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<span>Moreton Bay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moreton_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Western Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_prisoners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_prisoners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political 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id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_convicts_transported_to_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_convicts_transported_to_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable convicts transported to Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_convicts_transported_to_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A4flingskolonie_Australien" title="Sträflingskolonie Australien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sträflingskolonie Australien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convictos_en_Australia" title="Convictos en Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convictos en Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="محکومین بریتانیایی در استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محکومین بریتانیایی در استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narapidana_di_Australia" title="Narapidana di Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Narapidana di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="הגליה לאוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגליה לאוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straffanger_i_Australia" title="Straffanger i Australia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Straffanger i Australia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Каторга в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каторга в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_d%C3%ABnuarit_n%C3%AB_Australi" title="Të dënuarit në Australi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të dënuarit në Australi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustralya%27daki_h%C3%BCk%C3%BCml%C3%BCler" title="Avustralya'daki hükümlüler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustralya'daki hükümlüler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transportation of convicts to Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical transportation of convicts to Australia. For the modern Australian penal system, see <a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Punishment in Australia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg/220px-Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg/330px-Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg/440px-Convicts_in_New_Holland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Convicts in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, 1793, by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ravenet" title="Juan Ravenet">Juan Ravenet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1788 and 1868 the British penal system <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation"> transported</a> about 162,000 <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">penal colonies in Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Government began transporting convicts overseas to <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> in the early 18th century. After trans-Atlantic transportation ended with the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, authorities sought an alternative destination to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship"> hulks</a>. Earlier in 1770, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> had charted and claimed possession of the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. Seeking to pre-empt the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony, and in 1787, the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of eleven convict ships set sail for <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a>, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) in 1803 and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> – established as the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> in 1829 – initially was intended solely for free settlers, but commenced receiving convicts in 1850. <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, officially remained free colonies. However, a population that included thousands of convicts already resided in the area that became known as Victoria. </p><p>Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly in the following decade, as <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League"> protests against the convict system</a> intensified throughout the colonies. In 1868, almost two decades after transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the last convict ship arrived in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of convicts were transported for <a href="/wiki/Petty_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty crime">petty crimes</a>, particularly theft: thieves comprised 80% of all transportees.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, became transportable offences in the 1830s, but since they were also punishable by death, comparatively few convicts were transported for such crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 1 in 7 convicts were women, while <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, another minority group, comprised many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">best-known convicts</a>. Once <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist"> emancipated</a>, most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers, with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society. However, convictism carried a social stigma and, for some later Australians, being of convict descent instilled a sense of shame and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">cultural cringe</a>. Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century, and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to discover a convict in one's lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, it was estimated that approximately four million Australians are related to convicts that were deported from the British Isles to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convict era has inspired famous novels, films, and other cultural works, and the extent to which it has shaped Australia's national character has been studied by many writers and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_transportation">Reasons for transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reasons for transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">Penal transportation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GinLane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GinLane.jpg/220px-GinLane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GinLane.jpg/330px-GinLane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GinLane.jpg/440px-GinLane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="4858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gin_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin Lane">Gin Lane</a></i>, 1751.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a></i>, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, began rising considerably after 1740. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, London was overcrowded, filled with the unemployed, and flooded with cheap <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social injustice">social injustice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">19th-century Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>'s novels perhaps best illustrate this; many government officials were horrified by what they saw. Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour (the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a>) passed in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crime had become a major problem. In 1784, a French observer noted that "from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships,_River_Thames,_England,_circa_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg/220px-Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg/330px-Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg/440px-Painting_of_prison_hulks_and_other_ships%2C_River_Thames%2C_England%2C_circa_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Prison hulks in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, England, 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Each parish had a watchman, but British cities did not have <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">police forces</a> in the modern sense. <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> strongly promoted the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">circular prison</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">penitentiary</a> was seen by many government officials as a peculiar American concept. Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the local court by their victims. Pursuant to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Code" title="Bloody Code">Bloody Code</a>", by the 1770s some 222 crimes in Britain carried the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all of these were crimes against property, including such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings, the cutting down of a tree, the theft of an animal, even the theft of a rabbit from a <a href="/wiki/Warren_(domestic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren (domestic)">warren</a>. </p><p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> economically displaced much of the working class, there was an increase in petty crime. The government was under pressure to find an alternative to confinement in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overcrowded_gaols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overcrowded gaols (page does not exist)">overcrowded gaols</a>. The situation was so dire that <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulks</a> left over from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> were used as makeshift <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">floating prisons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four out of five prisoners were in jail for theft. </p><p>In the 1800s the Bloody Code was gradually rescinded because judges and juries considered its punishments too harsh. Since lawmakers still wanted punishments to deter potential criminals, they increasingly used transportation as a more humane sentence to <a href="/wiki/Execution_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution (legal)">execution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transportation had been employed as a punishment for both major and petty crimes since the 17th century. </p><p>About 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">Transportation Act 1717</a>. Transportation to the Americas ceased following Britain's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. (The number of convicts transported to North America is not verified, although it has been estimated to be 50,000 by <a href="/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang" title="John Dunmore Lang">John Dunmore Lang</a> and 120,000 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a>.) The British American colony of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> received a larger felon quota than any other province.