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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium foil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="رقاقة ألومنيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رقاقة ألومنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Алуминиево фолио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алуминиево фолио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="ཧང་ཤོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧང་ཤོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_d%27alumini" title="Paper d'alumini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper d'alumini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alobal" title="Alobal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alobal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanniol" title="Stanniol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stanniol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbab%C3%A1bir" title="Silbabábir – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Silbabábir" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alufolie" title="Alufolie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alufolie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αλουμινόχαρτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλουμινόχαρτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_aluminio" title="Papel aluminio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel aluminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminifolio" title="Aluminifolio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aluminifolio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiozko_paper" title="Aluminiozko paper – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aluminiozko paper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ورق آلومینیومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورق آلومینیومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuille_d%27aluminium" title="Feuille d'aluminium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feuille d'aluminium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84%EB%B0%95" title="알루미늄박 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알루미늄박" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kertas_aluminium" title="Kertas aluminium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kertas aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglio_di_alluminio" title="Foglio di alluminio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foglio di alluminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רדיד אלומיניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיד אלומיניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajang_aluminium" title="Kerajang aluminium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajang aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хөнгөн цагаан ялтсан цаас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөнгөн цагаан ялтсан цаас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumfolie" title="Aluminiumfolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aluminiumfolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E7%AE%94" title="アルミ箔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルミ箔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfol" title="Alfol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel-alum%C3%ADnio" title="Papel-alumínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel-alumínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannedda" title="Pannedda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pannedda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aluminium foil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinifolio" title="Alumiinifolio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alumiinifolio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumfolie" title="Aluminiumfolie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aluminiumfolie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แผ่นอะลูมิเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นอะลูมิเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminyum_folyo" title="Alüminyum folyo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alüminyum folyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфоль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфоль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_nh%C3%B4m" title="Lá nhôm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lá nhôm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A thin, flexible sheet of aluminium, used for wrapping food and other purposes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aluminio.jpg/220px-Aluminio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aluminio.jpg/330px-Aluminio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aluminio.jpg/440px-Aluminio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>A roll of aluminium foil</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aluminium foil</b> (or <b>aluminum foil</b> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>; occasionally called <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> prepared in thin <a href="/wiki/Metal_leaf" title="Metal leaf">metal leaves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Foil_(metal)" title="Foil (metal)">foil</a> is pliable and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">laminated</a> with other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> to make them stronger and more useful. </p><p>Annual production of aluminium foil was approximately 850,000 tonnes (940,000 tons) in Europe in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 600,000 tonnes (660,000 tons) in the U.S. in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-aausa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aausa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 75% of aluminium foil is used for <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">packaging</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, and chemical products, and 25% is used for industrial applications (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>, electrical cables, and electronics).<sup id="cite_ref-aausa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aausa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be easily <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">recycled</a>. </p><p>Aluminium foil supplanted <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a> in the mid 20th century. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> it is often informally called "tin foil", just as <a href="/wiki/Steel_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel can">steel cans</a> are often still called "<a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin cans</a>". <a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised films</a> are sometimes mistaken for aluminium foil, but are actually polymer films <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-film deposition">coated</a> with a thin layer of aluminium. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foil made from a thin leaf of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">Tin foil</a> was marketed commercially from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth century. The term "tin foil" survives in the English language as a term for the newer aluminium foil. Tin foil is less <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleable</a> than aluminium foil and tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it. Tin foil has been supplanted by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first audio recordings on <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonograph cylinders">phonograph cylinders</a> were made on tin foil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention">Invention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, <span class="nowrap">Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie.