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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taíno_and_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taíno_and_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Taíno and indigenous peoples of the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taíno_and_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Native Americans in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulties_in_gaining_federal_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_in_gaining_federal_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Difficulties in gaining federal recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_gaining_federal_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_quantum_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_quantum_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Blood quantum laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_quantum_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>United States censuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continued_undercounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_undercounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Continued undercounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_undercounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Racial Integrity Act of 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_from_statistical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_from_statistical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Exclusion from statistical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_from_statistical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chukchansi_tribe_disenrollment_and_accusations_of_"paper_genocide"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chukchansi_tribe_disenrollment_and_accusations_of_"paper_genocide""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Chukchansi tribe disenrollment and accusations of "paper genocide"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chukchansi_tribe_disenrollment_and_accusations_of_"paper_genocide"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systemic removal of a group of people from historical records</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Va_health_bulletin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Va_health_bulletin.jpg/220px-Va_health_bulletin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Va_health_bulletin.jpg/330px-Va_health_bulletin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Va_health_bulletin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</a>, which classified <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans in Virginia">Native Americans in Virginia</a> as "<i><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a></i>", is considered an example of a paper genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Genocide<br /></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paper genocide</b> is the systemic removal of a group of people from historical records, such as <a href="/wiki/Censuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Censuses">censuses</a>, which gives the impression that that group has disappeared or become <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>. A 2023 article published by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a> defines the term as "intentional destruction of documents and records related to a particular group of people, usually with the intent of erasing their histories and cultures",<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2019 article in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> characterizes the term thusly: "Paper genocide means that a people can be made to disappear on paper".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is often used to refer to government policies regarding <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">indigenous peoples of the Caribbean</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>. According to Cultural Survival, paper genocide can lead to <a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma" title="Transgenerational trauma">generational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_trauma" title="Historical trauma">historical trauma</a> for the communities affected.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taíno_and_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean"><span id="Ta.C3.ADno_and_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean"></span>Taíno and indigenous peoples of the Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taíno and indigenous peoples of the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno#Taíno_culture_today" title="Taíno">Taíno § Taíno culture today</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Guanikeyu_Torres" title="Pedro Guanikeyu Torres">Pedro Guanikeyu Torres</a></div> <p>A common example of a paper genocide is that of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">indigenous peoples of the Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#First_voyage_(1492–1493)" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">first voyage of Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492, the Taíno population began to significantly decline in the ensuing years, primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin soil epidemics">virgin soil epidemics</a> and the enslavement and harsh treatment of the Taíno by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> colonizers in such labor-intensive fields as <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> and the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the Taíno population on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> range from 60,000 to 8 million in 1492, with contemporary writer <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> claiming a population of around 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1542, this number had declined to around 200.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2019 article in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>, shortly after a 1565 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> that showed only 200 "<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a>" living on Hispaniola, the Taíno were declared extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, where there were an estimated 1 million indigenous people in 1493,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 1787 census recorded only 2,300 non-<a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> indigenous people were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next census conducted on Puerto Rico in 1802, no indigenous people were recorded,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to <i>National Geographic</i>, historical records after this point indicate that no indigenous people remained in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the apparent elimination of indigenous peoples from the Caribbean, several historians note that a paper genocide may have obscured the continued existence of groups such as the Taíno.