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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Name and background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_as_an_apostle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_as_an_apostle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Role as an apostle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_as_an_apostle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betrayal_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betrayal_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Betrayal of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betrayal_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judas'_eternal_destination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judas'_eternal_destination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Judas' eternal destination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judas'_eternal_destination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Judas' eternal destination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Judas'_eternal_destination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestant_theologians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_theologians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Protestant theologians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_theologians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Catholic doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Role in apocrypha </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_apocrypha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role in apocrypha subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_Infancy_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Syriac Infancy Gospel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_Infancy_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Judas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Judas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Gospel of Judas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Judas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Barnabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Barnabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gospel of Barnabas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Barnabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Representations and symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Art and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Citations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Judas Iscariot</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="يهوذا الإسخريوطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهوذا الإسخريوطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudas_Escariot" title="Chudas Escariot – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chudas Escariot" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%A3%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܝܗܘܕܐ ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗܘܕܐ ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE" title="ঈষ্করিয়োতীয় যিহূদা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈষ্করিয়োতীয় যিহূদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82" title="Іуда Іскарыёт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іуда Іскарыёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82" title="Юда Іскарыёт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юда Іскарыёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Iscariot" title="Jude Iscariot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jude Iscariot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Юда Искариотски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юда Искариотски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡུ་དཱ་དབྱི་སི་ཀར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡུ་དཱ་དབྱི་སི་ཀར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaz_Iskariot" title="Judaz Iskariot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Judaz Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judes_Iscariot" title="Judes Iscariot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judes Iscariot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Иуда Искариот – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иуда Искариот" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jid%C3%A1%C5%A1_I%C5%A1kariotsk%C3%BD" title="Jidáš Iškariotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jidáš Iškariotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudas_Iskariot" title="Juudas Iskariot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juudas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ιούδας ο Ισκαριώτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιούδας ο Ισκαριώτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariote" title="Judas Iscariote – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judas Iscariote" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaso_Iskarioto" title="Judaso Iskarioto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judaso Iskarioto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariote" title="Judas Iskariote – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judas Iskariote" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="یهودا اسخریوطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودا اسخریوطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariote" title="Judas Iscariote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judas Iscariote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xudas_Iscariote" title="Xudas Iscariote – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xudas Iscariote" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%B7" title="유다 이스카리옷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유다 이스카리옷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Հուդա Իսկարիովտացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուդա Իսկարիովտացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F" title="जूडस इस्कैरियट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जूडस इस्कैरियट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_I%C5%A1kariotski" title="Juda Iškariotski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Juda Iškariotski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariote" title="Judas Iscariote – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Judas Iscariote" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudas_Iskariot" title="Yudas Iskariot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yudas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAdas_%C3%8Dskar%C3%ADot" title="Júdas Ískaríot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Júdas Ískaríot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuda_Iscariota" title="Giuda Iscariota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giuda Iscariota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יהודה איש קריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודה איש קריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudas_Iskariot" title="Yudas Iskariot – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yudas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="იუდა ისკარიოტელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდა ისკარიოტელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Iskarioti" title="Yuda Iskarioti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yuda Iskarioti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudas_Iscariotes" title="Iudas Iscariotes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudas Iscariotes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABda_Iskariots" title="Jūda Iskariots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūda Iskariots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskarijotas" title="Judas Iskarijotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judas Iskarijotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuda_Iscariota" title="Giuda Iscariota – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giuda Iscariota" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskari%C3%B3ti_J%C3%BAd%C3%A1s" title="Iskarióti Júdás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iskarióti Júdás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Јуда Искариот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јуда Искариот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodasy_Iskari%C3%B4ta" title="Jodasy Iskariôta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jodasy Iskariôta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="യൂദാസ് സ്കറിയോത്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂദാസ് സ്കറിയോത്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%89" title="يهوذا الاسخريوطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوذا الاسخريوطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Judas Iscariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-li%C5%8Fk_n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng_I%C3%B9-d%C3%A2i" title="Gă-liŏk nè̤ng Iù-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-liŏk nè̤ng Iù-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%86%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80" title="イスカリオテのユダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスカリオテのユダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A0s_Escari%C3%B2t" title="Judàs Escariòt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Judàs Escariòt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="یہوداہ اِسخَریوطی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہوداہ اِسخَریوطی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Ischariot" title="Judas Ischariot – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Judas Ischariot" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judasz_Iskariota" title="Judasz Iskariota – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Judasz Iskariota" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariotes" title="Judas Iscariotes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judas Iscariotes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuda_Iscarioteanul" title="Iuda Iscarioteanul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iuda Iscarioteanul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Иуда Искариот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иуда Искариот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Iskarioti" title="Juda Iskarioti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Juda Iskarioti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judas Iscariot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A1%C5%A1_I%C5%A1kariotsk%C3%BD" title="Judáš Iškariotský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Judáš Iškariotský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_I%C5%A1karijot" title="Juda Iškarijot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Juda Iškarijot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јуда Искариотски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јуда Искариотски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda_Iskariotski" title="Juda Iskariotski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Juda Iskariotski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudas_Iskariot" title="Juudas Iskariot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juudas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudas_Iskariote" title="Hudas Iskariote – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hudas Iskariote" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="யூதாசு இஸ்காரியோத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதாசு இஸ்காரியோத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Яһүд Искариот – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүд Искариот" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97" title="ยูดาสอิสคาริโอท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูดาสอิสคาริโอท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuda_(havari)" title="Yahuda (havari) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahuda (havari)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Юда Іскаріот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юда Іскаріот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="یہوداہ اِسخَریوطی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہوداہ اِسخَریوطی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giu%C4%91a_%C3%8Dtcari%E1%BB%91t" title="Giuđa Ítcariốt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giuđa Ítcariốt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djuda_Iscariote" title="Djuda Iscariote – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djuda Iscariote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Judas Iscariot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%95%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%A7" title="加略人犹大 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加略人犹大" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%95%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%A7" title="加略人猶大 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加略人猶大" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%95%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%A7" title="加略人猶大 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加略人猶大" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A1" title="Judá – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Judá" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Judas Iskariot" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disciple and betrayer of Christ</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude the Apostle</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical figure. For the black metal band, see <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot_(band)" title="Judas Iscariot (band)">Judas Iscariot (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Judas" and "Iscariot" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Judas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Judas (disambiguation)">Judas (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iscariot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iscariot (disambiguation)">Iscariot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Judas Iscariot</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas,_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg/220px-Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg/330px-Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg/440px-Almeida_J%C3%BAnior_-_Remorso_de_Judas%2C_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="937" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Judas' Remorse (1880) by <a href="/wiki/Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Kerioth" title="Kerioth">Kerioth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 30-33 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a> or/and <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">fall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category">Judaism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Simon Iscariot (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Betraying Jesus</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption>The Kiss of Judas by <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a> (between 1304 and 1306) depicts Judas's identifying kiss in the <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Garden of Gethsemane</a></figcaption></figure> Judas Iscariot (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒuːdəs ɪˈskæriət/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>: Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριώτης Ioúdas Iskariṓtēs; died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 – c. 33 AD) was, according to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>'s four canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>, a first-century <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> man<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> who became a <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciple</a> and one of the original <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Judas <a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">betrayed</a> Jesus to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> in the Garden of <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/30_pieces_of_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="30 pieces of silver">30 pieces of silver</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">kissing him on the cheek</a> and addressing him as "<a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament#Master" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">master</a>" to reveal his identity in the darkness to the crowd who had come to arrest him.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In modern times, his name is often used synonymously with betrayal or treason. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> gives no motive for Judas's betrayal but does present <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">Jesus predicting it</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, an event also described in all the other gospels. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#26:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">26:15</a> states that Judas committed the betrayal in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver" title="Thirty pieces of silver">thirty pieces of silver</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">22:3</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#13:27" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">13:27</a> suggest that he was <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">possessed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:1–10</a>, after learning that Jesus <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">was to be crucified</a>, Judas attempted to return the money he had been paid for his betrayal to the chief priests and hanged himself.