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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Continuity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames_and_personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames_and_personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Surnames and personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames_and_personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea:_exploring_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea:_exploring_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Sea: exploring and commerce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea:_exploring_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Physical appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greeks</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Урымхэр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урымхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieke" title="Grieke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grieke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يونانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegos" title="Griegos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Griegos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C5%84i" title="Elińi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Elińi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_griegu" title="Pueblu griegu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu griegu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Грекал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Грекал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanlar" title="Yunanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="یونان‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونان‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80" title="গ্রিক জনগোষ্ঠী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক জনগোষ্ঠী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Юнандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юнандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Грэкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Грэкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Гърци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гърци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grci" title="Grci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecs" title="Grecs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grecs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Грексем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грексем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98ekov%C3%A9" title="Řekové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řekové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagiriki" title="Vagiriki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vagiriki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groegiaid" title="Groegiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groegiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kere" title="Grækere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grækere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechen" title="Griechen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grichy" title="Grichy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Grichy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeklased" title="Kreeklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Έλληνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έλληνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_griego" title="Pueblo griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekoj" title="Grekoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grekoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziar" title="Greziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="یونانی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونانی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecs" title="Grecs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grecs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griken" title="Griken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Griken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9agaigh_(gr%C3%BApa_eitneach)" title="Gréagaigh (grúpa eitneach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gréagaigh (grúpa eitneach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_grego" title="Pobo grego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo grego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="그리스인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հույներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հույներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grci" title="Grci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yunani" title="Orang Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Грекъаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Грекъаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greci" title="Greci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Greci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יוונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბერძნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гректер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гректер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeci" title="Graeci – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graeci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grie%C4%B7i" title="Grieķi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grieķi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graikai" title="Graikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieke" title="Grieke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grieke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g%C3%B6k" title="Görögök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görögök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Грци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grika_(vahoaka)" title="Grika (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grika (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BB" title="യവനൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യവനൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბერძენეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერძენეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yunani" title="Orang Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯨꯂꯨꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯐꯨꯂꯨꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieken" title="Grieken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grieken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="ギリシャ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシャ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Желтой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Желтой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekere" title="Grekere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grekere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekarar" title="Grekarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grekarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunonlar" title="Yunonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yunonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="یونانی قوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونانی قوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يونانيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يونانيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecy" title="Grecy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grecy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregos" title="Gregos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greci" title="Greci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Greci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Греки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гириэктэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гириэктэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Greeks" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek%C3%ABt_e_sot%C3%ABm" title="Grekët e sotëm – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grekët e sotëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecu" title="Grecu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grecu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ග්‍රීක ජනයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රීක ජනයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people" title="Greek people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greek people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ci" title="Gréci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gréci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grki" title="Grki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Грци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grci" title="Grci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalaiset" title="Kreikkalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greker" title="Greker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Greker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரேக்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Юнаннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юнаннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="ชาวกรีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวกรีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Юнониҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юнониҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎠᏂᎪᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎪᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanlar" title="Yunanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гректер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гректер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Греки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Греки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="یونانی قوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونانی قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greghi" title="Greghi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Greghi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Người Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grecian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grecian (disambiguation)">Grecian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Greeks Hellenes</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ell">Έλληνες/Ρωμιοί</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14–17 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/960px-Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,903,268 (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-HSA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,279,000–3,000,000a (2016 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">659,115–721,000 (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">449,000b (2021 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">424,744 (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">290,000–345,000 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">271,405c (2016 census)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110,000–200,000d (2013 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grecia-Salentina-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellinello-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">138,000 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110,000<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-Parvex,_2014-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91,000 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">85,640 (2010 census)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000e<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000 (2013 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28,856 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24,736 (2012 census)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000–30,000 (2013 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,485 (2023 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000–49,143f<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,000 (2015 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">est. 2,478 to 10,000, possibly up to 50,000<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2013 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,500 (2000 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,846 (2011 estimate)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,356 (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> up to 28,500 (estimate)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,261<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,454 (2016 census)<a href="#cite_note-KSH-44">[44]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />a Includes those of ancestral descent. b Includes people with "cultural roots". c Those whose stated ethnic origins included "Greek" among others. The number of those whose stated ethnic origin is solely "Greek" is 145,250. An additional 3,395 Cypriots of undeclared ethnicity live in Canada. dApprox. 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a> and 30,000 post WW2 migrants. e "Including descendants". f Including <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> Greeks or Hellenes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɛliːnz/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Έλληνες, Éllines <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈelines]</a>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">southern Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#History" title="Greeks in Turkey">Anatolia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Egypt</a>, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. They also form a significant <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">diaspora</a> (omogenia), with many Greek communities established around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-45">[45]</a> Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, but the Greek people themselves have always been centered on the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> seas, where the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> has been spoken since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-47">[47]</a> Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek peninsula">Greek peninsula</a>, the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the Black Sea coast, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in central Anatolia, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, Cyprus, and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-47">[47]</a> Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The cultural centers of the Greeks have included <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> at various periods. In recent times, most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state or in Cyprus. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-49">[49]</a> Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, visual arts, exploration, theatre, literature, philosophy, ethics, politics, architecture, music, mathematics,<a href="#cite_note-Heath1981-50">[50]</a> medicine, science, technology, commerce, cuisine and sports. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> is the oldest recorded living language<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and its vocabulary has been the basis of many languages, including <a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific nomenclature</a>. Greek was the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the Mediterranean world since the fourth century BC and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a> was also originally written in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/330px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/500px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/520px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakelariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_death-mask,_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27,_from_Mycenae,_grave_Circle_A,_16th_century_BC,_Athens_Archaeological_Museum,_Greece_(22669073522).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg/250px-Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg/330px-Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg/500px-Gold_death-mask%2C_known_as_the_%27mask_of_Agamemnon%27%2C_from_Mycenae%2C_grave_Circle_A%2C_16th_century_BC%2C_Athens_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2822669073522%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3875" data-file-height="2950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">funeral mask</a> known as "<a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>", 16th century BC</figcaption></figure> The Greeks speak the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, which forms its own unique branch within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family of languages, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-47">[47]</a> They are part of a group of classical ethnicities, described by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a> as an "archetypal diaspora people".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Greek tribes">List of Ancient Greek tribes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></div> The Proto-Greeks probably arrived at the area now called Greece, in the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan peninsula</a>, at the end of the 3rd millennium BC between 2200 and 1900 BC.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[a]</a> The sequence of migrations into the Greek mainland during the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> has to be reconstructed on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">ancient Greek dialects</a>, as they presented themselves centuries later and are therefore subject to some uncertainties. There were at least two migrations, the first being the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a>, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> by the 16th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Brit1-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and the second, the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a>, around the 11th century BC, displacing the <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot dialects</a>, which descended from the Mycenaean period. Both migrations occur at incisive periods, the Mycenaean at the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> and the Doric at the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mycenaean">Mycenaean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></div> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> its syllabic writing system (<a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>) and developed their own <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic script">syllabic script</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-65">[64]</a> providing the first and oldest written evidence of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and, by the 15th century BC, had reached <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the shores of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Around 1200 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>, another Greek-speaking people, followed from <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Older historical research often proposed <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a> caused the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a>, but this narrative has been abandoned in all contemporary research. It is likely that one of the factors which contributed to the Mycenaean palatial collapse was linked to raids by groups known in historiography as the "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>" who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a> was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, but by 800 BC the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> was discernible.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden2-70">[69]</a> The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric Epics</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the time of <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a> that scholars began to question Homer's historicity.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden2-70">[69]</a> As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>) became major figures of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian Pantheon</a> of later antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_6616.jpg/250px-%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%2C_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_6616.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4520" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/80px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/120px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 1.5x, 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style="text-align:left">The three great philosophers of the classical era: <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> According to some scholars, the foundational event was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-45">[45]</a> The works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle of Apollo at Delphi</a> was established in this period.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a> of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">death of Alexander the Great</a>, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into "Classical", from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and "Fourth Century", up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture. While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to belong to a common Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Genos" title="Genos">genos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> their first loyalty was to their city and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often brutally, with other Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city-states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, the large scale civil war between the two most powerful Greek city-states <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">their</a> <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">allies</a>, left both greatly weakened.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/250px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/330px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/500px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, whose conquests led to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a></figcaption></figure> Most of the feuding Greek city-states were, in some scholars' opinions, united by force under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s Pan-Hellenic ideals, though others might generally opt, rather, for an explanation of "<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> conquest for the sake of conquest" or at least conquest for the sake of riches, glory and power and view the "ideal" as useful propaganda directed towards the city-states.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In any case, Alexander's toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, after his victories at the battles of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Granicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Issus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>, and his advance as far as modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> were to prove long lived as Greek became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, a position it retained even in <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Many Greeks settled in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> cities like <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadochen1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/330px-Diadochen1.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/500px-Diadochen1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/960px-Diadochen1.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The Hellenistic realms c. 300 BC as divided by the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>; the Μacedonian Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a> (green), the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> (dark blue), the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (yellow), the areas controlled by <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> (orange) and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (red)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/180px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/270px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/360px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>), the last ruler of a Hellenistic kingdom (apart from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a> was the next period of Greek civilization, the beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexander's death.<a href="#cite_note-Boardman364-85">[84]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic age</a>, so called because it saw the partial <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of many non-Greek cultures, extending all the way into India and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, both of which maintained Greek cultures and governments for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The end is often placed around conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a> by Rome in 30 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Boardman364-85">[84]</a> although the Indo-Greek kingdoms lasted for a few more decades. This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Kingdoms of the Diadochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritHel-88">[87]</a> Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-89">[88]</a> An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-89">[88]</a> This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a> to the next generation.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-89">[88]</a> Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> was spreading and Greek missionaries would play an important role in propagating it to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Further east, the Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a> became known to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a></div> Between 168 BC and 30 BC, the entire Greek world was conquered by Rome, and almost all of the world's Greek speakers lived as citizens or subjects of the Roman Empire. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">heavily influenced</a> by the achievements of Greek culture, hence <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In the centuries following the Roman conquest of the Greek world, the Greek and Roman cultures merged into a single <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> culture. In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-45">[45]</a> The cults of deities like <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> were introduced into the Greek world.<a href="#cite_note-BritHel-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritHelRel-94">[93]</a> Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>) were generally Greek-speaking,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> though none were from Greece proper. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the mid-Byzantine 10th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The region of <a href="/wiki/Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakonia</a> remained pagan until the ninth century and as such its inhabitants were referred to as Hellenes, in the sense of being pagan, by their Christianized Greek brethren in mainstream Byzantine society.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> While ethnic distinctions still existed in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, they became secondary to religious considerations, and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promote a robust Roman national identity.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> From the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>, the Greeks self-identified as Romans (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a>: Ῥωμαῖοι Rhōmaîoi).<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> By that time, the name Hellenes denoted pagans but was revived as an ethnonym in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Family_marriage.jpg/220px-Family_marriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Family_marriage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Scenes of marriage and family life in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilios_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/250px-Basilios_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/330px-Basilios_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/500px-Basilios_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> (11th century) is credited with reviving the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benozzo_Gozzoli,_Pletone,_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg/180px-Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a>, one of the most renowned philosophers of the late Byzantine era, a chief pioneer of the revival of Greek scholarship in Western Europe</figcaption></figure> During most of the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Greeks self-identified as Rhōmaîoi (Ῥωμαῖοι, "Romans", meaning <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>), a term which in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> had become synonymous with Christian Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison268-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The Latinizing term Graikoí (Γραικοί, "Greeks") was also used,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> though its use was less common, and nonexistent in official Byzantine political correspondence, prior to the Fourth Crusade of 1204.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not used during its own time<a href="#cite_note-BritByz-107">[106]</a>) became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  610–641 AD) decided to make Greek the empire's official language.<a href="#cite_note-Haldon50-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> crowned <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, as the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a>" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> While this Latin term for the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Hellenes</a> could be used neutrally, its use by Westerners from the 9th century onwards in order to challenge Byzantine claims to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> heritage rendered it a derogatory <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the Byzantines who barely used it, mostly in contexts relating to the West, such as texts relating to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>, to present the Western viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Additionally, among the Germanic and the Slavic peoples, the Rhōmaîoi were just called Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> There are three schools of thought regarding this Byzantine Roman identity in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine scholarship</a>: The first considers "Romanity" the mode of self-identification of the subjects of a multi-ethnic empire at least up to the 12th century, where the average subject identified as Roman; a perennialist approach, which views Romanity as the medieval expression of a continuously existing Greek nation; while a third view considers the eastern Roman identity as a pre-modern national identity.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The Byzantine Greeks' essential values were drawn from both Christianity and the Homeric tradition of ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burstein-118">[117]</a> A distinct Greek identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, a small circle of the elite used the term "Hellene" as a term of self-identification.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> For example, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a>, the Nicaean emperor <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a> (r. 1221–1254) claimed to have received the gift of royalty from Constantine the Great, and put emphasis on his "Hellenic" descent, exalting the wisdom of the Greek people.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> After the Byzantines recaptured Constantinople, however, in 1261, Rhomaioi became again dominant as a term for self-description and there are few traces of Hellene (Έλληνας), such as in the writings of <a href="/wiki/George_Gemistos_Plethon" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gemistos Plethon">George Gemistos Plethon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> who abandoned Christianity and in whose writings culminated the secular tendency in the interest in the classical past.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a> However, it was the combination of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a> In the twilight years of the Byzantine Empire, prominent Byzantine personalities proposed referring to the Byzantine Emperor as the "Emperor of the Hellenes".<a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-CareyCarey1968-124">[123]</a> These largely rhetorical expressions of Hellenic identity were confined within intellectual circles, but were continued by <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Byzantine intellectuals who participated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. These were further strengthened following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> in 1461, after which and until the second <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29</a> hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> fled or migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Alps">Pontic Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> to southern Russia and the Russian <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Greeks in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Armenia" title="Greeks in Armenia">Greeks in Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Greeks in Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a>).