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Political_Review" title="Brown Political Review">Brown Political Review</a></i> notes that, in Puerto Rico, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priests, who were responsible for <a href="/wiki/Birth_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth registry">birth registry</a>, may have been inclined to classify people with some Taíno ancestry as "<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>", in part to diminish the representation of Taíno people on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 article in <i>National Geographic</i> also notes possible undercounting of Taíno people due to the classification of people born to Spanish fathers and Taíno mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same article also mentions that, following the abolition of legal slavery of indigenous peoples of the Americas by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a> in 1533, many slaveholders in the Caribbean may have been inclined to simply reclassify their enslaved people as African rather than grant them their <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, according to the magazine, many censuses in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> did not provide an option for indigenous peoples, instead requiring respondents to identify as either "<a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>", "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a>", or mixed-race.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Puerto Rico, this practice continued after the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> gained control of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, descendants of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean began a revival of indigenous cultures and language, including participating in <a href="/wiki/Powwows" class="mw-redirect" title="Powwows">powwows</a> and other festivals,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and openly refuted the historical narrative that indigenous peoples in the region had been eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, genetic research, including the construction of the genome of a Taíno person who had lived between the 8th and 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that a significant population of the current Caribbean population have traces of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, 164 Puerto Ricans were tested and all were found to have traces matching the Taíno DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, a National Geographic study indicated that 61 percent of Puerto Ricans have indigenous mitochondrial DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jorge Estevez, a Taíno activist, said of the results, "It shows that the true story is one of assimilation, certainly, but not total extinction".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, after options for identifying as "Indian or indigenous" were added to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> for Puerto Rico,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 92,000 Puerto Ricans identified as such.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as of the 2020s, several Taíno <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">advocacy groups</a> exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Confederation_of_Ta%C3%ADno_People" title="United Confederation of Taíno People">United Confederation of Taíno People</a>, the Taíno Jatibonícu Tribe of Boriken, and the Taíno Nation of the Antilles.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States">Native Americans in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native Americans in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Native America"><img alt="Native America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/55px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/83px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png/110px-Blank_USA_Map_w_American_Indian_colors.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Native_Americans_in_the_United_States">Paper genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slaves">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_slave_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slave ownership">Native American slave ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Racism against Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Integrity Act">Racial Integrity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reorganization Act of 1934">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights">Native American rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_temperance_activists" title="Native American temperance activists">Native American temperance activists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_cultures_in_the_United_States" title="Native American cultures in the United States">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam"> Hohokam culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Film_and_Video_Festival" title="Native American Film and Video Festival">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_fashion" title="Native American fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Anglo-Powhatan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Tree_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Tree War">Peach Tree War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">Esopus Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_War" title="Arikara War">Arikara War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage Indian War">Osage Indian War </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Wars" title="Comanche Wars">Comanche Wars (1836–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Hills_expedition" title="Antelope Hills expedition">(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War (1874–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hunters%27_War" title="Buffalo Hunters' War">Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_War" title="Cayuse War">Cayuse War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars (1849–1924)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_War" title="Jicarilla War">Jicarilla War (1849–1855)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Chiricahua_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai War">Tonto War (1871–1875)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War (1879–1880)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars#Geronimo's_War" title="Apache Wars">Geronimo's War (1881–1886)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post_1887_Apache_Wars_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post 1887 Apache Wars period">Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_War" title="Yuma War">Yuma War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars(1850–1923)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Fort_Utah" title="Battle at Fort