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The priests used the money to buy a field to bury strangers in, which was called the "<a href="/wiki/Akeldama" title="Akeldama">Field of Blood</a>" because it had been bought with blood money. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">1:18</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> as saying that Judas used the money to buy the field himself and, he "[fell] headlong... burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out." His place among the Twelve Apostles was later filled by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a>. Due to his notorious role in all the gospel narratives, Judas remains a controversial figure in Christian history. His betrayal is seen as setting in motion the events that led to Jesus's crucifixion and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, which, according to traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> to humanity. The <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>—rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> Church as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a>—portrays Judas's actions as done in obedience to instructions given to him by Jesus, and that he alone amongst the disciples knew Jesus's true teachings. Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Judas has sometimes been portrayed as a personification of the Jewish people, and his betrayal has been used to justify <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</a>]</div> Although Judas Iscariot's historical existence is generally widely accepted among secular historians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–33-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stein-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> this relative consensus has not gone entirely unchallenged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–33-6">[6]</a> The earliest possible allusion to Judas comes from the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">11:23–24</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> does not mention Judas by name<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> but uses the passive voice of the Greek word paradídōmi (παραδίδωμι), which most Bible translations render as "was betrayed":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> "...the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took a loaf of bread..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a> Nonetheless, some biblical scholars argue that the word paradídōmi should be translated as "was handed over".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> This translation could still refer to Judas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> but it could also instead refer to God metaphorically "handing Jesus over" to the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">[9]</a> In his book Antisemitism and Modernity (2006), the Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> suggests that, in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the name "Judas" was constructed as an attack on the Judaeans or on the Judaean religious establishment held responsible for executing Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200927-12">[12]</a> In his book The Sins of Scripture (2009), <a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">John Shelby Spong</a> concurs with this argument,<a href="#cite_note-Spong-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200927–28-14">[14]</a> insisting, "The whole story of Judas has the feeling of being contrived ... The act of betrayal by a member of the twelve disciples is not found in the earliest Christian writings. Judas is first placed into the Christian story by the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#3:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">3:19</a>), who wrote in the early 70s AD."<a href="#cite_note-Spong-13">[13]</a> Most scholars reject these arguments for non-historicity,<a href="#cite_note-Stein-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oropeza-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200928-17">[17]</a> noting that there is nothing in the gospels to associate Judas with Judeans except his name, which was an extremely common one for Jewish men during the first century,<a href="#cite_note-Oropeza-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> and that numerous other figures named "Judas" are mentioned throughout the New Testament, none of whom are portrayed negatively.<a href="#cite_note-Oropeza-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> Positive figures named Judas mentioned in the New Testament include the prophet <a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a> (Acts 15:22–33), <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brother</a> <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a> (Mark 6:3; Matt 13:55; Jude 1), and the apostle <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas the son of James</a> (Luke 6:14–16; Acts 1:13; John 14:22).<a href="#cite_note-Oropeza-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_and_background">Name and background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name and background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_(Judas_Iscariote)_-_James_Tissot_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_%28Judas_Iscariote%29_-_James_Tissot_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_%28Judas_Iscariote%29_-_James_Tissot_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_%28Judas_Iscariote%29_-_James_Tissot_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_%28Judas_Iscariote%29_-_James_Tissot_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Judas_Iscariot_%28Judas_Iscariote%29_-_James_Tissot_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Judas Iscariot (between 1886 and 1894) by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a></figcaption></figure> The name "Judas" (Ὶούδας) is a <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> rendering of the Hebrew name <a href="/wiki/Judah_(given_name)" title="Judah (given name)">Judah</a> (יהודה, Yehûdâh, Hebrew for "praise or praised"), which was an extremely common name for Jewish men during the first century AD, due to the renowned hero <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> Consequently, numerous other figures with this name are mentioned throughout the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-Oropeza-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> In the Gospel of Mark <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#3:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">3:13–19</a>, which was written in the mid-60s or early 70s AD, Judas Iscariot is the only apostle named "Judas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#10:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 10:2–4</a> shares this portrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#6:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">6:12–19</a>, however, replaces the apostle whom Mark and Matthew call "<a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddeus</a>" with "Judas son of James".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stanford" title="Peter Stanford">Peter Stanford</a> suggests that this renaming may represent an effort by the author of the Gospel of Luke to create a "good Judas" in contrast to the betrayer Judas Iscariot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> Judas's <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> "Iscariot" (Ὶσκάριωθ or Ὶσκαριώτης), which distinguishes him from the other people named "Judas" in the gospels, is usually thought to be a Greek rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> phrase איש־קריות, (Îš-Qrîyôt), meaning "the man from <a href="/wiki/Kerioth" title="Kerioth">Kerioth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This interpretation is supported by the statement in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#6:71" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">6:71</a> that Judas was "the son of Simon Iscariot".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> Nonetheless, this interpretation of the name is not fully accepted by all scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> One of the most popular alternative explanations holds that "Iscariot" (ܣܟܪܝܘܛܐ, 'Skaryota' in Syriac Aramaic, per the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> text) may be a corruption of the Latin word sicarius, meaning "dagger man",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> which referred to a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a> (סיקריים in Aramaic), a group of Jewish rebels who were known for assassinating people in crowds using long knives hidden under their cloaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> This interpretation is problematic, however, because there is nothing in the gospels to associate Judas with the Sicarii,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> and there is no evidence that the cadre existed during the 30s AD when Judas was alive.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> A possibility advanced by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg</a> is that "Iscariot" means "the liar" or "the false one", from the Hebrew איש-שקרים. <a href="/wiki/C._C._Torrey" class="mw-redirect" title="C. C. Torrey">C. C. Torrey</a> suggests instead the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> form שְׁקַרְיָא or אִשְׁקַרְיָא, with the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iskarioth-24">[24]</a> Stanford rejects this, arguing that the gospel writers follow Judas's name with the statement that he betrayed Jesus, so it would be redundant for them to call him "the false one" before immediately stating that he was a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> Some have proposed that the word derives from an Aramaic word meaning "red color", from the root סקר.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Another hypothesis holds that the word derives from one of the Aramaic roots סכר or סגר. This would mean "to deliver", based on the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> rendering of Isaiah 19:4—a theory advanced by J. Alfred Morin.<a href="#cite_note-Iskarioth-24">[24]</a> The epithet could also be associated with the manner of Judas's death, hanging. This would mean Iscariot derives from a kind of Greek-Aramaic hybrid: אִסְכַּרְיוּתָא, Iskarioutha, meaning "chokiness" or "constriction". This might indicate that the epithet was applied posthumously by the remaining disciples, but Joan E. Taylor has argued that it was a descriptive name given to Judas by Jesus, since other disciples such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a>/Cephas (Kephas "rock") were also given such names.<a href="#cite_note-Iskarioth-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_as_an_apostle">Role as an apostle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role as an apostle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghirlandaio,_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg/370px-Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg/555px-Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg/740px-Ghirlandaio%2C_Domenico_-_Calling_of_the_Apostles_-_1481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Calling of the Apostles (1481) by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a></figcaption></figure> Although the canonical gospels frequently disagree on the names of some of the minor apostles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200930-26">[26]</a> all four of them list Judas Iscariot as one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200930-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> state that Jesus sent out "the twelve" (including Judas) with power over unclean spirits and with a ministry of preaching and healing: Judas clearly played an active part in this apostolic ministry alongside the other eleven.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, in the Gospel of John, Judas's outlook was differentiated—many of Jesus's disciples abandoned him because of the difficulty of accepting his teachings, and Jesus asked the twelve if they would also leave him. Simon Peter spoke for the twelve: "Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life," but Jesus observed then that despite the fact that he himself had chosen the twelve, one of them (unnamed by Jesus, but identified by the narrator) was "a devil" who would betray him.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> One of the best-attested and most reliable statements made by Jesus in the gospels comes from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#19:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">19:28</a>, in which Jesus tells his apostles: "in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">the new world</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> shall sit on his glorious throne, you will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200930-26">[26]</a> New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> concludes, "This is not a tradition that was likely to have been made up by a Christian later, after Jesus's death—since one of these twelve had abandoned his cause and betrayed him. No one thought that Judas Iscariot would be seated on a glorious throne in the Kingdom of God. That saying, therefore appears to go back to Jesus, and indicates, then, that he had twelve close disciples, whom he predicted would reign in the coming Kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200930-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/170px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/255px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/340px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>A 16th century fresco depicting Judas being paid the 30 pieces of silver</figcaption></figure> Matthew directly states that Judas betrayed Jesus for a bribe of "<a href="/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver" title="Thirty pieces of silver">thirty pieces of silver</a>"<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> by identifying him with a kiss—"the <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">kiss of Judas</a>"—to arresting soldiers of the High Priest <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>, who then turned Jesus over to <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>'s soldiers. Mark's Gospel states that the chief priests were looking for a way to <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrest Jesus</a>. They decided not to do so during the feast [of the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>], since they were afraid that people would riot;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> instead, they chose the night before the feast to arrest him. According to Luke's account, <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Satan entered</a> Judas at this time.