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Adorno</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور أدورنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودور أدورنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Adorno" title="Teodor Adorno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تئودور آدورنو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تئودور آدورنو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тэадор Адорна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэадор Адорна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Τέοντορ Αντόρνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέοντορ Αντόρνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wiesengrund_Adorno" title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تئودور آدورنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور آدورنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="테오도어 아도르노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도어 아도르노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Թեոդոր Ադոռնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոր Ադոռնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="थियोडोर वी० एडोर्नो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थियोडोर वी० एडोर्नो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="תאודור אדורנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודור אדורנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="თეოდორ ადორნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ ადორნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Adorno" title="Theodorus Adorno – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Adorno" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodors_Adorno" title="Teodors Adorno – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodors Adorno" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B" title="തിയഡോർ അഡോണോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിയഡോർ അഡോണോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="टेओडोर आडोर्नो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेओडोर आडोर्नो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور ادورنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودور ادورنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E" title="テオドール・アドルノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドール・アドルノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਐਡੋਰਨੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਐਡੋਰਨੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور ډبليو. اډورنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تيودور ډبليو. اډورنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Адорно, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адорно, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wiesengrund_Adorno" title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%BA" title="狄奥多·阿多诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狄奥多·阿多诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="狄奧多·阿多諾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="狄奧多·阿多諾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Theodor W. Adorno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/220px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-09-11</span>)</span>September 11, 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse-Nassau_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesse-Nassau Province (not yet started)">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 6, 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-08-06)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Visp" title="Visp">Visp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visp_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visp (district)">Visp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Theodor Ludwig Adorno Wellington</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th_century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century philosophy">20th century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_schools_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of schools of philosophy (not yet started)">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social theory (not yet started)">Social theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Criticism of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">actionism</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modernist art opposes the conventional ordering of experience found in the mass media,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the paradox of aesthetics,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> negative dialectics</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodor W. Adorno</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>German: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ʔaˈdɔɐ̯no]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg" class="internal" title="Theodor Adorno Pronunciation.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund</b>; 11 September 1903 – 6 August 1969) was a German <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, composer, and <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a>. </p><p>He designed the F-scale with other researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>. This scale tried to measure "the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/authoritarian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>", the "F" standing for "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a>". He wrote about this in the 1950 book <i>The Authoritarian Personality.</i> He was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sociologists_from_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sociologists from Europe (not yet started)">List of sociologists from Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Fillion, "Adorno's <i>Marginalien zu Theorie und Praxis</i>: In Praise of Discontinuity", <i>Humanitas</i>, Volume 2, Issue 1, Fall 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAratoGephardt1978" class="citation book cs1">Arato, Andrew; Gephardt, Eike (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMKWPss41rgC"><i>Essential Frankfurt School Reader</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 300–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0194-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-0194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Frankfurt+School+Reader&rft.pages=300-318&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0194-6&rft.aulast=Arato&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Gephardt%2C+Eike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMKWPss41rgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDay2008" class="citation book cs1">Day, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fllNYqKmWsC"><i>Literary Criticism: A New History</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1563-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-1563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Criticism%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1563-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fllNYqKmWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1997" class="citation book cs1">Harding, James Martin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuQALDWeLyYC"><i>Adorno and "A Writing of the Ruins": Essays on Modern Aesthetics and Anglo-American Literature and Culture</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3269-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-3269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adorno+and+%22A+Writing+of+the+Ruins%22%3A+Essays+on+Modern+Aesthetics+and+Anglo-American+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3269-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=James+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuQALDWeLyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary of English (not yet started)">Oxford Dictionary of English</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKrechStockHirschfeldAnders2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec"><i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i></a> [<i>German Pronunciation Dictionary</i>] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/n304">293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva-Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeutschesausspra00krec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Adorno">"Duden | Adorno | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duden (not yet started)">Duden</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Adorno+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FAdorno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactantius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactantius (not yet started)">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozi (not yet started)">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philo (not yet started)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polybius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polybius (not yet started)">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Yang (not yet started)">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xun_Kuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xun Kuang (not yet started)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avempace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avempace (not yet started)">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldus_de_Ubaldis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldus de Ubaldis (not yet started)">Baldus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolus_de_Saxoferrato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolus de Saxoferrato (not yet started)">Bartolus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Bruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Bruni (not yet started)">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giles_of_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giles