Utah">Battle at Fort Utah (1850)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walkara#Walker_War" title="Walkara">Walker War (1853–1854)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tintic_War" title="Tintic War">Tintic War (1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War (1865–1872)</a> / <a href="/wiki/White_River_War" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War (1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute War (1887)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Bluff War (1914–1915)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Bluff Skirmish (1921)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey War (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars (1854–1891)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars#First_Sioux_War" title="Sioux Wars">First Sioux War (1854-1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War (1862)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War (1863–1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River War (1865)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War (1876–1877)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Exodus" title="Northern Cheyenne Exodus">Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_River_Wars" title="Rogue River Wars">Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War (1855–1858)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_War" title="Puget Sound War">Puget Sound War (1855–1856)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Coeur d'Alene War (1858)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War"> Mohave War(1858–1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars#American_period" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars (1849–1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute_War" title="Paiute War">Paiute War(1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Wars" title="Yavapai Wars">Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_War" title="Snake War">Snake War (1864–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War_(1865%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai War (1865–70)">Hualapai War (1865–1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">Bannock War (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_War" title="Crow War">Crow War (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War_of_1895" title="Bannock War of 1895">Bannock Uprising (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sugar_Point" title="Battle of Sugar Point">Battle of Sugar Point (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek#Last_Massacre" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Last Massacre (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kelley_Creek" title="Battle of Kelley Creek">Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Battle of Bear Valley (1918)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Political movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_women_in_politics" title="Native American women in politics">Women in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement (AIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Power Movement">Red Power Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Occupation of Alcatraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Broken_Treaties" title="Trail of Broken Treaties">Trail of Broken Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Wounded_Knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Wounded Knee">Occupation of Wounded Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_handprint" title="Red handprint">Red handprint</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act" title="American Indian Religious Freedom Act">American Indian Religious Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Feather_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Feather law">Eagle Feather law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Traditional religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund (NARF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Youth_Council" title="National Indian Youth Council">National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_All_Red_Nations" title="Women of All Red Nations">Women of All Red Nations (WARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Treaty_Council" title="International Indian Treaty Council">The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Demographics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans" title="Modern social statistics of Native Americans">Societal statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reservation">Reservations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_disenrollment" title="Tribal disenrollment">Tribal disenrollment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation poverty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Northwest Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">The Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Southwest</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> by state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado" title="Template:Indigenous People of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland" title="Template:Native Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_North_Carolina" title="Template:Native American Tribes in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Native American Tribes in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon" title="Native American peoples of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" title="List of Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists" title="List of Native American artists">artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_actors" title="List of Native American actors">actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_leaders_of_the_Indian_Wars" title="List of Native American leaders of the Indian Wars">war leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_musicians" title="List of Native American musicians">musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">congressional politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients">Native American Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">List of federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state" title="List of federally recognized tribes by state">List of federally recognized tribes by state </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native American genocide in the United States</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Cultural assimilation of Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_Indian" title="Vanishing Indian">Vanishing Indian</a></div> <p>In a 2020 blog for the Law School Survey for Student Engagement at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickie_Sutton" title="Vickie Sutton">Vickie Sutton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Law_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law professor">law professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbee_Tribe_of_North_Carolina" title="Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina">Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina</a>, described the "policies of first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and then the United States against the indigenous population in America" as "genocidal", both physically and in paper form.