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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7" title="كوك النفط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوك النفط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rk_neft_m%C9%99hsullar%C4%B1" title="Bərk neft məhsulları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərk neft məhsulları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coc_de_petroli" title="Coc de petroli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coc de petroli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolkoks" title="Petrolkoks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petrolkoks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coque_de_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Coque de petróleo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coque de petróleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کک نفتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کک نفتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_de_p%C3%A9trole" title="Coke de pétrole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coke de pétrole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0%EC%BD%94%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="석유코크스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석유코크스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Նավթակոքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավթակոքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_petrolifero" title="Coke petrolifero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coke petrolifero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="石油コークス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石油コークス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumskoks" title="Petroleumskoks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petroleumskoks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumskoks" title="Petroleumskoks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Petroleumskoks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coque" title="Coque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Нефтяной кокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефтяной кокс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Petroleum coke" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumkoks" title="Petroleumkoks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petroleumkoks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_koku" title="Petrol koku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrol koku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Нафтовий кокс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нафтовий кокс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%84%A6" title="石油焦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石油焦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q909123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fuel coke derived from petroleum. For fuel coke derived from coal, see <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg/220px-Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg/330px-Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg/440px-Petrolkoks_IMG_6166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Petroleum coke</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Petroleum coke</b>, abbreviated <b>coke</b>, <b>pet coke</b> or <b>petcoke</b>, is a final <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-rich solid material that derives from <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a>, and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">cokes</a>. Petcoke is the coke that, in particular, derives from a final <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">cracking</a> process—a thermo-based chemical engineering process that splits long chain hydrocarbons of petroleum into shorter chains—that takes place in units termed <a href="/wiki/Coker_unit" title="Coker unit">coker units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldBookP04522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Other types of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.) Stated succinctly, coke is the "<a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">carbonization</a> product of high-boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained in petroleum processing (heavy residues)".<sup id="cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldBookP04522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petcoke is also produced in the production of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude" title="Synthetic crude">synthetic crude</a> oil (syncrude) from <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> extracted from Canada's <a href="/wiki/Oil_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil sand">oil sands</a> and from Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_oil_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco oil sands">Orinoco oil sands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-petc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In petroleum coker units, residual <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a> from other <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> processes used in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refining">petroleum refining</a> are treated at a high temperature and pressure leaving the petcoke after driving off gases and volatiles, and separating off remaining light and heavy oils. These processes are termed "coking processes", and most typically employ <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> plant operations for the specific process of <a href="/wiki/Delayed_coking" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed coking">delayed coking</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delayed_Coker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Delayed_Coker.png/310px-Delayed_Coker.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Delayed_Coker.png/465px-Delayed_Coker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Delayed_Coker.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>A delayed coking unit.A schematic flow diagram of such a unit, where <i>residual oil</i> enters the process at the lower left (see →), proceeds via pumps to the <i>main fractionator</i> (tall column at right), the residue of which, shown in green, is pumped via a furnace into the <i>coke drums</i> (two columns left and center) where the final carbonization takes place, at high temperature and pressure, in the presence of steam.</figcaption></figure> <p>This coke can either be fuel grade (high in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and metals) or <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> grade (low in sulfur and metals). The raw coke directly out of the coker is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Green_coke" title="Green coke">green coke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldBookP04522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, "green" means unprocessed. The further processing of green coke by <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcining</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_kiln" title="Rotary kiln">rotary kiln</a> removes residual volatile hydrocarbons from the coke. The calcined petroleum coke can be further processed in an anode baking oven to produce anode coke of the desired shape and physical properties. The <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anodes</a> are mainly used in the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry. </p><p>Petcoke is over 80% carbon and emits 5% to 10% more <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) than coal on a per-unit-of-energy basis when it is burned. As petcoke has a higher energy content, petcoke emits between 30% and 80% more CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> than coal per unit of weight.<sup id="cite_ref-petc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between coal and coke in CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> production per unit of energy produced depends upon the moisture in the coal, which increases the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per unit of energy – <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> – and on the volatile hydrocarbons in coal and coke, which decrease the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per unit of energy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are at least three basic types of petroleum coke: needle coke, sponge coke, and shot coke. Different types of petroleum coke have different microstructures due to differences in operating variables and nature of feedstock. Significant differences are also to be observed in the properties of the different types of coke, particularly ash and volatile matter contents.