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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_playwrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_playwrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early playwrights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_playwrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristotle's_Poetics_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle's_Poetics_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i> techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle's_Poetics_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-classical_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-classical_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Neo-classical theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-classical_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cretan_Renaissance_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretan_Renaissance_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cretan Renaissance theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretan_Renaissance_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_playwrights_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_playwrights_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Contemporary playwrights in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_playwrights_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_play_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_play_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>New play development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_play_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Playwright</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="كاتب مسرحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتب مسرحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgu" title="Dramaturgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dramaturgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturq" title="Dramaturq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dramaturq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নাট্যকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাট্যকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kio%CC%8Dk-chok-ka" title="Kio̍k-chok-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kio̍k-chok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramati%C4%8Dar" title="Dramatičar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dramatičar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Драматурги – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Драматурги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatik" title="Dramatik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dramatik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramodydd" title="Dramodydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dramodydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4itekirjanik" title="Näitekirjanik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Näitekirjanik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Θεατρικός συγγραφέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεατρικός συγγραφέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramagile" title="Dramagile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dramagile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نمایشنامه‌نویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایشنامه‌نویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dramaturge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A0maire" title="Dràmaire – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dràmaire" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo,_dramaturga" title="Dramaturgo, dramaturga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dramaturgo, dramaturga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%9E%91%EA%B0%80" title="극작가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극작가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नाटककार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाटककार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramski_pisac" title="Dramski pisac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dramski pisac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiksk%C3%A1ld" title="Leikskáld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leikskáld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammaturgo" title="Drammaturgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drammaturgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%90%D7%99" title="מחזאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="დრამატურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრამატურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanoniv%C3%AEs" title="Şanonivîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şanonivîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgs" title="Dramaturgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dramaturgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1ma%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="Drámaíró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drámaíró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नाटककार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाटककार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="დრამატურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრამატურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="كاتب مسرحيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتب مسرحيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengarang_lakon" title="Pengarang lakon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengarang lakon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toneelschrijver" title="Toneelschrijver – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toneelschrijver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नाटककार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाटककार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="劇作家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="劇作家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatikar" title="Dramatikar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dramatikar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਾਟਕਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਟਕਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturga" title="Dramaturga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dramaturga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Драматик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Драматик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwricht" title="Playwricht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Playwricht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturg" title="Dramaturg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dramaturg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A" title="නාට්‍ය රචක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාට්‍ය රචක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Playwright" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatik" title="Dramatik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dramatik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="شانۆنامەنووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانۆنامەنووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramski_pisac" title="Dramski pisac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dramski pisac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ytelm%C3%A4kirjailija" title="Näytelmäkirjailija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näytelmäkirjailija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dramatiker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நாடகாசிரியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாடகாசிரியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Драматурглар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Драматурглар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4" title="నాటక రచయిత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాటక రచయిత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyun_yazar%C4%B1" title="Oyun yazarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oyun yazarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Драматург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драматург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ڈراما نویس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈراما نویس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_vi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Nhà viết kịch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà viết kịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4%C3%BCtekir%C3%A4nik" title="Näütekiränik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Näütekiränik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrijheu_d%27_tey%C3%A5te" title="Scrijheu d' teyåte – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scrijheu d' teyåte" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgo" title="Dramaturgo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dramaturgo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%A7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="剧作家 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="剧作家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="דראמאטורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראמאטורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C5%9Ftekar%C3%AA_kayi" title="Nuştekarê kayi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuştekarê kayi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%A7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="剧作家 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="剧作家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214917#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who writes plays</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the software, see <a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright (software)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Jonson_by_Abraham_van_Blyenberch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> coined the term "playwright".</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>playwright</b> or <b>dramatist</b> is a person who writes <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, which are a form of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> that primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">characters</a> and is intended for <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a> rather than just <a href="/wiki/Reading_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (process)">reading</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> coined the term "playwright" and is the first person in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> to refer to playwrights as separate from <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a>. </p><p>The earliest playwrights in <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a> with surviving works are the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greeks</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> is amongst the most famous playwrights in literature, both in England and across the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "play" is from Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">pleye</i></span>, from Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">plæġ, pleġa, plæġa</i></span> ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wright" class="extiw" title="wikt:wright">wright</a></i> is an archaic English term for a <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsperson</a> or builder (as in a <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">wheelwright</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">cartwright</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> with "write" is coincidental.) </p><p>The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is from 1605,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 73 years before the first written record of the term "dramatist".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. </p><p>Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49, which is thought to refer to <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(writer)" title="Thomas Dekker (writer)">Thomas Dekker</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Epigram XLIX — On Playwright</i></dd> <dd>PLAYWRIGHT me reads, and still my verses damns,</dd> <dd>He says I want the tongue of epigrams ;</dd> <dd>I have no salt, no bawdry he doth mean ;</dd> <dd>For witty, in his language, is obscene.</dd> <dd>Playwright, I loath to have thy manners known</dd> <dd>In my chaste book ; I profess them in thine own.</dd></dl> <p>Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and so were regarded as the province of poets. This view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term "playwright" later again lost this negative connotation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_playwrights" title="List of playwrights">List of playwrights</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_playwrights">Early playwrights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early playwrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greeks</a>. These early plays were for annual <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> competitions among play writers<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held around the 5th century BC. Such notables as <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. We have complete texts <a href="/wiki/Extant_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant literature">extant</a> by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Greek" title="Tragedy">Athenian tragedy</a> remain obscure, though by the 5th century it was <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutionalised</a> in competitions (<i><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">agon</a></i>) held as part of festivities celebrating <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">god</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As contestants in the <a href="/wiki/City_Dionysia" class="mw-redirect" title="City Dionysia">City Dionysia's</a> competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama), playwrights were required to present a <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy" title="Tetralogy">tetralogy</a> of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved <i><a href="/wiki/Poiesis" title="Poiesis">poïesis</a></i>, "the act of making". This is the source of the English word <i>poet</i>. </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Theatre">Chinese Theatre</a> having performers dated back to the 6th century BC with <a href="/wiki/You_Meng" title="You Meng">You Meng</a>, their perspective of theatre was such that plays had no other role than "performer" or "actor", but given that the performers were also the ones who invented their performances, they could be considered a form of playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the Western world there is <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_drama" title="Indian classical drama">Indian classical drama</a>, with one of the oldest known playwrights being <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Audraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śudraka">Śudraka</a>, whose attributed plays can be dated to the second century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Nāṭya Shāstra</a></i>, a text on the performing arts from between 500BC-500AD, categorizes playwrights as being among the members of a theatre company, although playwrights were generally the highest in social status, with some being kings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle's_Poetics_techniques"><span id="Aristotle.27s_Poetics_techniques"></span>Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i> techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aristotle's Poetics techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 4th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, in which he analyzed the principle of action or <i>praxis</i> as the basis for tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then considered elements of drama: <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">μύθος</span></span> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">mythos</i></span></i>), character (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">ἔθος</span></span> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a></i></span></i>), thought (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dianoia" title="Dianoia">dianoia</a></i></span></i>), diction (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lexis_(Aristotle)" title="Lexis (Aristotle)">lexis</a></i></span></i>), music (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodia</a></i></span></i>), and spectacle (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">opsis</i></span></i>). Since the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> on which <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a> were based were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Character was determined by choice and by action. Tragedy is <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a>—"the imitation of an action that is serious". He developed his notion of <a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">hamartia</a>, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a>, which provides the basis for the "conflict-driven" play.