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penal_settlements">Penal settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Penal settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_South_Wales">New South Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New South Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">History of New South Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Fleet_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/First_Fleet_1788.jpg/220px-First_Fleet_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/First_Fleet_1788.jpg/330px-First_Fleet_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/First_Fleet_1788.jpg/440px-First_Fleet_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a>, 21 January 1788, by <a href="/wiki/William_Bradley_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Bradley (Royal Navy officer)">William Bradley</a> (1802).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg/220px-Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg/330px-Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg/440px-Sketchbook_of_NSW_views_1817_Close_a2821039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><i>The Costumes of bremchicken Australasians</i>: watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Close" title="Edward Charles Close">Edward Charles Close</a> shows the co-existence of convicts, their military gaolers, and free settlers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg/220px-Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg/330px-Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg/440px-Views_in_New_South_Wales_and_Van_Diemens_Land.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><i>"Views in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land" -</i> Earle Augustus (1830)</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a> was proposed. The details provided by <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable. </p><p>On 18 August 1786, the decision was made to send a <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> party of convicts, military, and civilian personnel to <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, who was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a> of the new colony. There were 775 convicts on board six transport ships. They were accompanied by officials, members of the crew, marines, the families thereof, and their own children who together totaled 645. In all, eleven ships were sent in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>. Other than the convict transports, there were two naval escorts and three storeships. The fleet assembled in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> and set sail on 13 May 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillip_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillip-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eleven ships arrived at Botany Bay over the three-day period of 18 - 20 January 1788. It soon became clear that the bay would not be suitable for the establishment of a colony due to "the openness of this bay, and the dampness of the soil, by which the people would probably be rendered unhealthy". Phillip decided to examine <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>, a bay mentioned by Captain Cook, about three <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> to the north. On 22 January 1788 a small expedition led by Phillips sailed to Port Jackson, arriving in the early afternoon:<sup id="cite_ref-Phillip_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillip-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was at once obliterated; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world, in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect security. The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible expedition, and the preference was given to one which had the finest spring of water, and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore, that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the largest vessels may unload. This cove is about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile across at the entrance. In honour of Lord Sydney, the Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillip_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillip-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There they established the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent, within <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, on 26 January 1788. The area has since developed as the city of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. This date is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a>. </p><p>Initially the members of the first fleet suffered a high <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>, due mainly to starvation from shortages of food. The ships carried only enough food to provide for the <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> until they could establish agriculture in the region. There were an insufficient number of skilled farmers and domesticated livestock to achieve this. The colony had to await the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a>. The "Memorandoms" by <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(convict)" title="James Martin (convict)">James Martin</a> provide a contemporary account of the events as seen by a convict from the first fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second fleet was a disaster and provided little in the way of help. In June 1790 it delivered additional sick and dying convicts, affected by the rigors of the lengthy journey. The situation worsened in Port Jackson. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Bourke</a> was the ninth <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the Colony of New South Wales, serving between 1831 and 1837. Appalled by the excessive punishments doled out to convicts during their imprisonment and work assignments, Bourke passed 'The Magistrates Act', which limited the sentence a magistrate could pass to fifty lashes (previously there was no such limit). Bourke's administration was controversial. Furious magistrates and employers petitioned the crown against this interference with their legal rights, fearing that a reduction in punishments would cease to provide enough deterrence to the convicts. </p><p>Bourke, however, was not dissuaded from his reforms. He continued to combat the inhumane treatment of convicts, and limited the number of convicts assigned to each employer to seventy. There was limited oversight of treatment of assigned convicts. Bourke granted rights to convicts who were freed after serving their sentences, such as allowing them to acquire property and serve on juries. It has been argued that the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be attributed to the actions of Bourke and other like-minded men, such as Australian-born lawyer <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Charles Wentworth</a>. It took another 10 years, but transportation to the colony of New South Wales was finally officially abolished on 1 October 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a convict was well behaved, the convict could be given a <a href="/wiki/Ticket_of_leave#Australian_convicts" title="Ticket of leave">ticket of leave</a>, granting some freedom. At the end of a convict's sentence, seven years in most cases, the convict was issued with a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of Freedom">Certificate of Freedom</a>. He was free to become a settler or to return to England. Convicts who misbehaved, however, were often sent to a place of secondary punishment, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur, Tasmania</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, where they would suffer additional punishment and <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norfolk_Island">Norfolk Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Norfolk Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History of Norfolk Island</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/330px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg/440px-Norfolk_Island_jail1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Norfolk Island military barracks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within a month of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, a group of convicts and free settlers were sent to take control of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, a small island 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) east of the coast of New South Wales. More convicts were sent, and many of them proved to be unruly. In early 1789 they made a failed attempt to overthrow Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a>, the island's commandant. There were other hazards: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sirius_(1786)" title="HMS Sirius (1786)">HMS <i>Sirius</i></a> was wrecked on one of the island's reefs while attempting to land stores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Van_Diemen's_Land_(Tasmania)"><span id="Van_Diemen.27s_Land_.28Tasmania.29"></span>Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tasmania" title="History of Tasmania">History of Tasmania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/220px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/330px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/440px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Penitentiary at the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a> convict settlement, Tasmania</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803, a British expedition was sent from Sydney to <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>) to establish a new penal colony there. The small party, led by Lt. John Bowen, established a settlement at Risdon Cove, on the eastern side of the Derwent River. Originally sent to Port Philip, but abandoned within weeks, another expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins arrived soon after. </p><p>Collins considered the Risdon Cove site inadequate, and in 1804 he established an alternative settlement on the western side of the river at <a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivan's Cove, Tasmania</a>. This later became known as <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, and the original settlement at Risdon Cove was abandoned. Collins was appointed as the first Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land. </p><p>When the convict station on Norfolk Island was abandoned in 1807–1808, the remaining convicts and free settlers were transported to Hobart and allocated land for resettlement. However, as the existing small population was already having difficulties producing enough food, the sudden doubling of the population was almost catastrophic. </p><p>Starting in 1816, more free settlers began arriving from Great Britain. On 3 December 1825 Tasmania was declared a colony separate from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, with a separate administration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg/220px-William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg/330px-William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg/440px-William_Buelow_Gould_Macquarie_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Macquarie Harbour Penal Station, depicted by convict artist <a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a>, 1833</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> penal colony on the West Coast of Tasmania was established in 1820 to exploit the valuable timber <a href="/wiki/Huon_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Huon Pine">Huon Pine</a> growing there for furniture making and shipbuilding. Macquarie Harbour had the added advantage of being almost impossible to escape from. Most attempts ended with fugitive convicts either drowning, dying of starvation in the bush, or (on at least three occasions) turning cannibal. </p><p>Convicts sent to this settlement had usually re-offended during their <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentence</a> of transportation. They were treated very harshly, labouring in cold and wet weather, and subjected to severe <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> for minor infractions. Several hundred non-indigenous black convicts were transported to Van Diemen's Land, most as punishment for speaking or acting against the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-utas.edu.au_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utas.edu.au-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a> penal settlement was established to replace Macquarie Harbour, as it was easier to maintain regular communications by sea. Although known in popular history as a particularly harsh prison, in reality, its management was far more humane than Macquarie Harbour or the outlying stations of New South Wales. Experimentation with the so-called model prison system took place in Port Arthur. Solitary confinement was the preferred method of punishment. </p><p>Many changes were made to the manner in which convicts were handled in the general population, largely responsive to British public opinion on the harshness of their treatment. Until the late 1830s, most convicts were either retained by the Government for public works or assigned to private individuals as a form of indentured labour. From the early 1840s the Probation System was employed, where convicts spent an initial period, usually two years, in public works gangs on stations outside of the main settlements. They were then freed to work for wages within a set district. </p><p>Transportation to Tasmania ended in 1853 (see section below on <a href="#Cessation_of_transportation">Cessation of Transportation</a>). Records on the individual convicts transported to Van Diemen’s Land or born there between 1803 and 1900 were being digitised as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Founders_and_Survivors" title="Founders and Survivors">Founders and Survivors</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_Phillip_District">Port Phillip District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Port Phillip District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg/220px-Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg/330px-Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg/440px-Tommy_McRae_Buckley%27s_Escape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a>'s transportation and escape to live with the <a href="/wiki/Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a> in 1803, as depicted by 19th-century Aboriginal artist <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McRae" title="Tommy McRae">Tommy McRae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803, two ships arrived in <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>, which <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(Australian_explorer)" title="John Murray (Australian explorer)">Lt. John Murray</a> in the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lady_Nelson_(1798)" title="HMS Lady Nelson (1798)">Lady Nelson</a> had discovered and named the previous year. The <a href="/wiki/HMS_Calcutta_(1795)" title="HMS Calcutta (1795)"><i>Calcutta</i></a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Lieutenant-Colonel Collins</a> transported 300 convicts, accompanied by the supply ship <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean_(1794_ship)" title="Ocean (1794 ship)">Ocean</a></i>. Collins had previously been Judge Advocate with the First Fleet in 1788. He chose Sullivan Bay near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Sorrento,_Victoria" title="Sorrento, Victoria">Sorrento, Victoria</a> for the first settlement - some 90 km south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. About two months later the settlement was abandoned due to poor soil and water shortages and Collins moved the convicts to Hobart. Several convicts had escaped into the bush and were left behind to unknown fates with the local aboriginal people. One such convict, the subsequently celebrated <a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a>, lived in the western side of Port Phillip for the next 32 years before approaching the new settlers and assisting as an interpreter for the indigenous peoples. </p><p>A second settlement was established at <a href="/wiki/Western_Port_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Port Bay">Westernport Bay</a>, on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Corinella,_Victoria" title="Corinella, Victoria">Corinella</a>, in November 1826. It comprised an initial 20 soldiers and 22 convicts, with another 12 convicts arriving subsequently. This settlement was abandoned in February 1828, and all convicts returned to Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a> District was officially sanctioned in 1837 following the landing of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henty" title="Edward Henty">Henty brothers</a> in Portland Bay in 1834, and <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a> settled on the site of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. </p><p>Between 1844 and 1849 about 1,750 convicts arrived there from England. They were referred to either as "Exiles" or the "Pentonvillians" because most of them came from <a href="/wiki/Pentonville" title="Pentonville">Pentonville</a> Probationary Prison. Unlike earlier convicts who were required to work for the government or on hire from penal depots, the Exiles were free to work for pay, but could not leave the district to which they were assigned. The Port Phillip District was still part of New South Wales at this stage. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> separated from New South Wales and became an independent colony in 1851. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moreton_Bay">Moreton Bay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moreton Bay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Queensland" title="History of Queensland">History of Queensland</a></div> <p>In 1823 <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley" title="John Oxley">John Oxley</a> sailed north from Sydney to inspect <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Port Curtis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a> as possible sites for a penal colony. At Moreton Bay, he found the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_River" title="Brisbane River">Brisbane River</a>, which Cook had guessed would exist, and explored the lower part of it. In September 1824, he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at <a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a>. On 2 December 1824, the settlement was transferred to where the <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">Central Business District</a> (CBD) of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> now stands. The settlement was at first called <a href="/wiki/Edenglassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Edenglassie">Edenglassie</a>. In 1839 transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed. In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily. On 6 June 1859 Queensland became a colony separate from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. In 2009 the Convict Records of Queensland, held by the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_State_Archives" title="Queensland State Archives">Queensland State Archives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a> was added to UNESCO's Australian Memory of the World Register.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Australia">Western Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Convict era of Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg/220px-Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg/330px-Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg/440px-Fremantle_Prison_in_Western_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a> gatehouse. The prison was built using convict labour in the 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a convict-supported settlement was established in Western Australia from 1826 to 1831, direct transportation of convicts did not begin until 1850. It continued until 1868. During that period, 9,668 convicts were transported on 43 <a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">convict ships</a>. The first convicts to arrive were transported to <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and sent by that colony to <a href="/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George Sound</a> (Albany) in 1826 to help establish a settlement there. At that time the western third of Australia was unclaimed land known as <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>. Fears that France would lay claim to the land prompted the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Ralph Darling</a>, to send <a href="/wiki/Major_Edmund_Lockyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Edmund Lockyer">Major Edmund Lockyer</a>, with troops and 23 convicts, to establish a settlement at King George Sound. Lockyer's party arrived on Christmas Day, 1826. A convict presence was maintained at the settlement for over four years. On 7 March 1831 control of the settlement was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swan River</a> Colony, and the troops and convicts were withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-srnsw_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srnsw-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1848, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitzgerald" title="Charles Fitzgerald">Charles Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a>, petitioned Britain to send convicts to his state because of labour shortages. Britain rejected sending fixed-term convicts, but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms. </p><p>Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Those who were stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle, Western Australia">Fremantle</a> were housed in the <a href="/wiki/Convict_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict Establishment">Convict Establishment</a>, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there. The majority, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas. Initially, most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system, including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself. </p><p>In 1852 a Convict Depot was built at Albany, but closed 3 years later. When shipping increased the Depot was re-opened. Most of the convicts had their Ticket-of-Leave and were hired to work by the free settlers. Convicts also crewed the pilot boat, rebuilt York Street and Stirling Terrace; and the track from Albany to Perth was made into a good road. An Albany newspaper noted their commendable behaviour and wrote, "There were instances in which our free settlers might take an example". </p><p>Western Australia's convict era came to an end with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain. In May 1865, the colony was advised of the change in British policy, and told that Britain would send one <a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">convict ship</a> in each of the years 1865, 1866, and 1867, after which transportation would cease. In accordance with this, the last convict ship to Western Australia, <i><a href="/wiki/Hougoumont_(ship)" title="Hougoumont (ship)">Hougoumont</a></i>, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Convict women in Australia</a></div> <p>Between 1788 and 1852, about 24,000 transportees were women, one in seven. 