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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_of_his_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_of_his_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception of his works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_of_his_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_French_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_French_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence on French culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_French_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_of_Molière" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_of_Molière"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Portrayals of Molière</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_of_Molière-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of major works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Molière</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Молиер – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Молиер" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Молиер – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Молиер" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AC%E1%88%AD" title="ሞሊዬር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞሊዬር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0" title="मॅलिएर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मॅलिएर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="موليير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موليير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոլիեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոլիեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molier" title="Molier – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Molier" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0" title="मलिएर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मलिएर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Молиер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Молиер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molyer" title="Molyer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molyer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مولیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="মলিয়ের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলিয়ের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мальер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мальер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мальер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мальер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Молиер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молиер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="མོའོ་ལིས་ཨེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོའོ་ལིས་ཨེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мольер Жан-Батист – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мольер Жан-Батист" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="موليير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موليير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μολιέρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολιέρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مولیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%93%80" title="莫里哀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="莫里哀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4" title="몰리에르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰리에르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոլիեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլիեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0" title="मॅलिएर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॅलिएर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מולייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೋಲಿಯೆರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მოლიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Baptiste Molière – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jean-Baptiste Molière" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molj%C4%93rs" title="Moljērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Moljērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moliere" title="Moliere – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moliere" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0" title="मलिएर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मलिएर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жан Батист Поклен Молиер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жан Батист Поклен Молиер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC" title="മോള്യേർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോള്യേർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="मोलियेर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोलियेर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მოლიერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="موليير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موليير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moliere" title="Moliere – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moliere" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B2" title="မောလျဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မောလျဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(schrijver)" title="Molière (schrijver) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molière (schrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मोलियर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोलियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="モリエール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モリエール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੋਲੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਲੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="موليير – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موليير" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molyer" title="Molyer – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Molyer" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱳᱞᱤᱭᱮᱨᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molieri" title="Molieri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molieri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%88" title="මොල්ය්ඈ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොල්ය්ඈ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="مۆلیێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆلیێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Молијер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молијер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மொலியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொலியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มอลีแยร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอลีแยร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мольер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Мольер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80" title="Мольєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мольєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مولیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مولیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%27jer" title="Mol'jer – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mol'jer" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%93%80" title="莫里哀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫里哀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מאליער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאליער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%93%80" title="莫里哀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫里哀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoljers" title="Muoljers – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muoljers" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%93%80" title="莫里哀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫里哀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Molière" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">French playwright and actor (1622–1673)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French playwright. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Molière (disambiguation)">Molière (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Molière">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22">"Molière"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Moli%C3%A8re%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Molière</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_(1622-1673)_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Molière by Pierre Mignard (c. 1658)"><img alt="Portrait of Molière by Pierre Mignard (c. 1658)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Pierre_Mignard_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Baptiste_Poquelin_dit_Moli%C3%A8re_%281622-1673%29_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="4214" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait of Molière by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1658</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Jean-Baptiste Poquelin<br />before 15 January 1622<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">17 February 1673<span style="display:none">(1673-02-17)</span> (aged 51)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Molière</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Playwright, actor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">University of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1645–1673</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Comedy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misanthrope" title="The Misanthrope">The Misanthrope</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_Savantes" title="Les Femmes Savantes">The Learned Ladies</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Wives" title="The School for Wives">The School for Wives</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miser" title="The Miser">The Miser</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Armande_B%C3%A9jart" title="Armande Béjart">Armande Béjart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_B%C3%A9jart" title="Madeleine Béjart">Madeleine Béjart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Louis (1664–1664)<br />Marie Madeleine (1665–1723)<br />Pierre (1672–1672)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Moliere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Firma_de_Moliere.svg/150px-Firma_de_Moliere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Firma_de_Moliere.svg/225px-Firma_de_Moliere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Firma_de_Moliere.svg/300px-Firma_de_Moliere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="107" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Baptiste Poquelin</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>batist<span class="wrap"> </span>pɔklɛ̃]</a></span>; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name <b>Molière</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>-/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɔljɛʁ]</a></span>), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> and world literature. His extant works include <a href="/wiki/Comedie" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedie">comedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">comédie-ballets</a>, and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> more often than those of any other playwright today.