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor,_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/220px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/330px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg/440px-William_Shakespeare_by_John_Taylor%2C_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption><span class="nowraplinks">The <a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait">Chandos portrait</a>, likely depicting Shakespeare, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1611</span></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were also a number of secular performances staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is <i>The Play of the Greenwood</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a> in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk</a> material such as <a href="/wiki/Faeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeries">faeries</a> and other supernatural occurrences. <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farces</a> also rose dramatically in popularity after the 13th century. The majority of these plays come from France and Germany and are similar in tone and form, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> and bodily excretions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known playwright of farces is <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a> (1494–1576) who wrote 198 dramatic works. In England, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Shepherds%27_Play" title="The Second Shepherds' Play">The Second Shepherds' Play</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakefield Cycle">Wakefield Cycle</a> is the best known early farce. However, farce did not appear independently in England until the 16th century with the work of <a href="/wiki/John_Heywood" title="John Heywood">John Heywood</a> (1497–1580). </p><p>Playwright <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late in his career.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plays have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">translated</a> into every major <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">living language</a> and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, after the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(British_Isles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (British Isles)">interregnum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in 1660, there was a move toward neoclassical dramaturgy. Between <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a> of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the 17th century, classical ideas were in vogue. As a result, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare below <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a> and Ben Jonson.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period saw the first professional woman playwright, <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a>. </p><p>As a reaction to the decadence of Charles II era productions, <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">sentimental comedy</a> grew in popularity. Playwrights like <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> believed that humans were inherently good but capable of being led astray.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-classical_theory">Neo-classical theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neo-classical theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksis_Kivi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aleksis_Kivi.jpg/220px-Aleksis_Kivi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aleksis_Kivi.jpg/330px-Aleksis_Kivi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Aleksis_Kivi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>The literary production of <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> national author, consisted mainly of plays. One of his best-known plays is <i><a href="/wiki/Heath_Cobblers" title="Heath Cobblers">Heath Cobblers</a></i> from 1864.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the <a href="/wiki/Unities" class="mw-redirect" title="Unities">unities</a>, of action, place, and time. This meant that the playwright had to construct the play so that its "virtual" time would not exceed 24 hours, that it would be restricted to a single setting, and that there would be no subplots. Other terms, such as verisimilitude and decorum, circumscribed the subject matter significantly. For example, verisimilitude limits of the unities. Decorum fitted proper protocols for behavior and language on stage. </p><p>In France, contained too many events and actions, thus, violating the 24-hour restriction of the unity of time. Neoclassicism never had as much traction in England, and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s plays are directly opposed to these models, while in Italy, improvised and bawdy <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> and opera were more popular forms. </p><p>One structural unit that is still useful to playwrights today is the "<a href="/wiki/French_scenes" class="mw-redirect" title="French scenes">French scene</a>", which is a scene in a play where the beginning and end are marked by a change in the makeup of the group of characters onstage rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.<sup id="cite_ref-George_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable playwrights: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> (1606–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> (1622–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a> (1639–99)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretan_Renaissance_theatre">Cretan Renaissance theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cretan Renaissance theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek theater was alive and flourishing on the island of Crete. During the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan Renaissance</a> two notable Greek playwrights <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Georgios Chortatzis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a> were present in the latter part of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plays of <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, and other <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i> playwrights inspired a growing faith in feeling and instinct as guides to moral behavior and were part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German romanticism</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Ostrovsky">Aleksandr Ostrovsky</a> was Russia's first professional playwright). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_playwrights_in_the_United_States">Contemporary playwrights in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary playwrights in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agatha_Christie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/219px-Agatha_Christie.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/329px-Agatha_Christie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mousetrap" title="The Mousetrap">The Mousetrap</a></i>, the longest run play in history</figcaption></figure><p>Author and playwright <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mousetrap" title="The Mousetrap">The Moustrap</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Murder_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder mystery">murder mystery</a> play which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_longest-running_West_End_shows" title="List of the longest-running West End shows">longest-running West End show</a>, it has by far the longest run of any play in the world, with its 29,500th performance having taken place as of February 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary playwrights in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are affected by recent declines in theatre attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer the only outlet for serious drama or entertaining comedies, theatrical productions must use ticket sales as a source of income, which has caused many of them to reduce the number of new works being produced. For example, <a href="/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons" title="Playwrights Horizons">Playwrights Horizons</a> produced only six plays in the 2002–03 seasons, compared with thirty-one in 1973–74.