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the latter, Sutton states that both nations "[eliminated] references to Native Americans in property records, census records, birth and <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death records</a> in a paper genocidal policy".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Difficulties_in_gaining_federal_recognition">Difficulties in gaining federal recognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Difficulties in gaining federal recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States</a></div> <p>The paper genocide of Native American tribes can have an impact on gaining federal recognition,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">tribal sovereignty in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett people</a> spent several centuries attempting to gain federal recognition, which was granted in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 18th century, government officials in the state began to record Narragansett people as "black", "<i><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a></i>", or "<i><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negro</a></i>" on official documents, a practice that was upheld in the 1793 <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a> case <i>Aldrich v. Hammer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021109–111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021109–111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of an effort by the state to do away with indigenous identity and force <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> onto the Narragansett.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021111_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar case, the <a href="/wiki/Mashpee_Wampanoag_Tribe" title="Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe">Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> began seeking federal recognition in the 1970s, but their efforts were hurt due to inconsistent data from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wasn't until 2007 that the tribe became federally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Carcieri_v._Salazar" title="Carcieri v. Salazar">Carcieri v. Salazar</a></i> that the federal government could only hold land in <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trust</a> for tribes that were federally recognized in 1934, when the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have stated that the ruling could have negative consequences on tribes that have gained recognition since then, in some cases because of a lack of adequate historical documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_quantum_laws">Blood quantum laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blood quantum laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum laws</a></div> <p>Blood quantum is a system of measuring Native American ancestry based on the ancestry of an individual's parents, such that, for example, a child who is the offspring of a father with a Native American blood quantum level of one-fourth and a mother whose level is one-half would have a blood quantum level of three-eighths.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is used by some tribes to determine eligibility for membership, and related concepts have appeared in several treaties between the federal government and tribes, such as in the 1825 <a href="/wiki/Osage_Treaty_(1825)" title="Osage Treaty (1825)">Osage Treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was further codified by the federal government in acts such as the 1887 <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> and the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood quantum levels for Native Americans can be recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>, who issue Certificates of Degree of Indian Blood to individuals that are used in tribal recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the concept, Jill Doerfler, the head of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s American Indian and Indigenous Studies Department, said in 2021, "What blood quantum does is <a href="/wiki/Racialize" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialize">racialize</a> American Indian identity. It is an outside concept used to <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchise">disenfranchise</a> Native people and tribes from their legal and political status. And it’s the best way to eliminate ongoing treaty obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article for <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>'s website entitled "Some Native Americans Fear Blood Quantum is Formula for 'Paper Genocide' " Doerfler further elaborated that the system could be used by the federal government to deprive tribes of land and recognition in what she termed a "paper genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_censuses">United States censuses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">first federal census</a> in 1790, indigenous people were not often recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1790 and 1850, Native Americans were largely excluded from the survey, with a major exception occurring in the <a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850 census</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> were recorded as "Copper".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 census</a> was the first in which Native Americans living alongside white people and <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> in the general population were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even then, the conductors of the census were instructed to only record "families of Indians who have renounced tribal rule, and who under state or territory laws exercise the rights of citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880 census</a>, and continuing over the next several censuses, the Census Bureau introduced a rubric for recording the racial identification of Native American respondents, primarily utilizing the blood quantum system, but also allowing some discretion on the part of the surveyor with regards to other factors, such as how the individual is perceived in their community.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 census</a> was the first to record both Native Americans living among the general population as well as in tribal communities, but due to a fire that destroyed many of the documents, the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900 census</a> is typically considered the oldest one to give an inclusive count of the country's Native American population.