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href="/articles/mawara-al-nahr">MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR</span></a></h2> <h3>C. Edmund Bosworth</h3> <p><p>the classical designation for Transoxania or Transoxiana. It was defined by the early Arabic historians and geographers as the lands under Muslim control lying to the north of the middle and upper Oxus or Āmu Daryā.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/maayeb-al-rejal">MAʿĀYEB AL-REJĀL</span></a></h2> <h3>Afsaneh Najmabadi</h3> <p><p>a treatise written in 1894 by Bibi Ḵānom Estarābādi/Astarābādi as a counterargument to the anonymous <em>Taʾdib al-neswān/Taʾdib al-nesāʾ</em>, a tract on how to discipline women, published in the mid-19th century.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/machalski-franciszek">MACHALSKI, FRANCISZEK</span></a></h2> <h3>Anna Krasnowolska</h3> <p><p>(1904-1979), Polish Iranist. Some of his best papers are devoted to cultural and political life in Pahlavi Persia.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/mackenzie-david-neil-1">MACKENZIE, DAVID NEIL</span></a></h2> <h3>Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst</h3> <p><p>Believing that the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies would be the institution most suited to his interests, Mackenzie enrolled there in September 1948. Because Pashto was not offered, he chose Persian, and completed the three-year B.A. course in 1951.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area">MADĀʾEN</span></a></h2> <h3>Michael Morony</h3> <p><p>the Sasanian metropolitan area of several contiguous cities, on both sides of the Tigris and connected by floating bridges, about 35 km southeast of Abbasid Baghdad.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/madar-al-afazel">MADĀR AL-AFĀŻEL</span></a></h2> <h3>Solomon Bayevsky</h3> <p><p>dictionary of the Persian language compiled in 1001/1593 by the poet and historian Allāh-dād Fayżī b. Asad al-ʿOlamāʾ ʿAli-&scaron;ir Serhendi.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/madar-solayman-cross-ref">MĀDAR-E SOLAYMĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p>"Solaymān's mother," local name of the tomb of Cyrus. See <a href="/articles/cyrus-v-tomb">CYRUS v. The Tomb of Cyrus</a>. </p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/madayan-i-hazar-dadestan">MĀDAYĀN Ī HAZĀR DĀDESTĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Maria Macuch</h3> <p><p>(Book of a Thousand Judgements), Pahlavi Law-Book from the late Sasanian period (first half of the seventh century).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/madda-tarik-chronogram">MĀDDA TĀRIḴ</span></a></h2> <h3>Paul Losensky</h3> <p><p>chronogram poem, a poetic genre characterized by the inclusion of the year in which an event occurred.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/madrasa-crossref">MADRASA</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p class="p1">school for the study of the Islamic sciences and related subjects.<span class="Apple-converted-space">  </span>For the institution, see under entry EDUCATION: <a href="/articles/education-iv-the-medieval-madrasa">iv. The Medieval Madrasa</a>, <a href="/articles/education-v-the-madrasa-in-shiite-persia">v. The Madrasa In ShiʿIte Persia</a>; <a href="/articles/education-vi-the-madrasa-in-sunni-kurdistan">vi. The Madrasa In Sunni Kurdistan</a>. Other entries contain passing references to <em>madrasa</em>s in relation to specific mosques; see, e.g., <a href="/articles/gowhar-sad-mosque">GOWHAR-&Scaron;ĀD MOSQUE</a>, <a href="/articles/bibi-khanom-mosque-named-after-bibi-khanom-otherwise-known-as-saray-molk-khanom-chief-wife-of-timur-r">BĪBĪ KHANOM MOSQUE</a>. <span class="Apple-converted-space">  </span>For the architecture of <em>madrasa</em>s, see <a href="/articles/isfahan-x4-madrasas">ISFAHAN x. Monuments x(4). 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