</span> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Emmishofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The plant, owned by <span class="nowrap">J. G. Neher & Sons</span>, the aluminium manufacturers, was founded in 1886 in <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Switzerland, at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Falls" title="Rhine Falls">Rhine Falls</a>, whose energy powered the process. In December 1907, Neher's sons, along with Dr. Lauber, had invented the endless rolling process, by which they discovered that aluminium foil could be used as a protective barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Bern-based Tobler began wrapping its chocolate bars in aluminium foil, including the unique <a href="/wiki/Triangular_prism" title="Triangular prism">triangular</a> chocolate bar, <a href="/wiki/Toblerone" title="Toblerone">Toblerone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first use of foil in the United States was in 1913 for wrapping <a href="/wiki/Life_Savers" title="Life Savers">Life Savers</a>, candy bars, and gum.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg/220px-Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg/330px-Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg/440px-Rubber_with_sodium_silicate_beads_6_alu_backside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photomicrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomicrograph">Microscopic close-up</a> of aluminium foil on the back of an <a href="/wiki/Intumescent" title="Intumescent">intumescent</a> rubber strip</figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium foil has a thickness less than 0.2 mm (7.9 mils); thinner gauges down to 6 μm (0.24 mils) are also commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-EAFA_facts1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAFA_facts1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard household foil is typically 0.016 mm (0.63 mils) thick, and heavy-duty household foil is typically 0.024 mm (0.94 mils). </p><p>Foil may have a non-stick coating on only one side.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although aluminium is non-magnetic, it is a good <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductor</a>, so even a thin sheet reflects almost all of an incident electric wave. At frequencies more than 100 MHz, the transmitted electric field is attenuated by more than 80 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> (dB), that is less than 10<sup>−8</sup> = 0.00000001 of the power gets through.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thin sheets of aluminium are not very effective at attenuating low-frequency magnetic fields. The shielding effectiveness is dependent upon the <a href="/wiki/Skin_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin depth">skin depth</a>. A field travelling through one skin depth will lose about 63% of its energy (it is attenuated to 1/<i>e</i> = 1/2.718... of its original energy). Thin shields also have internal reflections that reduce the shielding effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg/220px-Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg/330px-Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg/440px-Aluminium_foil_micrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>A roll of aluminium foil, with <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">micrometer</a> showing a thickness of 13 μm (0.5 <a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">mils</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolling (metalworking)</a></div> <p>The continuous casting method is much less energy-intensive and has become the preferred process.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to produce rollers with a gap fine enough to cope with the foil gauge, and to avoid this, as well as reducing tearing, increasing production rates, and controlling thickness,<sup id="cite_ref-degarmo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degarmo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the final pass when producing thicknesses below 0.025 mm (1 <a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">mil</a>), two sheets are rolled at the same time, doubling the thickness of the gauge at entry to the rollers. After the rollers, the two sheets are separated, which produces foil with one shiny side and one matte side. </p><p>The two sides in contact with each other are matte, and the exterior sides become shiny. The <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of dull aluminium foil is 80%, while shiny embossed foil reflects about 88%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in thermal properties between the two sides is imperceptible without instrumentation. By <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_law_of_thermal_radiation#History" title="Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation">Kirchhoff's law of radiation</a>, increased reflectivity decreases both absorption and <a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">emission</a> of radiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg/220px-Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg/330px-Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg/440px-Reese%27s_peanut_butter_cups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Candies in aluminium foil packaging</figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium foil is widely sold into the <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> market, often in rolls of 500 mm (20 in) width and several metres in length.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aluminium foil is also used for <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecuing</a> delicate foods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with all metallic items, aluminium foil reacts to being placed in a <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a>. This is because of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic fields</a> of the microwaves inducing electric currents in the foil and high <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">potentials</a> at the sharp points of the foil sheet; if the potential is sufficiently high, it will cause <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arcing</a> to areas with lower potential, even to the air surrounding the sheet. Modern microwave ovens have been designed to prevent damage to the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a> tube from microwave energy reflection, and aluminium packages designed for microwave heating are available.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium recycling</a></div> <p>Some aluminium foil products can be <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled</a> at around 5% of the original <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> cost.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tin_foil_hat" title="Tin foil hat">Tin foil hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">Gold leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_foil" title="Copper foil">Copper foil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324235709/http://www.alufoil.org/statistics.html">"Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alufoil.org/statistics.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alufoil.org%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aausa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aausa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aausa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aluminum.org/Content/ContentGroups/Tech_Q_and_A/New_Aluminum_Foil_Manual_Covers_It_All.htm">"Foil & Packaging"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227184227/http://www.aluminum.org/Content/ContentGroups/Tech_Q_and_A/New_Aluminum_Foil_Manual_Covers_It_All.