80% of women had been convicted of theft, usually petty. For protection, many quickly attached themselves to male officers or convicts. Although they were routinely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Courtesans" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtesans">courtesans</a>, no women were transported for prostitution, as it was not a transportable offence.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_prisoners">Political prisoners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_VinegarHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the 1804 <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg/220px-Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg/330px-Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg/440px-Fenians_escape_Fremantle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> convicts escape from Fremantle in the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 3,600 political prisoners were transported to the Australian colonies, many of whom arrived in waves corresponding to political unrest in Britain and Ireland. They included the <a href="/wiki/Political_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Political Martyrs' Monument">First Scottish Martyrs</a> in 1794; <a href="/wiki/Spithead_and_Nore_mutinies" title="Spithead and Nore mutinies">British Naval Mutineers (from the Nore Mutiny)</a> in 1797 and 1801; Irish rebels in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet#The_Rebellion_of_1803" title="Robert Emmet">1803</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">1848</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">1868</a>; Cato Street Conspirators (1820); Scots Rebels (1820); <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_West_Riding_Revolt_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire West Riding Revolt of 1820">Yorkshire Rebels</a> (1820 and 1822); leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil#The_Industrial_Revolution" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil rising of 1831</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> (1834); <a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">Swing Rioters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luddites" class="mw-redirect" title="Luddites">Luddites</a> (1828–1833); American and French-Canadian prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Canada rebellion">Upper Canada rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> (1839), and <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> (1842).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cessation_of_transportation">Cessation of transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cessation of transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) by the mid-1830s, opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew. The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregational Church such as <a href="/wiki/John_Fairfax" title="John Fairfax">John Fairfax</a> in Sydney and the <a href="/wiki/Reverend_John_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend John West">Reverend John West</a> in Launceston, who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony. <a href="/wiki/William_Bernard_Ullathorne" title="William Bernard Ullathorne">Bishop Bernard Ullathorne</a>, a Catholic prelate who had been in Australia since 1832 returned for a visit to England in 1835. While there he was called upon by the government to give evidence before a Parliamentary Commission on the evils of transportation, and at their request wrote and submitted a tract on the subject. His views in conjunction with others in the end prevailed. The anti-transportation movement was seldom concerned with the inhumanity of the system, but rather the "hated stain" it was believed to inflict on the free (non-<a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipist</a>) middle classes. </p><p>Transportation to New South Wales temporarily ended 1840 under the Order-in-Council of 22 May 1840,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which time some 150,000 convicts had been sent to the colonies. The sending of convicts to Brisbane in its Moreton Bay district had ceased the previous year, and administration of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> was later transferred to Van Diemen's Land. </p><p>Opposition to transportation was not unanimous; wealthy landowner, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boyd" title="Benjamin Boyd">Benjamin Boyd</a>, for reasons of economic self-interest, wanted to use transported convicts from Van Diemen's Land as a source of free or low-cost labour in New South Wales, particularly as shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final transport of convicts to New South Wales occurred in 1850, with some 1,400 convicts transported between the Order-in-Council and that date.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continuation of transportation to Van Diemen's Land saw the rise of a well-coordinated anti-transportation movement, especially following a severe economic depression in the early 1840s. Transportation was temporarily suspended in 1846 but soon revived with overcrowding of British gaols and clamour for the availability of transportation as a deterrent. By the late 1840s most convicts being sent to Van Diemen's Land (plus those to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>) were designated as "exiles" and were free to work for pay while under sentence. In 1850 the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Australasian Anti-Transportation League</a> was formed to lobby for the permanent cessation of transportation, its aims being furthered by the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> the following year. The last convict ship to be sent from England, the <a href="/wiki/St_Vincent_(1829)" title="St Vincent (1829)"><i>St. Vincent</i></a>, arrived in 1853, and on 10 August Jubilee festivals in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a> celebrated 50 years of European settlement with the official end of transportation. </p><p>Transportation continued in small numbers to Western Australia. The last convict ship, <i><a href="/wiki/Hougoumont_(ship)" title="Hougoumont (ship)">Hougoumont</a></i>, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. In all, about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 onboard 806 ships. Convicts were made up of English and Welsh (70%), Irish (24%), Scottish (5%), and the remaining 1% from the British outposts in India and Canada, Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong, and slaves from the Caribbean. </p><p>Samuel Speed, who died 150 years after the arrival of the First Fleet, is believed to have been the last surviving transported convict. Born in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in 1841, he was transported to Western Australia in 1866 after deliberately committing a crime - setting fire to a haystack - in order to escape homelessness. He was conditionally released in 1869 and was granted his certificate of freedom two years later. He worked in construction and was not convicted of any further crimes, dying in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/220px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/330px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/440px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a>, designed by convict <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a> and constructed by convicts in the 1810s, is one of eleven World Heritage-listed <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> inscribed 11 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a> on its <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. The listing recognises the sites as "the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."<sup id="cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHeritage01-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:245px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg/160px-Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg/240px-Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg/320px-Marcus_Clarke_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a> (c. 1866), author of <i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i>, Australia's most famous convict novel</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:245px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg/164px-WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg/246px-WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg/328px-WP_Alexander_Pearce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Convict <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a> has inspired three feature films (drawings by convict <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a>, 1824).</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Convict <a href="/wiki/George_Barrington" title="George Barrington">George Barrington</a> is (perhaps apocryphally) recorded as having written the prologue for the first theatrical play performed by convicts in Australia, one year after the First Fleet's arrival. It is known as "Our Country's Good", based on the now-famous closing stanza: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>From distant climes, o'er wide-spread seas, we come,</dd> <dd>Though not with much éclat or beat of drum,</dd> <dd>True patriots all: for, be it understood:</dd> <dd>We left our country for our country's good.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The poems of <a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a> are among the few surviving literary works done by a convict while still incarcerated. His best-known work is "A Convict's Tour of Hell". A version of the convict ballad "<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>", detailing the brutal punishments meted out by commandant <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Patrick Logan</a> and his death at the hands of Aborigines, is also attributed to Frank. Other convict ballads include "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>". The ballad "<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>", which describes the sadness felt by convicts forced to leave their loved ones in England, was written at least 40 years after the end of transportation. </p><p>Perhaps the most famous convict in all of fiction is <a href="/wiki/Abel_Magwitch" title="Abel Magwitch">Abel Magwitch</a>, a main character of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' 1861 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i>. The most famous convict novel is <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1874), followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1879). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Leakey" title="Caroline Leakey">Caroline Woolmer Leakey</a> was one of the first novels to depict the convict experience, and one of the only to feature a <a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">female convict</a> as its protagonist (Marcus Clarke drew on Leakey's book in writing <i>For the Term of His Natural Life</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> explores the convict era in his novels <i><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a></i> (1967) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a></i> (1987). Convicts feature heavily in <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>'s take on the <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Fraser" title="Eliza Fraser">Eliza Fraser</a> story, the 1976 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a></i>. Convictism is canvassed in <a href="/wiki/Bryce_Courtenay" title="Bryce Courtenay">Bryce Courtenay</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Bryce_Courtenay#Australian_trilogy" title="Bryce Courtenay">Australian trilogy</a>": <i><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Tommo_%26_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommo & Hawk">Tommo & Hawk</a></i> (1997) and <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Song" title="Solomon's Song">Solomon's Song</a></i> (1999). The title character of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>'s 1997 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a></i> is a reworking of Dickens' Magwitch character. Many modern works of <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian Gothic</a> focus on the state's convict past, including <i><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a></i> (2001) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a>, a fictionalised account of convict artist <a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a>'s imprisonment at Macquarie Harbour. <a href="/wiki/Kate_Grenville" title="Kate Grenville">Kate Grenville</a> based the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a></i> (2005) on the life of her convict ancestor <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Wiseman" title="Solomon Wiseman">Solomon Wiseman</a>. </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushrangers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a> of colonial life, convicts were a popular subject during Australia's <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era. The first <a href="/wiki/Convict_melodrama" title="Convict melodrama">convict film</a> was a <a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">1908 adaptation</a> of Marcus Clarke's <i>For the Term of His Natural Life</i>, shot on location at Port Arthur with an unheard-of budget of £7000.<sup id="cite_ref-confilm_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confilm-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by two more films inspired by Clarke's novel: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a></i> (1911), which draws on <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dampier" title="Alfred Dampier">Alfred Dampier</a>'s stage production of <i>His Natural Life</i>, and the landmark <i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1927), one of the most expensive silent films ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-confilm_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confilm-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._J._Lincoln" title="W. J. Lincoln">W. J. Lincoln</a> directed many convict melodramas including <i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1911), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reade" title="Charles Reade">Charles Reade</a>'s <a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">1856 novel</a> about cruelties of the convict system; <i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moodyne</a></i> (1913), based on John Boyle O'Reilly's novel; and <i><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a></i> (1913). Other early titles include <i><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a></i>, all released in 1911. Few convict films were made after 1930; even the <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a> of the 1970s, with its emphasis on Australia's colonial past, largely avoided the convict era in favour of nostalgic <a href="/wiki/Period_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Period film">period pieces</a> set in <a href="/wiki/The_bush#Australia" title="The bush">the bush</a> around the time of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a>. One exception is <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a></i> (1977), a <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> imagining of what life was like for convict women.<sup id="cite_ref-confilm_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confilm-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a>, the infamous Tasmanian convict and cannibal, is the inspiration for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Breed_(film)" title="Dying Breed (film)">Dying Breed</a></i> (2008) and <i> <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)">Van Diemen's Land</a></i> (2009). The British film <i><a href="/wiki/Comrades_(1986_film)" title="Comrades (1986 film)">Comrades</a></i> (1986) deals with the transportation of the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> to Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_convicts_transported_to_Australia">Notable convicts transported to Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable convicts transported to Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">List of convicts transported to Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Barrington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/George_Barrington.jpg/170px-George_Barrington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/George_Barrington.jpg/255px-George_Barrington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/George_Barrington.jpg/340px-George_Barrington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Barrington" title="George Barrington">George Barrington</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BillyBlue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BillyBlue.jpg/170px-BillyBlue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BillyBlue.jpg/255px-BillyBlue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BillyBlue.jpg/340px-BillyBlue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_(Eckersberg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg/170px-J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg/255px-J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg/340px-J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen_%28Eckersberg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moondyne_Joe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Moondyne_Joe.jpg/170px-Moondyne_Joe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Moondyne_Joe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg/170px-John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg/255px-John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg/340px-John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_cph.3a38519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a> – <a href="/wiki/British_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jew">British Jew</a>, who was one of the Jewish convicts (about 1,000 in all) and common-law wife of a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barrington" title="George Barrington">George Barrington</a> – pickpocket, superintendent of convicts and high constable of <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a></li> <li>Samuel Barsby – one of the first two <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">coopers</a> in Australia and the first convict to be flogged<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a> – transported for passing forged cheques, became a colonial painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bannon" title="William Bannon">William Bannon</a> – transported from New Zealand to Van Diemen's Land for army desertion/theft. Escaped Port Arthur through the 'dog line' at EagleHawk Neck.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a> – a black man from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica, New York">Jamaica, New York</a>, established a ferry service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a> – Famous for contribution to Australian architecture and civil engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a> – naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel; he prospered and was involved in philanthropy, and had a seat in the legislative assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a> – a famous escapee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a> – famously escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a> – had been a publican, as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney; <a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a> is a cottage granted to him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a> – Famous escapee and bushranger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a> – a convict whose work in prison hospitals in Western Australia grounded him in chemistry; on receiving a ticket of leave he was appointed chemist at the Colonial Hospital, but preferred to open his own chemist shop. He was later convicted of attempting to procure abortions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a> – sentenced to seven years transportation for sheep-stealing, became a successful merchant, by the 1890s one of the largest landowners in central Perth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a> – successful merchant.</li> <li>Constance Couronne – youngest female convict transported to Australia (10 years of age)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a> (convict and tailor) – Black London Chartist leader who became an important workers' rights leader in Hobart.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a> – co-founded <i>The Mercury</i> newspaper.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleeter</a>, "founding mother"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a> – painter and engraver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a> – notable Tasmanian businessman and landowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a> – famous Australian architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a> – successful auctioneer and politician, served in the inaugural Australian Parliament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a> – bushranger, subject of the first work of general literature published in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a> – founded <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School" title="Sydney Grammar School">Sydney Grammar School</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a> – public servant and pastoralist.