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence is such that the French language is often referred to as the "language of Molière".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a>), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began writing, combining <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> elements with the more refined French comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the patronage of aristocrats including <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>—the brother of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>—Molière procured a command performance before the King at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. Performing a classic play by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a> of his own, <i>The Doctor in Love</i>, Molière was granted the use of salle du <a href="/wiki/Petit-Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit-Bourbon">Petit-Bourbon</a> near the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, he was granted the use of the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">theatre in the Palais-Royal</a>. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Pr%C3%A9cieuses_ridicules" title="Les Précieuses ridicules">The Affected Ladies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Husbands" title="The School for Husbands">The School for Husbands</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Wives" title="The School for Wives">The School for Wives</a></i>. This royal favour brought a royal pension to his troupe and the title <i>Troupe du Roi</i> ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official author of court entertainments.<sup id="cite_ref-R7567_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7567-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles. For <i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a>'s</i> impiety, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a> denounced this study of religious <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>, which was followed by a ban by the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a>, while <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Juan" title="Dom Juan">Dom Juan</a></i> was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His hard work in so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play, <i>The Imaginary Invalid</i>, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later.<sup id="cite_ref-R7567_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R7567-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_(1658).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg/220px-Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg/330px-Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg/440px-Moli%C3%A8re_-_Nicolas_Mignard_%281658%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3551" data-file-height="4436" /></a><figcaption>Molière as Caesar in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Pompey" title="The Death of Pompey">The Death of Pompey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Mignard" title="Nicolas Mignard">Nicolas Mignard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Molière was born in Paris shortly before his christening as Jean Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Known as Jean-Baptiste, he was the first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was the daughter of a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon seeing him for the first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to the infant's large nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family from that time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost his mother when he was 10,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he does not seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death, he lived with his father above the <i>Pavillon des Singes</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">rue Saint-Honoré</a>, an affluent area of Paris. It is likely that his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by his enrollment in the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Clermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de Clermont">Collège de Clermont</a>, where he completed his studies in a strict academic environment and got a first taste of life on the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1631, his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> the posts of "<span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i>valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi</i></span>" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a provincial lawyer some time around 1642, probably in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, but it is not documented that he ever qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office. </p><p>In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Taking leave of his father, he joined the actress <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_B%C3%A9jart" title="Madeleine Béjart">Madeleine Béjart</a>, with whom he had crossed paths before, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Illustre_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Illustre Théâtre">Illustre Théâtre</a> with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Contretemps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Les_Contretemps.jpg/170px-Les_Contretemps.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Les_Contretemps.jpg/255px-Les_Contretemps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Les_Contretemps.jpg/340px-Les_Contretemps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Illustration after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Brissart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Brissart (page does not exist)">Pierre Brissart</a> for the printed text of <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tourdi_ou_les_Contretemps" title="L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps">L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The theatre troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the troupe, due in part, perhaps, to his acting prowess and his legal training. However, the troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent of the theatre (a court for <a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">jeu de paume</a>), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether his father or the lover of a member of his troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour stint in prison he returned to the acting circuit. It was at this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small village of the same name in the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" title="South of France">Midi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Le_Vigan,_Lot" title="Le Vigan, Lot">Le Vigan</a>. It was likely that he changed his name to spare his father the shame of having an actor in the family (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to be buried in sacred ground). </p><p>After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of the provinces with a new <a href="/wiki/Troupe_de_Moli%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Troupe de Molière">theatre troupe</a>; this life was to last about twelve years, during which he initially played in the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a company of his own, which had sufficient success and obtained the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>. Few plays survive from this period. The most noteworthy are <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tourdi_ou_les_Contretemps" title="L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps">L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps</a></i> <i>(The Bungler)</i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Docteur_Amoureux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Docteur Amoureux (page does not exist)">Le Docteur Amoureux</a></i> <i>(The Doctor in Love)</i>; with these two plays, Molière moved away from the heavy influence of the Italian improvisational <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a>, and displayed his talent for mockery. In the course of his travels he met <a href="/wiki/Armand,_Prince_of_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand, Prince of Conti">Armand, Prince of Conti</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, who became his patron, and named his company after him. This friendship later ended when Armand, having contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> from a courtesan, turned toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the <i>Parti des Dévots</i> and the <i>Compagnie de Saint Sacrement</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Du_Parc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mademoiselle Du Parc">Mademoiselle Du Parc</a>, known as Marquise, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> and later became the lover of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>. Racine offered Molière his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ag%C3%A8ne_et_Charicl%C3%A9e" title="Théagène