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Needle coke, also called acicular coke, is a highly <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">crystalline</a> petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> industries and is particularly valuable because the electrodes must be replaced regularly. Needle coke is produced exclusively from either <a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">fluid catalytic cracking</a> (FCC) decant oil or coal tar pitch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Petcoke, altered through the process of calcining which it is heated or refined raw coke eliminates much of the component of the resource. Usually petcoke when refined does not release the heavy metals as volatiles or emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the petroleum feed stock used, the percentage of carbon in petcoke can be as high as 98-99%. This creates a carbon-based compound containing hydrogen in concentrations between 3.0 – 4.0%. Raw (or green) coke contains between 0.1 – 0.5% nitrogen and 0.2 – 6.0% sulfur which become emissions when coke is calcined.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Composition of raw petcoke<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th>Raw (green) coke </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon (wt%) </td> <td>80 - 95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen (wt%) </td> <td>3.0 - 4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen (wt%) </td> <td>0.1 - 0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur (wt%) </td> <td>0.2 - 6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volatile matter (wt%) </td> <td>5.0 - 15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture (wt%) </td> <td>0.5 - 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ash (wt%) </td> <td>0.1 - 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Density (wt%) </td> <td>1.2 - 1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Heavy Metals (ppm. wt) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium </td> <td>15 - 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boron </td> <td>0.1 - 15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium </td> <td>25 - 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chromium </td> <td>5 - 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cobalt </td> <td>10 - 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron </td> <td>50 - 5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese </td> <td>2 - 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium </td> <td>10 - 250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molybdenum </td> <td>10 - 20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nickel </td> <td>10 - 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium </td> <td>20 - 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon </td> <td>50 - 600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium </td> <td>40 - 70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titanium </td> <td>2 - 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanadium </td> <td>5 - 500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Through thermal processing the composition in weight is reduced with the volatile matter and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> being emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process ends in the honeycomb petcoke which according to the name giving is a solid carbon structure with holes in it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th>Petcoke <p>(Calcined @ 2375 °F = 1300 °C) <sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon (wt%) </td> <td>98.0 - 99.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen (wt%) </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen (wt%) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur (wt%) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Volatile matter (wt%) </td> <td>0.2 - 0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture (wt%) </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ash (wt%) </td> <td>0.02 - 0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Density (wt%) </td> <td>1.9 - 2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Heavy Metals (ppm. wt) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium </td> <td>15 - 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boron </td> <td>0.1 - 15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium </td> <td>25 - 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chromium </td> <td>5 - 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cobalt </td> <td>10 - 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron </td> <td>50 - 5000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese </td> <td>2 - 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium </td> <td>10 - 250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molybdenum </td> <td>10 - 20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nickel </td> <td>10 - 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium </td> <td>20 - 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon </td> <td>50 - 600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium </td> <td>40 - 70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titanium </td> <td>2 - 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanadium </td> <td>5 - 500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel-grade">Fuel-grade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fuel-grade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuel-grade coke is classified as either sponge coke or shot coke morphology. While oil refiners have been producing coke for over 100 years, the mechanisms that cause sponge coke or shot coke to form are not well understood and cannot be accurately predicted. In general, lower temperatures and higher pressures promote sponge coke formation. Additionally, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">heptane</a> insolubles present and the fraction of light components in the coker feed contribute. </p><p>While its high heat and low <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">ash</a> content make it a decent fuel for power generation in coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>, petroleum coke is high in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile</a> content, and this poses environmental (and technical) problems with its combustion. Its <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">gross calorific value</a> (HHV) is nearly 8000 Kcal/kg which is twice the value of average coal used in electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common choice of sulfur recovering unit for burning petroleum coke is the <a href="/wiki/SNOX_process" title="SNOX process">SNOX Flue gas desulfurisation</a> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is based on the well-known <a href="/wiki/WSA_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="WSA Process">WSA Process</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fluidized_bed_combustion" title="Fluidized bed combustion">Fluidized bed combustion</a> is commonly used to burn petroleum coke. <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a> is increasingly used with this feedstock (often using gasifiers placed in the refineries themselves). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calcined">Calcined</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Calcined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcined petroleum coke (CPC) is the product from <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcining</a> petroleum coke. This coke is the product of the <a href="/wiki/Coker_unit" title="Coker unit">coker unit</a> in a crude <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a>. The calcined petroleum coke is used to make <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anodes</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> smelting industry and as the feed stock for the production of synthetic graphite. The <a href="/wiki/Green_coke" title="Green coke">green coke</a> must have sufficiently low metal content to be used as anode material. Green coke with this low metal content is called anode-grade coke. When green coke has excessive metal content, it is not calcined and is used as <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">fuel-grade coke</a> in furnaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desulfurization">Desulfurization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Desulfurization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> content in petcoke reduces its market value, and may preclude its use as fuel due to restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur oxides">sulfur oxides</a> emissions for environmental reasons. Methods have thus been proposed to reduce or eliminate the sulfur content of petcoke. Most of them involve the <a href="/wiki/Desorption" title="Desorption">desorption</a> of the inorganic sulfur present in the pores or surface of the coke, and the partition and removal of organic sulfur compounds, such as sulfurous aromatic heterocycles. </p><p>Potential petroleum <a href="/wiki/Desulfurization" title="Desulfurization">desulfurization</a> techniques can be classified as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a> extraction</li> <li>Chemical treatment</li> <li>Thermal desulfurization</li> <li>Desulfurization in an oxidizing atmosphere</li> <li>Desulfurization in an atmosphere of sulfur-bearing gas</li> <li>Desulfurization in an atmosphere of hydrocarbon gases</li> <li>Hydrodesulfurization</li></ol> <p>As of 2011 there was no commercial process available to desulfurize petcoke.