</li> <li>John Irving – doctor transported on First Fleet, was the first convict to receive an absolute pardon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a> – wrote a famous autobiography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a> – eccentric Danish adventurer influenced by revolutionary ideas who declared himself ruler of Iceland, later became a spy in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a> – First Fleet convict, arrived with wife and son (Susannah Holmes, also a convict, and Henry) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia, became a wealthy businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a> – notorious <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly#Early_life" title="Ned Kelly">John "Red" Kelly</a> – Irish convict and father of bushranger <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a> – wealthy merchant, endowed <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Grammar_School" title="Sydney Grammar School">Sydney Grammar School</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a> – pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lucas" title="Nathaniel Lucas">Nathaniel Lucas</a> – one of the first convicts on <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, where he became Master carpenter, later farmed successfully, built windmills, and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Francis "Frank the Poet" McNamara</a> – composer of various oral convict ballads, including <i>The Convict's Tour to Hell</i></li> <li>John Mortlock – a former marine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_(political_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Muir (political reformer)">Thomas Muir</a> – convicted of sedition for advocating parliamentary reform; escaped from N.S.W and after many vicissitudes made his way to revolutionary France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a> – entrepreneur, first Postmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a> – Medical student, <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander">Young Irelander</a> who was transported for treason.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a> – once in Australia, committed further crimes, and managed to be executed for a non-capital offence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a> – cannibal escapee</li> <li>Sarah Phillips – Prostitute from <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> sent to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> for theft. Later married <a href="/wiki/Ticket_of_leave" title="Ticket of leave">ticket of leave</a> convict James Ratcliffe who received a reward of twenty-five pounds for capturing a <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a> single-handed.</li> <li>Elizabeth Pulley – First Fleet convict who married Anthony Rope; they had 8 children including the first male European child conceived and born in Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Potaskie">Joseph Potaskie</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Pole</a> to come to Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a> – famous Irish revolutionary; sent to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> in 1849 after leading a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a> – Famous escapee, poet, and writer; author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moondyne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a> – one of the few surgeon convicts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a> – businesswoman and shipowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(convict)" title="John Richardson (convict)">John Matthew Richardson</a> – gardener and botanical collector who accompanied many expeditions of exploration in Australia such as John Oxley's 1823 and 1824 expeditions to what would become Queensland and Thomas Livingstone Mitchell's Australia Felix expedition to South Australia and Victoria in 1836.</li> <li>Anthony Rope – First Fleet convict; pioneer farmer married to Elizabeth Pulley for 50 years; <i><a href="/wiki/Ropes_Creek" title="Ropes Creek">Ropes Creek</a></i> and suburb <i><a href="/wiki/Ropes_Crossing,_New_South_Wales" title="Ropes Crossing, New South Wales">Ropes Crossing</a></i> named after them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a> – successful farmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a> – Australia's first novelist; author of <i><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Servinton">Quintus Servinton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a> – opened Australia's first theatre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikey_Solomon" title="Ikey Solomon">Ikey Solomon</a> – professional thief; inspiration for the character <a href="/wiki/Fagin" title="Fagin">Fagin</a> in Charles Dickens' novel <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a> – English <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romany</a>) – First Fleet convict and Australia's first brewer and cultivator of hops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sykes_(convict)" title="William Sykes (convict)">William Sykes</a> – historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a> – served his sentence, became a prosperous chemist, returned to England after 15 years, and after some time murdered a mistress, for which he was hanged.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a> – wealthy merchant and philanthropist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thompson_(convict,_magistrate)" title="Andrew Thompson (convict, magistrate)">Andrew Thompson</a> – transported in 1791 aged 18, he rose to Chief Constable in the Hawkesbury district; major cereal farmer, businessman, ship owner, government official and largest private employer in the colony. In 1810 he was the first ex-convict to be appointed as magistrate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a> – author of Australia's first full-length autobiography and dictionary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a> – one of the youngest female convict transported to Australia (13 years of age) who had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a> – bushranger and leader of the 1846 <a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a> – <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Wiseman" title="Solomon Wiseman">Solomon Wiseman</a> – merchant and ferry operator on Hawkesbury River, hence town name Wisemans Ferry.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_prison_hulks" class="mw-redirect" title="British prison hulks">British prison hulks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Convict assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Convict era of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_hulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict hulk">Convict hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">Convict ships to New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Convict ships to Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny">Cyprus mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Neptune_(1818)" title="French ship Neptune (1818)">French ship Neptune (1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_on_the_First_Fleet" title="List of convicts on the First Fleet">List of convicts on the First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Board_(Royal_Navy)" title="Transport Board (Royal Navy)">Transport Board (Royal Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_crisis" title="Convict crisis">Convict crisis of 1849</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=British+Convicts+Shipped+to+American+Colonies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-33&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1833611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1833611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=James+Davie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1262177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillip-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillip_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillip_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillip_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip1789" class="citation book cs1">Phillip, Arthur (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15100/15100-h/15100-h.htm"><i>The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island</i></a>. London: John Stockdale, Piccadilly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200445/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15100/15100-h/15100-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+Of+Governor+Phillip+To+Botany+Bay+With+An+Account+Of+The+Establishment+Of+The+Colonies+Of+Port+Jackson+and+Norfolk+Island&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Stockdale%2C+Piccadilly&rft.date=1789&rft.aulast=Phillip&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F15100%2F15100-h%2F15100-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1558725/1/Memorandoms-by-James-Martin.pdf">free download of Memorandoms by James Martin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722065436/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1558725/1/Memorandoms-by-James-Martin.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Edited by Tim Causer, UCL Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-81-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-81-5">978-1-911576-81-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbpwxhtml0508" class="citation web cs1">bpwxhtml0508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527052307/http://www.tocal.com/homestead/vandv/vv40.htm">"Tocal's convict 1822–1840"</a>. Tocal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tocal.com/homestead/vandv/vv40.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tocal%27s+convict+1822%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Tocal&rft.au=bpwxhtml0508&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tocal.com%2Fhomestead%2Fvandv%2Fvv40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/convicts/">Convicts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012213641/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/convicts/">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utas.edu.au-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utas.edu.au_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black Convicts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/B/Black%20Convicts.htm">Black Convicts</a>, access-date: 13 June 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pybus, C, <i>A Touch of the Tar: African Settlers in Colonial Australia and the Implications for Aboriginality</i>, London Papers in Australian Studies, Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 3 pp. 1–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1746-1774">1746-1774</a> (2001) [Non Refereed Article]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stewart" class="citation web cs1">Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/VDL_Founders_and_Survivors_Convicts_1802-1853">"VDL Founders and Survivors Convicts 1802–1853"</a>. <i>Digital Panopticon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022002142/https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/VDL_Founders_and_Survivors_Convicts_1802-1853">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Panopticon&rft.atitle=VDL+Founders+and+Survivors+Convicts+1802%E2%80%931853&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Stewart&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalpanopticon.org%2FVDL_Founders_and_Survivors_Convicts_1802-1853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nswgdhs/westport.htm">The Westernport Settlement of 1826–28"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621002515/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nswgdhs/westport.htm">Archived</a> 21 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amw.org.au/register/listings/convict-records-queensland-1825-1842">"The Convict Records of Queensland 1825–1842 | Australian Memory of the World"</a>. <i>www.amw.org.