et Chariclée">Théagène et Chariclée</a></i> (one of the early works he wrote after he had abandoned his <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he encouraged Racine to pursue his artistic career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Paris">Return to Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Return to Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molière was forced to reach Paris in stages, staying outside for a few weeks in order to promote himself with society gentlemen and allow his reputation to feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> (then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy <i>Nicomède</i> and in the <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farce</a> <i>Le Docteur Amoureux</i> with some success. He was awarded the title of <i>Troupe de Monsieur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monsieur" title="Monsieur">Monsieur</a> being the honorific for the king's brother <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>). With the help of Monsieur, his company was allowed to share the theatre in the large hall of the <a href="/wiki/Petit-Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit-Bourbon">Petit-Bourbon</a> with the Italian <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> company of <a href="/wiki/Tiberio_Fiorillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberio Fiorillo">Tiberio Fiorillo</a>, famous for the character of <a href="/wiki/Scaramuccia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaramuccia">Scaramouche</a>. (The two companies performed in the theatre on different nights.) The premiere of Molière's <i>Les Précieuses Ridicules</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Les_Pr%C3%A9cieuses_Ridicules" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Précieuses Ridicules">The Affected Young Ladies</a></i>) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659. </p><p><i>Les Précieuses Ridicules</i> was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chappuzeau" title="Samuel Chappuzeau">Samuel Chappuzeau</a>'s <i>Le Cercle des Femmes</i> of 1656. He primarily mocks the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>, a group created by Richelieu under a royal patent to establish the rules of the fledgling French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. Molière is often associated with the claim that comedy <i>castigat ridendo mores</i> or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean de Santeuil and sometimes mistaken for a classical <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">Latin proverb</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_fame">Height of fame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Height of fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over a <a href="/wiki/Canovaccio" title="Canovaccio">canovaccio</a> (a vague plot outline). He began to write full, five-act comedies in verse (<i>L'Étourdi</i> (Lyon, 1654) and <i>Le dépit amoureux</i> (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the <a href="/wiki/Lazzi" title="Lazzi">gags</a> of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans to win aristocratic patronage and, ultimately, move the troupe to a position in a Paris theater-venue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for years the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory style that in the 1750s writers started calling <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>), Spanish, and French plays, all also drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of the clever slave/servant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Les précieuses ridicules</i> won Molière the attention and the criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play <i>Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Cuckold" title="The Imaginary Cuckold">The Imaginary Cuckold</a></i>) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent in human relationships. This view is also evident in his later works and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a>. It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes <i>Dom Garcie de Navarre</i>, <i>L'École des maris</i> and <i>L'École des femmes</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg/300px-WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg/450px-WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg/600px-WorksMoliere1739Vol01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>First volume of a 1739 translation into English of all of Molière's plays, printed by John Watts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">theatre in the east wing of the Palais-Royal</a>. After a period of refurbishment they opened there on 20 January 1661. In order to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with entertainment and art that he was soon excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played <i>Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Jealous_Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Jealous Prince (page does not exist)">The Jealous Prince</a></i>, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived from a work of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful <i>L'École des maris</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Husbands" title="The School for Husbands">The School for Husbands</a></i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_F%C3%A2cheux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Fâcheux (page does not exist)">Les Fâcheux</a></i> (<i>The Bores</i>), subtitled <i>Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi</i> (a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a> gave in honor of the sovereign. These entertainments led <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 February 1662, Molière married <a href="/wiki/Armande_B%C3%A9jart" title="Armande Béjart">Armande Béjart</a>, whom he believed to be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her illegitimate daughter with the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Modena">Duke of Modena</a>.) The same year, he premiered <i>L'École des femmes</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Wives" title="The School for Wives">The School for Wives</a></i>), subsequently regarded as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited education that was given to daughters of rich families and reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his marriage attracted much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: <i>La Critique de "L'École des femmes"</i>, in which he imagined the spectators of his previous work attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised <i>L'École des femmes</i> by showing them at dinner after watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised about the piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called <i>Guerre comique</i> (<i>War of Comedy</i>), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like <a href="/wiki/Donneau_de_Vis%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Donneau de Visé">Donneau de Visé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edm%C3%A9_Boursault" title="Edmé Boursault">Edmé Boursault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Jacob" title="Antoine Jacob">Montfleury</a>. </p><p>However, more serious opposition was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal life. A so-called <i>parti des Dévots</i> arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "<a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a>" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of having married his daughter. The Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the <a href="/wiki/Jansenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenist">Jansenists</a> and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed support for the Moliere, granting him a pension and agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau</a> also supported him through statements that he included in his <i>Art poétique</i>. </p><p>Molière's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> influenced him towards writing his <i>Le Mariage forcé</i> and <i>La Princesse d'Élide</i> (subtitled as <i>Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet</i>), written for royal "<i>divertissements</i>" at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a>, ou L'Imposteur</i> was also performed at Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction of the hypocrisy of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage and violently contested. It also aroused the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was banned. </p><p>Molière was always careful not to attack the institution of monarchy. He earned a position as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of <i>Tartuffe</i>, and the author rapidly wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Juan" title="Dom Juan">Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre</a></i> to replace it. It was a strange work, derived from a work by <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a> and rendered in a prose that still seems modern today. It describes the story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, for this, is punished by God. This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor of Molière's troupe. </p><p>With music by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Lully</a>, Molière presented <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_m%C3%A9decin" title="L'Amour médecin">L'Amour médecin</a></i> (<i>Love Doctor</i> or <i>Medical Love</i>). Subtitles on this occasion reported that the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) and this work was received much more warmly than its predecessors. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg/400px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg/600px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg/800px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Louis_XIV_and_Moliere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> invites Molière to share his supper—an unfounded Romantic anecdote, illustrated in 1863 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1666, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Misanthrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Misanthrope">Le Misanthrope</a></i> was produced. It is now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the one with the highest moral content, but it was little appreciated at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write <i><a href="/wiki/Le_m%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" class="mw-redirect" title="Le médecin malgré lui">Le médecin malgré lui</a></i> (<i>The Doctor Despite Himself</i>), a satire against the official sciences. This was a success despite a moral treatise by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in general and Molière in particular. In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others with false erudition, and know only <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">clysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleedings</a> as (ineffective) remedies. </p><p>After the <i>Mélicerte</i> and the <i>Pastorale comique</i>, he tried again to perform a revised <i>Tartuffe</i> in 1667, this time with the name of <i>Panulphe</i> or <i>L'Imposteur</i>. As soon as the King left Paris for a tour, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lamoignon" title="Guillaume de Lamoignon">Lamoignon</a> and the archbishop banned the play. The King finally imposed respect for <i>Tartuffe</i> a few years later, after he had gained more power over the clergy. </p><p>Molière, now ill, wrote less. <i>Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre</i> was written for festivities at the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, and was followed in 1668 by <i><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon_(Moli%C3%A8re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitryon (Molière)">Amphitryon</a></i>, inspired both by <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>' work of the same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen to allude to the love affairs of Louis XIV, then king of France. <i><a href="/wiki/George_Dandin_ou_le_Mari_confondu" title="George Dandin ou le Mari confondu">George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu</a></i> (<i>The Confounded Husband</i>) was little appreciated, but success returned with <i>L'Avare</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Miser" title="The Miser">The Miser</a></i>), now very well known. </p><p>With Lully, he again used music for <i>Monsieur de Pourceaugnac</i>, for <i>Les Amants magnifiques</i>, and finally for <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois gentilhomme">Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i> (<i>The Middle Class Gentleman</i>), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to be particularly directed against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully ended with a <i>tragédie et ballet</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i>, written in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Quinault" title="Philippe Quinault">Philippe Quinault</a>. </p><p>In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss and from the worsening of his own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fourberies_de_Scapin" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Fourberies de Scapin">Les Fourberies de Scapin</a></i> ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a comedy in five acts. His following play, <i>La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas</i>, is considered one of his lesser works. </p><p><i>Les Femmes savantes</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Learned_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Learned Ladies">The Learned Ladies</a></i>) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from the termination of the legal use of music in theatre, since Lully had patented the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in France (and taken most of the best available singers for his own performances), so Molière had to go back to his traditional genre. It was a great success, and it led to his last work, which is still held in high esteem. </p><p>In his 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_Comédies-Ballets"><span id="Les_Com.C3.A9dies-Ballets"></span>Les Comédies-Ballets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Les Comédies-Ballets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1661, Molière introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9dies-ballets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comédies-ballets">comédies-ballets</a></i> in conjunction with <i>Les Fâcheux</i>. These ballets were a transitional form of dance performance between the <a href="/wiki/Court_ballets_of_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Court ballets of Louis XIV">court ballets of Louis XIV</a> and the art of professional theatre which was developing in the advent of the use of the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscenium stage">proscenium stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>comédies-ballets</i> developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a play and a ballet in the honor of Louis XIV and found that he did not have a big enough cast to meet these demands. Molière therefore decided to combine the ballet and the play so that his goal could be met while the performers catch their breath and change costume.<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risky move paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve more <i>comédies-ballets</i> before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <i>comédies-ballets</i>, Molière collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beauchamp" title="Pierre Beauchamp">Pierre Beauchamp</a>. who codified the five balletic positions of the feet and arms and was partly responsible for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Beauchamp-Feuillet_dance_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation">Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Op%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Opéra">Paris Opéra</a> lasted 15 years. Under his command, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>comédies-ballets</i> closely integrated dance with music and the action of the play and the style of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time;<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> additionally, the <i>comédies-ballets</i> demanded that both the dancers and the actors play an important role in advancing the story. Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the <i>comédies-ballets</i> - Louis XIV even played the part of an Egyptian in Molière's <i>Le Mariage forcé</i> (1664) and also appeared as <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in his retirement performance of <i>Les Amants magnifiques</i> (1670).<sup id="cite_ref-Au_2002_24_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Au_2002_24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg/220px-Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg/330px-Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg/440px-Perelachaise-Moliere-p1000403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Molière's tomb at the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>'s is visible just beyond.</figcaption></figure> <p>Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as a young man. The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became legend. He collapsed on stage in a fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the last play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed to the music of <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> and which ironically was titled <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Malade_imaginaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Malade imaginaire">Le Malade imaginaire</a></i> (<i>The Imaginary Invalid</i>). Molière insisted on completing his performance. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage before being taken home, where he died a few hours later, without receiving the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> because two priests refused to visit him while a third arrived too late. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors is said to originate from the colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time of his death. </p><p>Under French law at the time, actors were not allowed to be <a href="/wiki/Actor#History" title="Actor">buried in the sacred ground</a> of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if her spouse could be granted a normal funeral at night. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part of the cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants. </p><p>In 1792, his remains were brought to <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_Monuments_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Musée national des Monuments Français">the museum of French monuments</a>, and in 1817, transferred to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris, close to those of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_of_his_works">Reception of his works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception of his works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG/170px-Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG/255px-Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG/340px-Moliere-Rue_de_Richelieu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Molière statue on the <a href="/wiki/Fontaine_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Fontaine Molière">Fontaine Molière</a>, corner of <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Richelieu" title="Rue de Richelieu">Rue de Richelieu</a> and Rue Molière in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really diminish his widespread success with the public. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's works continued to garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this time. However, during the French Restoration of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and the critics. Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this interest in Molière and his plays and have continued to study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to the study of his comic technique.