<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> were largely responsible for the preservation of the literature of the classical era.<a href="#cite_note-Burstein-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norwich-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Byzantine grammarians</a> were those principally responsible for carrying, in person and in writing, ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to the West during the 15th century, giving the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> a major boost.<a href="#cite_note-BritRen-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> philosophical tradition was nearly unbroken in the Greek world for almost two thousand years, until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> To the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic</a> world, the Byzantine Greeks contributed by the dissemination of literacy and Christianity. The most notable example of the later was the work of the two Byzantine Greek brothers, the monks <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> from the port city of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Thessalonica">theme of Thessalonica</a>, who are credited today with formalizing the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">first Slavic alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/250px-Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/330px-Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/360px-Basilius_Bessarion_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The Byzantine scholar and cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Basilios Bessarion</a> (1395/1403–1472) played a key role in transmitting classical knowledge to Western Europe, contributing to the Renaissance.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritRen-129">[128]</a> Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>) into Ottoman service through the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">devshirme</a>. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, frequently as provincial governors. For those that remained under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a>, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> "Greeks" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a>, regardless of their language or ethnic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Mazower-133">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Orthodox Christian protector, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Christian">crypto-Christian</a>. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a>—excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">devshirme</a>—were to be found in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Cretan Turks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> (for example among the <a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>), and among <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Alps">Pontic Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim the Grim</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  1517–1520), whose mother <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClbahar_Hatun_(mother_of_Selim_I)" title="Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Selim I)">Gülbahar Hatun</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adamantios_Korais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/250px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/270px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, leading figure of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></figcaption></figure> The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritB-138">[137]</a> It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-BritMerchant-139">[138]</a> Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Aivali</a>, all three major centres of Greek commerce.<a href="#cite_note-BritMerchant-139">[138]</a> Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination in the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></div> The movement of the Greek enlightenment, the Greek expression of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, contributed not only in the promotion of education, culture and printing among the Greeks, but also in the case of independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottomans</a>, and the restoration of the term "Hellene". <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, probably the most important intellectual of the movement, advocated the use of the term "Hellene" (Έλληνας) or "Graikos" (Γραικός) in the place of Romiós, that was seen negatively by him. The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> religion continued after the creation of the modern Greek nation-state in 1830. According to the second article of the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greek constitution</a> of 1822, a Greek was defined as any native Christian resident of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">Kingdom of Greece</a>, a clause removed by 1840.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> A century later, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Asia Minor Campaign</a>, was part of this process of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_the_scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hermes_the_scholar.jpg/180px-Hermes_the_scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Hermes_the_scholar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The cover of <a href="/wiki/Hermes_o_Logios" title="Hermes o Logios">Hermes o Logios</a>, a Greek literary publication of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> with major contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></figcaption></figure> The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state.<a href="#cite_note-Broome-144">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating <ol><li>shared <a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">descent</a> (ὅμαιμον, hómaimon, 'of the same blood')<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></li> <li>shared <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> (ὁμόγλωσσον, homóglōsson, 'speaking the same tongue')<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></li> <li>shared <a href="/wiki/Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuaries">sanctuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifices">sacrifices</a> (θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι, theôn hidrúmatá te koinà kaì thusíai, 'common foundations, common sacrifices to gods')<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a></li> <li>shared <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">customs</a> (ἤθεα ὁμότροπα, ḗthea homótropa, 'customs of like fashion').<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li></ol> By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, whether <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greek language">Mycenaean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Byzantine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mazower-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> self-identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), Graikoi ("Greeks") and Christianoi ("Christians") since they were the political heirs of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial Rome</a>, the descendants of their <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">classical Greek forebears</a> and followers of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>;<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> during the mid-to-late Byzantine period (11th–13th century), a growing number of Byzantine Greek intellectuals deemed themselves Hellenes although for most Greek-speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Last Emperor</a> urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Before the establishment of the modern Greek nation-state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Greece">modern Greek state</a> was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The large <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BritMerchant-139">[138]</a> which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">Diafotismos</a> and the current conception of Hellenism.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazower-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The Greeks today are a nation in the meaning of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnos</a>, defined by possessing <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> and having a Greek <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>, not by citizenship, race, and religion or by being subjects of any particular state.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In ancient and medieval times and to some extent today the Greek term was <a href="/wiki/Genos" title="Genos">genos</a>, which also indicates a common ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans (Homer)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Names of the Greeks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/250px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/330px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/500px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece, and adjacent "barbarian" lands</figcaption></figure> Greeks and Greek-speakers have used different names to refer to themselves collectively. The term Achaeans (Ἀχαιοί) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">collective names</a> for the Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> (the Homeric "long-haired Achaeans" would have been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a> that dominated Greece from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC until 1100 BC). The other common names are Danaans (Δαναοί) and Argives (Ἀργεῖοι) while Panhellenes (Πανέλληνες) and Hellenes (Ἕλληνες) both <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">appear only once</a> in the Iliad;<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> all of these terms were used, synonymously, to denote a common Greek identity.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In the historical period, Herodotus identified the <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaeans</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> refers to the "Hellenes" (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɛliːnz/</a>) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a>, with its warriors under the command of <a href="/wiki/Achilleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Achilleus">Achilleus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle">Parian Chronicle</a> says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (Γραικοί).<a href="#cite_note-Parian-Chronicle-167">[165]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a>, the patriarch of the Hellenes who ruled around Phthia, was the son of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrha" title="Pyrrha">Pyrrha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>, the only survivors after the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Great Deluge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> names ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellas</a> as an area in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a> river, the location of the Great Deluge of <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>, a land occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Selloi" title="Selloi">Selloi</a> and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes".<a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-169">[167]</a> In the Homeric tradition, the Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiodic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graecus" title="Graecus">Graecus</a> is presented as the son of Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora II">Pandora II</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a> the patriarch of the Hellenes.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Parian_Chronicle" title="Parian Chronicle">Parian Chronicle</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a> became king of Phthia, the Graikoi (Γραικοί) were named Hellenes.<a href="#cite_note-Parian-Chronicle-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> notes in his Meteorologica that the Hellenes were related to the Graikoi.<a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology">Etymology</h4></div> The English names Greece and Greek are derived, via the Latin Graecia and Graecus, from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Graecians" title="Graecians">Graeci</a> (Γραικοί, Graikoí; singular Γραικός, Graikós), who were among the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">ancient Greek tribes</a> to settle <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>"). The term is possibly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5erh%E2%82%82-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-">*ǵerh₂-</a>, "to grow old",<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> more specifically from <a href="/wiki/Graea" title="Graea">Graea</a> (ancient city), said by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> to be the oldest in Greece, and the source of colonists for the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Byzantine_Greek_Alexander_Manuscript_Bracca_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Alexander the Great in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>'s clothes, by a manuscript depicting scenes from his life (between 1204 and 1453)</figcaption></figure> The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> from which written records are absent (11th- 8th cent. BC, though the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a> was in use during this period).<a href="#cite_note-Adrados-175">[173]</a> Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-Adrados-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browning-176">[174]</a> Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADS-177">[175]</a> Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-ADS-177">[175]</a> This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage.<a href="#cite_note-ADS-177">[175]</a> Throughout their history, the Greeks have retained their language and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">alphabet</a>, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion (the word <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> was used by 12th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> to describe non-Greek speakers),<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the undeniable socio-political changes of the past two millennia.<a href="#cite_note-ADS-177">[175]</a> In recent anthropological studies, both ancient and modern Greek osteological samples were analyzed demonstrating a bio-genetic affinity and continuity shared between both groups.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> There is also a direct genetic link between ancient Greeks and modern Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbons2017-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographics of Cyprus</a></div> Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Republic">Hellenic Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Greece-184">[182]</a> where they constitute 93% of the country's population,<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-186">[184]</a> Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; a large percentage of Greek population growth since Greece's foundation in 1832 was attributed to annexation of new territories, as well as the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">1923 population exchange</a> between Greece and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens.<a href="#cite_note-EconWorld-188">[186]</a> Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Waves of <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> followed the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Cyprus-189">[187]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Cyprus-189">[187]</a> Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Cyprus-189">[187]</a> Around 1990, most Western estimates of the number of ethnic Greeks in Albania were around 200,000 but in the 1990s, a majority of them migrated to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-BJp49-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The Greek minority of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a>, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Pogrom">Constantinople Pogrom</a> and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Lebanon" title="Greeks in Lebanon">Levant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Black Sea</a> states, remnants of the Old <a href="/wiki/Greek_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Diaspora">Greek Diaspora</a> (pre-19th century).<a href="#cite_note-Prevelakis-197">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/280px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/420px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png/560px-50_largest_Greek_diaspora.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Greek diaspora (20th century)</figcaption></figure> The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where census figures are available, they show around three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the <a href="/wiki/SAE_%E2%80%93_World_Council_of_Hellenes_Abroad" title="SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad">SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad</a> put the figure at around seven million worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> According to George Prevelakis of <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, the number is closer to just below five million.<a href="#cite_note-Prevelakis-197">[195]</a> Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Greek diaspora (omogenia). Important centres include <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_community_of_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_community_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek community of Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Canadian">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_New_Zealander" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek New Zealander">Auckland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Brazilian">Sao Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prevelakis-197">[195]</a> In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that allowed members of the diaspora to vote in Greek elections;<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> this law was repealed in early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient">Ancient</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/280px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/420px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/560px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Greek colonization in antiquity</figcaption></figure> In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>"), Spain, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Marseille" title="History of Marseille">south of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian Greeks">Black sea coasts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apoikiai-201">[199]</a> Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Kingdom">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">India</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apoikiai-201">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haldon50-108">[107]</a> The modern-day <a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko community</a> of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000,<a href="#cite_note-Grecia-Salentina-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellinello-17">[17]</a> may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_2">Modern</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/330px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/500px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/960px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of ethnic groups in 1918, National Geographic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg/250px-Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg/330px-Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg/500px-Constantine_Cavafy_with_cane_and_hat_in_hand_Photograph_dated_1896_Alexandria_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Poet <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> During and after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_France" title="Greeks in France">France</a>, Livorno in <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Italy</a>, Alexandria in <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Egypt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>), and <a href="/wiki/British_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="British Greeks">Britain</a> (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.<a href="#cite_note-Diaspora-204">[202]</a> Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diaspora-204">[202]</a> As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become <a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shippers</a>, financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Ralli_Brothers" title="Ralli Brothers">Ralli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panayis_Athanase_Vagliano" title="Panayis Athanase Vagliano">Vagliano Brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kardasis-205">[203]</a> With economic success, the Diaspora expanded further across the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Levant</a>, North Africa, India and the USA.<a href="#cite_note-Kardasis-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clogg-206">[204]</a> In the 20th century, many Greeks left their traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek American">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Canadian">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">South Africa</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> (1946–1949), and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Invasion_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Invasion of Cyprus">Turkish Invasion of Cyprus</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> While official figures remain scarce, polls and anecdotal evidence point to renewed Greek emigration as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial crisis">Greek financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> According to data published by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a> in 2011, 23,800 Greeks emigrated to Germany, a significant increase over the previous year. By comparison, about 9,000 Greeks emigrated to Germany in 2009 and 12,000 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture of Greece</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the classical era, the Hellenistic period, the Roman and Byzantine periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped.<a href="#cite_note-Christianity-Hellenism-211">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a> had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">genocide</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-IAGS-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">Diafotismos</a> is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazower-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/250px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/500px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Early Greek alphabet, c. 8th century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Kostas_speaking_Greek.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A Greek speaker</figcaption></figure> Most Greeks speak the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">independent branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, with its closest relations possibly being <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Adrados-175">[173]</a> It has the longest documented history of any living language and <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> has a continuous history of over 2,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-BritLit-214">[212]</a> The oldest inscriptions in Greek are in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script, dated as far back as 1450 BC.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, from which written records are absent, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> appears in the 9th–8th century BC. The Greek alphabet derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, and in turn became the parent alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, and several other alphabets. The earliest Greek literary works are the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric epics</a>, variously dated from the 8th to the 6th century BC. Notable scientific and mathematical works include <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's Elements</a>, Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, and others. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Because of the movements of <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">Diafotismos</a> in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> voted to make the spoken <a href="/wiki/Dimotiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimotiki">Dimotiki</a> the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">variety of dialects</a> of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic language">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a> (the only surviving representative of ancient <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>).<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniotes</a>, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greek citizens in Greece and the diaspora are bilingual in other languages such as English, <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>/Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Macedonian Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Adrados-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">Religion in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/220px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/330px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/440px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> Most Greeks are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abs-221">[219]</a> During the first centuries after <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, which remains the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Christianity-Hellenism-211">[209]</a> There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denominations like <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin-rite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine-rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Evangelical Church">Greek Evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Apostolic_Church_of_Pentecost" title="Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost">Pentecostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, and groups adhering to other religions including <a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. About 2,000 Greeks are members of <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism</a> congregations.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Greek-speaking Muslims live mainly outside Greece in the contemporary era. There are both Christian and Muslim Greek-speaking communities in <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Lebanon" title="Greeks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Syria</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> there is a large community of indeterminate size who were spared from the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a> because of their religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">Ancient Greek theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Modern Greek theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Callas_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/180px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/270px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maria_Callas_1958.jpg/360px-Maria_Callas_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Renowned Greek soprano <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></figcaption></figure> Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne-226">[224]</a> In the West, <a href="/wiki/Art_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">classical Greek art</a> was influential in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> and later the modern <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western artistic heritage</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne-226">[224]</a> Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> In the East, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian</a> cultures, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, whose influence reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine Greek art</a>, which grew from the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Fayum_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum portrait">classical art</a> and adapted the pagan motifs in the service of Christianity, provided a stimulus to the art of many nations.<a href="#cite_note-Mango-Art-229">[227]</a> Its influences can be traced from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in the West to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> in the East.<a href="#cite_note-Mango-Art-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> In turn, Greek art was influenced by eastern civilizations (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persia</a>, etc.) during various periods of its history.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Notable modern Greek artists include: <ul><li>the painters <a href="/wiki/Dominikos_Theotokopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominikos Theotokopoulos">Dominikos Theotokopoulos</a> (El Greco), <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Gyzis" title="Nikolaos Gyzis">Nikolaos Gyzis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis" title="Konstantinos Volanakis">Konstantinos Volanakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ricl%C3%A8s_Pantazis" title="Périclès Pantazis">Périclès Pantazis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Andreou" title="Constantine Andreou">Constantine Andreou</a>; sculptors such as <a href="/wiki/Yannoulis_Chalepas" title="Yannoulis Chalepas">Yannoulis Chalepas</a>;</li> <li>composers such as <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanni" title="Yanni">Yanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vangelis" title="Vangelis">Vangelis</a>;</li> <li>singers such as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Dalaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgos Dalaras">Giorgos Dalaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Mouskouri" title="Nana Mouskouri">Nana Mouskouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Leandros" title="Vicky Leandros">Vicky Leandros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Roussos" title="Demis Roussos">Demis Roussos</a>;</li> <li>poets such as <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelos_Sikelianos" title="Angelos Sikelianos">Angelos Sikelianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Embirikos" title="Andreas Embirikos">Andreas Embirikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel laureates</a> <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a>;</li> <li>the novelists <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papadiamantis" title="Alexandros Papadiamantis">Alexandros Papadiamantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Rhoides" title="Emmanuel Rhoides">Emmanuel Rhoides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Ion Dragoumis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Delta" title="Penelope Delta">Penelope Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratis_Myrivilis" title="Stratis Myrivilis">Stratis Myrivilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Vassilikos" title="Vassilis Vassilikos">Vassilis Vassilikos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petros_Markaris" title="Petros Markaris">Petros Markaris</a>,</li> <li>playwrights include the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Renaissance">Cretan Renaissance</a> poets <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Georgios Chortatzis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vincenzos Cornaros</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Xenopoulos" title="Gregorios Xenopoulos">Gregorios Xenopoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanellis" title="Iakovos Kambanellis">Iakovos Kambanellis</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/180px-%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/270px-%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/360px-%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> was the leading political figure of 20th century Greece.