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a> in 1924 affected how indigenous peoples from Latin America who were living in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Census Bureau was concerned that laborers from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> would attempt to portray themselves as Native Americans, many indigenous people from Latin America were recorded only as Hispanic or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960 census</a>, the Census Bureau allowed for individuals to self-report their race, leading to many mixed-race individuals who may have previously been recorded by surveyors as another race to report themselves as Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, starting with the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, respondents could record more than one race, again leading to an increase in mixed-race individuals recording at least one of their races as Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Continued_undercounting">Continued undercounting</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continued undercounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2019 article published by <a href="/wiki/Rewire_News_Group" title="Rewire News Group">Rewire News Group</a> listed "American Indians and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a>" as the most undercounted group in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a report from the Census Bureau, Native Americans living on Indian reservations were undercounted by 12.2 percent in the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure declined to 4.9 percent in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the bureau, approximately 26 percent of Native Americans in the United States live in "hard-to-count" census tracts,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American Indians and Alaska Natives are categorized by the bureau as "hard-to-count populations".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Judy Shapiro, a <a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights" title="Native American civil rights">Native American civil rights</a> attorney, census data is often used by the federal government for "gatekeeping" federal recognition, saying, "Through the federal recognition process, they determine who is Native, who continues to exist, and who they are responsible for [maintaining trusts and treaties]".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Racial Integrity Act of 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</a></div> <p>In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">government of Virginia</a> enacted the Racial Integrity Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law both prohibited <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Interracial marriages">interracial marriages</a> and codified strict racial distinctions, with all people in the state being recorded as either "white" or "colored".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that all <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans in Virginia">Native Americans in Virginia</a> were officially categorized alongside black people as "colored", and instances of "Indian" being used on birth certificates issued prior to 1924 were updated to read "colored" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was in effect until 1967, when the United States Supreme Court struck it down as <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Cases_of_The_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark Cases of The United States Supreme Court">landmark case</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, the law's "strict definitions of whiteness and blackness led to a mass <a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">erasure</a> of Virginia Indian identity. As a result ... Virginia Indians often have difficulty in proving an unbroken lineage, one of the many requirements to becoming a federally recognized Tribe".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Stephen Adkins of the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickahominy Tribe">Chickahominy Tribe</a> referred to the act as "paper genocide", a sentiment echoed by leaders of other tribes in Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Monacan_Indian_Nation" title="Monacan Indian Nation">Monacan Indian Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the United States Congress passed legislation extending federal recognition to six tribes in Virginia whose records had been affected by the law: the Chickahominy, the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_people#Eastern_Chickahominy" title="Chickahominy people">Eastern Chickahominy</a>, the Monacan Indian Nation, the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_Indian_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansemond Indian Nation">Nansemond Indian Nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rappahannock Tribe">Rappahannock Tribe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mattaponi#Upper_Mattaponi_Tribe" title="Mattaponi">Upper Mattaponi Tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, on the centennial of the act's passage, leaders from several tribes in Virginia hosted a panel at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a> to discuss the act and its continued legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclusion_from_statistical_studies">Exclusion from statistical studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exclusion from statistical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickie_Sutton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vickie_Sutton.jpg/220px-Vickie_Sutton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vickie_Sutton.jpg/330px-Vickie_Sutton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vickie_Sutton.jpg/440px-Vickie_Sutton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Law professor <a href="/wiki/Vickie_Sutton" title="Vickie Sutton">Vickie Sutton</a> (<i>pictured 2019</i>) has called Native American exclusion from studies a form of paper genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2020, Sutton wrote about the exclusion of Native Americans from surveys and statistical studies as a form of paper genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As examples of Native American exclusion, Sutton pointed to a 2019 incident in which a spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> announced during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Council_of_Architects_and_Engineers" title="American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers">American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers</a> that they would no longer collect data on Native American architects due to it being such a small group, as well as a decision by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></i> to cease collection on data regarding Native American university enrollment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Sutton highlighted a report issued by the NALP Foundation and the Center for Women in Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas School of Law</a> titled "Women of Color: A Study of Law School Experiences" that did not include Native Americans as a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the researchers said in the introduction that the paper "analyzes the experiences reported by women of color by <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>, Black/<a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a>, and Hispanic/Latina students", Native American women were simply included in a catch-all "<a href="/wiki/Women_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Women of color">women of color</a>" category.