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molière's works were translated into English prose by <a href="/wiki/John_Ozell" title="John Ozell">John Ozell</a> in 1714,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first complete version in English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as <i>Tartuffe</i> into English verse was <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hidden_Page" title="Curtis Hidden Page">Curtis Hidden Page</a>, who produced blank verse versions of three of the plays in his 1908 translation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, notable translations have been made by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Frame" title="Donald M. Frame">Donald M. Frame</a>, and many others. </p><p>In his memoir <i>A Terrible Liar</i>, actor <a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the title role in <i>The Miser</i>, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that made me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Martha Bellinger points out that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Molière] has been accused of not having a consistent, organic style, of using faulty grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary words for the purpose of filling out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison to the wealth of character he portrayed, to his brilliancy of wit, and to the resourcefulness of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible mirth and his triumphant gaiety".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_French_culture">Influence on French culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on French culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molière is considered the creator of modern French comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in current French: </p> <ul><li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">tartuffe</a></i> is a hypocrite, especially a hypocrite displaying affected morality or religious piety.</li> <li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Harpagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpagon">harpagon</a></i>, named after the main character of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miser" title="The Miser">The Miser</a></i>, is an obsessively greedy and cheap man.</li> <li>The statue of the Commander (<i>statue du Commandeur</i>) from <i>Dom Juan</i> is used as a model of implacable rigidity (<i>raide comme la statue du Commandeur</i>).</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fourberies_de_Scapin" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Fourberies de Scapin">Les Fourberies de Scapin</a></i>, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is asked for ransom money for his son, allegedly held in a <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a>. He repeats, "What the deuce did he want to go into that galley for?" (<i>Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?</i>) The phrase "to go into that galley" is used to describe unnecessary difficulties a person has sought, and <i>galère</i> ("galley") means a difficult and chaotic situation.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a></i>, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a handkerchief to cover up her bosom, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (<i>Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir</i>). This phrase (often with <i>cachez,</i> "hide," instead of <i>couvrez,</i> and often with some other item replacing <i>sein</i>) is frequently used to imply that someone else is calling for something to be hidden or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Le_m%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" class="mw-redirect" title="Le médecin malgré lui">Le médecin malgré lui</a></i>, forced to impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who is faking muteness in order to delay an arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of gibberish, <a href="/wiki/Dog_latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog latin">dog latin</a> and recursive explanations which conclude with an authoritative "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (<i>Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette</i>). The phrase is used wholesale to mock an unsatisfactory explanation.</li> <li>Monsieur Jourdain in <i>Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</i> arranges to be tutored in good manners and culture, and is delighted to learn that, because every statement that is not poetry is prose, he therefore has been speaking prose for 40 years without knowing it (<i>Par ma foi, il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, sans que j’en susse rien</i>). The more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans le savoir" is used by a person who realizes that he was more skilled or better aligned than he thought.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a> "<a href="/wiki/George_Dandin_ou_le_Mari_confondu" title="George Dandin ou le Mari confondu">George Dandin"</a> (1668), Act I, scene 7, the main character uses the phrase <i>Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin</i> ("You wanted it, George Dandin") to address himself when his rich wife cheats on him. Now the phrase is used to reproach someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_of_Molière"><span id="Portrayals_of_Moli.C3.A8re"></span>Portrayals of Molière</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portrayals of Molière"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molière plays a small part in <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vicomte of Bragelonne">The Vicomte of Bragelonne</a></i>, in which he is seen taking inspiration from the musketeer <a href="/wiki/Porthos" title="Porthos">Porthos</a> for his central character in <i>Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</i>. </p><p>Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a> wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled <i>Life of Mr. de Molière</i>. It was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962. </p><p>The French 1978 film simply titled <i><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(1978_film)" title="Molière (1978 film)">Molière</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Ariane_Mnouchkine" title="Ariane Mnouchkine">Ariane Mnouchkine</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Caub%C3%A8re" title="Philippe Caubère">Philippe Caubère</a> presents his complete biography. It was in competition for the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at Cannes in 1978. </p><p>He is portrayed among other writers in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blasphemers%27_Banquet" title="The Blasphemers' Banquet">The Blasphemers' Banquet</a></i> (1989). </p><p>The 2000 film <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_Danse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roi Danse">Le Roi Danse</a></i> (<i>The King Dances</i>), in which Molière is played by <a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9ky_Karyo" title="Tchéky Karyo">Tchéky Karyo</a>, shows his collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, as well as his illness and on-stage death. </p><p>The 2007 French film <i><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(2007_film)" title="Molière (2007 film)">Molière</a></i> was more loosely based on the life of Molière, starring <a href="/wiki/Romain_Duris" title="Romain Duris">Romain Duris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Luchini" title="Fabrice Luchini">Fabrice Luchini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludivine_Sagnier" title="Ludivine Sagnier">Ludivine Sagnier</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Hirson" title="David Hirson">David Hirson</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_(play)" title="La Bête (play)">La Bête</a></i>, written in the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody of him. </p><p>The 2023 musical <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re,_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_Urbain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molière, l'Opéra Urbain (page does not exist)">Molière, l'Opéra Urbain</a></i>, directed by Bruno Berberes and staged at the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_de_Paris" title="Dôme de Paris">Dôme de Paris</a> from November 11, 2023 to February 18, 2024, is a retelling of the life of Molière using a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_major_works">List of major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_volant" title="Le Médecin volant">Le Médecin volant</a></i> (1645)—<i>The Flying Doctor</i></li> <li><i>La Jalousie du barbouillé</i> (1650)—<i>The Jealousy of le Barbouillé</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tourdi_ou_les_Contretemps" title="L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps">L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps</a></i> (1655)—<i>The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots</i></li> <li><i>Le Dépit amoureux</i> (16 December 1656)—<i>The Love-Tiff</i></li> <li><i>Le Docteur amoureux</i> (1658), the first play performed by Molière's troupe for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> (now lost)—<i>The Doctor in Love</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Pr%C3%A9cieuses_ridicules" title="Les Précieuses ridicules">Les Précieuses ridicules</a></i> (18 November 1659)—<i>The Affected Young Ladies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Cuckold" title="The Imaginary Cuckold"><i>Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire</i></a> (28 May 1660)—<i>Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold</i></li> <li><i>Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux</i> (4 February 1661)—<i>Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Husbands" title="The School for Husbands">L'École des maris</a></i> (24 June 1661)—<i>The School for Husbands</i></li> <li><i>Les Fâcheux</i> (17 August 1661)—<i>The Bores</i> (also translated <i>The Mad</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cole_des_femmes" class="mw-redirect" title="L'École des femmes">L'École des femmes</a></i> (26 December 1662; adapted into <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amorous_Flea" title="The Amorous Flea">The Amorous Flea</a></i>, 1964)—<i>The School for Wives</i></li> <li><i>La Jalousie du Gros-René</i> (15 April 1663; now lost)—<i>The Jealousy of Gros-René</i></li> <li><i>La Critique de l'école des femmes</i> (1 June 1663)—<i>Critique of the School for Wives</i></li> <li><i>L'Impromptu de Versailles</i> (14 October 1663)—<i>The Versailles Impromptu</i></li> <li><i>Le Mariage forcé</i> (29 January 1664)—<i>The Forced Marriage</i></li> <li><i>Gros-René, petit enfant </i> (27 April 1664; now lost)—<i>Gros-René, Small Child</i></li> <li><i>La Princesse d'Élide</i> (8 May 1664)—<i>The Princess of Elid</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur</a></i> (12 May 1664)—<i>Tartuffe, or, the Impostor</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Juan" title="Dom Juan">Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre</a></i> (15 February 1665)—<i>Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet</i> (subtitle also translated <i>The Stone Guest</i>, <i>The Feast with the Statue</i>, &c.