</figcaption></figure> Notable cinema or theatre actors include <a href="/wiki/Marika_Kotopouli" title="Marika Kotopouli">Marika Kotopouli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Lambeti" title="Ellie Lambeti">Ellie Lambeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Minotis" title="Alexis Minotis">Alexis Minotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Horn" title="Dimitris Horn">Dimitris Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanasis_Veggos" title="Thanasis Veggos">Thanasis Veggos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manos_Katrakis" title="Manos Katrakis">Manos Katrakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karolos_Koun" title="Karolos Koun">Karolos Koun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Georgiadis" title="Vasilis Georgiadis">Vasilis Georgiadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Kostas Gavras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis" title="Michael Cacoyannis">Michael Cacoyannis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannis_Dalianidis" title="Giannis Dalianidis">Giannis Dalianidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos" title="Theo Angelopoulos">Theo Angelopoulos</a> are among the most important directors. Among the most significant modern-era architects are <a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis" title="Stamatios Kleanthis">Stamatios Kleanthis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysandros_Kaftanzoglou" title="Lysandros Kaftanzoglou">Lysandros Kaftanzoglou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Metaxas" title="Anastasios Metaxas">Anastasios Metaxas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagis_Kalkos" title="Panagis Kalkos">Panagis Kalkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Orlandos" title="Anastasios Orlandos">Anastasios Orlandos</a>, the naturalized Greek <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Pikionis" title="Dimitris Pikionis">Dimitris Pikionis</a> and urban planners <a href="/wiki/Stamatis_Voulgaris" title="Stamatis Voulgaris">Stamatis Voulgaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Candilis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Candilis">George Candilis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">List of Greek inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/250px-Aristarchus_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/330px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/500px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> was the first known individual to propose a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric system</a>, in the 3rd century BC.</figcaption></figure> The Greeks of the Classical and Hellenistic eras made seminal contributions to science and philosophy, laying the foundations of several western scientific traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and other centers of Greek learning, while Byzantine science was essentially a continuation of classical science.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education).<a href="#cite_note-Harris-89">[88]</a> Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">city's fall</a> to the Ottomans in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-Bump-233">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a> was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught,<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> and considering the original meaning of the word university as a corporation of students, the world's first university as well.<a href="#cite_note-Bump-233">[231]</a> As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education.<a href="#cite_note-EconWorld-188">[186]</a> Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Notable Greek scientists of modern times include: physician <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanicolaou</a> (pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">cytopathology</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>); mathematician <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a> (acclaimed contributor to real and complex analysis and the calculus of variations); archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">Manolis Andronikos</a> (unearthed the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a>), <a href="/wiki/Valerios_Stais" title="Valerios Stais">Valerios Stais</a> (recognised the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos" title="Spyridon Marinatos">Spyridon Marinatos</a> (specialised in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> sites) and <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Svoronos" title="Ioannis Svoronos">Ioannis Svoronos</a>; chemists <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Zervas" title="Leonidas Zervas">Leonidas Zervas</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Bergmann-Zervas_carbobenzoxy_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergmann-Zervas carbobenzoxy method">Bergmann-Zervas synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z-group" title="Z-group">Z-group</a> discovery fame), <a href="/wiki/K._C._Nicolaou" title="K. C. Nicolaou">K. C. Nicolaou</a> (first total synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">taxol</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Panayotis_Katsoyannis" title="Panayotis Katsoyannis">Panayotis Katsoyannis</a> (first chemical synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>); computer scientists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte" title="Nicholas Negroponte">Nicholas Negroponte</a> (known for their early work with the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Argyris" title="John Argyris">John Argyris</a> (co-creator of the <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">FEM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christos_Papadimitriou" title="Christos Papadimitriou">Christos Papadimitriou</a> (2002 <a href="/wiki/Knuth_Prize" title="Knuth Prize">Knuth Prize</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mihalis_Yannakakis" title="Mihalis Yannakakis">Mihalis Yannakakis</a> (2005 <a href="/wiki/Knuth_Prize" title="Knuth Prize">Knuth Prize</a>); physicist-mathematician <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Christodoulou" title="Demetrios Christodoulou">Demetrios Christodoulou</a> (renowned for work on <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_spacetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski spacetime">Minkowski spacetime</a>) and physicists <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou" title="Achilles Papapetrou">Achilles Papapetrou</a> (known for solutions of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Dimitri Nanopoulos</a> (extensive work on particle physics and cosmology), and <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> (2007 <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Prize</a> for work on the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a>); astronomer <a href="/wiki/E._M._Antoniadi" title="E. M. Antoniadi">Eugenios Antoniadis</a>; biologist <a href="/wiki/Fotis_Kafatos" title="Fotis Kafatos">Fotis Kafatos</a> (contributor to <a href="/wiki/CDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDNA">cDNA</a> cloning technology); botanist <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_G._Orphanides" title="Theodoros G. Orphanides">Theodoros Orphanides</a>; economist <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Zolotas" title="Xenophon Zolotas">Xenophon Zolotas</a> (held various senior posts in international organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>); Indologist <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Galanos" title="Dimitrios Galanos">Dimitrios Galanos</a>; linguist <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Psycharis" title="Ioannis Psycharis">Yiannis Psycharis</a> (promoter of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>); historians <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Paparrigopoulos" title="Constantine Paparrigopoulos">Constantine Paparrigopoulos</a> (founder of modern Greek historiography) and <a href="/wiki/Helene_Ahrweiler" title="Helene Ahrweiler">Helene Glykatzi Ahrweiler</a> (excelled in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a>); and political scientists <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a> (a leading <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural Marxist</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> (philosopher of history and ontologist, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst). Significant engineers and automobile designers include <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Tombazis" title="Nikolas Tombazis">Nikolas Tombazis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Zapatinas" title="Andreas Zapatinas">Andreas Zapatinas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/250px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/330px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/500px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The national flag of Greece is commonly used as a symbol for Greeks worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> is based on the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologoi">Palaiologoi</a>, the last dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most widely used symbol is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">flag of Greece</a>, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto <a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_Thanatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleftheria i Thanatos">Eleftheria i Thanatos</a> (Freedom or Death), which was the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a>. The Greek flag is widely used by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot</a> minority (see <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">flag of Cyprus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The pre-1978 (and first) flag of Greece, which features a <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">Greek cross</a> (crux immissa quadrata) on a blue background, is widely used as an alternative to the official flag, and they are often flown together. The <a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National emblem of Greece">national emblem of Greece</a> features a blue <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> with a white cross surrounded by two laurel branches. A common design involves the current flag of Greece and the pre-1978 flag of Greece with crossed flagpoles and the national emblem placed in front.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Another highly recognizable and popular Greek symbol is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece#Double-headed_eagle" title="Flag of Greece">double-headed eagle</a>, the imperial emblem of the last dynasty of the Eastern Roman Empire and a common symbol in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> It is not part of the modern Greek flag or coat-of-arms, although it is officially the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a> and the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>. It had been incorporated in the Greek coat of arms between 1925 and 1926.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Greece">Politics in Greece</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> is considered the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>. The term appeared in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in <a href="/wiki/Greek_city-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-state">Greek city-states</a>, notably Athens, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning "rule by an excellent elite", and to <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Led by <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC,<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> which took gradually the form of a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. The democratic form of government declined during the Hellenistic and Roman eras, only to be revived as an interest in Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. The European enlightenment and the democratic, liberal and nationalistic ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was a crucial factor to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> and the establishment of the modern Greek state.<a href="#cite_note-Cl48-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis32-244">[242]</a> Notable modern Greek politicians include <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a>, reformist <a href="/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis" title="Charilaos Trikoupis">Charilaos Trikoupis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, who marked the shape of modern Greece, social democrats <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Alexandros Papanastasiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a>, and socialist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surnames_and_personal_names">Surnames and personal names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek personal names</a></div> Greek surnames began to appear in the 9th and 10th century, at first among ruling families, eventually supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father's name as disambiguator.<a href="#cite_note-Wickham-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexicon-246">[244]</a> Nevertheless, Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics,<a href="#cite_note-Wickham-245">[243]</a> such those ending in the suffix -opoulos or -ides, while others derive from trade professions, physical characteristics, or a location such as a town, village, or monastery.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-246">[244]</a> Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine <a href="/wiki/Proper_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper nouns">proper nouns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>. Occasionally (especially in Cyprus), some surnames end in -ou, indicating the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> of a patronymic name.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Many surnames end in suffixes that are associated with a particular region, such as -akis (Crete), -eas or -akos (<a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>), -atos (island of <a href="/wiki/Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a>), -ellis (island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>) and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-246">[244]</a> In addition to a Greek origin, some surnames have Turkish or Latin/Italian origin, especially among Greeks from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Female surnames end in a vowel and are usually the genitive form of the corresponding males surname, although this usage is not followed in the diaspora, where the male version of the surname is generally used. With respect to personal names, the two main influences are Christianity and classical Hellenism; ancient Greek nomenclatures were never forgotten but have become more widely bestowed from the 18th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-246">[244]</a> As in antiquity, children are customarily named after their grandparents, with the first born male child named after the paternal grandfather, the second male child after the maternal grandfather, and similarly for female children.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Personal names are often familiarized by a diminutive suffix, such as -akis for male names and -itsa or -oula for female names.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-246">[244]</a> Greeks generally do not use middle names, instead using the genitive of the father's first name as a middle name. This usage has been passed on to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian names">Russians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Otchestvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Otchestvo">otchestvo</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea:_exploring_and_commerce">Sea: exploring and commerce</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Greek shipping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg/250px-Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg/330px-Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg/500px-Aristotle_Onassis_1967cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a>, the best-known Greek shipping magnate worldwide</figcaption></figure> The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (the so called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>"), the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian coasts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. In Plato's <a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaidon</a>, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harl-251">[249]</a> This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is mostly rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-45">[45]</a> Notable Greek seafarers include people such as <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas of Massalia</a> who sailed to Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a> who sailed to Africa, <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax of Caryanda</a> who sailed to India, the <a href="/wiki/Navarch" title="Navarch">navarch</a> of Alexander the Great <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, explorer of India, later the 6th century merchant and monk <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> (Cosmas who sailed to India), and the explorer of the Northwestern Passage Ioannis Fokas also known as <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca" title="Juan de Fuca">Juan de Fuca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> In later times, the Byzantine Greeks plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> on trade with the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panayotis_Potagos" title="Panayotis Potagos">Panayotis Potagos</a> was another explorer of modern times who was the first to reach Mbomu and <a href="/wiki/Uele_River" title="Uele River">Uele River</a> from the north. The Greek shipping tradition recovered during the late Ottoman rule (especially after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>), when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-BritIdent-119">[118]</a> Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has one of the largest merchant fleets in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_convenience" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of convenience">flags of convenience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EconWorld-188">[186]</a> The most notable shipping <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a> of the 20th century was <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a>, others being <a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Latsis" title="Yiannis Latsis">Yiannis Latsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavros_G._Livanos" title="Stavros G. Livanos">Stavros G. Livanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stavros_Niarchos" title="Stavros Niarchos">Stavros Niarchos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece § Genetic and anthropometric studies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roopkund#Human_skeletons" title="Roopkund">Roopkund § Human skeletons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plos.Balkans.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/250px-Plos.Balkans.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/330px-Plos.Balkans.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/500px-Plos.Balkans.2.png 2x" data-file-width="4033" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Admixture analysis of <a href="/wiki/Autosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNPs</a> of the Balkan region in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations: African (brown), South/West European (light blue), Asian (yellow), Middle Eastern (orange), South Asian (green), North/East European (dark blue) and Caucasian/Anatolian component (beige).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_population_substructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_population_substructure.png/250px-European_population_substructure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_population_substructure.png/330px-European_population_substructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_population_substructure.png/500px-European_population_substructure.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Factor correspondence analysis comparing different individuals from European ancestry groups</figcaption></figure> In their <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeogenetic">archaeogenetic</a> study, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar, but not identical; modern Greeks resembled the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the early Neolithic ancestry. The results of the study support the idea of genetic continuity between these civilizations and modern Greeks, but not isolation in the history of populations of the Aegean, before and after the time of its earliest civilizations. Furthermore, proposed migrations by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colonists was not discernible in their data, thus "rejecting the hypothesis that the cultures of the Aegean were seeded by migrants from the old civilizations of these regions." The <a href="/wiki/Fixation_index" title="Fixation index">FST</a> between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbons2017-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-183">[181]</a> In a subsequent study, Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded that around ~58.4–65.8% of the ancestry of the Mycenaeans came from <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF)</a>, while the remainder mainly came from ancient populations related to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG)</a> (~20.1–22.7%) and the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)</a> culture in the Levant (~7–14%). The Mycenaeans had also inherited ~3.3–5.5% ancestry from a source related to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG)</a>, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of the Eurasian steppe who are hypothesized to be the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, and ~0.9–2.3% from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers</a> in the Balkans. Mycenaean elites were genetically the same as Mycenaean commoners in terms of their steppe ancestry, while some Mycenaeans lacked it altogether.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> A genetic study by Clemente et al. (2021) found that in the Early Bronze Age, the populations of the Minoan, <a href="/wiki/Helladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic civilization">Helladic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> civilizations in the Aegean, were genetically homogeneous. In contrast, the Aegean population during the Middle Bronze Age was more differentiated; probably due to gene flow from a Yamnaya-related population from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>. This is corroborated by sequenced genomes of Middle Bronze Age individuals from northern Greece, who had a much higher proportion of steppe-related ancestry; the timing of this gene flow was estimated at ~2,300 BCE, and is consistent with the dominant linguistic theories explaining the emergence of the Proto-Greek language. Present-day Greeks share ~90% of their ancestry with them, suggesting continuity between the two time periods. In the case of Mycenaean Greeks however, their steppe-related ancestry was diluted. The ancestry of the Mycenaeans could be explained via a 2-way admixture model of such MBA individuals in northern Greece, and either an EBA Aegean or MBA Minoan population; the difference between the two time periods could be explained by the general decline of the Mycenaean civilization.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Genetic studies using multiple <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test#Autosomal_DNA_(atDNA)_testing" title="Genealogical DNA test">autosomal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test#Y-chromosome_(Y-DNA)_testing" title="Genealogical DNA test">Y-DNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test#Mitochondrial_DNA_(mtDNA)_testing" title="Genealogical DNA test">mtDNA</a> markers, show that Greeks share similar backgrounds as the rest of the Europeans and especially Southern Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and Balkan populations such as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Macedonians">Slavic Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>). A study in 2008 showed that Greeks are genetically closest to Italians and Romanians<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> and another 2008 study showed that they are close to Italians, Albanians, Romanians and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">southern Balkan Slavs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Macedonians">Slavic Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Novembre_et_al_2008-260">[258]</a> A 2003 study showed that Greeks cluster with other South European (mainly Italians) and North-European populations and are close to the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> and FST distances showed that they group with other European and Mediterranean populations,<a href="#cite_note-Cavalli-Sforza_1996-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> especially with Italians (−0.0001) and Tuscans (0.0005).<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> A study in 2008 showed that Greek regional samples from the mainland cluster with those from the Balkans, principally Albanians while <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> Greeks cluster with the central Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean samples.<a href="#cite_note-King_et_al_2008-265">[263]</a> Studies using mitochondrial DNA gene markers (mtDNA) showed that Greeks group with other Mediterranean European populations<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">principal component analysis</a> (PCA) confirmed the low genetic distance between Greeks and Italians<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> and also revealed a cline of genes with highest frequencies in the Balkans and Southern Italy, spreading to lowest levels in Britain and the Basque country, which <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" title="Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a> (1993) associates with "the Greek expansion, which reached its peak in historical times around 1000 and 500 BC but which certainly began earlier".<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> Greeks also have a degree of Eastern-European-related ancestry which is observed in all Balkan peoples; it was acquired after 700 CE, coinciding with the arrival of Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans, but the proportion of this ancestry varies considerably between different studies and subregions.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> A 2019 study showed that Cretans share high <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">IBD</a> with Western (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Utah#Birth_data" title="Demographics of Utah">CEU</a>), Central (<a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>), Northern (CEU, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian people">Scandinavian</a>) and Eastern Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>), similar to mainland Greeks who share high IBD with Eastern Europeans. This reflects settlement patterns in Crete, driven by Myceneans and Dorians, Goths and Slavs. Peoples like <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Eastern">Near Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> left a minimal genetic impact on Cretans. But a <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA analysis</a> shows that Cretans overlap with <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponneseans</a>, Sicilians and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> A 2022 study discovered high genetic affinities between present-day southeastern Peloponnesian populations and Apulians, Calabrians and southeastern Sicilians, which are "all characterised by a cluster composition different from those displayed by other Greek groups", due to low influence from inland populations such as Slavic-related people and/or genetic drift in <a href="/wiki/Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a>. Individuals from western Sicily additionally show similarities with peoples from the western part of the Peloponnese.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> A 2023 study states that early Cretan farmers shared the same ancestry as other Neolithic Aegeans but received 'eastern' gene flow of Anatolian origin at the end of the Neolithic Age. From the 17th to 12th centuries BCE, genetic signatures of Central and East European ancestry gradually increased in Crete, indicative of mainland Greek influence.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:63px;max-width:63px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg/61px-Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg/92px-Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg/122px-Detalhe_do_Sarc%C3%B3fago_das_Amazonas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="884" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca,_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni,_350-325_a.C._ca,_da_tarquinia_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_02.jpg/250px-Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_02.jpg/330px-Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca,_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni,_350-325_a.C._ca,_da_tarquinia_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_05.jpg/120px-Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_05.jpg/250px-Produzione_greca_o_magnogreca%2C_sarcofago_dipinto_delle_amazzoni%2C_350-325_a.C._ca%2C_da_tarquinia_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Greek warriors, details from painted <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> found in Italy, 350–325 BC</div></div></div></div> A study from 2013 for prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA of the Greek people showed that the self-reported phenotype frequencies according to hair and eye colour categories was as follows: 119 individuals – hair colour, 11 <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a>, 45 dark blond/light brown, 49 dark brown, 3 brown red/auburn and 11 had black hair; eye colour, 13 with <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, 15 with intermediate (green, heterochromia) and 91 had brown eye colour.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Another study from 2012 included 150 dental school students from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Athens">University of Athens</a>, and the results of the study showed that light hair colour (blonde/light ash brown) was predominant in 10.7% of the students. 36% had medium hair colour (light brown/medium darkest brown), 32% had darkest brown and 21% black (15.3 off black, 6% midnight black). In conclusion, the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown with significant minorities having black and blonde hair. The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6% blue/green, 28% medium (light brown) and 57.4% dark brown.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> A 2017 study found that Bronze Age Aegean populations had mostly dark hair (brown to black) and eyes. The genetic phenotype predictions matched the visual representations made by the Greeks of themselves, suggesting that art of this period reproduced phenotypes naturalistically.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Southern Italy, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>-speaking population was settled in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:80px">Time </th> <th>Events </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd millennium BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> tribes from around the Southern Balkans/Aegean are generally thought to have arrived in the Greek mainland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>16th century BC</td> <td>Emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a> and formation of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a>, which produced the earliest textual evidence of the Greek language. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15th century BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> ruled by a Mycenaean elite, who formed a hybrid Mycenaean-Minoan culture on Crete.<a href="#cite_note-:4-278">[276]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th century BC</td> <td>Mycenaean involvement in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> begins.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th century BC</td> <td>The Mycenaean civilization ends with destructions of palaces and internal displacements. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> begin. <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> move into peninsular Greece. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th century BC</td> <td>Major colonization of Asia Minor and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> by the Greek tribes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th century BC</td> <td>First major colonies established in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and Southern Italy. The first Pan-Hellenic festival, the Olympic games, is held in 776 BC. The emergence of Pan-Hellenism marks the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Greek nation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th century BC</td> <td>Colonies established across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th century BC</td> <td>Defeat of the Persians and emergence of the Delian League in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and Aegean perimeter culminates in <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Age of Greece</a>; ends with Athens defeat by Sparta at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th century BC</td> <td>Rise of <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Theban</a> power and defeat of the Spartans; <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Rise of Macedon</a>; Campaign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>; Greek colonies established in newly founded cities of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> and Asia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd century BC</td> <td>Conquest of Greece by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Migrations of Greeks to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th century AD</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Migrations of Greeks throughout the Empire, mainly towards <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th century</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> conquest of several parts of Greece, Greek migrations to Southern Italy, Roman emperors capture main Slavic bodies and transfer them to <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> is re-populated by <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cypriot Greeks</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th century</td> <td>Roman dissolution of surviving Slavic settlements in Greece and full recovery of the Greek peninsula. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th century</td> <td>Retro-migrations of Greeks from all parts of the Empire (mainly from Southern Italy and Sicily) into parts of Greece that were depopulated by the Slavic Invasions (mainly western Peloponnesus and Thessaly). </td></tr> <tr> <td>13th century</td> <td>Roman Empire dissolves, Constantinople taken by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>; becoming the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. Liberated after a long struggle by the Empire of Nicaea, but fragments remain separated. Migrations between Asia Minor, Constantinople and mainland Greece take place. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15th century – 19th century</td> <td>Conquest of Constantinople by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> into Europe begins. Ottoman settlements in Greece. <a href="/wiki/Phanariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariot">Phanariot</a> Greeks occupy high posts in Eastern European millets. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:60px">Time </th> <th>Events </th></tr> <tr> <td>1830s</td> <td>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">modern Greek state</a>. Emigration to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> begins. Large-scale migrations from Constantinople and Asia Minor to Greece take place. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913</td> <td>European Ottoman lands partitioned; unorganized migrations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks towards their respective states. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914–1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>; hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a> are estimated to have died during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Rummel-280">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Treaty of Neuilly</a>; Greece and Bulgaria exchange populations, with some exceptions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">The Destruction of Smyrna</a> (modern-day Izmir) more than 40 thousand Greeks killed; end of significant Greek presence in Asia Minor. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>; Greece and Turkey agree to exchange populations with limited exceptions of the Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> and the Muslim minority of <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>. 1.5 million of Asia Minor and Pontic Greeks settle in Greece, and some 450 thousands of Muslims settle in Turkey. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940s</td> <td>Hundreds of thousands of Greeks die of starvation during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Great Famine</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a> begins evictions of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Greek community</a>; approx. 75,000 migrate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>: tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">communists</a> and their families flee to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> nations. Thousands settle in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950s</td> <td>Massive emigration of Greeks to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and other countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> against the city's Greeks. <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Istanbul_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Istanbul Greeks">Exodus of Greeks</a> accelerates; fewer than 2,000 remain today. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td>Large <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Egypt">Greek community</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> flees <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> created as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> under Greek, Turkish and British protection. Economic emigration continues. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>. Almost all Greeks living in northern Cyprus flee to the south or the United Kingdom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980s</td> <td>Many civil war refugees allowed to return to Greece. Retro-migration of Greeks from Germany begins. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Approximately 340,000 ethnic Greeks migrate from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, southern Russia, and Albania to Greece. </td></tr> <tr> <td>early 2000s</td> <td>Some statistics show the beginning of a trend of reverse migration of Greeks from the United States and Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010s</td> <td>Over 200,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> particularly young <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">skilled individuals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> emigrate to other EU states due to high unemployment (see also <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/40px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/60px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/120px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/120px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Greeks">Antiochian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Diaspora">Greek Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians (Greeks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Epirotes">Northern Epirotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarakatsani" title="Sarakatsani">Sarakatsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakones">Tsakones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greeks">List of Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Americans" title="List of Greek Americans">List of Greek Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> There is a range of interpretations: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Blegen" title="Carl Blegen">Carl Blegen</a> dates the arrival of the Greeks around 1900 BC, John Caskey believes that there were two waves of immigrants and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Robert Drews</a> places the event as late as 1600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Numerous other theories have also been supported,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> but there is a general consensus that the Greek tribes arrived around 2100 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> While Greek authorities signed the agreement legalizing the population exchange this was done on the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> and after a million Greeks had already been expelled from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGilbar1997">Gilbar 1997</a>, p. 8). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaratou-Alipranti2013">Maratou-Alipranti 2013</a>, p. 196: "The Greek diaspora remains large, consisting of up to 4 million people globally." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClogg2013">Clogg 2013</a>, p. 228: "Greeks of the diaspora, settled in some 141 countries, were held to number 7 million although it is not clear how this figure was arrived at or what criteria were used to define Greek ethnicity, while the population of the homeland, according to the 1991 census, amounted to some 10.25 million." </li> <li id="cite_note-HSA-3"><a href="#cite_ref-HSA_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716160416/http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1215267/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_03_F_EN.pdf/cb10bb9f-6413-4129-b847-f1def334e05e">"2011 Population and Housing Census"</a>. Hellenic Statistical Authority. 12 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1215267/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_03_F_EN.pdf/cb10bb9f-6413-4129-b847-f1def334e05e">the original</a> on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016. <q>The Resident Population of Greece is 10.816.286, of which 5.303.223 male (49,0%) and 5.513.063 female (51,0%) ... The total number of permanent residents of Greece with foreign citizenship during the Census was 912.000. [See Graph 6: Resident Population by Citizenship]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.atitle=2011+Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fdocuments%2F20181%2F1215267%2FA1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_03_F_EN.pdf%2Fcb10bb9f-6413-4129-b847-f1def334e05e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/2870/1/IMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf">"Statistical Data on Immigrants in Greece: An Analytic Study of Available Data and Recommendations for Conformity with European Union Standards"</a> (PDF). Archive of European Integration (AEI). 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Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive+of+European+Integration+%28AEI%29&rft.atitle=Statistical+Data+on+Immigrants+in+Greece%3A+An+Analytic+Study+of+Available+Data+and+Recommendations+for+Conformity+with+European+Union+Standards&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faei.pitt.edu%2F2870%2F1%2FIMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214060723/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table">"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates"</a>. American FactFinder. U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+FactFinder&rft.atitle=Total+ancestry+categories+tallied+for+people+with+one+or+more+ancestry+categories+reported+2011%E2%80%932013+American+Community+Survey+3-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_13_3YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm">"U.S. Relations with Greece"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 10 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153141/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2016. <q>Today, an estimated three million Americans resident in the United States claim Greek descent. This large, well-organized community cultivates close political and cultural ties with Greece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Relations+with+Greece&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3395.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211105/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2">"Population - Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+in+private+households+2021+by+migration+background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigration-Integration%2FTabellen%2Fmigrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs.gov.au-12"><a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx">"2021 Census of Population and Housing General Community Profile"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628191720/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+General+Community+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2FAUS%2Fdownload%2FGCP_AUS.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/united-kingdom/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"United Kingdom: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225650/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/united-kingdom/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Funited-kingdom%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/italy/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Italy: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514000227/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/italy/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. <q>The Greek Italian community numbers some 30,000 and is concentrated mainly in central Italy. The age-old presence in Italy of Italians of Greek descent – dating back to Byzantine and Classical times – is attested to by the <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko dialect</a>, which is still spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> region. This historically Greek-speaking villages are Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Bova and Bova Marina, which are in the Calabria region (the capital of which is Reggio). The Grecanic region, including Reggio, has a population of some 200,000, while speakers of the Griko dialect number fewer that 1,000 persons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Italy%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fitaly%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grecia-Salentina-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grecia-Salentina_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grecia-Salentina_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819193309/http://www.greciasalentina.gov.it/">"Grecia Salentina"</a> (in Italian). Unione dei Comuni della Grecìa Salentina. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greciasalentina.gov.it/">the original</a> on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2016. <q>La popolazione complessiva dell'Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grecia+Salentina&rft.pub=Unione+dei+Comuni+della+Grec%C3%ACa+Salentina&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greciasalentina.gov.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellinello-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellinello_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellinello_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellinello1998">Bellinello 1998</a>, p. 53: "Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa 233 km (145 mi)q. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619165420/http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm">"South Africa: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausgreeknet.com%2Fgreeksaroundtheglobe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/bilateral-relations/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"English version of Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports a few thousand and Greek version 3.800"</a>. MFA.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150104235227/http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/bilateral-relations/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+version+of+Greek+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+reports+a+few+thousand+and+Greek+version+3.800&rft.pub=MFA.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fmissionsabroad%2Fen%2Fegypt-en%2Fbilateral-relations%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Rippin, Andrew (2008). World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. p. 77. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415456531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415456531">978-0415456531</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parvex,_2014-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Parvex,_2014_21-0">^</a> Parvex R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/2720">Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043210/https://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/2720">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hommes & migrations, Nº 1305, 2014. <a href="//doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720" class="extiw" title="doi:10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720">doi:10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/ukraine/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Ukraine: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094858/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/ukraine/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>There is a significant Greek presence in southern and eastern Ukraine, which can be traced back to ancient Greek and Byzantine settlers. Ukrainian citizens of Greek descent amount to 91,000 people, although their number is estimated to be much higher by the Federation of Greek communities of Mariupol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fukraine%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html">"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513001819/https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fresults2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004819/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm">"The Greek Community"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br%2Fhistorico%2Fe4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/france/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"France: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094810/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/france/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>Some 15,000 Greeks reside in the wider region of Paris, Lille and Lyon. In the region of Southern France, the Greek community numbers some 20,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=France%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Ffrance%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/belgium/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Belgium: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225608/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/belgium/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>Some 35,000 Greeks reside in Belgium. Official Belgian data numbers Greeks in the country at 17,000, but does not take into account Greeks who have taken Belgian citizenship or work for international organizations and enterprises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Belgium%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fbelgium%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624">"CBS Statline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+Statline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fen%2Fdataset%2F37325eng%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1570590894624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari"</a> (in Dutch). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking%3B+geslacht%2C+leeftijd%2C+generatie+en+migratieachtergrond%2C+1+januari&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28CBS%29&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37325%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1584306247468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2011A01B/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls">"Sweden: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405004651/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2011A01B/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2019. <q>The Greek community in Sweden consists of approximately 24,000 Greeks who are permanent inhabitants, included in Swedish society and active in various sectors: science, arts, literature, culture, media, education, business, and politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Sweden%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2FStatistik%2FBE%2FBE0101%2F2011A01B%2Fbe0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/argentina/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Argentina: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225633/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/argentina/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2016. <q>It is estimated that some 20,000 to 30,000 persons of Greek origin currently reside in Argentina, and there are Greek communities in the wider region of Buenos Aires.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Argentina%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fargentina%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2023-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikës</a> (INSTAT).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2023&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fuploads%2Fckeditor%2F667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Georgia: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 31 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423141336/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. <q>The Greek community of Georgia is currently estimated at 15,000 people, mostly elderly people living in the Tsalkas area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Georgia%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fgeorgia%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329054431/http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Rum Orthodox Christians"</a>. Minority Rights Group (MRG). 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Turkey%3A+Rum+Orthodox+Christians&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+%28MRG%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F4412%2Fturkey%2Frum-orthodox-christians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt">"Pontic"</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606113416/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Pontic&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cizinci.cz/repository/2240/file/Rekove2.pdf">"Migranti z Řecka v Česku"</a> [Migrants from Greece in the Czech Republic] (PDF). Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Czech). 9 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cizinci.cz/repository/2240/file/Rekove2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Migranti+z+%C5%98ecka+v+%C4%8Cesku&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcizinci.cz%2Frepository%2F2240%2Ffile%2FRekove2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/switzerland/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Switzerland: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094937/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/switzerland/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>The Greek community in Switzerland is estimated to number some 11,000 persons (of a total of 1.5 million foreigners residing in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Switzerland%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fswitzerland%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619165420/http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm">"Greeks Around the Globe"</a>. AusGreekNet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AusGreekNet&rft.atitle=Greeks+Around+the+Globe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausgreeknet.com%2Fgreeksaroundtheglobe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/romania/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Romania: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 6 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114843/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/romania/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>The Greek Romanian community numbers some 10,000, and there are many Greeks working in established Greek enterprises in Romania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Romania%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fromania%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/515">"Greeks in Uzbekistan"</a>. Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. 21 June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613021421/http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node%2F515">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2008. <q>Currently there are about 9,500 Greeks living in Uzbekistan, with 6,500 living in Tashkent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia-Caucasus+Analyst&rft.atitle=Greeks+in+Uzbekistan&rft.date=2000-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Kazakhstan: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423141336/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. <q>There are between 10,000 and 12,000 ethnic Greeks living in Kazakhstan, organized in several communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fgeorgia%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx">"Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група"</a>. censusresults.nsi.bg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519053901/https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusresults.nsi.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR7.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/bulgaria/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">"Bulgaria: Cultural Relations and Greek Community"</a>. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225554/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/bulgaria/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2016. <q>There are some 28,500 persons of Greek origin and citizenship residing in Bulgaria. This number includes approximately 15,000 Sarakatsani, 2,500 former political refugees, 8,000 "old Greeks", 2,000 university students and 1,000 professionals and their families.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%3A+Cultural+Relations+and+Greek+Community&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fgreece-bilateral-relations%2Fbulgaria%2Fcultural-relations-and-greek-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html">"Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113213329/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit+und+Geburtsland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fweb_de%2Fstatistiken%2Fmenschen_und_gesellschaft%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fbevoelkerungsstruktur%2Fbevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSH-44"><a href="#cite_ref-KSH_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVukovich2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok</a> [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9"><bdi>978-963-235-542-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mikrocenzus+2016+%E2%80%93+12.+Nemzetis%C3%A9gi+adatok&rft.place=Budapest&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-963-235-542-9&rft.aulast=Vukovich&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Fhun%2Fxftp%2Fidoszaki%2Fmikrocenzus2016%2Fmikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_45-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2007">Roberts 2007</a>, pp. 171–172, 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, pp. 159, 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_47-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSutton1996">Sutton 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaton1996">Beaton 1996</a>, pp. 1–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-49"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_49-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslim</a> 1.3%, other 0.7%. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath1981-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Heath1981_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Heath1981" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Heath (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians">A History of Greek Mathematics</a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24073-2"><bdi>978-0-486-24073-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154657/https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-486-24073-2&rft.au=Thomas+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrnY3Vjix3kC%26q%3Dancient%2520Greek%2520mathematicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTulloch2017" class="citation book cs1">Tulloch, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YjEAAAQBAJ">Understanding English Homonyms: Their Origins and Usage</a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-64-9"><bdi>978-988-8390-64-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 November 2023. <q>Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+English+Homonyms%3A+Their+Origins+and+Usage&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-988-8390-64-9&rft.aulast=Tulloch&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7YjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland The text of the New Testament: an introduction to the critical 1995 p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Archibald Macbride Hunter Introducing the New Testament 1972 p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBubenik2007" class="citation book cs1">Bubenik, V. (2007). "The rise of Koiné". In A. F. Christidis (ed.). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 342–345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+Koin%C3%A9&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bubenik&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuibernauHutchinson2004">Guibernau & Hutchinson 2004</a>, p. 23: "Indeed, Smith emphasizes that the myth of divine election sustains the continuity of cultural identity, and, in that regard, has enabled certain pre-modern communities such as the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks to survive and persist over centuries and millennia (Smith 1993: 15–20)." </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 21: "It emphasizes the role of myths, memories and symbols of ethnic chosenness, trauma, and the 'golden age' of saints, sages, and heroes in the rise of modern nationalism among the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks—the archetypal diaspora peoples." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2006">Bryce 2006</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCadogan1986">Cadogan 1986</a>, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2006">Bryce 2006</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrews1994">Drews 1994</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Brit1_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"The Greeks". Encyclopædia Britannica. US: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greeks&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1976">Chadwick 1976</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linear-A">"Linear A and Linear B"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406094711/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linear-A">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linear+A+and+Linear+B&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLinear-A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, pp. 71–72; <a href="#CITEREFPanayotou2007">Panayotou 2007</a>, pp. 417–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2014">Hall 2014</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1976">Chadwick 1976</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-Castleden2-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden2_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden2_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFPodzuweit1982">Podzuweit 1982</a>, pp. 65–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFDietrich1974">Dietrich 1974</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurckhardt1999">Burckhardt 1999</a>, p. 168: "The establishment of these Panhellenic sites, which yet remained exclusively Hellenic, was a very important element in the growth and self-consciousness of Hellenic nationalism; it was uniquely decisive in breaking down enmity between tribes, and remained the most powerful obstacle to fragmentation into mutually hostile poleis." </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuwiyya2011">Zuwiyya 2011</a>, pp. 142–143; <a href="#CITEREFBudin2009">Budin 2009</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan1990">Morgan 1990</a>, pp. 1–25, 148–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece">"Ancient Greek Civilization"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 18 February 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117213744/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Civilization&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonstan2001">Konstan 2001</a>, pp. 29–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberger2000">Steinberger 2000</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFBurger2008">Burger 2008</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurger2008">Burger 2008</a>, pp. 57–58: "Poleis continued to go to war with each other. The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) made this painfully clear. The war (really two wars punctuated by a peace) was a duel between Greece's two leading cities, Athens and Sparta. Most other poleis, however, got sucked into the conflict as allies of one side or the other ... The fact that Greeks were willing to fight for their cities against other Greeks in conflicts like the Peloponnesian War showed the limits of the pull of Hellas compared with that of the polis." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2004" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/fox.html">"Riding with Alexander"</a>. Archaeology. The Archaeological Institute of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102011552/http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/fox.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008. <q>Alexander inherited the idea of an invasion of the Persian Empire from his father Philip whose advance-force was already out in Asia in 336 BC. Philips campaign had the slogan of "freeing the Greeks" in Asia and "punishing the Persians" for their past sacrileges during their own invasion (a century and a half earlier) of Greece. No doubt, Philip wanted glory and plunder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Riding+with+Alexander&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Finterviews%2Ffox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrice2012">Brice 2012</a>, pp. 281–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Alexander the Great". Columbia Encyclopedia. United States: Columbia University Press. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2008">Green 2008</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Ian (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf">"Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millennium BC"</a> (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Princeton/Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton%2FStanford+Working+Papers+in+Classics&rft.atitle=Growth+of+the+Greek+Colonies+in+the+First+Millennium+BC&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~pswpc%2Fpdfs%2Fmorris%2F120509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman364-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman364_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman364_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray1991">Boardman, Griffin & Murray 1991</a>, p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArun2007" class="citation news cs1">Arun, Neil (7 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm">"Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102000605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Gulf+outpost+uncovered&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft.aulast=Arun&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6930285.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1990">Grant 1990</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritHel-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritHel_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritHel_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age">"Hellenistic age"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 27 May 2015. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414153342/https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+age&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FHellenistic-Age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1991">Harris 1991</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucore2009">Lucore 2009</a>, p. 51: "The Hellenistic period is commonly portrayed as the great age of Greek scientific discovery, above all in mathematics and astronomy." </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2010">Foltz 2010</a>, pp. 43–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1993">Burton 1993</a>, pp. 244–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZoch2000">Zoch 2000</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritHelRel-94"><a href="#cite_ref-BritHelRel_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hellenistic-religion">"Hellenistic religion"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 13 May 2015. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627004110/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hellenistic-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHellenistic-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2003">Ferguson 2003</a>, pp. 617–618. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunstan2011">Dunstan 2011</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilburn1988">Milburn 1988</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakrides2009">Makrides 2009</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas,_Nick.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas, Nick. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33910%2F2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68">"A critical lexicostatistical examination of Ancient and Modern Greek and Tsakonian"</a>. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography. 1 (1): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33910%2F2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68">10.33910/2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Linguistics+and+Lexicography&rft.atitle=A+critical+lexicostatistical+examination+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Greek+and+Tsakonian.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33910%2F2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Nick.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33910%252F2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2007">Kaldellis 2007</a>, pp. 35–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowatson1989">Howatson 1989</a>, p. 264: "From the fourth century AD onwards the Greeks of the eastern Roman empire called themselves Rhomaioi ('Romans') ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron2009">Cameron 2009</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison268-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison268_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2002">Harrison 2002</a>, p. 268: "Roman, Greek (if not used in its sense of 'pagan') and Christian became synonymous terms, counterposed to 'foreigner', 'barbarian', 'infidel'. The citizens of the Empire, now predominantly of Greek ethnicity and language, were often called simply ό χριστώνυμος λαός ['the people who bear Christ's name']." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEarl1968">Earl 1968</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Silentiary" title="Paul the Silentiary">Paul the Silentiary</a>. Descriptio S. Sophiae et Ambonis, 425, Line 12 ("χῶρος ὅδε Γραικοῖσι"); <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a>. Epistulae, 419, Line 30 ("ἐν Γραικοῖς"). </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngelov2007">Angelov 2007</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFMakrides2009">Makrides 2009</a>, Chapter 2: "Christian Monotheism, Orthodox Christianity, Greek Orthodoxy", p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFMagdalino1991">Magdalino 1991</a>, Chapter XIV: "Hellenism and Nationalism in Byzantium", p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritByz-107"><a href="#cite_ref-BritByz_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire">"Byzantine Empire"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 23 December 2015. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904022422/https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FByzantine-Empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haldon50-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haldon50_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haldon50_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaldon1997">Haldon 1997</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahid1972">Shahid 1972</a>, pp. 295–296, 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlein2004">Klein 2004</a>, p. 290 (Note #39); <a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a>, 389: "Mense lanuario c. epiphaniam Basilii, Graecorum imperatoris, legati cum muneribus et epistolis ad Hludowicum regem Radasbonam venerunt ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFouracreGerberding1996">Fouracre & Gerberding 1996</a>, p. 345: "The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims of universality; instead it was now termed the 'Empire of the Greeks'." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPage2008">Page 2008</a>, pp. 66, 87, 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaplanis2014">Kaplanis 2014</a>, pp. 86–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJakobsson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jakobsson, Sverrir (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26529047">"The Varangian legend: testimony from the Old Norse sources"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411125846/https://www.academia.edu/26529047">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Varangian+legend%3A+testimony+from+the+Old+Norse+sources&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Jakobsson&rft.aufirst=Sverrir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26529047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrinSaint-Guillain2011" class="citation book cs1">Herrin, Judith; Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC&pg=PA118">Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410980" title="Special:BookSources/9781409410980"><bdi>9781409410980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205507/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identities+and+Allegiances+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+After+1204&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781409410980&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Saint-Guillain%2C+Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_mazcfdpVIC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStouraitis2014">Stouraitis 2014</a>, pp. 176, 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg 2012</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burstein-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burstein_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein1988">Burstein 1988</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritIdent-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritIdent_119-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+during+the+Byzantine+period+%28c.+AD+300%E2%80%93c.+1453%29%2C+Population+and+languages%2C+Emerging+Greek+identity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngold1975">Angold 1975</a>, p. 65, <a href="#CITEREFPage2008">Page 2008</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScribd2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/30421469/Byzantium-1220-to-1330">"Byzantium 1220 To 1330 - PDF - Byzantine Empire - Constantinople"</a>. Scribd. 5 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811152526/https://www.scribd.com/doc/30421469/Byzantium-1220-to-1330">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Byzantium+1220+To+1330+-+PDF+-+Byzantine+Empire+-+Constantinople&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F30421469%2FByzantium-1220-to-1330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaplanis2014">Kaplanis 2014</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasiliev-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1964" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtM0qClcIX4C">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299809256" title="Special:BookSources/9780299809256"><bdi>9780299809256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780299809256&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtM0qClcIX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CareyCarey1968-124"><a href="#cite_ref-CareyCarey1968_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJane_Perry_Clark_CareyAndrew_Galbraith_Carey1968" class="citation book cs1">Jane Perry Clark Carey; Andrew Galbraith Carey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ">The Web of Modern Greek Politics</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231031707" title="Special:BookSources/9780231031707"><bdi>9780231031707</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205509/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2018. <q>By the end of the fourteenth century the Byzantine emperor was often called "Emperor of the Hellenes"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web+of+Modern+Greek+Politics&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780231031707&rft.au=Jane+Perry+Clark+Carey&rft.au=Andrew+Galbraith+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dltw7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMango1965">Mango 1965</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> See for example Anthony Bryer, 'The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontus' (Variourum, 1980), and his 'Migration and Settlement in the Caucasus and Anatolia' (Variourum, 1988), and other works listed in <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1998">Norwich 1998</a>, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, Part II Medieval Libraries: Chapter 6 Byzantine and Moslem Libraries, pp. 71–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-BritRen-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritRen_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritRen_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance">"Renaissance"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 30 March 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616023601/https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRenaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobins1993">Robins 1993</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism">"Aristotelianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021030829/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristotelianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAristotelianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.aspx#2">"Cyril and Methodius, Saints"</a>. The Columbia Encyclopedia. United States: Columbia University Press. 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605024051/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.aspx#2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyril+and+Methodius%2C+Saints&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FSaints_Cyril_and_Methodius.aspx%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazower-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_133-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazower2000">Mazower 2000</a>, pp. 105–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"History of Europe, The Romans". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Europe%2C+The+Romans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMavrocordatos1800" class="citation book cs1">Mavrocordatos, Nicholaos (1800). Philotheou Parerga. Grēgorios Kōnstantas (Original from Harvard University Library). <q>Γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν Ελλήνων</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philotheou+Parerga&rft.pub=Gr%C4%93gorios+K%C5%8Dnstantas+%28Original+from+Harvard+University+Library%29&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Mavrocordatos&rft.aufirst=Nicholaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macka.gov.tr/manastirlar">"Manastırlar"</a>. www.macka.gov.tr (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609203125/http://macka.gov.tr/manastirlar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macka.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Manast%C4%B1rlar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macka.gov.tr%2Fmanastirlar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahadıroğlu2007" class="citation book cs1">Bahadıroğlu, Yavuz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/235010971">Resimli Osmanlı tarihi</a> ([10.baskı : Eylül 2007] ed.). İstanbul: Nesil yayınları. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-269-299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-269-299-2"><bdi>978-975-269-299-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/235010971">235010971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resimli+Osmanl%C4%B1+tarihi&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=%5B10.bask%C4%B1+%3A+Eyl%C3%BCl+2007%5D&rft.pub=Nesil+yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F235010971&rft.isbn=978-975-269-299-2&rft.aulast=Bahad%C4%B1ro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Yavuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F235010971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritB-138"><a href="#cite_ref-BritB_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phanariote">"Phanariote"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023110209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phanariote">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phanariote&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPhanariote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritMerchant-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritMerchant_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritMerchant_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritMerchant_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"History of Greece, Ottoman Empire, The merchant middle class". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Greece%2C+Ottoman+Empire%2C+The+merchant+middle+class&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn06.pdf">"Greek Constitution of 1822 (Epidaurus)"</a> (PDF) (in Greek). 1822. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Constitution+of+1822+%28Epidaurus%29&rft.date=1822&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2FUserFiles%2Ff3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8%2Fsyn06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarutciski2003">Barutciski 2003</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFClark2006">Clark 2006</a>, pp. xi–xv; <a href="#CITEREFHershlag1980">Hershlag 1980</a>, p. 177; <a href="#CITEREFÖzkırımlıSofos2008">Özkırımlı & Sofos 2008</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÜngör2008">Üngör 2008</a>, pp. 15–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Broome-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Broome_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroome1996">Broome 1996</a>, "Greek Identity", pp. 22–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28%2Fmaimos">ὅμαιμος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225070512/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(%2Fmaimos">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mo%2Fglwssos">ὁμόγλωσσος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073414/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(mo%2Fglwssos">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> I. Polinskaya, "Shared sanctuaries and the gods of others: On the meaning Of 'common' in Herodotus 8.144", in: R. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.), Valuing others in Classical Antiquity (LEiden: Brill, 2010), 43–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacan1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Walter_Macan" title="Reginald Walter Macan">Macan, Reginald Walter</a> (1908). "8. 144". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913094839/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0038%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D144">Herodotus, The Seventh, Eighth, & Ninth Books with Introduction and Commentary</a>. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0038%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D144">the original</a> on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023 – via Perseus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+144&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Seventh%2C+Eighth%2C+%26+Ninth+Books+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Macan&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0038%253Abook%253D8%253Achapter%253D144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mo%2Ftropos">ὁμότροπος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222702/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(mo%2Ftropos">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Herodotus, 8.144.2: "The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Athena S. Leoussi, Steven Grosby, Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdrados2005">Adrados 2005</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2012">Finkelberg 2012</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2002">Harrison 2002</a>, p. 268; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdanConstable1982">Kazhdan & Constable 1982</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1970">Runciman 1970</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠevčenko2002">Ševčenko 2002</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSphrantzes1477" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">Sphrantzes, George</a> (1477). The Chronicle of the Fall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+the+Fall&rft.date=1477&rft.aulast=Sphrantzes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Feraios, Rigas. New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean, and the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2002">Koliopoulos & Veremis 2002</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2003">Smith 2003</a>, p. 98: "After the Ottoman conquest in 1453, recognition by the Turks of the Greek millet under its Patriarch and Church helped to ensure the persistence of a separate ethnic identity, which, even if it did not produce a "precocious nationalism" among the Greeks, provided the later Greek enlighteners and nationalists with a cultural constituency fed by political dreams and apocalyptic prophecies of the recapture of Constantinople and the restoration of Greek Byzantium and its Orthodox emperor in all his glory." </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTonkinChapmanMcDonald1989">Tonkin, Chapman & McDonald 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1998">Patterson 1998</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPsellos1994" class="citation book cs1">Psellos, Michael (1994). Michaelis Pselli Orationes Panegyricae. Stuttgart/Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82057-4"><bdi>978-0-297-82057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michaelis+Pselli+Orationes+Panegyricae&rft.place=Stuttgart%2FLeipzig&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82057-4&rft.aulast=Psellos&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> See Iliad, II.2.530 for "Panhellenes" and Iliad II.2.653 for "Hellenes". </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23: "The Late Bronze Age in Greece is also called conventionally 'Mycenaean', as we saw in the last chapter. But it might in principle have been called 'Argive', 'Achaean', or 'Danaan', since the three names that Homer does apply to Greeks collectively were 'Argives', 'Achaeans', and 'Danaans'." </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagy2014">Nagy 2014</a>, Texts and Commentaries – Introduction #2: "Panhellenism is the least common denominator of ancient Greek civilization ... The impulse of Panhellenism is already at work in Homeric and Hesiodic poetry. In the Iliad, the names "Achaeans" and "Danaans" and "Argives" are used synonymously in the sense of Panhellenes = "all Hellenes" = "all Greeks."" </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. Histories, 7.94 and 8.73. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Homer. <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, 2.681–685 </li> <li id="cite_note-Parian-Chronicle-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parian-Chronicle_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parian-Chronicle_167-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html">The Parian Marble, Entry #6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823171940/http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "From when Hellen [son of] Deuc[alion] became king of [Phthi]otis and those previously called Graekoi were named Hellenes." </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Pseudo-Apollodorus. <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aristotle-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aristotle_169-1">b</a> Aristotle. Meteorologica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">1.14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061102/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous." </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. Iliad, 16.233–16.235: "King Zeus, lord of Dodona ... you who hold wintry Dodona in your sway, where your prophets the Selloi dwell around you." </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Hesiod. Catalogue of Women, Fragment 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarostin1998" class="citation book cs1">Starostin, Sergei (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html">The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+of+Babel%3A+An+Etymological+Database+Project&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Calvert (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618082506" title="Special:BookSources/0618082506"><bdi>0618082506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.place=Boston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0618082506&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Meteorologica" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorologica">Meteorologica</a> I.xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-Adrados-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adrados_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adrados_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adrados_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adrados_175-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdrados2005">Adrados 2005</a>, pp. xii, 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning1983">Browning 1983</a>, p. vii: "The Homeric poems were first written down in more or less their present form in the seventh century B.C. Since then Greek has enjoyed a continuous tradition down to the present day. Change there has certainly been. But there has been no break like that between Latin and Romance languages. Ancient Greek is not a foreign language to the Greek of today as Anglo-Saxon is to the modern Englishman. The only other language which enjoys comparable continuity of tradition is Chinese." </li> <li id="cite_note-ADS-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADS_177-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1991">Smith 1991</a>, pp. 29–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaac2004">Isaac 2004</a>, p. 504: "Autochthony, being an Athenian idea and represented in many Athenian texts, is likely to have influenced a broad public of readers, wherever Greek literature was read." </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Anna Comnena. <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a>, Books 1–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapagrigorakisKousoulisSynodinos2014">Papagrigorakis, Kousoulis & Synodinos 2014</a>, p. 237: "Interpreted with caution, the craniofacial morphology in modern and ancient Greeks indicates elements of ethnic group continuation within the unavoidable multicultural mixtures." </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArgyropoulosSassouniXeniotou1989">Argyropoulos, Sassouni & Xeniotou 1989</a>, p. 200: "An overall view of the finding obtained from these cephalometric analyses indicates that the Greek ethnic group has remained genetically stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons2017-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons2017_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons2017_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (2 August 2017). "The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals". Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan7200">10.1126/science.aan7200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Greeks+really+do+have+near-mythical+origins%2C+ancient+DNA+reveals&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aan7200&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis2017-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisMittnikPattersonMallick2017">Lazaridis et al. 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greece-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Greece_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206090424/http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf"><bdi lang="el">Πίνακας 9. Πληθυσμός κατά υπηκοότητα και φύλο</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82+9.+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fgr_tables%2FS1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/">"CIA Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. United States Government. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=CIA+Factbook&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgreece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-186"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203065940/http://www.pio.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84/$file/MAIN%20RESULTS-EN.xls?OpenElement">"Census of Population 2001"</a>. Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών, Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pio.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84/$file/MAIN%20RESULTS-EN.xls?OpenElement">the original</a> on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2001&rft.pub=%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%2C+%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CE%95%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD%2C+%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pio.gov.cy%2Fmof%2Fcystat%2Fstatistics.nsf%2FAll%2F805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84%2F%24file%2FMAIN%2520RESULTS-EN.xls%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Climate">"Greece: Demographic trends"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717045510/https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Climate">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece%3A+Demographic+trends&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGreece%2FClimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconWorld-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EconWorld_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EconWorld_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EconWorld_188-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Merchant Marine, Tertiary enrollment by age group". Pocket World in Figures (Economist). London: Economist Books. 2006. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-825-7"><bdi>978-1-86197-825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merchant+Marine%2C+Tertiary+enrollment+by+age+group&rft.btitle=Pocket+World+in+Figures+%28Economist%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Economist+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-825-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Cyprus-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Cyprus_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Cyprus_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Cyprus_189-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cyprus">"Cyprus: Demographic trends"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622013659/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33828/Cyprus">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyprus%3A+Demographic+trends&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCyprus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapadakisPeristianisWelz2006">Papadakis, Peristianis & Welz 2006</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFBorowiec2000">Borowiec 2000</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFRezun2001">Rezun 2001</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYotopoulos-Marangopoulos2001">Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos 2001</a>, p. 24: "In occupied Cyprus on the other hand, where heavy ethnic cleansing took place, only 300 Greek Cypriots remain from the original 200,000!" </li> <li id="cite_note-BJp49-192"><a href="#cite_ref-BJp49_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85373407">The Balkans : a post-communist history</a>. London: Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96911-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85373407">85373407</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529222056/https://www.worldcat.org/title/balkans-a-post-communist-history/oclc/85373407">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022. <q>It is difficult to know how many ethnic Greeks there were in Albania before the exodus of refugees during the early to mid-1990s. The Albanian government claimed there were only 60,000, based on the biased 1989 census, whereas the Greek government claimed there were upwards of 300,000. Most Western estimates were around the 200,000 mark</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+%3A+a+post-communist+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85373407&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96911-3&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F85373407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou2004" class="citation book cs1">Georgiou, Myria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EMTEL/Minorities/papers/greekreport.pdf">Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context – Greece</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214211946/https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EMTEL/Minorities/papers/greekreport.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022. <q>"The long and adventurous 20th century history of migration in Greece can be drawn by period: .... 1990's: The vast majority of the 200,000 ethnic Greeks from Albania".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Minorities+and+their+Media%3A+The+National+Context+%E2%80%93+Greece&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=Myria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fmedia%40lse%2Fresearch%2FEMTEL%2FMinorities%2Fpapers%2Fgreekreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilson2005" class="citation news cs1">Gilson, George (24 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617131719/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S">"Destroying a minority: Turkey's attack on the Greeks"</a>. 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(7 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209034629/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-559132">"The shame of Sept. 6–7 is always with us"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-559132">the original</a> on 9 December 2012. 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Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (2): 290–303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatEE...7..290S">2023NatEE...7..290S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01952-3">10.1038/s41559-022-01952-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9911347">9911347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36646948">36646948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+reveals+admixture+history+and+endogamy+in+the+prehistoric+Aegean&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9911347%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36646948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01952-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatEE...7..290S&rft.aulast=Skourtanioti&rft.aufirst=Eirini&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=Ruscone%2C+Guido+Alberto+Gnecchi&rft.au=Bianco%2C+Raffaela+Angelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9911347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2013">Walsh 2013</a>, pp. 98–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLagouvardosTsamaliPapadopoulouPolyzois2012">Lagouvardos et al. 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-278"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEnroe2010" class="citation book cs1">McEnroe, John C. (2010). Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age. Web: University of Texas Press. pp. 117–120, 122, 126–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Minoan+Crete%3A+Constructing+Identity+in+the+Aegean+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Web&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E120%2C+122%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McEnroe&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). The Ahhiyawa Texts. Brill. pp. 268–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589832688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589832688"><bdi>978-1589832688</bdi></a>. <q>The archaeological and textual evidence clearly demonstrates that there were well-established connections between the Aegean and western Anatolia during the late-fifteenth through the thirteenth centuries B.C.E</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ahhiyawa+Texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1589832688&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rummel-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Rummel_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._J._Rummel" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">R. J. Rummel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">"Statistics of Democide"</a>. Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825145112/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+5%2C+Statistics+of+Turkey%27s+Democide+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+And+Sources&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+Democide&rft.au=R.+J.+Rummel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Helena (19 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/19/young-talented-greek-generation-g-worlds-biggest-brain-drain">"Young, gifted and Greek: Generation G – the world's biggest brain drain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311211954/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/19/young-talented-greek-generation-g-worlds-biggest-brain-drain">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Young%2C+gifted+and+Greek%3A+Generation+G+%E2%80%93+the+world%27s+biggest+brain+drain&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F19%2Fyoung-talented-greek-generation-g-worlds-biggest-brain-drain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowen2013" class="citation news cs1">Lowen, Mark (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22702003">"Greece's young: Dreams on hold as fight for jobs looms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044924/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22702003">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2013. <q>The brain drain is quickening. A recent study by the University of Thessaloniki found that more than 120,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers and scientists, have left Greece since the start of the crisis in 2010.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Greece%27s+young%3A+Dreams+on+hold+as+fight+for+jobs+looms&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.aulast=Lowen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-22702003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelander2011" class="citation news cs1">Melander, Ingrid (28 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028">"Greeks seek to escape debt crisis abroad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102000606/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Greeks+seek+to+escape+debt+crisis+abroad&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft.aulast=Melander&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdrados2005" class="citation book cs1">Adrados, Francisco Rodriguez (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx_NjXiMZM0C">A History of the Greek Language: From its Origins to the Present</a>. 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12032-6"><bdi>978-0-415-12032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Greek+Romance&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12032-6&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT0n5UtGDoIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellinello1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bellinello, Pier Francesco (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHdJAAAAMAAJ">Minoranze Etniche e Linguistiche</a> (in Italian). Cosenza: Editoriale Bios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7740-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7740-121-2"><bdi>978-88-7740-121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoranze+Etniche+e+Linguistiche&rft.place=Cosenza&rft.pub=Editoriale+Bios&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-88-7740-121-2&rft.aulast=Bellinello&rft.aufirst=Pier+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHdJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBjørnlund2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bjørnlund, Matthias (February 2008). "The 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of Violent Turkification". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 41–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520701850286">10.1080/14623520701850286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72975930">72975930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+1914+Cleansing+of+Aegean+Greeks+as+a+Case+of+Violent+Turkification&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520701850286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72975930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rnlund&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray1991" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn, eds. 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Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285247-2"><bdi>978-0-19-285247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Greece+and+the+Hellenistic+World&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285247-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofg00boar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1984" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1984). "13. The Greek World". In Boardman, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ_GlGBXxH0C">The Cambridge Ancient History: Plates to Volume III, the Middle East, the Greek World and the Balkans to the Sixth Century B.C.</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24289-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24289-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24289-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+The+Greek+World&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Plates+to+Volume+III%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+the+Greek+World+and+the+Balkans+to+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24289-9&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJ_GlGBXxH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorowiec2000" class="citation book cs1">Borowiec, Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC">Cyprus: A Troubled Island</a>. London and Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96533-4"><bdi>978-0-275-96533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyprus%3A+A+Troubled+Island&rft.place=London+and+Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96533-4&rft.aulast=Borowiec&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzEDg6-d80MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrice2012" class="citation book cs1">Brice, Lee L. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-069-0"><bdi>978-1-61069-069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Warfare%3A+From+the+Battle+of+Marathon+to+the+Conquests+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-069-0&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Lee+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYVRgtuJ7PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroome1996" class="citation book cs1">Broome, Benjamin J. 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Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-39-0"><bdi>978-1-931930-39-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Greek+Mosaic%3A+A+Guide+to+Intercultural+Communication+in+Greece&rft.place=Yarmouth%2C+ME&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-931930-39-0&rft.aulast=Broome&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCT_0Q-HHewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Neville (2004). Global Instability and Strategic Defence. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30413-9"><bdi>978-0-415-30413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Instability+and+Strategic+Defence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30413-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2006" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trojanstheirneig0000bryc">The Trojans and Their Neighbours</a>. 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Ontario: Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-432-3"><bdi>978-1-55111-432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Western+Civilization%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-432-3&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQUs2QnC2F4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurstein1988" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Stanley M. 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Leiden: BRILL. pp. 27–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08846-7"><bdi>978-90-04-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Tradition+from+Alexander+to+the+End+of+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Paths+from+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08846-7&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAwVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tipj609Efw8C">"The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean, 400–900"</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280133-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Roman+Mediterranean%2C+400%E2%80%93900&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280133-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtipj609Efw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1983" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1983) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b55B1J7I99AC">Medieval and Modern Greek</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23488-7"><bdi>978-0-521-23488-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205605/https://books.google.com/books?id=b55B1J7I99AC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Modern+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23488-7&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db55B1J7I99AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1993" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Watson (1993). Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Han Dynasty II (Revised ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08166-5"><bdi>978-0-231-08166-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+by+Sima+Qian%2C+Han+Dynasty+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08166-5&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCadogan1986" class="citation book cs1">Cadogan, Gerald, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDrKSZ6zVPUC">The End of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean</a>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07309-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07309-4"><bdi>90-04-07309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Early+Bronze+Age+in+the+Aegean&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-07309-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDrKSZ6zVPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalotychos2003" class="citation book cs1">Calotychos, Vangelis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_4cAAAAYAAJ">Modern Greece: A Cultural Poetics</a>. Oxford and New York: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-716-3"><bdi>978-1-85973-716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greece%3A+A+Cultural+Poetics&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-716-3&rft.aulast=Calotychos&rft.aufirst=Vangelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_4cAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron2009" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC">The Byzantines</a>. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9833-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210023/https://books.google.com/books?id=59c6PSa5JCAC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantines&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59c6PSa5JCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, Paul</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C">Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960134-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210127/https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960134-9&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViqDNE-igH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2005" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfi0dAlfJaoC">The Mycenaeans</a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36336-5"><bdi>978-0-415-36336-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132907/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kfi0dAlfJaoC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36336-5&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfi0dAlfJaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasson1991" class="citation book cs1">Casson, Lionel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ls6MczXvBEC">The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01477-7"><bdi>978-0-691-01477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mariners%3A+Seafarers+and+Sea+Fighters+of+the+Mediterranean+in+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01477-7&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Ls6MczXvBEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">Chadwick, John</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad">The Mycenaean World</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29037-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29037-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeanworld00chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Bruce (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF1oAAAAMAAJ">Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey</a>. London: Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-752-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-752-2"><bdi>978-1-86207-752-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twice+A+Stranger%3A+How+Mass+Expulsion+Forged+Modern+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-752-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDF1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClementeUnterländerDolgovaAmorim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Clemente, Florian; Unterländer, Martina; Dolgova, Olga; Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G.; et al. (13 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8127963">"The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a>. 184 (10): 2565–2586.e21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.03.039">10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8127963">8127963</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33930288">33930288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+genomic+history+of+the+Aegean+palatial+civilizations&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2565-2586.e21&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8127963%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33930288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.03.039&rft.aulast=Clemente&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Unterl%C3%A4nder%2C+Martina&rft.au=Dolgova%2C+Olga&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Carlos+Eduardo+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8127963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2013" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2013) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M492AgAAQBAJ">A Concise History of Greece</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65644-4"><bdi>978-1-107-65644-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210026/https://books.google.com/books?id=M492AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65644-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM492AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2000" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2VnQgAACAAJ">The Greek Diaspora in the Twentieth Century</a>. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-60047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-60047-4"><bdi>978-0-333-60047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Diaspora+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-60047-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2VnQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C">Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</a>. Ethnic Groups of the World Series. Santa Barbara and Oxford: ABC-CLIO Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-302-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102543/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+and+Oxford&rft.series=Ethnic+Groups+of+the+World+Series&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Incorporated&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-302-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlth0GRi0N0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDietrich1974" class="citation book cs1">Dietrich, Bernard Clive (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQO7haySEe8C">The Origins of Greek Religion</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-003982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-003982-5"><bdi>978-3-11-003982-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210028/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQO7haySEe8C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Greek+Religion&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-3-11-003982-5&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQO7haySEe8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrews1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcVIcaJxgdUC">The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02951-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Greeks%3A+Indo-European+Conquests+in+the+Aegean+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02951-1&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcVIcaJxgdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, William (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC">Ancient Rome</a>. Lanham and New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6834-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-6834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Lanham+and+New+York&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6834-1&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkOhwFzz1AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarl1968" class="citation book cs1">Earl, Donald C. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbl-AAAAIAAJ">The Age of Augustus</a>. New York: Exeter Books (Paul Elek Productions Incorporated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210028/https://books.google.com/books?id=gbl-AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Augustus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Exeter+Books+%28Paul+Elek+Productions+Incorporated%29&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgbl-AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFasold1984" class="citation book cs1">Fasold, Ralph W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psIn20r3NqYC">The Sociolinguistics of Society</a>. Oxford and New York: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-13462-6"><bdi>978-0-631-13462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociolinguistics+of+Society&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-631-13462-6&rft.aulast=Fasold&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsIn20r3NqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2221-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2221-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Finkelberg, Margalit (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x41HxeoKtosC">"Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity"</a>. In Niehoff, Maren R. (ed.). Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22134-5"><bdi>978-90-04-22134-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715080807/https://books.google.com/books?id=x41HxeoKtosC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canonising+and+Decanonising+Homer%3A+Reception+of+the+Homeric+Poems+in+Antiquity+and+Modernity&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Bible+in+the+Eyes+of+Ancient+Interpreters&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22134-5&rft.aulast=Finkelberg&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx41HxeoKtosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2010) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EylaCwAAQBAJ">Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+Premodern+Patterns+of+Globalization&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62125-1&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEylaCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFong2004" class="citation book cs1">Fong, Mary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C">"3. Ethnic and Cultural Identity: Distinguishing Features"</a>. In Fong, Mary; Chuang, Rueyling (eds.). Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 35–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1739-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1739-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-1739-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Identity%3A+Distinguishing+Features&rft.btitle=Communicating+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Identity&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1739-4&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUe4CCUhRYa4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFouracreGerberding1996" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4791-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4791-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-4791-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Merovingian+France%3A+History+and+Hagiography%2C+640%E2%80%93720&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4791-6&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gerberding%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiev1981" class="citation book cs1">Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmZiAAAAMAAJ">Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages</a>. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789535172611" title="Special:BookSources/9789535172611"><bdi>9789535172611</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113555/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmZiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9789535172611&rft.aulast=Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Ivanov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmZiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbar1997" class="citation book cs1">Gilbar, Gad G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQRFQkIKsrYC">Population Dilemmas in the Middle East: Essays in Political Demography and Economy</a>. London and Portland: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4706-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-4706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Dilemmas+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Essays+in+Political+Demography+and+Economy&rft.place=London+and+Portland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4706-7&rft.aulast=Gilbar&rft.aufirst=Gad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQRFQkIKsrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1990" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzXNNwAACAAJ">The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82057-4"><bdi>978-0-297-82057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Greeks%3A+From+Alexander+to+Cleopatra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82057-4&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzXNNwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russel D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1">"Language-tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin"</a>. Nature. 426 (6965): 435–439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618030521/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+Divergence+Times+Support+the+Anatolian+Theory+of+Indo-European+Origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E439&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Russel+D.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad6aef57c-ce30-40fb-8786-f64c4a70afd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bUnHwAACAAJ">Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age: A Short History</a>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2413-9"><bdi>978-0-7538-2413-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210029/https://books.google.com/books?id=1bUnHwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+the+Hellenistic+Age%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bUnHwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriersonBellinger1999" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip; Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJmoF52BiBsC">Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection (Volume Five: Michael VIII to Constantine XI 1258–1453)</a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-261-9"><bdi>978-0-88402-261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection+and+in+the+Whittemore+Collection+%28Volume+Five%3A+Michael+VIII+to+Constantine+XI+1258%E2%80%931453%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-261-9&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Bellinger%2C+Alfred+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJmoF52BiBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuibernauHutchinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Guibernau, Montserrat; <a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(academic)" title="John Hutchinson (academic)">Hutchinson, John</a>, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg02yIlq7f4C">History and National Destiny: Ethnosymbolism and its Critics</a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2391-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-2391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+National+Destiny%3A+Ethnosymbolism+and+its+Critics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2391-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSg02yIlq7f4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaldon1997" class="citation book cs1">Haldon, John F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C">Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-31917-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210555/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Seventh+Century%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31917-1&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSHmT1G_5T0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2014" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. (2014) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGNH-oxXiAUC">A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200–479 BCE</a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22667-3"><bdi>978-0-631-22667-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Archaic+Greek+World%2C+ca.+1200%E2%80%93479+BCE&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22667-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGNH-oxXiAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-LIKN0Ap0C">Handbook of Classical Mythology</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-226-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-226-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-226-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210541/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-LIKN0Ap0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Classical+Mythology&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-226-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z-LIKN0Ap0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarl1996" class="citation book cs1">Harl, Kenneth W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC">Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700</a>. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5291-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-5291-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210622/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+the+Roman+Economy%2C+300+B.C.+to+A.D.+700%2C+Part+700&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5291-6&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yPDL0EykeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1991" class="citation book cs1">Harris, William Vernon (1991) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TChZ2JwTxp8C">Ancient Literacy</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03837-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03837-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03837-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Literacy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03837-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTChZ2JwTxp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Michael H. (1999) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQ3FmadbMvkC">History of Libraries in the Western World</a> (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7715-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Libraries+in+the+Western+World&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7715-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQ3FmadbMvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Thomas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrfHQgAACAAJ">Greeks and Barbarians</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93958-4"><bdi>978-0-415-93958-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210541/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrfHQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks+and+Barbarians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93958-4&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrfHQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHershlag1980" class="citation book cs1">Hershlag, Zvi Yehuda (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awoVAAAAIAAJ">Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East</a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06061-6"><bdi>978-90-04-06061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Modern+Economic+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06061-6&rft.aulast=Hershlag&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawoVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHordenPurcell2000" class="citation book cs1">Horden, Peregrine; Purcell, Nicholas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8GhRYNrkzYC">The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History</a>. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21890-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corrupting+Sea%3A+A+Study+of+Mediterranean+History&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21890-6&rft.aulast=Horden&rft.aufirst=Peregrine&rft.au=Purcell%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8GhRYNrkzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowatson1989" class="citation book cs1">Howatson, M.C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00howa">The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866121-4"><bdi>978-0-19-866121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866121-4&rft.aulast=Howatson&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfylyRawl8EC">The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12598-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12598-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210557/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfylyRawl8EC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Racism+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12598-5&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfylyRawl8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqCnCOgGc5AC">Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition</a>. London and New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23671-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927211539/https://books.google.com/books?id=kqCnCOgGc5AC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23671-3&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqCnCOgGc5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWs0Lh57NvwC">Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87688-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87688-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927211541/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWs0Lh57NvwC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+Byzantium%3A+The+Transformations+of+Greek+Identity+and+the+Reception+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87688-9&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWs0Lh57NvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplanis2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaplanis, Tassos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8985143">"Antique Names and Self-Identification: Hellenes, Graikoi, and Romaioi from Late Byzantium to the Greek Nation-State"</a>. In Tziovas, Dimitris (ed.). Re-imagining the Past: Antiquity and Modern Greek Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312104136/https://www.academia.edu/8985143">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antique+Names+and+Self-Identification%3A+Hellenes%2C+Graikoi%2C+and+Romaioi+from+Late+Byzantium+to+the+Greek+Nation-State&rft.btitle=Re-imagining+the+Past%3A+Antiquity+and+Modern+Greek+Culture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kaplanis&rft.aufirst=Tassos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8985143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKardasis2001" class="citation book cs1">Kardasis, Vassilis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFr-fdW9u_UC">Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861</a>. Lanham and Oxford: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0245-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-0245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Merchants+in+the+Black+Sea%3A+The+Greeks+in+Southern+Russia%2C+1775%E2%80%931861&rft.place=Lanham+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0245-9&rft.aulast=Kardasis&rft.aufirst=Vassilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFr-fdW9u_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdanConstable1982" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich; Constable, Giles (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bs2uV8eBVIcC">People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies</a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-103-2"><bdi>978-0-88402-103-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715080305/https://books.google.com/books?id=bs2uV8eBVIcC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Power+in+Byzantium%3A+An+Introduction+to+Modern+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-103-2&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Petrovich&rft.au=Constable%2C+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbs2uV8eBVIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Holgen A. (2004). "Eastern Objects and Western Desires: Relics and Reliquaries between Byzantium and the West". 