conducibilit%C3%A0_termica" title="Conducibilità termica">conducibilità termica</a>. A causa di questo principio, l'uomo non è in grado di percepire la temperatura assoluta di un corpo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durante la prima metà del <a href="/wiki/Settecento" class="mw-redirect" title="Settecento">Settecento</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Flogisto" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogisto">flogisto</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Calorico" title="Calorico">calorico</a> erano sostanze considerate come fluidi invisibili usate per spiegare il riscaldamento di alcuni materiali e la <a href="/wiki/Combustione" title="Combustione">combustione</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-U_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il <a href="/wiki/Calorico" title="Calorico">calorico</a> entrando dentro la materia di un corpo, poteva aumentarne la temperatura. Un corpo invece che si raffreddava cedeva il calorico in esso contenuto all'ambiente esterno. </p><p>Nonostante gli studi <a href="/wiki/Seicento" class="mw-redirect" title="Seicento">seicenteschi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a> sulla relazione tra il moto delle particelle e il calore, solamente verso metà del <a href="/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo">XIX secolo</a> si gettarono le basi della termodinamica, grazie agli studi di <a href="/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer">Mayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>) e <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>), riguardanti la quantità di calore e il lavoro necessario per ottenerlo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effetti_del_calore">Effetti del calore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Effetti del calore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Effetti del calore"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli effetti del calore sono descritti dal <a href="/wiki/Primo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Primo principio della termodinamica">primo principio della termodinamica</a> e implicano che il calore, assieme al lavoro, comporti una variazione dell'energia del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_termodinamico" title="Sistema termodinamico">sistema termodinamico</a>. Nella forma più generale: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E=Q-W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E=Q-W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2b1a52ace9d0206e80d356cfd50aa0d2f1371ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E=Q-W}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/345f0ed5ff6ec6eddc5f908d379f032c52f119c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.711ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E}"></span> indica la variazione dell'energia (ad esempio <a href="/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna">energia interna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_cinetica" title="Energia cinetica">cinetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_potenziale" title="Energia potenziale">potenziale</a>), <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> indica il calore e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> indica il lavoro; il calore assorbito dal sistema e il lavoro compiuto dal sistema hanno segno positivo.<sup id="cite_ref-fermi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fermi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una particolare forma di energia che può essere modificata a seguito dello scambio di calore è l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_interna" title="Energia interna">energia interna</a>. La variazione di energia interna può avere diverse conseguenze, tra cui una variazione di temperatura del corpo o una <a href="/wiki/Transizione_di_fase" title="Transizione di fase">transizione di fase</a>. </p><p>Se il trasferimento di calore ha come conseguenza un cambiamento di stato di aggregazione, tale calore prende il nome di <a href="/wiki/Calore_latente" title="Calore latente">calore latente</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DOE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentre, se il trasferimento di calore ha come conseguenza una diminuzione della differenza di temperatura (in quanto i due sistemi o le due parti dello stesso sistema tendono a raggiungere l'equilibrio termico), si parla di <a href="/wiki/Calore_sensibile" title="Calore sensibile">calore sensibile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si parla inoltre di <a href="/wiki/Calore_di_reazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Calore di reazione">calore di reazione</a> quando il calore occorre in conseguenza di una <a href="/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica">reazione chimica</a>. </p><p>La classica formula del calore sensibile è: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/347b6492797a326fc2af33edab79e479fa90f681" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.914ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=c\cdot m\cdot \Delta T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>dove <i>c</i> è il <a href="/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico">calore specifico</a>, <i>m</i> la massa del corpo, e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e61e7deb9c7c7b7dda762b0935e757add2acc559" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.572ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"></span> è la differenza di temperatura. Il calore latente è espresso come: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\lambda \cdot m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\lambda \cdot m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/508d29e1416050043a35786fb528184958ebc3b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.012ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\lambda \cdot m}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>dove <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> è il calore latente specifico. </p><p>Ad esempio l'aumento di temperatura dell'acqua da 20 °C a 50 °C in condizioni standard (cioè alla pressione di 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Atmosfera (unità di misura)">atm</a>) è determinato dal fatto che ad essa è fornito calore sensibile, mentre, se l'acqua ha già raggiunto la temperatura d'ebollizione, essa immagazzina energia (sotto forma di calore latente), mantenendo la propria temperatura invariata, fino a quando non avviene il cambiamento di fase da liquido a vapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calore_e_entropia">Calore e entropia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Calore e entropia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Calore e entropia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">Entropia</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Secondo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Secondo principio della termodinamica">Secondo principio della termodinamica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il calore ha un ruolo importante anche nel <a href="/wiki/Secondo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Secondo principio della termodinamica">secondo principio della termodinamica</a> attraverso il concetto di <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropia</a>, che è una variabile di stato che può essere interpretata come una misura del grado di disordine di un sistema. Infatti, la differenza di entropia fra due stati di equilibrio di un corpo A e B è data dalla somma del calore assorbito dal corpo durante una trasformazione reversibile fra questi due stati diviso per la temperatura:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\oint _{A}^{B}{\frac {\delta Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>rev</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S=\oint _{A}^{B}{\frac {\delta Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3582f154882f0afe2e337770de79fe5c52167b5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.062ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\oint _{A}^{B}{\frac {\delta Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}"></span>;</dd></dl> <p>se la temperatura non cambia durante la trasformazione, la variazione di entropia si semplifica in </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>rev</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f53ab6590e16aa58a85de4bc5359a1ea25c3ed59" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.683ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {Q_{\textrm {rev}}}{T}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Il calore trasmesso ad o da un corpo ha quindi l'effetto in generale di produrre una variazione della sua entropia. </p><p>Ad esempio, quando due corpi con due differenti temperature <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ebf2905073ebb401599a3e43e50b96c18c046eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.922ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}"></span> vengono posti a contatto termico, il calore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf715eece146c816847a8c5d56eae97798453d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.887ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta Q}"></span> comincia a trasmettersi dal corpo più caldo a quello più freddo. La variazione infinitesima di entropia è </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dS=-{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}+{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dS=-{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}+{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/320d93f4e8011d313675a5822e9397010da4b118" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.908ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dS=-{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}+{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}"></span>,</dd></dl> <p>con il segno meno per il calore trasmesso dal corpo a temperatura più alta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f304724948a3ef606c4a92459e22b87a954d993" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.412ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}}"></span> al corpo a temperatura più bassa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1ba5f12fbb0ff766aec6e22148b429373608555" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.412ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{2}}"></span>. Dato che <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ebf2905073ebb401599a3e43e50b96c18c046eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.922ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}>T_{2}}"></span>, si ha che <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}<{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}<{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d7edb1ca979e9c443c66968548db3e41018c224" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.545ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta Q}{T_{1}}}<{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{2}}}}"></span>, e quindi la variazione di entropia dei due corpi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66f6ab8a2a8b85df78efbea896fcfeb3d4ea39e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.715ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dS}"></span> è maggiore di zero, ossia l'entropia aumenta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unità_di_misura_del_calore"><span id="Unit.C3.A0_di_misura_del_calore"></span>Unità di misura del calore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Unità di misura del calore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Unità di misura del calore"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In quanto energia scambiata, il calore si misura nel <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Internazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Internazionale">Sistema Internazionale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>. Nella pratica viene tuttavia ancora spesso usata come unità di misura la <a href="/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria">caloria</a>, che è definita come la quantità di calore necessaria a portare la temperatura di un grammo di acqua distillata, sottoposta alla pressione di 1 atm, da 14,5 °C a 15,5 °C. A volte si utilizzano anche unità a carattere meramente tecnico, quali <a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a> o <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU</a>. </p><p>Alcune equivalenze: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%;margin:auto;clear:both;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>kJ</th> <th>kWh</th> <th>kcal</th> <th>BTU<sup id="cite_ref-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>kg<sub>p</sub>·m </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 kJ </th> <td>1</td> <td>2,778×10<sup>−4</sup></td> <td>0,2388</td> <td>0,9478</td> <td>1,020×10<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 kWh </th> <td>3600</td> <td>1</td> <td>859,8</td> <td>3412</td> <td>3,671×10<sup>5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 kcal </th> <td>4,187</td> <td>1,163×10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>3,968</td> <td>4,269×10<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 BTU<sup id="cite_ref-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1,055</td> <td>2,941×10<sup>−4</sup></td> <td>0,2519</td> <td>1</td> <td>1,076×10<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 kg<sub>p</sub>·m </th> <td>9,807×10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>2,721×10<sup>−6</sup></td> <td>2,342×10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>9,295×10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagazione_del_calore">Propagazione del calore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Propagazione del calore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Propagazione del calore"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Trasmissione_del_calore" title="Trasmissione del calore">Trasmissione del calore</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_di_calore" title="Scambiatore di calore">Scambiatore di calore</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il trasferimento (o scambio o propagazione) del calore tra sistemi può avvenire in tre modi: </p> <ul><li>per <a href="/wiki/Conduzione_termica" title="Conduzione termica">conduzione</a>: in uno stesso corpo o fra corpi a contatto si ha una trasmissione, per urti, di <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> cinetica tra le molecole appartenenti a zone limitrofe del materiale. Nella conduzione viene trasferita energia <i>attraverso la materia</i>, ma senza movimento macroscopico di quest'ultima;</li> <li>per <a href="/wiki/Convezione" title="Convezione">convezione</a>: in un <a href="/wiki/Fluido" title="Fluido">fluido</a> in movimento, porzioni del fluido possono scaldarsi o raffreddarsi per <a href="/wiki/Conduzione_termica" title="Conduzione termica">conduzione</a> venendo a contatto con superfici esterne e poi, nel corso del loro moto (spesso a carattere turbolento), trasferire (sempre per <a href="/wiki/Conduzione_termica" title="Conduzione termica">conduzione</a>) l'energia acquistata ad altre superfici, dando così luogo ad un trasferimento di calore per <a href="/wiki/Avvezione" title="Avvezione">avvezione</a>. In un campo gravitazionale quale quello terrestre (associato alla <a href="/wiki/Forza_peso" title="Forza peso">forza peso</a>), tale modalità di trasferimento di calore, detta <a href="/wiki/Convezione" title="Convezione">convezione</a> libera, è dovuta al <i>naturale</i> prodursi di correnti avvettive, calde verso l'alto e fredde verso il basso, dovute a diversità di <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> e quindi di <a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">densità</a> delle regioni di fluido coinvolte nel fenomeno, rispetto a quelle del fluido circostante;</li> <li>per <a href="/wiki/Irraggiamento" title="Irraggiamento">irraggiamento</a>: tra due sistemi la trasmissione di calore può avvenire a distanza (anche nel vuoto), per <a href="/wiki/Emissione" title="Emissione">emissione</a>, propagazione e <a href="/wiki/Assorbimento_(ottica)" title="Assorbimento (ottica)">assorbimento</a> di <a href="/wiki/Onde_elettromagnetiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Onde elettromagnetiche">onde elettromagnetiche</a>: anche in questo caso il corpo a temperatura inferiore si riscalda e quello a temperatura superiore si raffredda.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il meccanismo dell'irraggiamento non richiede il contatto fisico tra i corpi coinvolti nel processo.</li></ul> <p>Nella pratica tecnica e nell'impiantistica in genere lo scambio di calore senza mescolamento tra fluidi diversi avviene in dispositivi appositamente progettati, chiamati appunto <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_di_calore" title="Scambiatore di calore">scambiatori di calore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fermi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-fermi_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-fermi_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFfermi">Fermi</a>, p. 17</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-2"><a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/heat"><span style="font-style:italic;">Heat</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">britannica.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fermi2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-fermi2_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFfermi">Fermi</a>, Introd. righe 3-6, p. 15 righe 26-28</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mic-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mic_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-mic_4-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Almahdi AliAlwan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811001649"><span style="font-style:italic;">Misconception of heat and temperature Among physics students</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</span>, vol. 12, 2011, pp. 600-614.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-DOE_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-DOE_5-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-DOE_5-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steamtablesonline.com/pdf/Thermodynamics-Volume1.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">DOE Fundamentals Handbook - "Thermodynamics, Heat transfer, and fluid flow"</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">steamtablesonline.com</span>, vol. 1, 19-22.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cold-or-warm-can-we-really-tell/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Cold or Warm, Can We Really Tell?</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">scientificamerican.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.flvc.org/cee/article/download/87720/84517"><span style="font-style:italic;">REPAIRING STUDENT MISCONCEPTIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER USING INQUIRY-BASED ACTIVITIES</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">journals.flvc.