<a href="#cite_note-Luke-32">[32]</a> According to the account in the Gospel of John, Judas carried the disciples' money bag or box (γλωσσόκομον, glōssokomon),<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> but the Gospel of John makes no mention of the thirty pieces of silver as a fee for betrayal. The <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">evangelist</a> comments in John 12:5–6 that Judas spoke fine words about giving money to the poor, but the reality was "not that he cared for the poor, but [that] he was a thief, and had the money box; and he used to take what was put in it." However, in John 13:27–30, when Judas left the gathering of Jesus and his disciples with betrayal in mind,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> some [of the disciples] thought that Judas might have been leaving to buy supplies or on a charitable errand. Ehrman argues that Judas's betrayal "is about as historically certain as anything else in the tradition",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a> pointing out that the betrayal is independently attested in the Gospel of Mark, in the Gospel of John, and in the Book of Acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">[18]</a> Ehrman also contends that it is highly unlikely that early Christians would have made up the story of Judas's betrayal, since it reflects poorly on Jesus's judgment in choosing him as an apostle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–32-35">[35]</a> Nonetheless, Ehrman argues that what Judas actually told the authorities was not Jesus's location, but rather Jesus's secret teaching that he was the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a> This, he holds, explains why the authorities did not try to arrest Jesus prior to Judas's betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> sums up the historical consensus, stating, "We only know two basic facts about [Judas]: (1) Jesus chose him as one of the Twelve, and (2) he handed over Jesus to the Jerusalem authorities, thus precipitating Jesus's execution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200933-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg/220px-Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg/330px-Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg/440px-Judas_Iscariot_from_Tarzhishte_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption>16th-century fresco from Tarzhishte Monastery, Strupets, Bulgaria, showing Judas hanging himself as described in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:1–10</a></figcaption></figure> Many different accounts of Judas's death have survived from antiquity, both within and outside the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628–29-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416–17-38">[38]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:1–10</a> states that after learning that Jesus <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">was to be crucified</a>, Judas was overcome by remorse and attempted to return the 30 pieces of silver to the priests, but they would not accept them because they were blood money, so he threw them on the ground and left. Afterwards, he committed suicide by hanging himself<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a> according to Mosaic law (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2021:22–23&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 21:22–23</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2016-40">[40]</a>). The priests then used the money to buy a <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_field" title="Potter's field">potter's field</a>, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Akeldama" title="Akeldama">Akeldama</a> (חקל דמא – khakel dama) – the Field of Blood – because it had been bought with blood money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:18</a> states that Judas used the money to buy a field,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2008-41">[41]</a> and "[fell] headlong... burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a> In this account, Judas's death is apparently by accident,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a> and he shows no signs of remorse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">[39]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a> records in his Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord (which was probably written around 100 AD) that Judas was afflicted by God's wrath;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> his body became so enormously bloated that he could not pass through a street with buildings on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> His face became so swollen that a doctor could not even identify the location of his eyes using an optical instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a> Judas's genitals became enormously swollen and oozed with <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> and worms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a> Finally, he killed himself on his own land by pouring out his innards onto the ground,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> which stank so horribly that, even in Papias's own time a century later, people still could not pass the site without holding their noses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> This story was well known among Christians in antiquity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> and was often told in competition with the two conflicting stories from the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> According to the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a>, which was probably written in the fourth century AD, Judas was overcome with remorse<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628-44">[44]</a> and went home to tell his wife, who was roasting a chicken on a spit over a charcoal fire, that he was going to kill himself, because he knew Jesus would rise from the dead and, when he did, he would punish him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628-44">[44]</a> Judas's wife laughed and told him that Jesus could no more rise from the dead than he could resurrect the chicken she was cooking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628–29-37">[37]</a> Immediately, the chicken was restored to life and began to crow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a> Judas then ran away and hanged himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">[42]</a> In the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>, Judas has a vision of the disciples stoning and persecuting him.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The discrepancy between the two different accounts of Judas's death in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:1–10</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:18</a> has proven to be a serious challenge to those who support the idea of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> This problem was one of the points leading <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, for example, to reject the view "that every statement in Scripture must be historical truth".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Nonetheless, various attempts at <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">harmonization</a> have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> Generally they have followed literal interpretations such as that of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, which suggest that these simply describe different aspects of the same event—that Judas hanged himself in the field, and the rope eventually snapped and the fall burst his body open,<a href="#cite_note-Arie_W._Zwiep_page_109-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> or that the accounts of Acts and Matthew refer to two different transactions.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Some have taken the descriptions as figurative: that the "falling prostrate" was Judas in anguish,<a href="#cite_note-50">[a]</a> and the "bursting out of the bowels" is pouring out emotion.<a href="#cite_note-51">[b]</a> Modern scholars reject these approaches.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Arie W. Zwiep states "neither story was meant to be read in light of the other"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> and "the integrity of both stories as complete narratives in themselves is seriously disrespected when the two separate stories are being conflated into a third, harmonized version."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">[43]</a> David A. Reed argues that the Matthew account is a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashic</a> exposition that allows the author to present the event as a fulfillment of prophetic passages from the Old Testament. They argue that the author adds imaginative details such as the thirty pieces of silver, and the fact that Judas hangs himself, to an earlier tradition about Judas's death.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Matthew's description of the death as fulfilment of a prophecy "spoken through Jeremiah the prophet" has caused difficulties, since it does not clearly correspond to any known version of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> but does appear to refer to a story from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> which describes the return of a payment of thirty pieces of silver.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Even writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> conclude that this was obviously an error.<a href="#cite_note-58">[c]</a> Evangelical theologian James R. White has suggested the misattribution arises from a supposed Jewish practice of using the name of a <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">major prophet</a> to refer to the whole content of the scroll group, including books written by minor prophets placed in the same grouping.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Some scholars have suggested that the writer may also have had a passage from Jeremiah in mind,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> such as chapters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+18:1–4&version=nasb">18:1–4</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+19:1–13&version=nasb">19:1–13</a> which refer to a potter's jar and a burial place, and chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+32:6–15&version=nasb">32:6–15</a> which refers to a burial place and an earthenware jar.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a> suggests "the most plausible [explanation] is that Matthew 27:9–10 is presenting a mixed citation with words taken both from Zechariah and Jeremiah, and ... he refers to that combination by one name. Jeremiah 18–9 concerns a potter (18:2–; 19:1), a purchase (19:1), the Valley of Hinnom (where the Field of Blood is traditionally located, 19:2), 'innocent blood' (19:4), and the renaming of a place for burial (19:6, 11); and Jer 32:6–5 tells of the purchase of a field with silver."<a href="#cite_note-Brown,_The_Death_of_the_Messiah-62">[59]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Glenn W. Most</a> suggests that Judas's death in Acts can be interpreted figuratively, writing that πρηνὴς γενόμενος should be translated as saying his body went prone, rather than falling headlong, and the spilling of the entrails is meant to invoke the imagery of dead snakes and their burst-open bellies. Hence Luke was stating that Judas took the body posture of a snake and died like one.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> However, the Catholic biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/John_L._McKenzie" title="John L. McKenzie">John L. McKenzie</a> states "This passage probably echoes the fate of the wicked in..." the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical book</a> Wisdom of Solomon 4:19:<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> "... [the Lord] will dash them speechless to the ground, and shake them from the foundations; they will be left utterly dry and barren, and they will suffer anguish, and the memory of them will perish."<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betrayal_of_Jesus">Betrayal of Jesus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Betrayal of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword;_Judas_hangs_himself_(f._45v)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg/220px-The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg/330px-The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg/440px-The_Betrayal_Peter_raises_his_sword%3B_Judas_hangs_himself_%28f._45v%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>The Betrayal: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> raises his sword; the soldiers seize Jesus after Judas has given the kiss of betrayal – note the bag slung behind his back (containing 30 pieces of silver?). Illumination from a western manuscript, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1504</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg/220px-Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg/330px-Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg/440px-Le_baiser_de_Judas_Heures_Charles_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme_XVe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="5386" /></a><figcaption>The Kiss of Judas Iscariot, coloured engraving, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> There are several explanations as to why Judas betrayed Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-66">[63]</a> In the earliest account, in the Gospel of Mark, when he goes to the chief priests to betray Jesus, he is offered money as a reward, but it is not clear that money is his motivation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> In the Gospel of Matthew account, on the other hand, he asks what they will pay him for handing Jesus over.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> In the Gospel of Luke<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> and the Gospel of John,<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> enters into Judas, causing him to offer to betray Jesus. The Gospel of John account has Judas complaining that money has been spent on expensive perfumes to anoint Jesus which could have been spent on the poor, but adds that he was the keeper of the apostles' purse and used to steal from it.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> According to some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>], Judas thought he could get the money for betraying Jesus without Jesus being killed as he would escape like he had done many times before.<a href="#cite_note-Theophylact-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> One suggestion has been that Judas expected Jesus to overthrow Roman rule of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>. In this view, Judas is a disillusioned disciple betraying Jesus not so much because he loved money, but because he loved his country and thought Jesus had failed it.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-66">[63]</a> Another is that Jesus was causing unrest likely to increase tensions with the Roman authorities and they thought he should be restrained until after the Passover, when everyone had gone back home and the commotion had died down.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The gospels suggest that Jesus foresaw (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:64">John 6:64</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2026:25">Matthew 26:25</a>) and allowed Judas's betrayal (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2013:27–28">John 13:27–28</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep2004-77">[74]</a> One explanation is that Jesus allowed the betrayal because it would allow God's plan to be fulfilled. Another is that regardless of the betrayal, Jesus was ultimately destined for crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In April 2006, a Coptic papyrus manuscript titled the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a> from 200 AD was translated, suggesting that Jesus told Judas to betray him,<a href="#cite_note-foxnews.com-79">[76]</a> although some scholars question the translation.<a href="#cite_note-erudit.org-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Nevertheless, the Gospel of Judas is an apocryphal Gnostic gospel composed in the 2nd century, and some scholars agree that it contains no real historical information.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Judas is the subject of philosophical writings. <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a>, in his Commentary on John's Gospel, reflects on Judas's interactions with the other apostles and Jesus's confidence in him prior to his betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Other philosophical reflections on Judas include The Problem of Natural Evil by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Three_Versions_of_Judas" title="Three Versions of Judas">Three Versions of Judas</a>", a short story by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>. They allege various problematic ideological contradictions with the discrepancy between Judas's actions and his eternal punishment. Bruce Reichenbach argues that if Jesus foresees Judas's betrayal, then the betrayal is not an act of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> and therefore should not be punishable. Conversely, it is argued that just because the betrayal was foretold, it does not prevent Judas from exercising his own free will in this matter.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Other scholars argue that Judas acted in obedience to God's will.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The gospels suggest that Judas is apparently bound up with the fulfillment of God's purposes (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2013:18">John 13:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2017:12">John 17:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2026:23–25">Matthew 26:23–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2022:21–22">Luke 22:21–22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2027:9–10">Matt 27:9–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%201:16">Acts 1:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%201:20">Acts 1:20</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep2004-77">[74]</a> yet "woe is upon him", and he would "have been better unborn" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2026:23–25">Matthew 26:23–25</a>). The difficulty inherent in the saying is its paradox: if Judas had not been born, the Son of Man would apparently no longer do "as it is written of him." The consequence of this apologetic approach is that Judas's actions come to be seen as necessary and unavoidable, yet leading to condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Another explanation is that Judas's birth and betrayal did not necessitate the only way the Son of Man could have suffered and been crucified. The earliest churches believed "as it is written of him" to be prophetic, fulfilling Scriptures such as that of the suffering servant in Isaiah 52–53 and the righteous one in Psalm 22, which do not require betrayal (at least by Judas) as the means to the suffering. Regardless of any necessity, Judas is held responsible for his act (Mark 14:21; Luke 22:22; Matt 26:24).<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> In his 1965 book <a href="/wiki/The_Passover_Plot" title="The Passover Plot">The Passover Plot</a>, British New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> suggests that the crucifixion of Christ was a conscious re-enactment of Biblical <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> and that Judas acted with the full knowledge and consent of Jesus in "betraying" him to the authorities. The book has been variously described as "factually groundless",<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> based on "little data" and "wild suppositions",<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> "disturbing", and "tawdry".