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking of the responsibility of researchers, Sutton wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To avoid paper genocide, researchers have an obligation to be purposeful in their methods to reach and include Native Americans and share their disaggregated perspectives as part of reported findings. When researchers do not do this, at worst, they continue the practice of paper genocide and at best, it is an unapologetic <a href="/wiki/Microaggression" title="Microaggression">microaggression</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chukchansi_tribe_disenrollment_and_accusations_of_"paper_genocide""><span id="Chukchansi_tribe_disenrollment_and_accusations_of_.22paper_genocide.22"></span>Chukchansi tribe disenrollment and accusations of "paper genocide"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chukchansi tribe disenrollment and accusations of "paper genocide""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yokuts#Internal_conflicts_within_the_Chukchansi_tribe_near_Yosemite" title="Yokuts">Yokuts § Internal conflicts within the Chukchansi tribe near Yosemite</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tribal_disenrollment" title="Tribal disenrollment">Tribal disenrollment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation_politics" title="Native American reservation politics">Native American reservation politics</a></div> <p>In 2024, television station <a href="/wiki/KGPE" title="KGPE">KGPE</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a>, reported that the <a href="/wiki/Picayune_Rancheria_of_Chukchansi_Indians" title="Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians">Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians</a>, a tribe that owns and operates the <a href="/wiki/Chukchansi_Gold_Resort_%26_Casino" title="Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino">Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino</a>, had disenrolled several members of the tribe after requesting proof of heritage and <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">allotment</a> papers.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of those who had been disenrolled said that the process was unjust, with Claudia Gonzales, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_council" title="Tribal council">tribal council</a>, saying, "If we knew this was coming, then we would have taken precautions and measures to protect the general membership from those few that decided they want to try to create paper genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy" title="Native American name controversy">Native American name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Racism against Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States">Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlagolaCollins2024" class="citation web cs1">Glagola, Jack; Collins, Natalie (March 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonwealthtimes.org/2024/03/27/paper-genocide-virginia-tribal-leaders-speak-on-race-laws-centennial/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Paper genocide': Virginia tribal leaders speak on race law's centennial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_Times" title="The Commonwealth Times">The Commonwealth Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520154003/https://commonwealthtimes.org/2024/03/27/paper-genocide-virginia-tribal-leaders-speak-on-race-laws-centennial/">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commonwealth+Times&rft.atitle=%27Paper+genocide%27%3A+Virginia+tribal+leaders+speak+on+race+law%27s+centennial&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft.aulast=Glagola&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Collins%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonwealthtimes.org%2F2024%2F03%2F27%2Fpaper-genocide-virginia-tribal-leaders-speak-on-race-laws-centennial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock2023" class="citation web cs1">Bullock, Chenae (February 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/black-history-includes-native-american-and-african-american-generational-and-historical-trauma">"Black History Includes Native American and African-American Generational and Historical Trauma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008195954/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/black-history-includes-native-american-and-african-american-generational-and-historical-trauma">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=Black+History+Includes+Native+American+and+African-American+Generational+and+Historical+Trauma&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Chenae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fnews%2Fblack-history-includes-native-american-and-african-american-generational-and-historical-trauma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstevez2019" class="citation web cs1">Estevez, Jorge Baracutei (October 14, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/meet-survivors-taino-tribe-paper-genocide">"On Indigenous Peoples' Day, meet the survivors of a 'paper genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. As told to Nina Strochlic; Photographs by Haruka Sakaguchi. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324172810/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/meet-survivors-taino-tribe-paper-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=On+Indigenous+Peoples%27+Day%2C+meet+the+survivors+of+a+%27paper+genocide%27&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Estevez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Baracutei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fmeet-survivors-taino-tribe-paper-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell2019" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian (October 14, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/10/14/here-are-indigenous-people-christopher-columbus-his-men-could-not-annihilate/">"Here are the indigenous people Christopher Columbus and his men could not