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playwrights commonly encounter difficulties in getting their shows produced and often cannot earn a living through their plays alone, leading them to take up other jobs to supplement their incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many playwrights are also <a href="/wiki/Film_makers" class="mw-redirect" title="Film makers">film makers</a>. For instance, filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Spurlock" title="Morgan Spurlock">Morgan Spurlock</a> began his career as a playwright, winning awards for his play <i>The Phoenix</i> at both the New York <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theatre" title="Fringe theatre">International Fringe Festival</a> in 1999 and the Route 66 American Playwriting Competition in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_play_development">New play development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New play development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, theatre companies have new play development programs meant to develop new American voices in playwriting. Many regional theatres have hired dramaturges and literary managers in an effort to showcase various festivals for new work, or bring in playwrights for residencies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding through national organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">Theatre Communications Group</a>, encouraged the partnerships of professional theatre companies and emerging playwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playwrights will often have a <a href="/wiki/Cold_reading_(theatrical)" title="Cold reading (theatrical)">cold reading</a> of a script in an informal sitdown setting, which allows them to evaluate their own plays and the actors performing them. Cold reading means that the actors haven't rehearsed the work, or may be seeing it for the first time, and usually, the technical requirements are minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The O'Neill Festival<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers summer retreats for young playwrights to develop their work with directors and actors. </p><p>Playwriting <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collectives</a> like 13P and Orbiter 3<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gather members together to produce, rather than develop, new works. The idea of the playwriting collective is in response to plays being stuck in the development process and never advancing to production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The theory that <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> was not written by Aeschylus adds a fourth, anonymous playwright to those whose work survives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exceptions to this pattern were made, as with <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Alcestis_(play)" title="Alcestis (play)">Alcestis</a></i> in 438 BC. There were also separate competitions at the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia#City_Dionysia" title="Dionysia">City Dionysia</a> for the performance of <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambs</a> and, after 488–7 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedies</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/play">"Definition of PLAY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 2024-04-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172354/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/play">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+PLAY&rft.date=2024-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wright">"Definition of WRIGHT"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172337/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wright">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+WRIGHT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/playwright">"Definition of playwright"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117102704/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/playwright">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+playwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fplaywright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dramatist">"Definition of dramatist"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083801/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dramatist">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+dramatist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdramatist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/jonson/epigram49.htm">"Jonson, Ben, <i>The Works of Ben Jonson</i>, Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1853. page 788"</a>. Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature. 2003-08-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712214209/http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/jonson/epigram49.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonson%2C+Ben%2C+The+Works+of+Ben+Jonson%2C+Boston%3A+Phillips%2C+Sampson+and+Co.%2C+1853.+page+788&rft.pub=Luminarium%3A+Anthology+of+English+Literature&rft.date=2003-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminarium.org%2Fsevenlit%2Fjonson%2Fepigram49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1920" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Morse S. (1920). <i>The satire of John Marston</i>. Columbis, Ohio: The F. J. Heer Printing Co. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+satire+of+John+Marston&rft.place=Columbis%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=The+F.+J.+Heer+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Morse+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsonCainConnolly2022" class="citation book cs1">Jonson, Ben; Cain, Thomas Grant Stevens; Connolly, Ruth (2022). <i>The poems of Ben Jonson</i>. Longman annotated English poets. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-69619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-69619-5"><bdi>978-1-315-69619-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+poems+of+Ben+Jonson&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+New+York&rft.series=Longman+annotated+English+poets&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-315-69619-5&rft.aulast=Jonson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Cain%2C+Thomas+Grant+Stevens&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Neil. <i>playwright History Explained</i>, <i>The Cowood Press</i>, 2004, page 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 13–15) and Brown (1995, 441–447).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (1995, 442) and Brockett and Hildy (2003, 15–17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe2008" class="citation book cs1">Ye, Tan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/182662750"><i>Historical dictionary of Chinese theater</i></a>. Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5514-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5514-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182662750">182662750</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172404/https://search.worldcat.org/title/182662750">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Chinese+theater&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182662750&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5514-4&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F182662750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2019" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1032723070"><i>The Greek experience of India: from Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15403-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15403-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032723070">1032723070</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172349/https://search.worldcat.org/title/on1032723070">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+experience+of+India%3A+from+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1032723070&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15403-9&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1032723070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1993" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Farley P., ed. (1993). <i>Indian theatre: traditions of performance</i>. Performing arts series. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0981-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+theatre%3A+traditions+of+performance&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Performing+arts+series&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0981-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1902" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle (1902). <i>Poetics</i>. Translated by Butcher, S.H. (3rd ed.). Macmillan. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetics&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 96)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Peter (2003). "Conventions of Playwriting". <i>Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924522-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conventions+of+Playwriting&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%3A+An+Oxford+Guide&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924522-2&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2003" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Leon Harold (2003). <i>Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's Macbeth and King Lear</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8605-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-8605-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Philosophers+and+Kings%3A+Political+Philosophy+in+Shakespeare%27s+Macbeth+and+King+Lear&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8605-1&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Leon+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2001" class="citation book cs1">Grady, Hugh (2001). "Shakespeare criticism, 1600–1900". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-00010-9"><bdi>978-1-139-00010-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shakespeare+criticism%2C+1600%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare.+Cambridge&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-00010-9&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/220/0402.html">"Sentimental Comedy in England and on the Continent"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of English and American Literature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100336/http://www.bartleby.com/220/0402.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+English+and+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Sentimental+Comedy+in+England+and+on+the+Continent&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F220%2F0402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2011" class="citation book cs1">Harman, William (2011). <i>A Handbook to Literature</i> (12 ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205024018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205024018"><bdi>978-0205024018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+Literature&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0205024018&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, Kathleen (1994) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/playwritingfirst0000geor" class="extiw" title="iarchive:playwritingfirst0000geor">Playwriting: The First Workshop</a></i>, Focal Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80190-2">978-0-240-80190-2</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Browning1983" class="citation book cs1">Robert Browning (1983). <i>Medieval and Modern Greek</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29978-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29978-0"><bdi>0-521-29978-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Modern+Greek&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-29978-0&rft.au=Robert+Browning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/MousetrapLondon/status/1761043808500814155">"Celebrating 29,500 perfoemnces"</a>. <i>Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMERICAN+THEATRE&rft.atitle=Theatre+in+Crisis%3A+What+We%E2%80%99re+Losing%2C+and+What+Comes+Next&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Amelia&rft.au=Coutinho%2C+Gabriela+Furtado&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Jerald+Raymond&rft.au=Sims%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Weinert-Kendt%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americantheatre.org%2F2023%2F07%2F24%2Ftheatre-in-crisis-what-were-losing-and-what-comes-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloski2003" class="citation web cs1">Soloski, Alexis (2003-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210095919/http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0321%2Csoloski%2C44226%2C11.html">"The Plays What They Wrote: The Best Scripts Not Yet Mounted on a New York Stage"</a>. The Village Voice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0321,soloski,44226,11.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plays+What+They+Wrote%3A+The+Best+Scripts+Not+Yet+Mounted+on+a+New+York+Stage&rft.pub=The+Village+Voice&rft.date=2003-05-21&rft.aulast=Soloski&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Ftheater%2F0321%2Csoloski%2C44226%2C11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2009" class="citation book cs1">London, Todd (2009). <i>Outrageous Fortune: The Life and Times of the New American Play</i>. Theatre Development Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outrageous+Fortune%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+New+American+Play&rft.pub=Theatre+Development+Fund&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Genevieve (March 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/morgan-spurlock-i-was-doing-funny-walks-around-the-house-aged-six-7606234.html">"Morgan Spurlock: 'I was doing funny walks around the house aged six'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morgan+Spurlock%3A+%27I+was+doing+funny+walks+around+the+house+aged+six%27&rft.pub=Independent.co.uk&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fprofiles%2Fmorgan-spurlock-i-was-doing-funny-walks-around-the-house-aged-six-7606234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaimbach2006" class="citation book cs1">Haimbach, Brian Prince (2006). <i>Contemporary new play development</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arts.gov&rft.atitle=GRANTS+FOR+ARTS+PROJECTS%3A+Theater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fgrants%2Fgrants-for-arts-projects%2Ftheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/home">"Home - Edgerton Foundation New Play Awards"</a>. <i>circle.tcg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527164839/https://circle.tcg.org/edgertonfoundationnewplayawards/home">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circle.tcg.org&rft.atitle=Home+-+Edgerton+Foundation+New+Play+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcircle.tcg.org%2Fedgertonfoundationnewplayawards%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tophollywoodactingcoach.com/2012/04/what-is-a-cold-reading/">"What is a Cold Reading? Do I memorize my lines?"</a>. <i>Kid's Top Hollywood Acting Coach</i>. 26 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172402/https://tophollywoodactingcoach.com/2012/04/what-is-a-cold-reading/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kid%27s+Top+Hollywood+Acting+Coach&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Cold+Reading%3F+Do+I+memorize+my+lines%3F&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftophollywoodactingcoach.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fwhat-is-a-cold-reading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoneill.org/ypf">"Young Playwrights Festival | Eugene O'Neill Theater Center"</a>. <i>theoneill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172422/https://www.theoneill.org/ypf">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theoneill&rft.atitle=Young+Playwrights+Festival+%7C+Eugene+O%27Neill+Theater+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoneill.org%2Fypf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbiter3.org/">"Orbiter 3"</a>. <i>Orbiter 3</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172907/http://www.orbiter3.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orbiter+3&rft.atitle=Orbiter+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbiter3.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/13-playwrights-13p_b_1697919">"13 Playwrights Is Preparing To Implode"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 2012-07-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527172913/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/13-playwrights-13p_b_1697919">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=13+Playwrights+Is+Preparing+To+Implode&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2F13-playwrights-13p_b_1697919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlaywright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Playwright&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Collaborative_play_writing" class="extiw" title="v:Collaborative play writing">Collaborative play writing</a> at Wikiversity</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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