<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judas'_eternal_destination">Judas' eternal destination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judas' eternal destination">edit</a>]</div> The nature of Judas' eternal destination has been a matter of debate within Christian theology. Some have argued that Judas was damned due to the despair which caused him to subsequently commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> This is confirmed in <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_%C3%A0_Lapide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius à Lapide">Cornelius à Lapide</a>'s famous commentary, in which he writes that, by hanging himself, "Judas then added to his former sin the further sin of despair. It was not a more heinous sin, but one more fatal to himself, as thrusting him down to the very depths of hell. He might, on his repentance, have asked (and surely have obtained) pardon of Christ. But, like <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>, he despaired of forgiveness."<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> The concept that Judas despaired of God's forgiveness is reiterated by Rev. A. Jones in his contribution to a mid-20th century Catholic commentary: "Filled with remorse (not true 'repentance' because empty of hope) [Judas] sought to dissociate himself from the affair..." before committing suicide (cf. Matthew 27:3–5).<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> However, some believed that Judas "hanged himself thinking to precede Jesus into <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">hades</a> and there to plead for his own salvation."<a href="#cite_note-Theophylact-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_theologians">Protestant theologians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protestant theologians">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> believed that Judas was free to change his intention, but <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> argued in rebuttal that Judas' will was immutable. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> states that Judas was predestined to damnation but writes on the question of Judas' guilt: "surely in Judas's betrayal, it will be no more right, because God himself willed that his son be delivered up and delivered him up to death, to ascribe the guilt of the crime to God than to transfer the credit for redemption to Judas."<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a>, in his book Judas Ischariot, writes that Judas should be considered "an incarnation of the devil" for whom "mercy and blessedness are alike impossible."<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> contains several additional notes concerning Judas Iscariot within its commentaries. In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin</a> condemns Jesus Christ to death, are added the comments concerning Judas: "...late repentance brings desperation" (cf. Mat. 27:3), and "Although he abhor his sins, yet is he not displeased there with, but despairs in God's mercies, and seeks his own destruction" (cf. Mat. 27:4). Furthermore, within <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> is the comment, "Perpetual infamy is the reward of all such as by unlawfully gotten goods buy anything" when Judas purchased the "Field of Blood" with the 30 pieces of silver (cf Acts 1:18).<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Obviously, the commentator had no doubt about the fate of Judas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_doctrine">Catholic doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Catholic doctrine">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> took no specific view concerning the damnation of Judas during <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a>; speaking in generalities, that Council stated, "[We] must be constantly vigilant so that ... we may not be ordered to go into the eternal fire (cf. Mk. 25, 41) like wicked and slothful servants (cf. Mk. 25, 26), into the exterior darkness where 'there will be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth' (Mt. 22, 13 and 25, 30)."<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">The Vatican</a> only proclaims individuals' Eternal Salvation through the <a href="/wiki/Saint#Christianity#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">Canon of Saints</a>. There is no '<a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Canon of the Damned</a>.' Thus, there is a school of thought within the Catholic Church that it is unknown whether Judas Iscariot is in Hell; for example, David Endres, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Telegraph" title="The Catholic Telegraph">The Catholic Telegraph</a>, cites <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> §597 for the inability to make any determination whether Judas is in Hell.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> However, while that section of the catechism does instruct Catholics that the personal sin of Judas is unknown but to God, that statement is within the context that the Jewish people have no collective responsibility for Jesus's death: "... the Jews should not be spoken of as rejected or accursed as if this followed from holy Scripture."<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> This seems to be defining a different doctrinal point (i.e., the relationship of Catholics with Jewish people), rather than making any sort of decision concerning Judas's particular judgment. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ott" title="Ludwig Ott">Ludwig Ott's</a> reference book Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma identifies Judas Iscariot as an example of a person receiving punishment as a particular judgment.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Catechism of the Council of Trent</a>, which mentions Judas Iscariot several times, wrote that he possessed "motive unworthy" when he entered the priesthood and was thus sentenced to "eternal perdition."<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Furthermore, Judas is given as an example of a sinner that will "despair of mercy" because he looked "...on God as an avenger of crime and not, also, as a God of clemency and mercy."<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> All of the council's decrees were confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> on 28 January 1564.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Thus, an ecumenical council, confirmed by the Magisterium of a Pope, affirmed that Judas Iscariot was condemned to Hell. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> continued the tradition of the early Church fathers, such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> ("...had [Judas] not thus denied His omnipotence, he would have obtained His mercy..."),<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> ("The godless betrayer, shutting his mind to all these things, turned upon himself, not with a mind to repent, but in a madness of self destruction: ... even in the act of dying sinned unto the increase of his own eternal punishment.")<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Also, the Decree of Justification, promulgated during Session VI of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, states in Cannon 6, "If anyone shall say that it is not in the power of man to make his ways evil, but that God produces evil as well as the good works, not only by permission, but also properly and of Himself, so that the betrayal of Judas is not less His own proper work than the vocation of Paul; let him be anathema."<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Here, the Council is making it clear that Judas exercised his own free will to commit the betrayal of Jesus Christ, rather than being predestined by God. Also, by contrasting the actions of Judas to those of Paul, the implication is that Judas is the opposite of a saint (i.e., damned). Liturgical institutions are part of the expressions of Sacred Tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Within the 1962 Roman Missal for the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Latin Mass</a>, the Collect for <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> states: "O God, from whom Judas received the punishment of his guilt, and the thief the reward of his confession ... our Lord Jesus Christ gave to each a different recompense according to his merits..."<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/The_Liturgical_Year" title="The Liturgical Year">Liturgical Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Gu%C3%A9ranger" title="Prosper Guéranger">Abbot Gueranger, O.S.B.</a> states that the Collect reminds Catholics that both Judas and the good thief are guilty, "...and yet, the one is condemned, the other pardoned."<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Latin Mass</a>, as currently celebrated, continues to foster the tradition within the Catholic Church that Judas was punished. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, Judas is punished for all eternity in the <a href="/wiki/Cocytus#In_the_Divine_Comedy" title="Cocytus">ninth circle of Hell</a>: in it, he is devoured by Lucifer, alongside <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> (leaders of the group of senators that <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>). The innermost region of the ninth circle is reserved for traitors of masters and benefactors and is named Judecca, after Judas. In his 1969 book Theologie der Drei Tage (English translation: <a href="/wiki/Mysterium_Paschale" title="Mysterium Paschale">Mysterium Paschale</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a> emphasizes that Jesus was not betrayed but surrendered and delivered up by himself, since the meaning of the Greek word used by the New Testament, paradidonai (παραδιδόναι, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tradere" class="extiw" title="wikt:tradere">tradere</a>), is unequivocally "handing over of self".<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In the "Preface to the Second Edition", Balthasar takes a cue from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+13:8&version=vulgate;niv">13:8</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>: agni qui occisus est ab origine mundi, <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">NIV</a>: "the Lamb who was slain from the creation of the world") to extrapolate the idea that God as "<a href="/wiki/Immanent_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanent Trinity">immanent Trinity</a>" can endure and conquer godlessness, abandonment, and death in an "eternal super-<a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> A Catholic priest, Richard Neuhaus, an admitted student of Balthasar, argues that it is unknown if Judas is in Hell, and it is also possible that Hell could be empty.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> However, French <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignor</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cristiani" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Cristiani">Léon Cristiani</a> considers that Balthasar and Neuhaus are merely recycling the error of <a href="/wiki/Origenism" title="Origenism">Origenism</a> which includes denying the eternity of Hell "...by a general rehabilitation of the damned, including, apparently, Satan."<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> This error, while not considered a formal heresy, was condemned at a synod in 548 AD, which was subsequently confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Pope Vigilius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_apocrypha">Role in apocrypha</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in apocrypha">edit</a>]</div> Judas has been a figure of great interest to esoteric groups, such as many Gnostic sects. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> records the beliefs of one Gnostic sect, the <a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a>, who believed that Judas was an instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a>, Divine Wisdom, thus earning the hatred of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>. His betrayal of Jesus thus was a victory over the materialist world. The Cainites later split into two groups, disagreeing over the ultimate significance of Jesus in their cosmology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac_Infancy_Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syriac Infancy Gospel">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac Infancy Gospel</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> borrows from some of the different versions of the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> However, it adds many of its own tales, probably from local legends, including one of Judas. This pseudepigraphic work tells how Judas, as a boy, was possessed by Satan, who caused him to bite himself or anyone else present. In one of these attacks, Judas bit the young Jesus in the side; and, by touching Him, Satan was exorcised. It further states that the side which Judas supposedly bit was the same side that was pierced by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_Judas">Gospel of Judas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gospel of Judas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/220px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/330px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/440px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>First page of the Gospel of Judas (Page 33 of <a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> (book) was discovered near Beni Masah, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It appeared to be a 3rd- or 4th-century-AD copy of a 2nd-century original,<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> relating a series of conversations in which Jesus and Judas interact and discuss the nature of the universe from a Gnostic viewpoint. The discovery was given dramatic international exposure in April 2006 when the US <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> magazine published a feature article entitled "The Gospel of Judas" with images of the fragile codex and analytical commentary by relevant experts and interested observers (but not a comprehensive translation). The article's introduction stated: "An ancient text lost for 1,700 years says Christ's betrayer was his truest disciple."<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The article points to some evidence that the original document was extant in the 2nd century: "Around A.D. 180, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, Bishop of Lyon in what was then Roman Gaul, wrote a massive treatise called <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a> [in which he attacked] a 'fictitious history,' which 'they style the Gospel of Judas.'"<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Before the magazine's edition was circulated, other news media gave exposure to the story, abridging and selectively reporting it.<a href="#cite_note-foxnews.com-79">[76]</a> In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/April_DeConick" title="April DeConick">April DeConick</a> asserted that the National Geographic's translation is badly flawed: "For example, in one instance the National Geographic transcription refers to Judas as a 'daimon,' which the society's experts have translated as 'spirit.' However, the universally accepted word for 'spirit' is 'pneuma'—in Gnostic literature "daimon" is always taken to mean 'demon.'"<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The National Geographic Society responded that "Virtually all issues April D. DeConick raises about translation choices are addressed in footnotes in both the popular and critical editions."<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> In a later review of the issues and relevant publications, critic <a href="/wiki/Joan_Acocella" title="Joan Acocella">Joan Acocella</a> questioned whether ulterior intentions had not begun to supersede historical analysis, e.g., whether publication of The Gospel of Judas could be an attempt to roll back ancient anti-semitic imputations. She concluded that the ongoing clash between scriptural fundamentalism and attempts at revision were childish because of the unreliability of the sources. Therefore, she argued, "People interpret, and cheat. The answer is not to fix the Bible but to fix ourselves."<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Other scholars have questioned the initial translation and interpretation of the Gospel of Judas by the National Geographic team of experts.