annihilate"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2269358">2269358</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014131513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/10/14/here-are-indigenous-people-christopher-columbus-his-men-could-not-annihilate/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+indigenous+people+Christopher+Columbus+and+his+men+could+not+annihilate&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2269358&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Brockell&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2Fhere-are-indigenous-people-christopher-columbus-his-men-could-not-annihilate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatista-Kunhardt2022" class="citation web cs1">Batista-Kunhardt, Guarocuya (February 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2022/02/beyond-paper-genocide/">"Beyond Paper Genocide: Taíno Recognition in Puerto Rico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Political_Review" title="Brown Political Review">Brown Political Review</a></i>. Illustrated by Maria Hahne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726112002/https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2022/02/beyond-paper-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+Political+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+Paper+Genocide%3A+Ta%C3%ADno+Recognition+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft.aulast=Batista-Kunhardt&rft.aufirst=Guarocuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrownpoliticalreview.org%2F2022%2F02%2Fbeyond-paper-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vickie_Sutton" title="Vickie Sutton">Sutton, Victoria</a> (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lssse.indiana.edu/blog/guest-post-native-american-exclusion-as-a-form-of-paper-genocide/">"Guest Post: Native American Exclusion as a Form of Paper Genocide"</a>. <i>Law School Survey of Student Engagement</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624093053/https://lssse.indiana.edu/blog/guest-post-native-american-exclusion-as-a-form-of-paper-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+School+Survey+of+Student+Engagement&rft.atitle=Guest+Post%3A+Native+American+Exclusion+as+a+Form+of+Paper+Genocide&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flssse.indiana.edu%2Fblog%2Fguest-post-native-american-exclusion-as-a-form-of-paper-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerinwater2019" class="citation web cs1">Deerinwater, Jen (December 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2019/12/09/paper-genocide-the-erasure-of-native-people-in-census-counts/">"Paper Genocide: The Erasure of Native People in Census Counts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rewire_News_Group" title="Rewire News Group">Rewire News Group</a></i>. Illustrated by Marcy Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416004830/https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2019/12/09/paper-genocide-the-erasure-of-native-people-in-census-counts/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rewire+News+Group&rft.atitle=Paper+Genocide%3A+The+Erasure+of+Native+People+in+Census+Counts&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Deerinwater&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewirenewsgroup.com%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2Fpaper-genocide-the-erasure-of-native-people-in-census-counts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021109–111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021109–111_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumpson2021">Dumpson 2021</a>, pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021111-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpson2021111_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumpson2021">Dumpson 2021</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilleary2021" class="citation web cs1">Hilleary, Cecily (July 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_some-native-americans-fear-blood-quantum-formula-paper-genocide/6208615.html">"Some Native Americans Fear Blood Quantum is Formula for 'Paper Genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716154119/https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_some-native-americans-fear-blood-quantum-formula-paper-genocide/6208615.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Some+Native+Americans+Fear+Blood+Quantum+is+Formula+for+%27Paper+Genocide%27&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Hilleary&rft.aufirst=Cecily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fusa_some-native-americans-fear-blood-quantum-formula-paper-genocide%2F6208615.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchett2024" class="citation web cs1">Birchett, Nora (November 13, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2024/11/13/records-of-a-paper-genocide/">"Records of a Paper Genocide"</a>. <i>The Uncommonwealth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Virginia" title="Library of Virginia">Library of Virginia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241117155555/https://uncommonwealth.virginiamemory.com/blog/2024/11/13/records-of-a-paper-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Uncommonwealth&rft.atitle=Records+of+a+Paper+Genocide&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft.aulast=Birchett&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcommonwealth.virginiamemory.com%2Fblog%2F2024%2F11%2F13%2Frecords-of-a-paper-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerinwater2019" class="citation web cs1">Deerinwater, Jen (December 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2019/12/10/paper-genocide-the-barriers-to-an-accurate-count-of-native-people-in-2020/">"Paper Genocide: The Barriers to an Accurate Count of Native People in 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rewire_News_Group" title="Rewire News Group">Rewire News Group</a></i>. Illustrated by Marcy Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522233500/https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2019/12/10/paper-genocide-the-barriers-to-an-accurate-count-of-native-people-in-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rewire+News+Group&rft.atitle=Paper+Genocide%3A+The+Barriers+to+an+Accurate+Count+of+Native+People+in+2020&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.aulast=Deerinwater&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewirenewsgroup.com%2F2019%2F12%2F10%2Fpaper-genocide-the-barriers-to-an-accurate-count-of-native-people-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnook2024" class="citation web cs1">Snook, Caitlin (November 14, 2024) [June 21, 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/racial-integrity-act.htm">"The Racial Integrity Act, 1924: An Attack on Indigenous Identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007214536/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/racial-integrity-act.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=The+Racial+Integrity+Act%2C+1924%3A+An+Attack+on+Indigenous+Identity&rft.date=2024-11-14&rft.aulast=Snook&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fracial-integrity-act.