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_m%C3%A9decin" title="L'Amour médecin">L'Amour médecin</a></i> (15 September 1665)—<i>Love Is the Doctor</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Misanthrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Misanthrope">Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux</a></i> (4 June 1666)—<i>The Misanthrope, or, the Cantankerous Lover</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Le Médecin malgré lui">Le Médecin malgré lui</a></i> (6 August 1666)—<i>The Doctor in Spite of Himself</i></li> <li><i>Mélicerte</i> (2 December 1666)</li> <li><i>Pastorale comique</i> (5 January 1667)—<i>Comic Pastoral</i></li> <li><i>Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre</i> (14 February 1667)—<i>The Sicilian, or Love the Painter</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon_(Moli%C3%A8re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitryon (Molière)">Amphitryon</a></i> (13 January 1668)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Dandin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Dandin">George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu</a></i> (18 July 1668)—<i>George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Avare" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Avare">L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge</a></i> (9 September 1668)—<i>The Miser, or, the School for Lies</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac" title="Monsieur de Pourceaugnac">Monsieur de Pourceaugnac</a></i> (6 October 1669)</li> <li><i>Les Amants magnifiques</i> (4 February 1670)—<i>The Magnificent Lovers</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois gentilhomme">Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i> (14 October 1670)—<i>The Bourgeois Gentleman</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i> (17 January 1671)—<i>Psyche</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fourberies_de_Scapin" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Fourberies de Scapin">Les Fourberies de Scapin</a></i> (24 May 1671)—<i>The Impostures of Scapin</i></li> <li><i>La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas</i> (2 December 1671)—<i>The Countess of Escarbagnas</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_savantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Femmes savantes">Les Femmes savantes</a></i> (11 March 1672)—<i>The Learned Ladies</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Invalid" title="The Imaginary Invalid">Le Malade imaginaire</a></i> (10 February 1673)—<i>The Imaginary Invalid</i> (or <i>The Hypochondriac</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social comedy">Social comedy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/moliere">"Molière"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Moli%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmoliere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartnoll, p. 554. "Author of some of the finest comedies in the history of the theater", and Roy, p. 756. "...one of the theatre's greatest comic artists".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2004" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Colin (24 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1475046/France-looks-to-the-law-to-save-the-language-of-Moliere.html">"France looks to the law to save the language of Molière"</a> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+looks+to+the+law+to+save+the+language+of+Moli%C3%A8re&rft.date=2004-10-24&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F1475046%2FFrance-looks-to-the-law-to-save-the-language-of-Moliere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, p. 756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R7567-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R7567_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R7567_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, p. 756–757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanhamBrandon1995" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin; Brandon, James R. (21 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qMTPAPFGXUC&pg=PA757"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521434379" title="Special:BookSources/9780521434379"><bdi>9780521434379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-09-21&rft.isbn=9780521434379&rft.aulast=Banham&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Brandon%2C+James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qMTPAPFGXUC%26pg%3DPA757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines 2002, p. 383 (birthdate); Scott 2000, p. 14 (names).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1840" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesmosteminen00shelgoog"><i>Lives of the Most Eminent French Writers</i></a>. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesmosteminen00shelgoog/page/n116">116</a>. <q>lives of the most eminent french writers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Most+Eminent+French+Writers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesmosteminen00shelgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockett2008" class="citation book cs1">Brockett, Oscar (2008). <i>History of the Theatre</i>. USA: Pearson. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-51186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-51186-0"><bdi>978-0-205-51186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Theatre&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-205-51186-0&rft.aulast=Brockett&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie Cressé died on 11 May 1632 (Gaines 2002, p. xi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott 2000, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John W. (2014). <i>The Jesuits; a history from Ignatius to the present</i>. London: Sheed and Ward. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuits%3B+a+history+from+Ignatius+to+the+present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Sheed+and+Ward&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simon, Alfred (1987). <i>Molière, une vie</i> (in French). Lyon: La Manufacture. pp. 520–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/273770054X" title="Special:BookSources/273770054X"><bdi>273770054X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moli%C3%A8re%2C+une+vie&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pages=520-21&rft.pub=La+Manufacture&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=273770054X&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Barnham. "The Cambridge Guide to Theater." Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1995, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On <i>L'Étourdi</i> and his theatrical accomplishments in this and other early plays, see e.g. Stephen C. Bold, “‘Ce Noeud Subtil’: Molière’s Invention of Comedy from <i>L’Étourdi</i> to ‘'Les Fourberies de Scapin<i> ", " </i>The Romanic Review<i> 88/1(1997): 67-85; David Maskell, Moliere's </i>L'Etourdi<i>: Signs of Things to Come", </i>French Studies<i> 46/1 (1992): 13-25; and Philip A. Wadsworth, "Scappino & Mascarille," in </i>Molière and the Comedy of Intellect<i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 1-7.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard F. Hardin, <i>Plautus and the English Renaissance of Comedy</i> (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), esp. 73 and 134; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1683931297" title="Special:BookSources/1683931297">1683931297</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Wadsworth, <i>Molière and the Italian Theatrical Tradition</i> (Birmingham AL: Summa, 1987), 7; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780917786709" title="Special:BookSources/9780917786709">9780917786709</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Soll, <i>The Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert's Secret State Intelligence System</i> (Ann Arbor: Univ. of MI Press, 2009), 43-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Au_2002_23-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_23_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2002" class="citation book cs1">Au, Susan (2002). <i>Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition</i>. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1"><bdi>978-0-500-20352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Modern+Dance+-+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+LTD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20352-1&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2002" class="citation book cs1">Au, Susan (2002). <i>Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition</i>. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1"><bdi>978-0-500-20352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Modern+Dance+-+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+LTD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20352-1&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2002" class="citation book cs1">Au, Susan (2002). <i>Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition</i>. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1"><bdi>978-0-500-20352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Modern+Dance+-+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+LTD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20352-1&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Au_2002_24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_24_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Au_2002_24_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAu2002" class="citation book cs1">Au, Susan (2002). <i>Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition</i>. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20352-1"><bdi>978-0-500-20352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Modern+Dance+-+Second+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+LTD&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20352-1&rft.aulast=Au&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moliere-French-dramatist">"Molière - French dramatist"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Moli%C3%A8re+-+French+dramatist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMoliere-French-dramatist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovski2001" class="citation web cs1">Pavlovski, Linda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/drama-criticism/moliere">"Molière: Introduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Group">Gale Group</a>, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Enotes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotes.com">Enotes.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moli%C3%A8re%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=Gale+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pavlovski&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fdrama-criticism%2Fmoliere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolièreMatthews1908" class="citation book cs1">Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWpBAAAAYAAJ&q=Curtis%20Hidden%20Page&pg=PR43">"Bibliography"</a>. <i>French Classics for English Readers: Molière</i>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hidden_Page" title="Curtis Hidden Page">Page, Curtis Hidden</a>. New York & London: <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>. p. 43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bibliography&rft.btitle=French+Classics+for+English+Readers%3A+Moli%C3%A8re&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Moli%C3%A8re&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Brander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWpBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DCurtis%2520Hidden%2520Page%26pg%3DPR43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClasse2000" class="citation book cs1">Classe, Olive (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&q=moliere%20baker%20miller&pg=PA958"><i>Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: M-Z</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Dearborn_Publishers" title="Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers">Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</a>. p. 958. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964367" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964367"><bdi>9781884964367</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literary+Translation+Into+English%3A+M-Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=958&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781884964367&rft.aulast=Classe&rft.aufirst=Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1uXah12nHgC%26q%3Dmoliere%2520baker%2520miller%26pg%3DPA958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolièreMatthews1908" class="citation book cs1">Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWpBAAAAYAAJ&q=Curtis%20Hidden%20Page&pg=PR43">"Preface to the Translation"</a>. <i>French Classics for English Readers: Molière</i>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hidden_Page" title="Curtis Hidden Page">Page, Curtis Hidden</a>. New York & London: <a href="/wiki/G.P._Putnam%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="G.P. Putnam's Sons">G.P. Putnam's Sons</a>. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+the+Translation&rft.btitle=French+Classics+for+English+Readers%3A+Moli%C3%A8re&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Moli%C3%A8re&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Brander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWpBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DCurtis%2520Hidden%2520Page%26pg%3DPR43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronyn1991" class="citation book cs1">Cronyn, Hume (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hjeBNsCkOgC&q=%22Funny+as+a+baby%27s+open+grave%22"><i>A Terrible Liar: A Memoir</i></a>. New York: Morrow. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688128449" title="Special:BookSources/9780688128449"><bdi>9780688128449</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Terrible+Liar%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780688128449&rft.aulast=Cronyn&rft.aufirst=Hume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hjeBNsCkOgC%26q%3D%2522Funny%2Bas%2Ba%2Bbaby%2527s%2Bopen%2Bgrave%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellinger1927" class="citation book cs1">Bellinger, Martha Fletcher (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/moliere_001.html"><i>A Short History of the Drama</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Holt & Company">Henry Holt & Company</a>. pp. 178–81<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2007</span> – via Theatredatabase.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Drama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178-81&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Bellinger&rft.aufirst=Martha+Fletcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatredatabase.com%2F17th_century%2Fmoliere_001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Sortiraparis, Julie (November 17, 2023). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sortiraparis.com/en/what-to-see-in-paris/shows/articles/269185-moliere-l-opera-urbain-the-extraordinary-musical-comedy-about-moliere-at-the-dome-de-paris">Molière l'opéra urbain, the extraordinary musical comedy about Molière at the Dôme de Paris</a>". Sortiraparis.com. Retrieved Tuesday, December 12, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Imaginary-Invalid">"The Imaginary Invalid"</a>. <i>The Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imaginary+Invalid&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Imaginary-Invalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alberge, Claude (1988). <i>Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657)</i>. Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859980474" title="Special:BookSources/9782859980474">9782859980474</a>.</li> <li>Dormandy, Thomas (2000). <i>The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis</i>. New York University Press, p. 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814719275" title="Special:BookSources/9780814719275">9780814719275</a>.</li> <li>Gaines, James F., editor (2002). <i>The Molière Encyclopedia</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313312557" title="Special:BookSources/9780313312557">9780313312557</a>.</li> <li>Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Theatre</i> (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192115461" title="Special:BookSources/9780192115461">9780192115461</a>.</li> <li>Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). <i>Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier</i>. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966099737" title="Special:BookSources/9780966099737">9780966099737</a>.</li> <li>Riggs, Larry (2005). <i>Molière and Modernity</i>, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781886365551" title="Special:BookSources/9781886365551">9781886365551</a>.</li> <li>Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i>, edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521434379" title="Special:BookSources/9780521434379">9780521434379</a>.</li> <li>Scott, Virginia (2000). <i>Molière, A Theatrical Life</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192115461" title="Special:BookSources/9780192115461">9780192115461</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moli%C3%A8re&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moli%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Molière">Molière</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Moli%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Molière">Molière</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/moliere">Works by Molière in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/791">Works by Molière</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Molière%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Molière%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Molière%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Molière%22%20OR%20%28Moli%2Are%29%29%20OR%20%28%221622-1673%22%20AND%20%28%22Molière%22%20OR%20Moliere%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Molière</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6282">Works by Molière</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toutmoliere.net">Molière's works online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906013530/http://www.toutmoliere.net/">Archived</a> 2020-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at toutmoliere.net (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021106064927/http://site-moliere.com/pieces/">Molière's works online</a> at site-Molière.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120110445/http://www.inlibroveritas.net/auteur30.html">Molière's works online</a> at InLibroVeritas.net</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060114150958/http://www.biblioweb.org/-MOLIERE-.html">"Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview"</a> (in French). biblioweb.