<a href="#cite_note-erudit.org-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gospel of Barnabas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">Islamic view of Jesus' death</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> copies (the earliest copies from the 15th century) of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a> it was Judas, not Jesus, who was crucified on the cross. This work states that Judas's appearance was transformed to that of Jesus, when the former, out of betrayal, led the Roman soldiers to arrest Jesus who by then was ascended to the heavens. This transformation of appearance was so identical that the masses, followers of Christ, and even the Mother of Jesus, Mary, initially thought that the one arrested and crucified was Jesus himself. The gospel then mentions that after three days since burial, Judas's body was stolen from his grave, and then the rumors spread of Jesus being risen from the dead. When Jesus was informed in the third heaven about what happened, he prayed to God to be sent back to the earth, and descended and gathered his mother, disciples, and followers, and told them the truth of what happened. He then ascended back to the heavens, and will come back at the end of times as a just king. This gospel is considered by the majority of Christians to be late and pseudepigraphical; however, some academics suggest that it may contain some remnants of an earlier apocryphal work (perhaps Gnostic, Ebionite, or <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaronic</a>), redacted to bring it more in line with Islamic doctrine. Some Muslims consider the surviving versions as transmitting a suppressed apostolic original. Some Islamic organizations cite it in support of the Islamic view of Jesus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_and_symbolism">Representations and symbolism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Representations and symbolism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beso_de_Judas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beso_de_Judas.png/220px-Beso_de_Judas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beso_de_Judas.png/330px-Beso_de_Judas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beso_de_Judas.png/440px-Beso_de_Judas.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A red-haired Judas betrays Jesus with <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">a kiss</a> in a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Paso_(float)" title="Paso (float)">paso</a> figure.</figcaption></figure> Although the sanctification of the instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a>), that slowly accrued over the course of the Middle Ages in Christian symbolism and art, also included the head and lips of Judas,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> the term Judas has entered many languages as a synonym for betrayer, and Judas has become the archetype of the traitor in Western art and literature. Judas is given some role in virtually all literature telling the Passion story and appears in numerous modern novels and movies. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> hymns of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wednesday" title="Holy Wednesday">Holy Wednesday</a> (the Wednesday before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a>), Judas is contrasted with the woman who anointed Jesus with expensive perfume and washed his feet with her tears. The hymns of Holy Wednesday contrast these two figures, encouraging believers to avoid the example of the fallen disciple and instead to imitate Mary's example of repentance. Also, Wednesday is observed as a day of fasting from meat, dairy products, and olive oil throughout the year in memory of the betrayal of Judas. The prayers of preparation for receiving the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> also make mention of Judas's betrayal: "I will not reveal your mysteries to your enemies, neither like Judas will I betray you with a kiss, but like the thief on the cross I will confess you." Judas Iscariot is often shown with <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish culture">Spanish culture</a><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eclectic-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanco-131">[128]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blanco-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glossary-132">[129]</a> The practice is comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> portrayal of Jews with red hair, which was then regarded as a negative trait and which may have been used to correlate Judas Iscariot with contemporary Jews.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg/220px-Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg/330px-Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg/440px-Judas_Iscariot_in_Stained_Glass_Depiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Yeovil" title="Church of St John the Baptist, Yeovil">Church of St. John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeovil" title="Yeovil">Yeovil</a>, one stained glass window depicts Judas with a black halo.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_in_Christian_art" title="Last Supper in Christian art">In paintings depicting the Last Supper</a>, Judas is occasionally depicted with a dark-colored <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> (contrasting with the lighter halos of the other apostles) to signify his former status as an apostle. More commonly, however, he is the only one at the table without one. Some church <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained-glass</a> windows show him with a dark halo such as in one of the windows of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Yeovil" title="Church of St John the Baptist, Yeovil">Church of St John the Baptist, Yeovil</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Art and literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg/220px-Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg/330px-Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg/440px-Autun_cath%C3%A9drale_chapiteau_pendaison_de_Judas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Lazare_d%27Autun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Saint-Lazare d'Autun">Cathédrale Saint-Lazare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>. Judas hangs himself</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Judas is the subject of one of the oldest surviving English ballads, which dates from the 13th century. In the ballad <a href="/wiki/Judas_(ballad)" title="Judas (ballad)">"Judas"</a>, the blame for the betrayal of Christ is placed on Judas's sister.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></li> <li>One of the most famous depictions of Judas Iscariot and his kiss of betrayal of Jesus is <a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Christ_(Caravaggio)" title="The Taking of Christ (Caravaggio)">The Taking of Christ</a> by Italian Baroque artist <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, painted in 1602.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Apostles_(Elgar)" title="The Apostles (Elgar)">The Apostles</a>, depicts Judas as wanting to force Jesus to declare his divinity and establish the kingdom on earth.<a href="#cite_note-notes-136">[133]</a></li> <li>In Trial of Christ in Seven Stages (1909) by <a href="/wiki/John_Brayshaw_Kaye" title="John Brayshaw Kaye">John Brayshaw Kaye</a>, the author did not accept the idea that Judas intended to betray Christ, and the poem is a defence of Judas, in which he adds his own vision to the biblical account of the story of the trial before the Sanhedrin and Caiaphas.<a href="#cite_note-mag-137">[134]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a>, Judas is paid by the high priest to testify against Jesus, who had been inciting trouble among the people of Jerusalem. After authorizing the crucifixion, <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a> suffers an agony of regret and turns his anger on Judas, ordering him assassinated.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Versions_of_Judas" title="Three Versions of Judas">Tres versiones de Judas</a>" (English title: "Three Versions of Judas") is a short story by Argentine writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>; it was included in Borges's anthology <a href="/wiki/Ficciones" title="Ficciones">Ficciones</a>, published in 1944, and revolves around the main character's doubts about the canonical story of Judas who instead creates three alternative versions.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Judas_Iscariot" title="The Last Days of Judas Iscariot">The Last Days of Judas Iscariot</a> (2005), a critically acclaimed play by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adly_Guirgis" title="Stephen Adly Guirgis">Stephen Adly Guirgis</a>, Judas is given a trial in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Longings" title="The Book of Longings">The Book of Longings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sue_Monk_Kidd" title="Sue Monk Kidd">Sue Monk Kidd</a> features Judas as the adopted brother of the fictional protagonist, Ana. Judas is reimagined as a <a href="/wiki/Zealot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot">Zealot</a> extremist who only betrays Jesus in the belief that he will resist the authorities and trigger a Judean revolution against Rome.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Burning of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricularia_auricula-judae" title="Auricularia auricula-judae">Judas' Ear mushroom</a> (Auricularia auricula-judae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_goat" title="Judas goat">Judas goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercis_siliquastrum" title="Cercis siliquastrum">Judas tree</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Versions_of_Judas" title="Three Versions of Judas">Three Versions of Judas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Caiaphas" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Caiaphas">Joseph ben Caiaphas</a> – Jewish High Priest who organized the plot to kill <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Gratus" title="Valerius Gratus">Valerius Gratus</a> – Roman governor of Judea who appointed Joseph ben Caiaphas to become Jewish High Priest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> – Roman governor of Judaea who gave the order for crucifixion of Jesus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> – Roman emperor who appointed Pontius Pilate to become Roman governor of Judaea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> The Monthly Christian Spectator 1851–1859 p. 459 "while some writers regard the account of Judas's death as simply figurative ..seized with preternatural anguish for his crime and its consequences his bowels gushed out." </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Clarence Jordan The Substance of Faith: and Other Cotton Patch Sermons p. 148 "Greeks thought of the bowels as being the seat of the emotions, the home of the soul. It's like saying that all of Judas's motions burst out, burst asunder." </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Frederick Dale Bruner, Matthew: A Commentary (Eerdmans, 2004), p. 710; Jerome, Epistolae 57.7: "This passage is not found in Jeremiah but in Zechariah, in quite different words and a different order" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.v.LVII.html">"NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008040849/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.v.LVII.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPNF2-06.+Jerome%3A+The+Principal+Works+of+St.+Jerome+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf206.v.LVII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988">; John Calvin, Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark and Luke, 3:177: "The passage itself plainly shows that the name of Jeremiah has been put down by mistake, instead of Zechariah, for in Jeremiah we find nothing of this sort, nor any thing that even approaches to it." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom33.ii.xxxvi.html">"Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke – Volume 3 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125155331/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom33.ii.xxxvi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Matthew%2C+Mark%2C+Luke+%E2%80%93+Volume+3+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Fcalcom33.ii.xxxvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988">. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judas-Iscariot">"Judas Iscariot | Biography, Last Supper, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Judas+Iscariot+%7C+Biography%2C+Last+Supper%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJudas-Iscariot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26:14&version=16">Matthew 26:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26:47&version=56">Matthew 26:47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:10&version=11">Mark 14:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+14:42&version=52">Mark 14:42</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22:1&version=5">Luke 22:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+22:47&version=53">Luke 22:47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+13:18&version=30">John 13:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+18:1&version=11">John 18:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:1">"Matthew"</a>, The King James Bible, retrieved 15 June 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+King+James+Bible&rft.atitle=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FBible_%28King_James%29%2FMatthew%2327%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2006" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, David (9 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/weekinreview/the-world-antisemitisms-muse-without-judas-history-might-have.html">"Anti-Semitism's Muse; Without Judas, History Might Have Hijacked Another Villain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism%27s+Muse%3B+Without+Judas%2C+History+Might+Have+Hijacked+Another+Villain&rft.date=2006-04-09&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F09%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-antisemitisms-muse-without-judas-history-might-have.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999216–17_5-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 216–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–33-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–33_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–33_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, pp. 31–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2009" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Robert H. (2009). "Criteria for the Gospels' Authenticity". In Paul Copan; William Lane Craig (eds.). Contending with Christianity's Critics: Answering New Atheists & Other Objectors. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805449365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805449365"><bdi>978-0805449365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criteria+for+the+Gospels%27+Authenticity&rft.btitle=Contending+with+Christianity%27s+Critics%3A+Answering+New+Atheists+%26+Other+Objectors&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0805449365&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2005" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (2005). "Criteria: How Do We Decide What Comes from Jesus?". In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusr00dunn">The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</a>. Warsaw, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusr00dunn/page/n143">127</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061009" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575061009"><bdi>978-1575061009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criteria%3A+How+Do+We+Decide+What+Comes+from+Jesus%3F&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=127-28&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1575061009&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaljesusr00dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200929-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200929_9-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2015-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2015_10-20">u</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanford2015">Stanford 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccoby2006" class="citation book cs1">Maccoby, Hyam (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmode00macc">Antisemitism and Modernity</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmode00macc/page/n28">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415553889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415553889"><bdi>978-0415553889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Modernity&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415553889&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantisemitismmode00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200927-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200927_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spong-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spong_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spong_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpong2009" class="citation book cs1">Spong, John Shelby (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sinsofscripture00john">The Sins of Scripture</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060778408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060778408"><bdi>978-0060778408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sins+of+Scripture&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0060778408&rft.aulast=Spong&rft.aufirst=John+Shelby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinsofscripture00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200927–28-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200927–28_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oropeza-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oropeza_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oropeza_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oropeza_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oropeza_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oropeza_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOropeza2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oropeza, B.J. (2010). "Judas' Death and Final Destiny in the Gospels and Earliest Christian Writings". Neotestamentica. 