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYancey2024" class="citation web cs1">Yancey, Dwayne (February 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinalnews.org/2024/02/26/100-years-ago-virginia-authorized-forced-sterilizations-and-a-paper-genocide/">"100 years ago, Virginia authorized forced sterilizations and a 'paper genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cardinal News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240829032746/https://cardinalnews.org/2024/02/26/100-years-ago-virginia-authorized-forced-sterilizations-and-a-paper-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardinal+News&rft.atitle=100+years+ago%2C+Virginia+authorized+forced+sterilizations+and+a+%27paper+genocide%27&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.aulast=Yancey&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinalnews.org%2F2024%2F02%2F26%2F100-years-ago-virginia-authorized-forced-sterilizations-and-a-paper-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosas2024" class="citation web cs1">Rosas, Marco (June 17, 2024) [June 14, 2024]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourcentralvalley.com/digital-exclusives/chukchansi-using-paper-genocide-for-more-casino-money-former-council-members-say/">"Chukchansi using 'paper genocide' for more casino money, former council members say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KGPE" title="KGPE">KGPE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630040932/https://www.yourcentralvalley.com/digital-exclusives/chukchansi-using-paper-genocide-for-more-casino-money-former-council-members-say/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KGPE&rft.atitle=Chukchansi+using+%27paper+genocide%27+for+more+casino+money%2C+former+council+members+say&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourcentralvalley.com%2Fdigital-exclusives%2Fchukchansi-using-paper-genocide-for-more-casino-money-former-council-members-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosas2024" class="citation web cs1">Rosas, Marco (October 21, 2024) [October 19, 2024]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourcentralvalley.com/digital-exclusives/total-betrayal-protesters-gather-outside-chukchansi-casino/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Total betrayal': Protesters gather outside Chukchansi Casino"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KGPE" title="KGPE">KGPE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241121204622/https://www.yourcentralvalley.com/digital-exclusives/total-betrayal-protesters-gather-outside-chukchansi-casino/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KGPE&rft.atitle=%27Total+betrayal%27%3A+Protesters+gather+outside+Chukchansi+Casino&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourcentralvalley.com%2Fdigital-exclusives%2Ftotal-betrayal-protesters-gather-outside-chukchansi-casino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArakelianLinden2024" class="citation web cs1">Arakelian, Elizabeth; Linden, Jonathan (November 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvpr.org/podcast/central-valley-daily/2024-11-08/nov-8-why-chukchansi-indians-say-they-are-fighting-a-paper-genocide">"Nov. 8: Why Chukchansi Indians Say They Are Fighting A 'Paper Genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Public_Radio" title="Valley Public Radio">Valley Public Radio</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241112124012/https://www.kvpr.org/podcast/central-valley-daily/2024-11-08/nov-8-why-chukchansi-indians-say-they-are-fighting-a-paper-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valley+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Nov.+8%3A+Why+Chukchansi+Indians+Say+They+Are+Fighting+A+%27Paper+Genocide%27&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Arakelian&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Linden%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvpr.org%2Fpodcast%2Fcentral-valley-daily%2F2024-11-08%2Fnov-8-why-chukchansi-indians-say-they-are-fighting-a-paper-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumpson2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Dumpson" title="Taylor Dumpson">Dumpson, Taylor A.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=tlj">"A 385-Year Experiment to Erase a People: Intergenerational Acts of Genocide Against the Narragansett Indian Tribe by the United States of America and the State of Rhode Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Law Journal">Tribal Law Journal</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1). Albuquerque, New Mexico: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_School_of_Law" title="University of New Mexico School of Law">University of New Mexico School of Law</a>: 89–124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825153209/https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=tlj">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribal+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=A+385-Year+Experiment+to+Erase+a+People%3A+Intergenerational+Acts+of+Genocide+Against+the+Narragansett+Indian+Tribe+by+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+State+of+Rhode+Island&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-124&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dumpson&rft.aufirst=Taylor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1085%26context%3Dtlj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_genocide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Wolfe, Patrick</a> (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520601056240">"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>8</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">10.1080/14623520601056240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012250751">2012250751</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260038904">260038904</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240925102115/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623520601056240">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Settler+colonialism+and+the+elimination+of+the+native&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260038904&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012250751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520601056240&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14623520601056240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Yong" title="Ed Yong">Yong, Ed</a> (September 18, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/what-ancient-dna-says-about-puerto-ricos-history/598246/">"How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936540106">936540106</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918152926/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/what-ancient-dna-says-about-puerto-ricos-history/598246/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Ancient+DNA+Can+Help+Recast+Colonial+History&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936540106&rft.issn=2151-9463&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2019%2F09%2Fwhat-ancient-dna-says-about-puerto-ricos-history%2F598246%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaper+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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