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Aluminum Association (USA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2002" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Kenneth R. (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00001524/00001">"A Brief History of Packaging"</a>. University of Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909204256/http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00001524/00001">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Packaging&rft.pub=University+of+Florida&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FIR00001524%2F00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCylinder_Preservation_and_Digitization_Project,_UCSB2005" class="citation web cs1">Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project, UCSB (16 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/history-tinfoil.php">"Tinfoil Recordings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(web page)</span>. <i>Cylinder Recordings: A Primer</i>. University of California at Santa Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016155323/http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/history-tinfoil.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cylinder+Recordings%3A+A+Primer&rft.atitle=Tinfoil+Recordings&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft.au=Cylinder+Preservation+and+Digitization+Project%2C+UCSB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcylinders.library.ucsb.edu%2Fhistory-tinfoil.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Bellis2012" class="citation web cs1">Mary Bellis (2012-04-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716161834/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaluminum.htm">"Charles Martin Hall: The History of Aluminum"</a>. Inventors.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaluminum.htm">the original</a> on July 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Martin+Hall%3A+The+History+of+Aluminum&rft.pub=Inventors.about.com&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft.au=Mary+Bellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fblaluminum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alufoil.org/history.html">"History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512075406/http://www.alufoil.org/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alufoil.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanlon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanlon, J. (1992). 1st ed. Handbook of Package Engineering, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Technomic Publishing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87762-924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87762-924-2">0-87762-924-2</a>. Chapter 3: Films and Foils.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAFA_facts1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EAFA_facts1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325000221/http://www.alufoil.org/facts.html">"Facts about aluminium foil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alufoil.org/facts.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+aluminium+foil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alufoil.org%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021084635/http://www.reynoldskitchens.com/media/10246730/reynolds_wrap_faq.pdf">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reynoldskitchens.com/media/10246730/reynolds_wrap_faq.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reynoldskitchens.com%2Fmedia%2F10246730%2Freynolds_wrap_faq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1976" class="citation cs2">Ott, Henry (1976), <i>Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems</i>, Wiley Interscience, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-65726-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-65726-3"><bdi>0-471-65726-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noise+Reduction+Techniques+in+Electronic+Systems&rft.pub=Wiley+Interscience&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-471-65726-3&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span>. <a href="#CITEREFOtt1976">Ott (1976</a>, figure 6-13) graphs reflection loss for copper and shows electric field and plane wave losses at greater than 90 dB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtt1976">Ott 1976</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, G. (2006). 2nd ed. Food Packaging, Principles and Practise, Boca Raton, FL, Taylor & Francis Group: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-3775-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-3775-5">0-8493-3775-5</a>. Chapter 7: Metal Packaging Materials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degarmo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-degarmo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegarmoBlackKohser2003" class="citation book cs1">Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). <i>Materials and Processes in Manufacturing</i> (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-65653-4"><bdi>0-471-65653-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Processes+in+Manufacturing&rft.pages=386&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-65653-4&rft.aulast=Degarmo&rft.aufirst=E.+Paul&rft.au=Black%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Kohser%2C+Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reynoldspkg.com/reynoldskitchens/en/product_category.asp?cat_id=1337">Examples of products</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218165509/http://www.reynoldspkg.com/reynoldskitchens/en/product_category.asp?cat_id=1337">Archived</a> 2008-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidMikeC2011" class="citation book cs1">Said, Olivier; MikeC, Chef (2011-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXm8ccnB0P8C&q=Aluminium+foil+is+used+for+barbecuing+delicate+foods&pg=PA207"><i>Kitchen on Fire!: Mastering the Art of Cooking in 12 Weeks (or Less)</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738214535" title="Special:BookSources/9780738214535"><bdi>9780738214535</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022234134/https://books.google.com/books?id=zXm8ccnB0P8C&pg=PA207&dq=Aluminium+foil+is+used+for+barbecuing+delicate+foods&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjkLH6r9nUAhUI6mMKHdTmBmEQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=Aluminium%20foil%20is%20used%20for%20barbecuing%20delicate%20foods&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitchen+on+Fire%21%3A+Mastering+the+Art+of+Cooking+in+12+Weeks+%28or+Less%29&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft.isbn=9780738214535&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=MikeC%2C+Chef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXm8ccnB0P8C%26q%3DAluminium%2Bfoil%2Bis%2Bused%2Bfor%2Bbarbecuing%2Bdelicate%2Bfoods%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huss, G. (1997) Microwaveable Packaging and Dual-Ovenable Materials in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd ed., edited by Brody, A. and Marsch, K. New York, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsia-Pacific_Partnership_on_Clean_Development_and_Climate" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Partnership_on_Clean_Development_and_Climate" title="Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate">Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406032451/http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/english/tf_aluminium.aspx">"Action Plan, page 5, table 2: 4.2 vs. 0.19"</a>. Archived from the original on 2009-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Action+Plan%2C+page+5%2C+table+2%3A+4.2+vs.+0.19&rft.au=Asia-Pacific+Partnership+on+Clean+Development+and+Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiapacificpartnership.org%2Fenglish%2Ftf_aluminium.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAluminium+foil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> 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container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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