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblioweb.org/-MOLIERE-.html">the original</a> on 2006-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography%2C+Bibliography%2C+Analysis%2C+Plot+overview&rft.pub=biblioweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblioweb.org%2F-MOLIERE-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoli%C3%A8re" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-classique.fr">Moliere's Verses Plays</a> Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfregisters.org/">The Comédie Française Registers</a> a database of over 34,000 performances from 1680 to 1791</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/lib_fac/54/">Free Online 2010 American Translation of <i>Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/lib_fac/67/">Free Online 2011 American Translation of <i>Le Médecin malgré lui</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/lib_fac/83/">Free Online 2012 American Translation of <i>Les Fourberies de Scapin</i></a></li> <li>First edition of Molière's <i>L'Ecole des Femmes,</i> 1663, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/library/research-collections/named-collections/a.php#Aspin">Aspin Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moli%C3%A8re" title="Template:Molière"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moli%C3%A8re" title="Template talk:Molière"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moli%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molière"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molière" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molière</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_volant" title="Le Médecin volant">Le Médecin volant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tourdi_ou_les_Contretemps" title="L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps">L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Pr%C3%A9cieuses_ridicules" title="Les Précieuses ridicules">Les Précieuses ridicules</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Cuckold" title="The Imaginary Cuckold">Sganarelle, or The Imaginary Cuckold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Husbands" title="The School for Husbands">The School for Husbands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_for_Wives" title="The School for Wives">The School for Wives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dom_Juan" title="Dom Juan">Dom Juan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_m%C3%A9decin" title="L'Amour médecin">L'Amour médecin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misanthrope" title="The Misanthrope">The Misanthrope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Le Médecin malgré lui">Le Médecin malgré lui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon_(Moli%C3%A8re_play)" title="Amphitryon (Molière play)">Amphitryon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Dandin_ou_le_Mari_confondu" title="George Dandin ou le Mari confondu">George Dandin ou le Mari confondu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miser" title="The Miser">The Miser</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Pourceaugnac" title="Monsieur de Pourceaugnac">Monsieur de Pourceaugnac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois gentilhomme">Le Bourgeois gentilhomme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scapin_the_Schemer" title="Scapin the Schemer">Scapin the Schemer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_Savantes" title="Les Femmes Savantes">Les Femmes Savantes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginary_Invalid" title="The Imaginary Invalid">The Imaginary Invalid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_B%C3%A9jart" title="Madeleine Béjart">Madeleine Béjart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armande_B%C3%A9jart" title="Armande Béjart">Armande Béjart</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustre_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Illustre Théâtre">Illustre Théâtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troupe_of_Moli%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Troupe of Molière">Troupe of Molière</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(1978_film)" title="Molière (1978 film)">Molière</a></i> (1978 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re_(2007_film)" title="Molière (2007 film)">Molière</a></i> (2007 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molière&#039;s_Tartuffe_(1664)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tartuffe" title="Template:Tartuffe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tartuffe" title="Template talk:Tartuffe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tartuffe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tartuffe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molière&#039;s_Tartuffe_(1664)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molière</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe" title="Tartuffe">Tartuffe</a></i> (1664)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe_(1926_film)" title="Tartuffe (1926 film)">Tartuffe</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Man_(1959_film)" title="The Holy Man (1959 film)">The Holy Man</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe_(Wednesday_Theatre)" title="Tartuffe (Wednesday Theatre)">Tartuffe</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_tartuffe" title="Le tartuffe">Le tartuffe</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Juror" title="The Non-Juror">The Non-Juror</a></i> (1717 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hypocrite" title="The Hypocrite">The Hypocrite</a></i> (1768 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartuffe_(Mechem)" title="Tartuffe (Mechem)">Tartuffe</a></i> (1980 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo:_la_historia_jam%C3%A1s_contada" title="Hidalgo: la historia jamás contada">Hidalgo: la historia jamás contada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_Is_Dancing" title="The King Is Dancing">The King Is Dancing</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molière&#039;s_Le_Médecin_malgré_lui_(1666)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Template:Le Médecin malgré lui"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Template talk:Le Médecin malgré lui"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Le Médecin malgré lui"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molière&#039;s_Le_Médecin_malgré_lui_(1666)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molière</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Le Médecin malgré lui">Le Médecin malgré lui</a></i> (1666)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mock_Doctor" title="The Mock Doctor">The Mock Doctor</a></i> (1732 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_m%C3%A9decin_malgr%C3%A9_lui_(opera)" title="Le médecin malgré lui (opera)">Le médecin malgré lui</a></i> (1858 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_in_Spite_of_Himself_(1931_film)" title="The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1931 film)">The Doctor in Spite of Himself</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_in_Spite_of_Himself_(1999_film)" title="The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1999 film)">The Doctor in Spite of Himself</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_volant" title="Le Médecin volant">Le Médecin volant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_a_Torch,_Jeanette,_Isabella" title="Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella">Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/21px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/32px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/42px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Theatre" title="Portal:Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q687#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123197131">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2474502">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34253/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmP8QPYQx8wJk3FrRtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11858331X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043851">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916418p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916418p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450291">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Molière"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001062">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35358005">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001860&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1032034">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/20396">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06841501X">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339698756">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90060933">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034676&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100409&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036129">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=116550">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023647">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199619127">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnpgss2fbkrr6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591871205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15666">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265401105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000052563">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521587406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14134163">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00821914?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d00eb657-1a93-4e8b-adb6-5b5fa8c38395">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b0a1bb0d-8176-4e28-8c25-caca1d7854c8">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102335">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/924338">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11858331X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11858331X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027033430">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66v7145">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/119611">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molière&oldid=1259203799">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molière&oldid=1259203799</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moli%C3%A8re" title="Category:Molière">Molière</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1622_births" title="Category:1622 births">1622 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1673_deaths" title="Category:1673 deaths">1673 deaths</a></li><li><a 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