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New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4767-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4767-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-4767-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%3A+The+Modern+Sequel%3A+From+1831+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4767-4&rft.aulast=Koliopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Veremis%2C+Thanos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreecemodernsequ0000koli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoliopoulos1987" class="citation book cs1">Koliopoulos, Giannes (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0poAAAAMAAJ">Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821–1912</a>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198228639" title="Special:BookSources/9780198228639"><bdi>9780198228639</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927211542/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0poAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 29–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00662-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00662-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00662-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927211542/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRppAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Hellenikon+Ethnos%3A+Ethnicity+and+the+Construction+of+Ancient+Greek+Identity&rft.btitle=Ancient+Perceptions+of+Greek+Ethnicity&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies%2C+Trustees+for+Harvard+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00662-1&rft.aulast=Konstan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLagouvardosTsamaliPapadopoulouPolyzois2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lagouvardos, Panagiotis E.; Tsamali, Ioana; Papadopoulou, Christine; Polyzois, Gregory (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221847228">"Tooth, Skin, Hair and Eye Colour Interrelationships in Greek Young Adults"</a>. Odontology. 101 (1): 75–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10266-012-0058-1">10.1007/s10266-012-0058-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22349932">22349932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11606304">11606304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Odontology&rft.atitle=Tooth%2C+Skin%2C+Hair+and+Eye+Colour+Interrelationships+in+Greek+Young+Adults&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11606304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22349932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10266-012-0058-1&rft.aulast=Lagouvardos&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis+E.&rft.au=Tsamali%2C+Ioana&rft.au=Papadopoulou%2C+Christine&rft.au=Polyzois%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F221847228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaliotou2004" class="citation book cs1">Laliotou, Ioanna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">"Greek Diaspora"</a>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC">"Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction"</a>. In Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (eds.). The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing and Hygiene from Antiquity through the Renaissance. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 43–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17357-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212533/https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archimedes%2C+the+North+Baths+at+Morgantina%2C+and+Early+Developments+in+Vaulted+Construction&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Function+of+Water%2C+Baths%2C+Bathing+and+Hygiene+from+Antiquity+through+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17357-6&rft.aulast=Lucore&rft.aufirst=Sandra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTkXFLfmLTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackridge1990" class="citation book cs1">Mackridge, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCSzc6em25gC">"Katharevousa (c. 1800–1974): An Obituary for an Official Language"</a>. In Sarafis, Marion; Eve, Marion (eds.). Background to Contemporary Greece (Volume 1). London: The Merlin Press. pp. 25–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-393-7"><bdi>978-0-85036-393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katharevousa+%28c.+1800%E2%80%931974%29%3A+An+Obituary+for+an+Official+Language&rft.btitle=Background+to+Contemporary+Greece+%28Volume+1%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=The+Merlin+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85036-393-7&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZCSzc6em25gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagdalino1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magdalino" title="Paul Magdalino">Magdalino, Paul</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEloAAAAMAAJ">Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium</a>. Aldershot: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-295-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-295-7"><bdi>978-0-86078-295-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212539/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEloAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Transformation+in+Medieval+Byzantium&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-295-7&rft.aulast=Magdalino&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEloAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakrides2009" class="citation book cs1">Makrides, Vasilios (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC">Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9568-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-9568-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212535/https://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Temples+and+Christian+Churches%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Religious+Cultures+of+Greece+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2&rft.aulast=Makrides&rft.aufirst=Vasilios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKOY5NsekfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, James; Adams, Douglas (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219032618/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMango1986" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofbyzantine00mang">The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453: Sources and Documents</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6627-5"><bdi>978-0-8020-6627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+312-1453%3A+Sources+and+Documents&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6627-5&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofbyzantine00mang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMango1965" class="citation journal cs1">Mango, Cyril (1965). "Byzantinism and Romantic Hellenism". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 28: 29–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750662">10.2307/750662</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750662">750662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195042286">195042286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=Byzantinism+and+Romantic+Hellenism&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195042286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750662&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaratou-Alipranti2013" class="citation book cs1">Maratou-Alipranti, Laura (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQB7mTcArIC">"5 Greece: From Emigration to Immigration and the Problems of Inter-Ethnic Relations"</a>. In Roberts, Lance W.; Ferguson, Barry; Bös, Mathias; Von Below, Susanne (eds.). Multicultural Variations: Social Incorporation in Europe and North America. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 196–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-8905-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-8905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+Greece%3A+From+Emigration+to+Immigration+and+the+Problems+of+Inter-Ethnic+Relations&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Variations%3A+Social+Incorporation+in+Europe+and+North+America&rft.place=Montreal+%26+Kingston%2C+London%2C+Ithaca&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-8905-6&rft.aulast=Maratou-Alipranti&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfQB7mTcArIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazower2000" class="citation book cs1">Mazower, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansshorthist00mazo">The Balkans: A Short History</a>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6621-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-6621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6621-3&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkansshorthist00mazo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCabeHarlaftis2005" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Harlaftis, Gelina (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9kTAQAAIAAJ">Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History</a>. Oxford and New York: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-875-7"><bdi>978-1-85973-875-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Entrepreneurial+Networks%3A+Four+Centuries+of+History&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-875-7&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Ina+Baghdiantz&rft.au=Harlaftis%2C+Gelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9kTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilburn1988" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Robert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C">Early Christian Art and Architecture</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07412-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07412-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212535/https://books.google.com/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Art+and+Architecture&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07412-5&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcRTwsDq_Z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1990" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Catherine (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJHSTMJZ_G8C">Athletes and Oracles: The Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eighth Century BC</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37451-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37451-4"><bdi>978-0-521-37451-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athletes+and+Oracles%3A+The+Transformation+of+Olympia+and+Delphi+in+the+Eighth+Century+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37451-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJHSTMJZ_G8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagy2014" class="citation web cs1">Nagy, Gregory (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520202801/https://www.extension.harvard.edu/open-learning-initiative/ancient-greek-civilization">"The Heroic and the Anti-Heroic in Classical Greek Civilization"</a>. Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/open-learning-initiative/ancient-greek-civilization">the original</a> on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heroic+and+the+Anti-Heroic+in+Classical+Greek+Civilization&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=President+and+Fellows+of+Harvard+College&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.harvard.edu%2Fopen-learning-initiative%2Fancient-greek-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1998" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9euYeUnGSEC">A Short History of Byzantium</a>. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025960-5"><bdi>978-0-14-025960-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-025960-5&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9euYeUnGSEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1998" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Robin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMimQgAACAAJ">Archaic and Classical Greek Art</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284202-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284202-2"><bdi>978-0-19-284202-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaic+and+Classical+Greek+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284202-2&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMimQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖzkırımlıSofos2008" class="citation book cs1">Özkırımlı, Umut; Sofos, Spyros A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eR-7aHdTIhIC">Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70052-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+by+History%3A+Nationalism+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70052-8&rft.aulast=%C3%96zk%C4%B1r%C4%B1ml%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Umut&rft.au=Sofos%2C+Spyros+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeR-7aHdTIhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPage2008" class="citation book cs1">Page, Gill (2008). Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans, 1200–1420. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Byzantine%3A+Greek+Identity+Before+the+Ottomans%2C+1200%E2%80%931420&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanayotou2007" class="citation book cs1">Panayotou, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC">"4 Arcado-Cypriot"</a>. In Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (eds.). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 786–791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521833073" title="Special:BookSources/9780521833073"><bdi>9780521833073</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212536/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Tauris. pp. 54–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-824-3"><bdi>978-1-85043-824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Nationalist+Imaginings+of+War+in+Cyprus&rft.btitle=War%2C+a+Cruel+Necessity%3F%3A+The+Bases+of+Institutionalized+Violence&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-824-3&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFB_4ABNmI8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapadakisPeristianisWelz2006" class="citation book cs1">Papadakis, Yiannis; Peristianis, Nicos; Welz, Gisela (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC">"Introduction – Modernity, History, and Conflict in Divided Cyprus: An Overview"</a>. 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Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21851-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21851-3"><bdi>978-0-253-21851-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+Modernity%2C+History%2C+and+Conflict+in+Divided+Cyprus%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Divided+Cyprus%3A+Modernity%2C+History%2C+and+an+Island+in+Conflict&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21851-3&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft.au=Peristianis%2C+Nicos&rft.au=Welz%2C+Gisela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzPG7b_m4swC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapagrigorakisKousoulisSynodinos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Papagrigorakis, M.J.; Kousoulis, A.A.; Synodinos, P.N. 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00568-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00568-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00568-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+in+Greek+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00568-6&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIdqCPwXlhUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2013" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. 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New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62275-027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62275-027-6"><bdi>978-1-62275-027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+of+Antiquity%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Marco+Polo&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62275-027-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WadAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPodzuweit1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podzuweit, Christian (1982). "Die mykenische Welt und Troja". In Hänsel, B. (ed.). Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 v. 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New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09662-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09662-1"><bdi>978-0-521-09662-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Experience+in+Classical+Greece&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09662-1&rft.aulast=Pollitt&rft.aufirst=Jerome+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartexperienceinc00poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPostanMillerPostan1987" class="citation book cs1">Postan, Michael Moïssey; Miller, Edward; Postan, Cynthia (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDwp8n62nTwC">The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume 2)</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08709-4"><bdi>978-0-521-08709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08709-4&rft.aulast=Postan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Mo%C3%AFssey&rft.au=Miller%2C+Edward&rft.au=Postan%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDwp8n62nTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuri1987" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC">Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRezun2001" class="citation book cs1">Rezun, Miron (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d5vy0e9scgC">Europe's Nightmare: The Struggle for Kosovo</a>. London and Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97072-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Nightmare%3A+The+Struggle+for+Kosovo&rft.place=London+and+Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97072-7&rft.aulast=Rezun&rft.aufirst=Miron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0d5vy0e9scgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J.M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YZsXxbOpZoC">The New Penguin History of the World</a>. London and New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103042-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103042-5"><bdi>978-0-14-103042-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103042-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YZsXxbOpZoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobins1993" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Robert Henry (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTZHbNmFfpsC">The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History</a>. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013574-9"><bdi>978-3-11-013574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Grammarians%3A+Their+Place+in+History&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013574-9&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Robert+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTZHbNmFfpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1970" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastbyzantineren0000runc">The Last Byzantine Renaissance</a>. 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Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-867-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-867-9"><bdi>978-0-89236-867-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214054/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXwzT1048Z4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 284–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6"><bdi>978-0-19-814098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11+Palaiologan+Learning&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814098-6&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko&rft.aufirst=Ihor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ82psJ2pLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahid1972" class="citation journal cs1">Shahid, Irfan (1972). 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Reno: University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-204-1"><bdi>978-0-87417-204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity&rft.place=Reno&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-204-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEAJbHBlXR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Anthony D. 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London: MacMillan and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404789791" title="Special:BookSources/9781404789791"><bdi>9781404789791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781404789791&rft.aulast=Tarbell&rft.aufirst=Frank+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4MKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003" class="citation book cs1">Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC">Byzantine Philosophy</a>. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-563-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-563-5"><bdi>978-0-87220-563-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-563-5&rft.aulast=Tatakes&rft.aufirst=Vasileios+N.&rft.au=Moutafakis%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPzcOwnCgVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTatz2003" class="citation book cs1">Tatz, Colin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC">With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide</a>. London and New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-550-9"><bdi>978-1-85984-550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Intent+to+Destroy%3A+Reflections+on+Genocide&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-550-9&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhCffgX1NPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTartaron2013" class="citation book cs1">Tartaron, Thomas F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZbqAAAAQBAJ">Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06713-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06713-4"><bdi>978-1-107-06713-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214055/https://books.google.com/books?id=sZbqAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Networks+in+the+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06713-4&rft.aulast=Tartaron&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZbqAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomić2006" class="citation book cs1">Tomić, Olga Mišeska (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFWOYUHULgsC">Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features</a>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4487-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-4487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Sprachbund+Morpho-Syntactic+Features&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4487-8&rft.aulast=Tomi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Olga+Mi%C5%A1eska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFWOYUHULgsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTonkinChapmanMcDonald1989" class="citation book cs1">Tonkin, Elizabeth; Chapman, Malcolm Kenneth; McDonald, Maryon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeAOAAAAQAAJ">History and Ethnicity</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00056-7"><bdi>978-0-415-00056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00056-7&rft.aulast=Tonkin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Malcolm+Kenneth&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Maryon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeAOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (March 2008). 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Leuven: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0578-8"><bdi>978-90-429-0578-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity%3A+Essays+on+Their+Interaction&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0578-8&rft.aulast=van+der+Horst&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTv0t4pqrbZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoegelinMoulakis1997" class="citation book cs1">Voegelin, Eric; Moulakis, Athanasios (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvA2eQKWwLIC">History of Political Ideas: Hellenism, Rome, and Early Christianity</a>. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1126-2"><bdi>978-0-8262-1126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Ideas%3A+Hellenism%2C+Rome%2C+and+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Columbia+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1126-2&rft.aulast=Voegelin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Moulakis%2C+Athanasios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvA2eQKWwLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVryonis2005" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis, Speros (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mechanismofcatas0000vryo">The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul</a>. 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(January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973%2812%2900181-0/fulltext">"The HIrisPlex System for Simultaneous Prediction of Hair and Eye Colour from DNA"</a>. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 7 (1): 98–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2012.07.005">10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22917817">22917817</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203070131/http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973%2812%2900181-0/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+HIrisPlex+System+for+Simultaneous+Prediction+of+Hair+and+Eye+Colour+from+DNA&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2012.07.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22917817&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsigenetics.com%2Farticle%2FS1872-4973%252812%252900181-0%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWickham2005" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q04qPNZasbIC">Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926449-0"><bdi>978-0-19-926449-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+400-800&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926449-0&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq04qPNZasbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithey1989" class="citation book cs1">Withey, Lynne (1989) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiynU6HrSJUC">Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06564-2"><bdi>978-0-520-06564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+Discovery%3A+Captain+Cook+and+the+Exploration+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06564-2&rft.aulast=Withey&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGiynU6HrSJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinford2003" class="citation book cs1">Winford, Donald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc1DFju-FlYC">An Introduction to Contact Linguistics</a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21251-5"><bdi>978-0-631-21251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Contact+Linguistics&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21251-5&rft.aulast=Winford&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLc1DFju-FlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinstedt1909" class="citation book cs1">Winstedt, Eric Otto (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosmuoft">The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Topography+of+Cosmas+Indicopleustes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Winstedt&rft.aufirst=Eric+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiantopogra00cosmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2001" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790520231923">In the Footsteps of Alexander The Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23192-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Alexander+The+Great%3A+A+Journey+from+Greece+to+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23192-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9790520231923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYotopoulos-Marangopoulos2001" class="citation book cs1">Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos, Alice (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WGFKi7PJloC">"Non-governmental Organizations and Human Rights in Today's World"</a>. In Sicilianos, Linos-Alexandre (ed.). The Marangopoulos Foundation for Human Rights: Twenty Years of Activity. Athens and Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. pp. 21–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1672-7"><bdi>978-90-411-1672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-governmental+Organizations+and+Human+Rights+in+Today%27s+World&rft.btitle=The+Marangopoulos+Foundation+for+Human+Rights%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Activity&rft.place=Athens+and+Komotini&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Ant.+N.+Sakkoulas+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1672-7&rft.aulast=Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WGFKi7PJloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZoch2000" class="citation book cs1">Zoch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC">Ancient Rome: An Introductory History</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3287-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3287-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3287-7&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95bu0O3LLlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuwiyya2011" class="citation book cs1">Zuwiyya, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=me0L6-MneZgC">A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages</a>. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Alexander+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Zuwiyya&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dme0L6-MneZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Asatryan, G.S.; Arakelova, Viktoriia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoRpAAAAMAAJ">The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia</a>. Yerevan: Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99930-69-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-99930-69-21-8"><bdi>978-99930-69-21-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Minorities+of+Armenia&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pub=Caucasian+Centre+for+Iranian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-99930-69-21-8&rft.aulast=Asatryan&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Viktoriia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoRpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaton2021" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Roderick (2021). The Greeks : a global history. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-1829-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-1829-9"><bdi>978-1-5416-1829-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237348138">1237348138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+%3A+a+global+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237348138&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-1829-9&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Clackson, James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ">The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek</a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19197-1"><bdi>978-0-631-19197-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113551/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Relationship+Between+Armenian+and+Greek&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19197-1&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnStQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, Sherrilyn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKzn9g38Y3IC">The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook</a>. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58297-295-4"><bdi>978-1-58297-295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writer%27s+Digest+Character+Naming+Sourcebook&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+OH&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58297-295-4&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Sherrilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKzn9g38Y3IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Malatras, Christos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1999944">"The Making of an Ethnic Group: The Romaioi in 12th–13th Century"</a>. In K. A. Dimadis (ed.). Ταυτότητες στον ελληνικό κόσμο (από το 1204 έως σήμερα. Δ΄ Ευρωπαϊκό Συνέδριο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Γρανάδα, 9–12 Σεπτεμβρίου 2010. Πρακτικά. Vol. 3. Athens: European Association of Modern Greek Studies. pp. 419–430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927163714/https://www.academia.edu/1999944">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+an+Ethnic+Group%3A+The+Romaioi+in+12th%E2%80%9313th+Century&rft.btitle=%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF+%28%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%BF+1204+%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1.+%CE%94%CE%84+%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%2C+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%2C+9%E2%80%9312+%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+2010.