44 (2): 342–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neotestamentica&rft.atitle=Judas%27+Death+and+Final+Destiny+in+the+Gospels+and+Earliest+Christian+Writings&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=342-61&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Oropeza&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOropeza2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">Oropeza, B.J.</a> (2011). In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors: Apostasy in the New Testament Communities Volume 1:The Gospels, Acts, and Johannine Letters. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade/<a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock">Wipf & Stock</a>. pp. 149–50, 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Judas+and+Other+Defectors%3A+Apostasy+in+the+New+Testament+Communities+Volume+1%3AThe+Gospels%2C+Acts%2C+and+Johannine+Letters&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=149-50%2C+230&rft.pub=Cascade%2FWipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Oropeza&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200928-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200928_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931_18-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2006" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2006). Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802874313" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802874313"><bdi>978-0802874313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Eyewitnesses%3A+The+Gospels+as+Eyewitness+Testimony&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0802874313&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Iersel1998" class="citation book cs1">van Iersel, Bastiaan (1998). Mark: A Reader-Response Commentary. Danbury, Connecticut: Continuum International. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850758297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850758297"><bdi>978-1850758297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Reader-Response+Commentary&rft.place=Danbury%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1850758297&rft.aulast=van+Iersel&rft.aufirst=Bastiaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth_bar_Raphael" class="citation book cs1">Roth bar Raphael, Andrew Gabriel-Yizkhak. Aramaic English New Testament (5 ed.). Netzari Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934916421" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934916421"><bdi>978-1934916421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+English+New+Testament&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Netzari+Press&rft.isbn=978-1934916421&rft.aulast=Roth+bar+Raphael&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Gabriel-Yizkhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988">; Sedro-Woolley, Wash.: Netzari Press, 2012), 278fn177. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Brown, Raymond E. (1994). The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels v.1 pp. 688–92. New York: Doubleday/The Anchor Bible Reference Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49448-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49448-3">0-385-49448-3</a>; Meier, John P. <a href="/wiki/A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a> (2001). v. 3, p. 210. New York: Doubleday/The Anchor Bible Reference Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-46993-4">0-385-46993-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrey1943" class="citation journal cs1">Torrey, Charles C. (1943). "The Name "Iscariot"". The Harvard Theological Review. 36 (1): 51–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000029084">10.1017/S0017816000029084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507970">1507970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162707224">162707224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Name+%22Iscariot%22&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-62&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162707224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1507970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000029084&rft.aulast=Torrey&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iskarioth-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iskarioth_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iskarioth_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iskarioth_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (2010). "The name 'Iskarioth' (Iscariot)". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a>. 129 (2): 367–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27821024">10.2307/27821024</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821024">27821024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+name+%27Iskarioth%27+%28Iscariot%29&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-83&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27821024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27821024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2016" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Katie (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-judas-was-actually-more-of-a-saint-than-a-sinner-56689">"Why Judas was actually more of a saint, than a sinner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. Melbourne, Australia: The Conversation Trust. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+Judas+was+actually+more+of+a+saint%2C+than+a+sinner&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-judas-was-actually-more-of-a-saint-than-a-sinner-56689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200930-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200930_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200930_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200930_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200930_26-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See Mark 6:6; Matthew 10:5–10; and Luke 9:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> John 6:67–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> These "pieces of silver" were most likely intended to be understood as silver <a href="/wiki/Shekel_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekel of Tyre">Tyrian shekels</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:14&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Mark 14:1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Luke_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2022:3&version=31">"BibleGateway.com – Passage Lookup: Luke 22:3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BibleGateway" title="BibleGateway">BibleGateway</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115192359/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2022:3&version=31">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BibleGateway.com+%E2%80%93+Passage+Lookup%3A+Luke+22%3A3&rft.pub=BibleGateway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DLuke%252022%3A3%26version%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2012:6&version=nrsv">John 12:6</a>and<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2013:29&version=nrsv">John 13:29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> John 13:2, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> translation </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–32-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200931–32_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubar200933-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubar200933_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGubar2009">Gubar 2009</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628–29-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628–29_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628–29_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2016">Ehrman 2016</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416–17-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416–17_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZwiep2004">Zwiep 2004</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200416_39-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFZwiep2004">Zwiep 2004</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2016-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2016_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Barry D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww8eDQAAQBAJ">The Meaning of Jesus' Death: Reviewing the New Testament's Interpretations</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww8eDQAAQBAJ">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567670694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567670694"><bdi>978-0567670694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Jesus%27+Death%3A+Reviewing+the+New+Testament%27s+Interpretations&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0567670694&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Barry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWw8eDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2008-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2008_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelofjuda00ehrm">The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed</a>. Oxfordshire, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelofjuda00ehrm/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534351-9"><bdi>978-0-19-534351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Judas+Iscariot%3A+A+New+Look+at+Betrayer+and+Betrayed&rft.place=Oxfordshire%2C+England&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534351-9&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostgospelofjuda00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201629_42-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2016">Ehrman 2016</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep200417_43-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFZwiep2004">Zwiep 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201628_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2016">Ehrman 2016</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/pdf/GospelofJudas.pdf">Gospel of Judas 44–45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911005041/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/pdf/GospelofJudas.pdf">Archived</a> 11 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Letter to Clyde S. Kilby, 7 May 1959, quoted in Michael J. Christensen, C. S. Lewis on Scripture, Abingdon, 1979, Appendix A. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arie_W._Zwiep_page_109-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Arie_W._Zwiep_page_109_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZwiep2004">Zwiep 2004</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=ebd&q=Judas">"Easton's Bible Dictionary: Judas"</a>. christnotes.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001538/http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=ebd&q=Judas">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary%3A+Judas&rft.pub=christnotes.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christnotes.org%2Fdictionary.php%3Fdict%3Debd%26q%3DJudas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levendwater.org/companion/append161.html">"The purchase of "the potter's field," Appendix 161 of the Companion Bible"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193049/http://www.levendwater.org/companion/append161.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+purchase+of+%22the+potter%27s+field%2C%22+Appendix+161+of+the+Companion+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levendwater.org%2Fcompanion%2Fappend161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Charles Talbert, Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary, Smyth & Helwys (2005) p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Frederick Dale Bruner, Matthew: A Commentary, Eerdmans (2004), p. 703. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed,_David_A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, David A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629151614/http://academic.shu.edu/btb/vol35/06Reed.pdf">"'Saving Judas': A Social Scientific Approach to Judas' Suicide in Matthew 27:3–10"</a> (PDF). Biblical Theology Bulletin. 35 (2): 51–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461079050350020301">10.1177/01461079050350020301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144391749">144391749</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.shu.edu/btb/vol35/06Reed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%27Saving+Judas%27%3A+A+Social+Scientific+Approach+to+Judas%27+Suicide+in+Matthew+27%3A3%E2%80%9310&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-59&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01461079050350020301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144391749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Reed%2C+David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.shu.edu%2Fbtb%2Fvol35%2F06Reed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah+11:12–13&version=nasb">Zechariah 11:12–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Vincent P. Branick, Understanding the New Testament and Its Message, (Paulist Press, 1998), pp. 126–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> James R. White, The King James Only Controversy, Bethany House Publishers (2009) pp. 213–15, 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Donald Senior, The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (Liturgical Press, 1985), pp. 107–08; Anthony Cane, The Place of Judas Iscariot in Christology (Ashgate Publishing, 2005), p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenken2002" class="citation journal cs1">Menken, Maarten JJ (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220115126/http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/bibl83/Comm10.html">"The Old Testament Quotation in Matthew 27,9–10'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a> (83): 9–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/bibl83/Comm10.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+Quotation+in+Matthew+27%2C9%E2%80%9310%27&rft.issue=83&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Menken&rft.aufirst=Maarten+JJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsw.org%2Fproject%2Fbiblica%2Fbibl83%2FComm10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_The_Death_of_the_Messiah-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_The_Death_of_the_Messiah_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond (1998). The Death of the Messiah, From Gethsemane to the Grave, Volume 1: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140095"><bdi>978-0300140095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Messiah%2C+From+Gethsemane+to+the+Grave%2C+Volume+1%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Passion+Narratives+in+the+Four+Gospels&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=912&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0300140095&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost,_Glenn_W.2008" class="citation book cs1">Most, Glenn W. (2008). "The Judas of the Gospels and the Gospel of Judas". In <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Scopello" title="Madeleine Scopello">Scopello, Madeleine</a> (ed.). The Gospel of Judas in Context: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Gospel of Judas. Brill. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004167216" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004167216"><bdi>978-9004167216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Judas+of+the+Gospels+and+the+Gospel+of+Judas&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Judas+in+Context%3A+Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+the+Gospel+of+Judas&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004167216&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1966" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, John (1966). Dictionary of the Bible. Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Apochrypha of the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. 1977. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apochrypha+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard (1992). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. pp. 406–07. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1777-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-1777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=406-07&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Scot&rft.au=Marshall%2C+I.+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2014:10–11">Mark 14:10–11</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2026:14–16">Matthew 26:14–16</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2022:3–6">Luke 22:3–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2013:27">John 13:27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2012:1–6">John 12:1–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theophylact-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theophylact_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theophylact_72-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/home/matthew-commentary/theophylact-on-matthew/chapter-1/chapter-2/chapter-3/chapter-4/chapter-5/chapter-6/chapter-7/chapter-8/chapter-9/chapter-10/chapter-11/chapter-12/chapter-13/chapter-14/chapter-15/ch27">Theophylact on Matthew, Chapter 27</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], 3-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%204:25–30">Luke 4:25–30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%207:28–30">John 7:28–30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2010:30–39">John 10:30–39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimont1962" class="citation book cs1">Dimont, Max I. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsgodhistorys00maxi/page/135">Jews, God & History</a> (2 ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsgodhistorys00maxi/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451146946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451146946"><bdi>978-0451146946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+God+%26+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0451146946&rft.aulast=Dimont&rft.aufirst=Max+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsgodhistorys00maxi%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwiep2004-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep2004_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwiep2004_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZwiep2004">Zwiep 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/gospj3.htm">Did Judas betray Jesus</a> Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-foxnews.com-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxnews.com_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxnews.com_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/ancient-manuscript-suggests-jesus-asked-judas-to-betray-him">"Ancient Manuscript Suggests Jesus Asked Judas to Betray Him"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corp.</a> Associated Press. 6 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521182025/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,190826,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+Manuscript+Suggests+Jesus+Asked+Judas+to+Betray+Him&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fancient-manuscript-suggests-jesus-asked-judas-to-betray-him&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erudit.org-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erudit.org_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-erudit.org_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagné2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gagn%C3%A9" title="André Gagné">Gagné, André</a> (June 2007). "A Critical Note on the Meaning of APOPHASIS in Gospel of Judas 33:1". Laval Théologique et Philosophique. 63 (2): 377–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F016791ar">10.7202/016791ar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laval+Th%C3%A9ologique+et+Philosophique&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Note+on+the+Meaning+of+APOPHASIS+in+Gospel+of+Judas+33%3A1&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-83&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F016791ar&rft.aulast=Gagn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeconick2007" class="citation news cs1">Deconick, April D. (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/opinion/01deconink.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">"Gospel Truth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022084529/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/opinion/01deconink.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gospel+Truth&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.aulast=Deconick&rft.aufirst=April+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F01%2Fopinion%2F01deconink.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitre2016" class="citation book cs1">Pitre, Brant (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9LvCAAAQBAJ&q=The+case+for+Jesus">The Case for Jesus: The Biblical and Historical Evidence for Christ</a>. Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7704-3549-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7704-3549-3"><bdi>978-0-7704-3549-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Jesus%3A+The+Biblical+and+Historical+Evidence+for+Christ&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7704-3549-3&rft.aulast=Pitre&rft.aufirst=Brant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9LvCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bcase%2Bfor%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaeuchli1953" class="citation journal cs1">Laeuchli, Samuel (1953). "Origen's Interpretation of Judas Iscariot". Church History. 22 (4): 253–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3161779">10.2307/3161779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3161779">3161779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162157799">162157799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Origen%27s+Interpretation+of+Judas+Iscariot&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-68&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162157799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3161779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3161779&rft.aulast=Laeuchli&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinbergBasinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, John S.; Basinger, David (2001). Predestination & free will: four views of divine sovereignty & human freedom. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3489-1"><bdi>978-0-8254-3489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predestination+%26+free+will%3A+four+views+of+divine+sovereignty+%26+human+freedom&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3489-1&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Basinger%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1986" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, John (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/predestinationfr00fein/page/254">Exploring the gospel of John: an expository commentary</a>. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/predestinationfr00fein/page/254">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87784-567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87784-567-6"><bdi>978-0-87784-567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+gospel+of+John%3A+an+expository+commentary&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87784-567-6&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpredestinationfr00fein%2Fpage%2F254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRP1wF2b2V8C&pg=PA407">Authenticating the activities of Jesus</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041646"><bdi>978-0391041646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313141549/https://books.google.com/books?id=QRP1wF2b2V8C&pg=PA407">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+activities+of+Jesus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0391041646&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRP1wF2b2V8C%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCane2005" class="citation book cs1">Cane, Anthony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2hx1FCnNEYC&pg=PA33">The place of Judas Iscariot in Christology</a>. Farnham, England: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754652847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754652847"><bdi>978-0754652847</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313074412/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2hx1FCnNEYC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+place+of+Judas+Iscariot+in+Christology&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0754652847&rft.aulast=Cane&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2hx1FCnNEYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOropeza2011" class="citation book cs1">Oropeza, B.J. (2011). In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors: The Gospels, Acts, and Johannine Letters. Vol. 1. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock">Wipf & Stock</a>. pp. 145–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610972895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610972895"><bdi>978-1610972895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Judas+and+Other+Defectors%3A+The+Gospels%2C+Acts%2C+and+Johannine+Letters&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=145-50&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1610972895&rft.aulast=Oropeza&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonHabermas1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._T._Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. T. Robinson">Robinson, John A.T.</a>; Habermas, Gary R. (1996). "Can We Trust the New Testament?". The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ. Joplin, Missouri: <a href="/w/index.php?title=College_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="College Press (page does not exist)">College Press</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899007328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899007328"><bdi>978-0899007328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Can+We+Trust+the+New+Testament%3F&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Ancient+Evidence+for+the+Life+of+Christ&rft.place=Joplin%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0899007328&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+A.T.&rft.au=Habermas%2C+Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpong2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">Spong, John Shelby</a> (2010). The Easter Moment. New York City: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899007328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899007328"><bdi>978-0899007328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Moment&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0899007328&rft.aulast=Spong&rft.aufirst=John+Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a>, Judas: A Biography (W. W. Norton & Company, 2009) pp. 298–99 (referring to several books, including this one). </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Jeffrey1992" class="citation book cs1">David L. Jeffrey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&pg=PA418">A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature</a>. W.B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802836342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802836342"><bdi>978-0802836342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313141610/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&pg=PA418">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+biblical+tradition+in+English+literature&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0802836342&rft.au=David+L.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R0IGTSvIVIC%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Cornelius Cornelii a Lapide; Thomas Wimberly Mossman The great commentary of Cornelius à Lapide, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecatholic2000.com/lapide/untitled-40.shtml#_Toc385608983">Matthew 27</a>, London: J. Hodges, 1889–1896. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrchard,_O.S.B.1953" class="citation book cs1">Orchard, O.S.B., Dom Bernard, ed. (1953). A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture. Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catholic+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pages=901&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+%26+Sons&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Jeffrey1992" class="citation book cs1">David L. Jeffrey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&pg=PA419">A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature</a>. W.B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802836342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802836342"><bdi>978-0802836342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313090434/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&pg=PA419">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+biblical+tradition+in+English+literature&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0802836342&rft.au=David+L.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R0IGTSvIVIC%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Encyclopaedia Brittannica (11th ed.). Vol. 15: The Encyclopaedia Brittannica Co. 1911. p. 536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Brittannica&rft.place=Vol.+15&rft.pages=536&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=The+Encyclopaedia+Brittannica+Co.&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The 1560 Geneva Bible (1st ed.). The Bible Museum. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1560+Geneva+Bible&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Bible+Museum&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Teachings of the Second Vatican Council. Newman Press. 1966. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Second+Vatican+Council&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Newman+Press&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndres2021" class="citation journal cs1">Endres, David (October 2021). "Who's In Hell?". The Catholic Telegraph. 190 (10): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Who%27s+In+Hell%3F&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2021-10&rft.aulast=Endres&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extraordinary+Form.org&rft.atitle=extraordinaryform.org%2Fpropers%2FLent6thThursday-HolyD20.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextraordinaryform.org%2Fpropersprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueranger,_O.S.B.2021" class="citation book cs1">Gueranger, O.S.B., Prosper (2021). The Liturgical Year. Vol.6: Passiontide and Holy Week. Preserving Christian Publications. p. 375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liturgical+Year&rft.series=Vol.6%3A+%27%27Passiontide+and+Holy+Week%27%27&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Preserving+Christian+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Gueranger%2C+O.S.B.&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Urs_von_Balthasar2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a> (2000) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ">Mysterium Paschale. The Mystery of Easter</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a> (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&dq=paradidonai+tradere+%22handing+over%22+Judas&pg=PT77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-68149348-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-68149348-9"><bdi>1-68149348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysterium+Paschale.+The+Mystery+of+Easter&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-68149348-9&rft.au=Hans+Urs+von+Balthasar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk4hHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiOmPwAACAAJ">1990 Edition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Dermot1998" class="citation book cs1">Power, Dermot (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GxPe3dhew4C">Spiritual Theology of the Priesthood. The Mystery Of Christ And The Mission Of The Priesthood</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GxPe3dhew4C&dq=paradidomi+Balthasar+%22delivering+up%22%22handing+over%22&pg=PA42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-56708595-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-56708595-3"><bdi>0-56708595-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Theology+of+the+Priesthood.+The+Mystery+Of+Christ+And+The+Mission+Of+The+Priesthood&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-56708595-3&rft.au=Power%2C+Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GxPe3dhew4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hans Urs von Balthasar (2000) [1990] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22eternal+'super-Kenosis'%22&pg=PT7">Preface to the Second Edition</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Urs_von_Balthasar1988" class="citation book cs1">Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e44KAQAAMAAJ">Theo-Drama. Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 5: The Last Act</a>. Translated by Graham Harrison. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e44KAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22it+must+be+said+that+this%22%22kenosis+of+obedience%22%22must+be+based+on+the+eternal+kenosis+of+the+Divine+Persons+one+to+another%22&pg=123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870185-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870185-6"><bdi>0-89870185-6</bdi></a>. <q>it must be said that this "kenosis of obedience"...must be based on the eternal kenosis of the Divine Persons one to another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theo-Drama.+Theological+Dramatic+Theory%2C+Vol.+5%3A+The+Last+Act&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-89870185-6&rft.au=Hans+Urs+von+Balthasar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De44KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhaus2000" class="citation book cs1">Neuhaus, Richard (2000). Death on a Friday Afternoon. Basic Books. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+on+a+Friday+Afternoon&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristiani1959" class="citation book cs1">Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresies+and+Heretics&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Cristiani&rft.aufirst=Msgr.+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristiani1959" class="citation book cs1">Cristiani, Msgr. Leon (1959). Heresies and Heretics. Hawthorn Books. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresies+and+Heretics&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Cristiani&rft.aufirst=Msgr.+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191754/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0806.