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage,_disposal,_and_sale"><span id="Storage.2C_disposal.2C_and_sale"></span>Storage, disposal, and sale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storage, disposal, and sale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly pure carbon, petcoke is a potent source of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> if burned.<sup id="cite_ref-OCIJanuary2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCIJanuary2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petroleum coke may be stored in a pile near an oil refinery pending sale. For example, in 2013 a large stockpile owned by <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Carbon</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> was produced by a <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a> refinery in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> which had begun refining <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> in November 2012. Large stockpiles of petcoke also existed in Canada as of 2013, and China and Mexico were markets for petcoke exported from California to be used as fuel. As of 2013 Oxbow Corporation, owned by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Koch_(businessman)" title="Bill Koch (businessman)">William I. Koch</a>, was a major dealer in petcoke, selling 11 million tons annually.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT51713_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT51713-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a quarter of US exports of the fuel went to India, an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> investigation found. In 2016, this amounted to more than eight million metric tons, more than 20 times as much as in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's Environmental Pollution Control Authority tested imported petcoke in use near <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, and found <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> levels 17 times the legal limit.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (<a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a>), adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO), has mandated that marine vessels shall not consume residual fuel oils (<a href="/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunker fuel</a>, etc) with a sulfur content greater than 0.5% from the year 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 38% of residual fuel oils are consumed in the shipping sector. In the process of converting excess residual oils into lighter oils by coking processes, pet coke is generated as a byproduct. Pet coke availability is expected to increase in the future due to falling demand for residual oil. Pet coke is also used in <a href="/wiki/Methanation" title="Methanation">methanation</a> plants to produce <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic natural gas">synthetic natural gas</a>, etc. in order to avoid a pet coke disposal problem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Petroleum coke is sometimes a source of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">fine dust</a>, which can penetrate the filtering process of the human airway, lodge in the lungs and cause serious health problems. Studies have shown that petroleum coke itself has a low level of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> and there is no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Petroleum coke can contain <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, a toxic metal. Vanadium was found in the dust collected in occupied dwellings near the petroleum coke stored next to the Detroit River. Vanadium is toxic in tiny quantities, 0.8 micrograms per cubic meter of air, according to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to multiple EPA studies and analyses, petroleum coke has a low health hazard potential in humans. It does not have any observable carcinogenic, developmental, or reproductive effects. During animal case studies repeated-dose chronic inhalation did show respiratory <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> due to dust particles, but not specific to petroleum coke.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_hazards">Environmental hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental concerns stem from the storage and combustion of petcoke. By-waste accumulates as petcoke is processed, making waste management an issue. Petcoke's high silt content of 21.2% increases the risk of fugitive dust drifting away from petcoke mounds under heavy wind. An estimated 100 tons of petcoke <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_dust" title="Fugitive dust">fugitive dust</a> including PM10 and PM2.5 are released into the atmosphere per year in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waste management and release of fugitive dust is especially an issue in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(town),_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay (town), Wisconsin">Green Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externalities stem from petcoke that cause potential environmental impacts. Petcoke is composed of 90% elemental carbon by weight which is converted to CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> during combustion. Use of petcoke also produces emissions of sulfur, and the potential for water pollution through nickel and vanadium <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)" title="Runoff (hydrology)">runoff</a> from refining and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India" title="Air pollution in India">Air pollution in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectional_cooler" title="Sectional cooler">Cooler for calcined petroleum coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_coker" title="Delayed coker">Delayed coker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orimulsion" title="Orimulsion">Orimulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">Tar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GoldBookP04522-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldBookP04522_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-Advertiser&rft.atitle=U.S.+world%27s+biggest+supplier+of+heavy+oil+refining+byproduct&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staradvertiser.com%2F2017%2F12%2F01%2Fbreaking-news%2Fu-s-worlds-biggest-supplier-of-heavy-oil-refining-byproduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+coke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Detroit Free Press,</i> "Health concerns go beyond Flint water" by Keith Matheny; Sunday March 27, 2016; page A1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2013" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, Anthony (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014622/http://www.nam.org/CRSreport/">"Petroleum Coke: Industry and Environmental Issues"</a>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i>: 9. 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March 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofchicago.org&rft.atitle=City+of+Chicago+Fugitive+Dust+Study&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicago.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fcity%2Fdepts%2Fcdph%2Fenvironmental_health_and_food%2FPetCoke_Public_Comments%2F102512DustReport031314.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetroleum+coke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_coke&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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