of Rome (not yet started)">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decretum_Gratiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decretum Gratiani (not yet started)">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Salisbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Salisbury (not yet started)">John of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunetto_Latini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunetto Latini (not yet started)">Latini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsilius_of_Padua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsilius of Padua (not yet started)">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizam al-Mulk (not yet started)">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Tufail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Tufail (not yet started)">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Anshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Anshi (not yet started)">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Beza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Beza (not yet started)">Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bodin (not yet started)">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (not yet started)">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Buchanan (not yet started)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Mornay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Mornay (not yet started)">Duplessis-Mornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Filmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Filmer (not yet started)">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawrzyniec_Go%C5%9Blicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawrzyniec Goślicki (not yet started)">Goslicius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Grotius (not yet started)">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Harrington_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Harrington (author) (not yet started)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Razan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayashi Razan (not yet started)">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hotman (not yet started)">Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Malebranche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Malebranche (not yet started)">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_von_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel von Pufendorf (not yet started)">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algernon_Sidney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algernon Sidney (not yet started)">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Bastiat (not yet started)">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Beccaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Beccaria (not yet started)">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (not yet started)">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Bonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Bonald (not yet started)">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Condorcet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis de Condorcet (not yet started)">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Constant (not yet started)">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fourier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Fourier (not yet started)">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller (not yet started)">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Hamann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Hamann (not yet started)">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius (not yet started)">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (not yet started)">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant (not yet started)">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Le_Bon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Le Bon (not yet started)">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play (not yet started)">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph de Maistre (not yet started)">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Renan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Renan (not yet started)">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Royce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Royce (not yet started)">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_de_Saint-Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri de Saint-Simon (not yet started)">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysander_Spooner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysander Spooner (not yet started)">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaine de Staël (not yet started)">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Stirner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Stirner (not yet started)">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Taine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Taine (not yet started)">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giambattista Vico (not yet started)">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Warren (not yet started)">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Agamben (not yet started)">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Aron (not yet started)">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Badiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Badiou (not yet started)">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain de Benoist (not yet started)">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Bernstein (not yet started)">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnham (not yet started)">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Debord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Debord (not yet started)">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Evola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Evola (not yet started)">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Gehlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Gehlen (not yet started)">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Guénon (not yet started)">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe (not yet started)">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luce_Irigaray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luce Irigaray (not yet started)">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_de_Jouvenel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel (not yet started)">Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kautsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kautsky (not yet started)">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Kirk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Kirk (not yet started)">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Land (not yet started)">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Maritain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Maritain (not yet started)">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Michels (not yet started)">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Mosca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaetano Mosca (not yet started)">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chantal_Mouffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chantal Mouffe (not yet started)">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Negri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Negri (not yet started)">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Niebuhr (not yet started)">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Nurs%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Nursî (not yet started)">Nursî</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Oakeshott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Oakeshott (not yet started)">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ortega y Gasset (not yet started)">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Polanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Polanyi (not yet started)">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Röpke (not yet started)">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (not yet started)">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (not yet started)">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Sorel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Sorel (not yet started)">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othmar_Spann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othmar Spann (not yet started)">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher) (not yet started)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Voegelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Voegelin (not yet started)">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtis_Yarvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtis Yarvin (not yet started)">Yarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Social theories (not yet started)">Social theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_aspects_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political aspects of Islam (not yet started)">Islamic theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohism (not yet started)">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_liberalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National liberalism (not yet started)">National liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_constructionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social constructionism (not yet started)">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_constructivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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