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: The Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Saviour"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0806.htm/">the original</a> on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+The+Arabic+Gospel+of+the+Infancy+of+the+Saviour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0806.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830105636/http://wesley.nnu.edu/sermons-essays-books/noncanonical-literature/noncanonical-literature-gospels/the-first-gospel-of-the-infancy-of-jesus-christ">"The Wesley Center Online: The First Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/sermons-essays-books/noncanonical-literature/noncanonical-literature-gospels/the-first-gospel-of-the-infancy-of-jesus-christ/">the original</a> on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wesley+Center+Online%3A+The+First+Gospel+of+the+Infancy+of+Jesus+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fsermons-essays-books%2Fnoncanonical-literature%2Fnoncanonical-literature-gospels%2Fthe-first-gospel-of-the-infancy-of-jesus-christ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+19:31%E2%80%9337&version=nrsv">John 19:31–37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/timeline.html">Timeline of early Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060408052440/http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/timeline.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at National Geographic </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4882420.stm">Judas 'helped Jesus save mankind'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107090829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4882420.stm">Archived</a> 2009-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" BBC News, 7 May 2006 (following National Geographic publication) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Cockburn A "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/05/judas-gospel/cockburn-text.html">The Gospel of Judas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810140529/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/05/judas-gospel/cockburn-text.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" National Geographic (USA) May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Cockburn A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/05/judas-gospel/cockburn-text/3">at p. 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091218080221/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/05/judas-gospel/cockburn-text/3">Archived</a> 18 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Deconick A D "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/opinion/01deconink.html">Gospel Truth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701003449/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/01/opinion/01deconink.html">Archived</a> 2017-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" The New York Times 1 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/?pageID=pressReleases_detail&siteID=1&cid=1196944434958">Statement from National Geographic in Response to April DeConick's New York Times Op-Ed "Gospel Truth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216070514/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/pressroom/index.jsp?pageID=pressReleases_detail&siteID=1&cid=1196944434958">Archived</a> 16 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Acocella J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2009/08/03/090803crat_atlarge_acocella?currentPage=all">Betrayal: Should we hate Judas Iscariot?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831042606/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2009/08/03/090803crat_atlarge_acocella?currentPage=all">Archived</a> 2009-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" The New Yorker 3 August 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Parker2018" class="citation book cs1">John Parker (2018) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaFhDwAAQBAJ">The Aesthetics of Antichrist. From Christian Drama to Christopher Marlowe</a> (2nd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaFhDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+same+bizarre+sanctification+that+slowly+accrued+over+the+course+of+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+wood+of+the+cross,+the+nails,+the+side-piercing+spear,+and+other+instruments+of+Christ's+torture+(the+so-called+arma+Christi)+accrued+also+to+the+head+and+lips+of+Judas%22&pg=PA110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80146354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80146354-9"><bdi>978-0-80146354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Antichrist.+From+Christian+Drama+to+Christopher+Marlowe&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-80146354-9&rft.au=John+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeaFhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-129"><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_129-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?LEMA=pelo&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No#pelo_de_cofre,_o_pelo_de_Judas.">pelo de Judas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205231140/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?LEMA=pelo&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No">Archived</a> 5 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Judas hair") in the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eclectic-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Eclectic_130-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WX3QAAAAMAAJ&dq=judas+hair&pg=PA314">Page 314</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313090124/https://books.google.com/books?id=WX3QAAAAMAAJ&dq=judas%20hair&pg=PA314">Archived</a> 13 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of article Red Hair from <a href="/wiki/Bentley%27s_Miscellany" title="Bentley's Miscellany">Bentley's Miscellany</a>, July 1851. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_eclectic_magazine_of_foreign_literature,_science,_and_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The eclectic magazine of foreign literature, science, and art (page does not exist)">The eclectic magazine of foreign literature, science, and art</a>, Volumen 2; Volumen 23, <a href="/wiki/Leavitt,_Trow,_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Leavitt, Trow, & Co.">Leavitt, Trow, & Co.</a>, 1851. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanco-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanco_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanco_131-1">b</a> <a href="//archive.org/details/lettersfromspai00whigoog/page/n273" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lettersfromspai00whigoog/page/n273"> p. 256</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation book cs1">White, Joseph Blanco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313141322/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5UMAAAAYAAJ&dq=judas%20hair&pg=PA256">Letters from Spain</a>. H. Colburn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781508427162" title="Special:BookSources/9781508427162"><bdi>9781508427162</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Spain&rft.pub=H.+Colburn&rft.isbn=9781508427162&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Blanco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5UMAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Djudas%2520hair%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letters_from_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letters from Spain (page does not exist)">Letters from Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blanco_White" title="Joseph Blanco White">Joseph Blanco White</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Colburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Colburn (page does not exist)">H. Colburn</a>, 1825. </li> <li id="cite_note-Glossary-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=judas+hair&pg=PA473">Judas colour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313095246/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=judas%20hair&pg=PA473">Archived</a> 13 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in p. 473 of A glossary: or, Collection of words, phrases, names, and allusions to customs, proverbs, etc., which have been thought to require illustration, in the words of English authors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, and his contemporaries, Volumen 1. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nares" title="Robert Nares">Robert Nares</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Orchard_Halliwell-Phillipps" class="mw-redirect" title="James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps">James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a>. J. R. Smith, 1859 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Judas' Red Hair and The Jews, Journal of Jewish Art (9), 1982, Melinnkoff R.M </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1916" class="citation journal cs1">Baum, Paull Franklin (1916). "The English Ballad of Judas Iscariot". PMLA. 31 (2): 181–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456954">10.2307/456954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456954">456954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+English+Ballad+of+Judas+Iscariot&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-89&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Paull+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/caravbr-2.htm">"NGA – Caravaggio's The Taking of Christ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203245/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/caravbr-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGA+%E2%80%93+Caravaggio%27s+The+Taking+of+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fexhibitions%2Fcaravbr-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-notes-136"><a href="#cite_ref-notes_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation cs2">Adams, Byron, ed. (2007), Edward Elgar and His World, Princeton University Press, pp. 140–41, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13446-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13446-8"><bdi>978-0-691-13446-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Elgar+and+His+World&rft.pages=140-41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13446-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mag-137"><a href="#cite_ref-mag_137-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Magazine_of_poetry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Magazine of poetry (page does not exist)">The Magazine of poetry</a>, Volume 2, Issues 1–4 (1890) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wells_Moulton" title="Charles Wells Moulton">Charles Wells Moulton</a>, Buffalo, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgKAAAAYAAJ">"The Magazine of Poetry"</a>. 1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313090846/https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgKAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Magazine+of+Poetry&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEdgKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equinoxpub.com/equinox/books/showbook.asp?bkid=430&keyword=">Equinox – Books – Book Details</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515064643/http://www.equinoxpub.com/equinox/books/showbook.asp?bkid=430">Archived</a> 15 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Brantley2005" class="citation news cs1">Ben Brantley (3 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9B06E0DB133DF930A35750C0A9639C8B63">"THEATER REVIEW; Judas Gets His Day in Court, but Satan Is on the Witness List"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THEATER+REVIEW%3B+Judas+Gets+His+Day+in+Court%2C+but+Satan+Is+on+the+Witness+List&rft.date=2005-03-03&rft.au=Ben+Brantley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheater.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Ftheater%2Ftreview.html%3Fres%3D9B06E0DB133DF930A35750C0A9639C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Scharper, Diane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/opinion/book-reviews/sue-monk-kidds-new-novel-imagines-jesus-life-and-fictional-marriage">"Sue Monk Kidd's new novel imagines Jesus' life and fictional marriage"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a>, 12 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2024. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judas_Iscariot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124743" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124743"><bdi>978-0195124743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195124743&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented their Stories of the Savior. New York City: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-228520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-228520-1"><bdi>978-0-06-228520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels%3A+How+the+Earliest+Christians+Remembered%2C+Changed%2C+and+Invented+their+Stories+of+the+Savior&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-06-228520-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubar2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Gubar, Susan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwmZ4FaxhKcC&q=biography+of+Judas+Iscariot">Judas: A Biography</a>. New York City and London, England: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06483-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06483-4"><bdi>978-0-393-06483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06483-4&rft.aulast=Gubar&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwmZ4FaxhKcC%26q%3Dbiography%2Bof%2BJudas%2BIscariot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kent, William Henry (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Judas_Iscariot">"Judas Iscariot" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judas+Iscariot&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOropeza2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">Oropeza, B. J.</a> (2012). In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors: Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, Vol. 1: Gospels, Acts, and Johannine Letters. Eugene: Cascade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610972895" title="Special:BookSources/9781610972895"><bdi>9781610972895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Judas+and+Other+Defectors%3A+Apostasy+in+the+New+Testament+Communities%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Gospels%2C+Acts%2C+and+Johannine+Letters&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pub=Cascade&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781610972895&rft.aulast=Oropeza&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stanford" title="Peter Stanford">Stanford, Peter</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGtiCwAAQBAJ&q=biography+of+Judas+Iscariot">Judas: The Most Hated Name in History</a>. Berkeley, California: Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-750-3"><bdi>978-1-61902-750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas%3A+The+Most+Hated+Name+in+History&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61902-750-3&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGtiCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbiography%2Bof%2BJudas%2BIscariot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwiep2004" class="citation book cs1">Zwiep, Arie W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUmI4US6rOUC&q=death+of+Judas&pg=PA17">Judas and the Choice of Matthias: A Study on Context and Concern of Acts 1:15–26</a>. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol. 187. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148452-0"><bdi>978-3-16-148452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas+and+the+Choice+of+Matthias%3A+A+Study+on+Context+and+Concern+of+Acts+1%3A15%E2%80%9326&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament+2.+Reihe&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148452-0&rft.aulast=Zwiep&rft.aufirst=Arie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUmI4US6rOUC%26q%3Ddeath%2Bof%2BJudas%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudas+Iscariot" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81018#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107841951">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78757239">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/161149106377568492935">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316750777">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/252768954">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84034477">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29151776800018011973">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172983071">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105886325">8</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1065159477820527990006">9</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20151302813848661032">10</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/38145857084822922242">11</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/15145424167386790945">12</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/291454810">13</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305656219">14</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8635164191765218740006">15</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315682913">16</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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