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amw.org.au&rft.atitle=The+Convict+Records+of+Queensland+1825%E2%80%931842+%7C+Australian+Memory+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amw.org.au%2Fregister%2Flistings%2Fconvict-records-queensland-1825-1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srnsw-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srnsw_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120618/http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517%3Bjsessionid%3DA40C0DC3DCADFDD2F844802E811AA62B">"King George's Sound Settlement"</a>. <i>State Records</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_Records_Authority_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="State Records Authority of New South Wales">State Records Authority of New South Wales</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517;jsessionid=A40C0DC3DCADFDD2F844802E811AA62B">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Records&rft.atitle=King+George%27s+Sound+Settlement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.records.nsw.gov.au%2Fagencies%2F2517%3Bjsessionid%3DA40C0DC3DCADFDD2F844802E811AA62B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, ibid, pp. 244-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freesettlerorfelon.com/political_prisoners.htm">"Convict Ships Bringing Political Prisoners"</a>. <i>www.freesettlerorfelon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freesettlerorfelon.com&rft.atitle=Convict+Ships+Bringing+Political+Prisoners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freesettlerorfelon.com%2Fpolitical_prisoners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2019/09/03/1376101?slug=conviction-politics-how-convicts-shaped-australian-democracy">"Those convicts who came to Australia? They should be celebrated"</a>. <i>Monash Lens</i>. 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monash+Lens&rft.atitle=Those+convicts+who+came+to+Australia%3F+They+should+be+celebrated&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flens.monash.edu%2F%40politics-society%2F2019%2F09%2F03%2F1376101%3Fslug%3Dconviction-politics-how-convicts-shaped-australian-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucy Turnbull, Sydney: Biography of a City, Random House Australia, Milsons Point NSW, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94443881">"COLONIAL EXTRACTS"</a>. <i>Geelong Advertiser and Squatters' Advocate (Vic. : 1845 - 1847)</i>. 1 October 1847. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser+and+Squatters%27+Advocate+%28Vic.+%3A+1845+-+1847%29&rft.atitle=COLONIAL+EXTRACTS.&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1847-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article94443881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1992" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Benjamin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=dMwNAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-dMwNAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1"><i>A letter to His Excellency Sir William Denison : ... Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land, on the expediency of transferring the unemployed labour of that colony to New South Wales. By Benjamin Boyd</i></a>. Sydney : printed by E. Wolfe, George Street.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+letter+to+His+Excellency+Sir+William+Denison+%3A+...+Lieutenant-Governor+of+Van+Diemen%27s+Land%2C+on+the+expediency+of+transferring+the+unemployed+labour+of+that+colony+to+New+South+Wales.+By+Benjamin+Boyd&rft.pub=Sydney+%3A+printed+by+E.+Wolfe%2C+George+Street&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DdMwNAAAAQAAJ%26rdid%3Dbook-dMwNAAAAQAAJ%26rdot%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfreyWilliams2018" class="citation news cs1">Godfrey, Barry; Williams, Lucy (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-10/australias-last-convicts/9317172">"Australia's last living convict bucked the trend of reoffending"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+last+living+convict+bucked+the+trend+of+reoffending&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Williams%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-01-10%2Faustralias-last-convicts%2F9317172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldHeritage01-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306">"Australian Convict Sites"</a>. <i>World Heritage List</i>. UNESCO. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072441/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Australian+Convict+Sites&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry)1994" class="citation book cs1">Henry), Wilde, W. H. (William (1994). <i>The Oxford companion to Australian literature</i>. Hooton, Joy W., Andrews, B. G., 1943-1987. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019553381X" title="Special:BookSources/019553381X"><bdi>019553381X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32470151">32470151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+Australian+literature&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32470151&rft.isbn=019553381X&rft.aulast=Henry%29&rft.aufirst=Wilde%2C+W.+H.+%28William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confilm-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-confilm_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confilm_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-confilm_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrnes, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/prisons-on-film/">Prisons on Film</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912231037/http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/prisons-on-film/">Archived</a> 12 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Australian Screen. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawfoundation.net.au/ljf/app/%26id%3D7ADF1E0ECAA84569CA2571A8000195C8">"Kirby, Michael review of <i>Collins, the Courts and The Colony</i>, UNSW Press, 1996. on Law and Justice Foundation of New South Wales website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321125733/http://www.lawfoundation.net.au/ljf/app/%26id%3D7ADF1E0ECAA84569CA2571A8000195C8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirby%2C+Michael+review+of+Collins%2C+the+Courts+and+The+Colony%2C+UNSW+Press%2C+1996.+on+Law+and+Justice+Foundation+of+New+South+Wales+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawfoundation.net.au%2Fljf%2Fapp%2F%2526id%253D7ADF1E0ECAA84569CA2571A8000195C8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Richards 'Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 1788–1850' <i>British Medical Journal</i> Vol 295, 19–26 December 1987, p. 1609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Claire (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.convictscc.le.ac.uk/2022/08/31/constance-couronne/">"Constance Couronne: from enslaved child in Mauritius to emancipated convict grandmother in New South Wales"</a>. <i>Convicts, creolization and cosmopolitanism in the British and French empires</i>. University of Leicester<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convicts%2C+creolization+and+cosmopolitanism+in+the+British+and+French+empires&rft.atitle=Constance+Couronne%3A+from+enslaved+child+in+Mauritius+to+emancipated+convict+grandmother+in+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.convictscc.le.ac.uk%2F2022%2F08%2F31%2Fconstance-couronne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alan Frost, <i>Botany Bay: The Real Story,</i> Collingwood, Black Inc, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-512-6">978-1-86395-512-6</a></li> <li>Alexander, Alison. Editor. <i>The Companion to Tasmanian History</i>. Hobart, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86295-223-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86295-223-X">1-86295-223-X</a></li> <li>Barnard, Simon, <i>A-Z of Convicts in Van Diemen’s Land</i>, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922079343" title="Special:BookSources/9781922079343">9781922079343</a></li> <li>Barnard, Simon, <i>Convict Tattoos: Marked Men and Women of Australia, famous convicts seem to thank Miss Zoe Nguyen for their fame.</i>, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925410235" title="Special:BookSources/9781925410235">9781925410235</a></li> <li>Bateson, Charles, <i>The Convict Ships</i>, 1787–1868, Sydney, 1974.</li> <li>Boyce, James, <i>Van Diemen's Land</i>, Black Inc, Melbourne, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863954914" title="Special:BookSources/9781863954914">9781863954914</a></li> <li><i>Pardons & Punishments: Judge's Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830</i>: HO (Home Office) 47, volumes 304 & 305, List and Index Society, The National Archives, Kew, England, TW9 4DU</li> <li>Gillen, Mollie, <i>The Founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet</i>, Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1989.</li> <li>Gordon Greenwood, <i>Australia: A Social and Political History</i>, Angus and Robertson 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Hughes, Robert</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a></i>, London, Pan, 1988.</li> <li><i>A Pictorial History of Australia</i>, Rex & Thea Rienits, Hamlyn Publishing group, 1969.</li> <li>Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish<i>, Closing Hell's Gates: The Death of a Convict Station</i>, Allen and Unwin, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741751499" title="Special:BookSources/9781741751499">9781741751499</a></li> <li>Robson, Lloyd. History of Tasmania, 2 Volumes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shann" title="Edward Shann">Edward Shann</a>, <i>An Economic History of Australia</i>, Georgian House 1930.</li> <li>John West, <i>History of Tasmania</i>, 1852.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/convicts" class="extiw" title="commons:convicts"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">convicts</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gendatabase.com/british-convicts.php">Searchable database of 123,000+ British Convicts sent to Australia - GenDatabase.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222221009/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/navigators/convicts/index.html">Family History Convicts Research Guide – State Library of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/justice/convict/convict.html">Convict life – State Library of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Ancestry.com.au/">Australian Convict Transportation Registers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">The National Archives (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425022815/http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/family-history/info-guides/convicts">Convict Transportation Registers database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalbany.com.au/">The Albany Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/convict-queenslanders">Convict Queenslanders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomasnevin.com/portfolio/rogues-gallery-tmag-collection/">Thomas J. Nevin's photographs of Tasmanian convicts 1870s at Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomasnevin.com/featured-articles/nlaconvicts//">Thomas J. Nevin's photographs of Tasmanian convicts at the National Library of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conviz.info">Visualisation of the British Convict Transportation Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121202045315/http://convict.historyaustralia.org.au/">The Convict Stockade</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181100/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/convicts-and-the-british-colonies">"Convicts and the British Colonies"</a>. Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/convicts-and-the-british-colonies">the original</a> on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convicts+and+the+British+Colonies&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Faustralian-story%2Fconvicts-and-the-british-colonies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_Records_NSW2010" class="citation web cs1">State Records NSW (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/order-in-council_ending_transportation_to_new_south_wales_22_may_1840">"Order-in-Council ending transportation to New South Wales, 22 May 1840"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney" title="Dictionary of Sydney">Dictionary of Sydney</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Order-in-Council+ending+transportation+to+New+South+Wales%2C+22+May+1840&rft.date=2010&rft.au=State+Records+NSW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fentry%2Forder-in-council_ending_transportation_to_new_south_wales_22_may_1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvicts+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> [<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC-By-SA</a>]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Convicts_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convicts in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_factory" title="Female factory">Female factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_freedom" title="Certificate of freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">Penal colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island" title="Cockatoo Island">Cockatoo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosehill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rosehill, New South Wales">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Island" title="Maria Island">Maria Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Tasmania" title="Richmond, Tasmania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risdon_Cove" title="Risdon Cove">Risdon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_River,_Tasmania" title="Saltwater River, Tasmania">Saltwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Shore_(1794_ship)#Mutiny" title="Lady Shore (1794 ship)"><i>Lady Shore</i> mutiny</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu_(1812_ship)" title="Emu (1812 ship)">Capture of the brig <i>Emu</i></a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(1806_Chittagong_ship)" title="Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)"><i>Argo</i> disappearance</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">Norfolk Island mutinies</a> (1826–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny"><i>Cyprus</i> mutiny</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_escape" title="Badger escape"><i>Badger</i> escape</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_escape" title="Frederick escape"><i>Frederick</i> escape</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)">Wreck of the <i>George III</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_shipwreck" title="Hive shipwreck">Wreck of the <i>Hive</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_(1813_ship)" title="Neva (1813 ship)">Wreck of the <i>Neva</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">Convict ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Convict ships to Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</a> and<br />commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davey_(governor)" title="Thomas Davey (governor)">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet">Eardley-Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">Gipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(explorer)" title="William Paterson (explorer)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sorell" title="William Sorell">Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">Notable convicts</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">and personnel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgeons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowes_Smyth" title="Arthur Bowes Smyth">Arthur Bowes Smyth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrepreneurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Barratt" title="Enoch Barratt">Enoch Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hyde" title="Mary Hyde">Mary Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a><br />and escapees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Badger" title="Charlotte Badger">Charlotte Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryant_(convict)" title="William Bryant (convict)">William Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Browne_(painter)" title="Richard Browne (painter)">Richard Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Bull" title="Knud Bull">Knud Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edgar" title="Edmund Edgar">Edmund Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rodius" title="Charles Rodius">Charles Rodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walsh_(convict)" title="James Walsh (convict)">James Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chroniclers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cashman" title="Denis Cashman">Denis Cashman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Acton_Wroth" title="John Acton Wroth">John Acton Wroth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(explorer)" title="John Baxter (explorer)">John Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meehan_(surveyor)" title="James Meehan (surveyor)">James Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />convicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baughan" title="John Baughan">John Baughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bloodsworth" title="James Bloodsworth">James Bloodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Callaghan" title="Elizabeth Callaghan">Elizabeth Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaski" title="Joseph Potaski">Joseph Potaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thackery" title="Elizabeth Thackery">Elizabeth Thackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_ballads" title="Transportation ballads">Transportation ballads</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(folk_song)" title="Van Diemen's Land (folk song)">Van Diemen's Land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Story_of_Margaret_Catchpole" title="The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole">The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Straw" title="The Tenth Straw">The Tenth Straw</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_New_Shores" title="To New Shores">To New Shores</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(1944_film)" title="Red Sky at Morning (1944 film)">Red Sky at Morning</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(film)" title="Botany Bay (film)">Botany Bay</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Woman" title="Adam's Woman">Adam's Woman</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)"> Van Diemen's Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(2018_film)" title="The Nightingale (2018 film)">The Nightingale</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday" title="The Devil Makes Sunday">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday_(1962_film)" title="The Devil Makes Sunday (1962 film)">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sara_Dane" title="Sara Dane">Sara Dane</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(miniseries)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (miniseries)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_of_Mary_Bryant" title="The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant">The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banished_(TV_series)" title="Banished (TV series)">Banished</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(TV_series)" title="The Secret River (TV series)">The Secret River</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">It's Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose" title="The Wild Goose">The Wild Goose</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remembering_Babylon" title="Remembering Babylon">Remembering Babylon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lieutenant_(novel)" title="The Lieutenant (novel)">The Lieutenant</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Transports" title="The Transports">The Transports</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Medal" title="Charlotte Medal">Charlotte Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_punchbowls" title="Sydney punchbowls">Sydney punchbowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_twenty-dollar_note" title="Australian twenty-dollar note">Twenty Dollar Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian<br />Convict Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon_Estate" title="Brickendon Estate">Brickendon Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Female_Factory" title="Cascades Female Factory">Cascades Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Historic_Site" title="Coal Mines Historic Site">Coal Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat_Store,_Brisbane" title="Commissariat Store, Brisbane">Commissariat Store, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Probation_Station" title="Darlington Probation Station">Darlington Probation Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm" title="Elizabeth Farm">Elizabeth Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Farm_Cottage" title="Experiment Farm Cottage">Experiment Farm Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(New_South_Wales)" title="Great North Road (New South Wales)">Great North Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Bridge,_Parramatta" title="Lennox Bridge, Parramatta">Lennox Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Parramatta" title="Old Government House, Parramatta">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory" title="Parramatta Female Factory">Parramatta Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge_(Tasmania)" title="Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Gaol" title="Richmond Gaol">Richmond Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Female_Factory" title="Ross Female Factory">Ross Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Windmill,_Brisbane" title="The Old Windmill, Brisbane">The Old Windmill, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse_House" title="Vaucluse House">Vaucluse House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmers_Estate" title="Woolmers Estate">Woolmers Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&oldid=1255227726">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convicts_in_Australia&oldid=1255227726</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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