+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.pub=European+Association+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Malatras&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1999944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ82psJ2pLEC">The Oxford History of Byzantium</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814098-6"><bdi>978-0-19-814098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814098-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ82psJ2pLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ">"Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area"</a>. In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1"><bdi>978-3-8253-1449-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113552/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+Depth%2C+Convergence+Theory%2C+and+Innovation+in+Proto-Indo-European%3A+%27Old+Europe%27+as+a+PIE+Linguistic+Area&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+Winter+GmBH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VxiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533" /><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <dl><dt>Mycenaean Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (1977). The Origins of Mycenaean Civilization. Götenberg: Paul Aströms Förlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Mycenaean+Civilization&rft.place=G%C3%B6tenberg&rft.pub=Paul+Astr%C3%B6ms+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (December 1999). "Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 43 (1): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x">10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=Invasion%2C+Migration+and+the+Shaft+Graves&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Oliver (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l56BHO9_r5UC">The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96836-9"><bdi>978-0-203-96836-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214055/https://books.google.com/books?id=l56BHO9_r5UC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aegean+from+Bronze+Age+to+Iron+Age%3A+Continuity+and+Change+between+the+Twelfth+and+Eighth+Centuries+BC&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96836-9&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl56BHO9_r5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Forsén, Jeannette (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlMtAAAAIAAJ">The Twilight of the Early Helladics</a>. Partille, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7081-031-2"><bdi>978-91-7081-031-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214056/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlMtAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+the+Early+Helladics&rft.place=Partille%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Paul+Astr%C3%B6ms+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-91-7081-031-2&rft.aulast=Fors%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Jeannette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlMtAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaemycenaean0000mylo">Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691035239" title="Special:BookSources/9780691035239"><bdi>9780691035239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenae+and+the+Mycenaean+Age&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780691035239&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=George+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaemycenaean0000mylo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tandy, David W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC">Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy</a>. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-188-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-188-1"><bdi>978-1-55164-188-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214056/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+and+History%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Class+and+Political+Economy&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-188-1&rft.aulast=Tandy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiqTCaFkvdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Classical Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Burkert, Walter (1987) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSaRAAAAQBAJ">Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical</a>. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-72499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-72499-6"><bdi>978-1-118-72499-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214057/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSaRAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion%3A+Archaic+and+Classical&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-118-72499-6&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSaRAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cartledge" title="Paul Cartledge">Cartledge, Paul</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C">Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960134-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210127/https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960134-9&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViqDNE-igH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-I4gcBlTqcC">The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280388-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280388-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks%3A+A+Portrait+of+Self+and+Others&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280388-7&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-I4gcBlTqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtMVAwAAQBAJ">Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965192-4"><bdi>978-0-19-965192-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215112/https://books.google.com/books?id=UtMVAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965192-4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtMVAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Finkelberg, Margalit (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-q2UQZ5XzAC">Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44836-9"><bdi>978-1-139-44836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks+and+Pre-Greeks%3A+Aegean+Prehistory+and+Greek+Heroic+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44836-9&rft.aulast=Finkelberg&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-q2UQZ5XzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJBh7BjUlAMC">Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture</a>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31329-0"><bdi>978-0-226-31329-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215112/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJBh7BjUlAMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenicity%3A+Between+Ethnicity+and+Culture&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31329-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJBh7BjUlAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicidentityin00jona">Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78999-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Greek+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78999-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicidentityin00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekstonesspeak00paul">The Greek Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in Greek Lands</a>. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30111-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30111-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Stones+Speak%3A+The+Story+of+Archaeology+in+Greek+Lands&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30111-3&rft.aulast=MacKendrick&rft.aufirst=Paul+Lachlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekstonesspeak00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Malkin, Irad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eORbgLB6a4C">The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21185-8"><bdi>978-0-520-21185-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215113/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eORbgLB6a4C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Returns+of+Odysseus%3A+Colonization+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21185-8&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Irad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eORbgLB6a4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Walbank, Frank W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5z_vUPABapoC">Selected Papers: Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30752-9"><bdi>978-0-521-30752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%3A+Studies+in+Greek+and+Roman+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30752-9&rft.aulast=Walbank&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5z_vUPABapoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Hellenistic Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC">Hellenistic Civilization</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22241-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22241-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220154/https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22241-5&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1kr4YGTA2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bilde, P.; Engberg-Pedersen, T.; Hannestad, L.; Zahle, J., eds. (1997). Conventional Values of the Hellenistic Greeks (Studies in Hellenistic Civilization 8). Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7288-555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7288-555-1"><bdi>978-87-7288-555-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conventional+Values+of+the+Hellenistic+Greeks+%28Studies+in+Hellenistic+Civilization+8%29&rft.place=Aarhus&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-87-7288-555-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> <dl><dt>Byzantine Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ahrweiler, Hélène; <a href="/wiki/Angeliki_Laiou" title="Angeliki Laiou">Laiou, Angeliki E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C">Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire</a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-247-3"><bdi>978-0-88402-247-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220105/https://books.google.com/books?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Internal+Diaspora+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-247-3&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Laiou%2C+Angeliki+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohFJD_QT3E8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ahrweiler, Hélène (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1SGAAAAMAAJ">L'idéologie politique de l'Empire byzantin</a>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220106/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1SGAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27id%C3%A9ologie+politique+de+l%27Empire+byzantin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1SGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jonathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1pAAAAMAAJ">Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (Hambledon Continuum)</a>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4"><bdi>978-1-84725-179-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220106/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1pAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+Capital+of+Byzantium+%28Hambledon+Continuum%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-179-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZI1pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3u5RAAACAAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3u5RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1966). Byzantine Civilisation. London: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)" title="Edward Arnold (publisher)">Edward Arnold</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-574-4"><bdi>978-1-56619-574-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-574-4&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold J. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T05oAAAAMAAJ">Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215253-4"><bdi>978-0-19-215253-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220107/https://books.google.com/books?id=T05oAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus+and+His+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215253-4&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT05oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ottoman Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jack E.; Zarinebaf, Fariba; Bennet, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju9sKUox3OcC">A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century</a>. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-534-8"><bdi>978-0-87661-534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+and+Economic+Geography+of+Ottoman+Greece%3A+The+Southwestern+Morea+in+the+18th+Century&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87661-534-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rft.au=Zarinebaf%2C+Fariba&rft.au=Bennet%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJu9sKUox3OcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jack E.; Davies, Siriol (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoZlbnrH2SEC">Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece</a>. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-540-9"><bdi>978-0-87661-540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Venice+and+Istanbul%3A+Colonial+Landscapes+in+Early+Modern+Greece&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87661-540-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Siriol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoZlbnrH2SEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Gondicas, Dimitri; Issawi, Charles Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJcPAQAAMAAJ">Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-096-3"><bdi>978-0-87850-096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Greeks+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism%3A+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87850-096-3&rft.aulast=Gondicas&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft.au=Issawi%2C+Charles+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJcPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Lampe, John R.; Jackson, Marvin R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtW2axOSn10C">Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations</a>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30368-4"><bdi>978-0-253-30368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Economic+History%2C+1550%E2%80%931950%3A+From+Imperial+Borderlands+to+Developing+Nations&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-253-30368-4&rft.aulast=Lampe&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Marvin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtW2axOSn10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern Greeks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Frary, Lucien J. (2015). Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 1821-1844. Oxford University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873377-5"><bdi>978-0-19-873377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Greek+Identity%2C+1821-1844&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873377-5&rft.aulast=Frary&rft.aufirst=Lucien+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Herzfeld, Michael (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n620AAAAIAAJ">Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece</a>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76018-9"><bdi>978-0-292-76018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ours+Once+More%3A+Folklore%2C+Ideology%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Greece&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76018-9&rft.aulast=Herzfeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn620AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Holden, David (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greecewithoutcol00hold">Greece without Columns: The Making of the Modern Greeks</a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00779-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00779-0"><bdi>978-0-397-00779-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+without+Columns%3A+The+Making+of+the+Modern+Greeks&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00779-0&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreecewithoutcol00hold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Karakasidou, Anastasia N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGQ2enTZWO4C">Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42494-1"><bdi>978-0-226-42494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Wheat%2C+Hills+of+Blood%3A+Passages+to+Nationhood+in+Greek+Macedonia%2C+1870%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42494-1&rft.aulast=Karakasidou&rft.aufirst=Anastasia+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGQ2enTZWO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mackridge, Peter; Yannakakis, Eleni (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AiJvm924ankC">Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912</a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-138-3"><bdi>978-1-85973-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ourselves+and+Others%3A+The+Development+of+a+Greek+Macedonian+Cultural+Identity+since+1912&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-138-3&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Yannakakis%2C+Eleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAiJvm924ankC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Mazower, Mark, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAszKv6JfQUC">After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05842-9"><bdi>978-0-691-05842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+The+War+Was+Over%3A+Reconstructing+the+Family%2C+Nation+and+State+in+Greece%2C+1943%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05842-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAszKv6JfQUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekstheirheri00toyn">The Greeks and Their Heritages</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215256-5"><bdi>978-0-19-215256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+and+Their+Heritages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215256-5&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekstheirheri00toyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1iAAAAMAAJ">Sociolinguistic Variation and Change</a>. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1515-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-1515-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220107/https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1iAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Variation+and+Change&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1515-5&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3l1iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Zacharia, Katerina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC">Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity</a>. Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6525-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6525-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927223112/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenisms%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Ethnicity+from+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.place=Surrey%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0&rft.aulast=Zacharia&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1fGJRxUG6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreeks" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Greeks at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greeks" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Greeks">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="c:Category:People of Greece">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greeks" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Greeks">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Greeks" class="extiw" title="q:Greeks">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greeks" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Greeks">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greeks" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Greeks">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Greeks" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Greeks">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> Diaspora <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710011641/http://en.sae.gr/?id=12377">World Council of Hellenes Abroad (SAE)</a>, Umbrella Diaspora Organization</li></ul> Religious <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec-patr.org/">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiochpatriarchate.org/">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111061737/http://jerusalem-patriarchate.info/">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofcyprus.org.cy/">Church of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecclesia.gr/">Church of Greece</a></li></ul> Academic <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/">Transnational Communities Programme at the University of Oxford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616074433/http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 16 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, includes papers on the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Diaspora">Greek Diaspora</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060211141151/http://www.chs.harvard.edu/activities_events.sec/conferences.ssp/conf_greeks_on_greekness.pg">Greeks on Greekness</a>: The Construction and Uses of the Greek Past among Greeks under the Roman Empire.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Studies_Association" title="Modern Greek Studies Association">Modern Greek Studies Association</a> is a scholarly organization for modern Greek studies in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, which publishes the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_Greek_Studies" title="Journal of Modern Greek Studies">Journal of Modern Greek Studies</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074434/https://gotgreek.hellenext.org/">Got Greek? Next Generation National Research Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wihs.uwaterloo.ca/">Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies</a></li></ul> Trade organizations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcbt.com/">Hellenic Canadian Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcla.ca/">Hellenic Canadian Lawyers Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115104316/http://www.helleniccongressbc.ca/The_Hellenic_Canadian_Congress_of_BC/Index.html">Hellenic Canadian Congress of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenicamerican.cc/">Hellenic-American Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725125734/http://www.camarahelenoargentina.org/ingles/instituciones-relacionadas.php">Hellenic-Argentine Chamber of Industry and Commerce (C.I.C.H.A.)</a></li></ul> Charitable organizations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahepacanada.org/">AHEPA</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Hellenic_Educational_Progressive_Association" title="American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association">American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.HHF.ca/">Hellenic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenichome.org/">Hellenic Home for the Aged</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709094545/http://www.hellenichope.org/about-us">Hellenic Hope Center</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Greece&#124;link=Greece_Ethnic_groups_in_Greece177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Greece">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hellenic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace" title="Albanians of Western Thrace">Albanians of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a></li> <li>Italians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_the_Dodecanese" title="Italian colonists in the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maltese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Maltese" title="Corfiot Maltese">Corfu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Thessaloniki">Sephardi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic Macedonians</a></li> <li>Turks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigrants to Greece">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Greece" title="Arabs in Greece">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Greece" title="Australians in Greece">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Britons_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:Britons in Greece (page does not exist)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Auxiliary_Corps" title="Bavarian Auxiliary Corps">Bavarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Greece" title="Filipinos in Greece">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgians in Greece">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Greece">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Greece">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Greece" title="Russians in Greece">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Greece" title="Serbs in Greece">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_topics325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> (pre-1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> (1100 BC-330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> (330–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> (post-1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Greeks</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 99 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fcdc855dc-z926j","wgBackendResponseTime":357,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.203","walltime":"3.735","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27670,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":962526,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27037,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":76,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1031656,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2991.808 1 -total"," 30.75% 919.974 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.28% 756.339 183 Template:Cite_book"," 10.15% 303.714 65 Template:Cite_web"," 9.43% 282.250 145 Template:Harvnb"," 8.47% 253.428 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.40% 191.375 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.85% 144.994 2 Template:Efn"," 3.90% 116.747 2 Template:Short_description"," 3.81% 113.967 12 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.020","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22930335,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchilli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdrados2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngelov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngold1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArgyropoulosSassouniXeniotou1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArun2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinsonGray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyub2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahadıroğlu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarutciski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauchet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellinello1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirand2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjørnlund2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlyth2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoardman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorowiec2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrice2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroome1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBubenik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBump\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurckhardt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurstein1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadogan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalotychos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalli-SforzaPiazza1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClementeUnterländerDolgovaAmorim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietrich1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrews1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrineasTsetsosPlantingaLazaridis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunstan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFasold1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFouracreGerberding1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiev1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriersonBellinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuibernauHutchinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaldon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarl1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrinSaint-Guillain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershlag1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHordenPurcell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowatson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_Perry_Clark_CareyAndrew_Galbraith_Carey1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaldellis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKardasis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazhdanConstable1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoliopoulos1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoliopoulosVeremis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagouvardosTsamaliPapadopoulouPolyzois2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaliotou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatacz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisMittnikPattersonMallick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacan1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackridge1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagdalino1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakrides2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaratou-Alipranti2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMavrocordatos1800\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabeHarlaftis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEnroe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelander2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilburn1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas,_Nick.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovembre2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlaldeCarriónMikićRohland2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanayotou2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapachristouElgood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapadakis1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapadakisPeristianisWelz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapagrigorakisKousoulisSynodinos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodzuweit1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollitt1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostanMillerPostan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrevelakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPsellos1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._J._Rummel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaveaneMolinaroAneliCapodiferro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezun2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScribd2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiradaki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahid1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerRusconeBianco2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSphrantzes1477\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamatoyannopoulosBoseTeodosiadisTsetsos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStansbury-O\u0026#039;Donnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarostin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStouraitis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarbell1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTartaron2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Heath1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTian2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonkinChapmanMcDonald1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsokalidou2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulloch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliev1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoegelinMoulakis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVryonis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinstedt1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYotopoulos-Marangopoulos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuwiyya2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Quetteville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Horst1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzkırımlıSofos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠevčenko2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 183,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 65,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 4,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 6,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Greece\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 31,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 145,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain link\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 2,\n [\"Sup\"] = 12,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fcdc855dc-7n75r","timestamp":"20250408001918","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Greeks","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greeks","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q539051","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q539051","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-27T06:55:03Z","dateModified":"2025-03-22T15:50:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/Map_of_the_Greek_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg","headline":"ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea"}</script> </body> </html>