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U-8"><a href="#cite_ref-U_8-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Universo</i>, De Agostini, Novara, Vol. II, pag.526-529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFfermi">Fermi</a>, p. 51</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4_10-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-secondo_standard_ISO_31-4_10-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Secondo lo standard ISO 31-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Questo "senso obbligato" del trasferimento di calore è stabilito dal <a href="/wiki/Secondo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Secondo principio della termodinamica">secondo principio della termodinamica</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart; Edwin N. Lightfoot, <span style="font-style:italic;">Transport Phenomena</span>, 2ª ed., New York, Wiley, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-470-11539-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-470-11539-4">0-470-11539-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt; Theodore L. Bergman; Adrienne S. Lavine, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer</span>, 6ª ed., Wiley, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-45728-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-471-45728-0">0-471-45728-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFfermi" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Enrico Fermi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1305021p.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Thermodynamics</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), 1956.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calore_latente" title="Calore latente">Calore latente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico">Calore specifico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloria" title="Caloria">Caloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_termica" title="Energia termica">Energia termica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasmissione_del_calore" title="Trasmissione del calore">Trasmissione del calore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Calore" class="extiw" title="q:Calore">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/calore" class="extiw" title="wikt:calore">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Heat"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sul <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Calore" class="extiw" title="q:Calore">calore</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/calore" class="extiw" title="wikt:calore">calore</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sul <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat?uselang=it">calore</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calore&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/heat"><span style="font-style:italic;">heat</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44432#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/H02752.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "heat"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output 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class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scambio_termico" title="Template:Scambio termico"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Scambio_termico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Scambio termico (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Scambio_termico&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Trasmissione_del_calore" title="Trasmissione del calore">Scambio termico</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;">Modalità</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Conduzione_termica" title="Conduzione termica">Conduzione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Convezione" title="Convezione">Convezione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irraggiamento" title="Irraggiamento">Irraggiamento</a></td><td rowspan="4" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countercurrent_exchange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Countercurrent_exchange.png/81px-Countercurrent_exchange.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Countercurrent_exchange.png/122px-Countercurrent_exchange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Countercurrent_exchange.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_di_calore" title="Scambiatore di calore">Scambiatori di calore</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_blocchi" title="Scambiatore a blocchi">Scambiatore a blocchi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_fascio_tubiero_e_mantello" title="Scambiatore a fascio tubiero e mantello">Scambiatore a fascio tubiero e mantello</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_pacco_alettato" title="Scambiatore a pacco alettato">Scambiatore a pacco alettato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_piastre" title="Scambiatore a piastre">Scambiatore a piastre</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_spirale" title="Scambiatore a spirale">Scambiatore a spirale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_a_doppio_tubo" title="Scambiatore a doppio tubo">Scambiatore a doppio tubo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apparecchiature_incamiciate" title="Apparecchiature incamiciate">Apparecchiature incamiciate</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Serpentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentina">Superfici immerse</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Forno" title="Forno">Forno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Torre_di_raffreddamento" title="Torre di raffreddamento">Torre di raffreddamento</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scambiatore_a_fiamma_sommersa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scambiatore a fiamma sommersa (la pagina non esiste)">Scambiatore a fiamma sommersa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scambiatore_Ljungstr%C3%B6m" title="Scambiatore Ljungström">Scambiatore Ljungström</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ricuperatori_Cowper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricuperatori Cowper">Ricuperatori Cowper</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pannello_solare_termico" title="Pannello solare termico">Pannelli solari</a><b> ·</b> <a 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termica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Resistenza_termica" title="Resistenza termica">Resistenza termica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Termotecnica" title="Termotecnica">Termotecnica</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a 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title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763299">cb119763299</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763299">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553137405171">987007553137405171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span 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