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id="toc-Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alabama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Alabama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Louisiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahamas_and_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahamas_and_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bahamas and Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahamas_and_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Florida_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florida_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Florida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Louisiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2.1 New Orleans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Mississippi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alabama_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Alabama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_U.S._states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_U.S._states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Other U.S. states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_U.S._states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environmental effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reestablishing_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reestablishing_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Reestablishing governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reestablishing_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Government response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 International response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organization_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organization_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Non-governmental organization response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organization_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_New_Orleans_levee_failures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_New_Orleans_levee_failures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Analysis of New Orleans levee failures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_New_Orleans_levee_failures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Media involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_concerning_post-Katrina_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_concerning_post-Katrina_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Studies concerning post-Katrina victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_concerning_post-Katrina_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hurricane Katrina</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkaan_Katrina" title="Orkaan Katrina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orkaan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="إعصار كاترينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعصار كاترينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furac%C3%A1n_Katrina" title="Furacán Katrina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Furacán Katrina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_qas%C4%B1r%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Katrina qasırğası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katrina qasırğası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-l%C3%ADh-k%C3%A9%E2%81%BF_Katrina_(2005_n%C3%AE)" title="Ha-líh-kéⁿ Katrina (2005 nî) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ha-líh-kéⁿ Katrina (2005 nî)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragan_Katrina" title="Uragan Katrina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurac%C3%A0_Katrina" title="Huracà Katrina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Huracà Katrina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurik%C3%A1n_Katrina" title="Hurikán Katrina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hurikán Katrina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwynt_Katrina" title="Corwynt Katrina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corwynt Katrina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Katrina" title="Orkanen Katrina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orkanen Katrina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrikan_Katrina" title="Hurrikan Katrina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hurrikan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_(orkaan)" title="Katrina (orkaan) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katrina (orkaan)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Τυφώνας Κατρίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυφώνας Κατρίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurac%C3%A1n_Katrina" title="Huracán Katrina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huracán Katrina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragano_Katrina" title="Uragano Katrina – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uragano Katrina" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_urakana" title="Katrina urakana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katrina urakana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="توفند کاترینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توفند کاترینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dnin_Katrina" title="Ódnin Katrina – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ódnin Katrina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouragan_Katrina" title="Ouragan Katrina – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairic%C3%ADn_Katrina" title="Hairicín Katrina – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hairicín Katrina" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furac%C3%A1n_Katrina" title="Furacán Katrina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Furacán Katrina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%82%98" title="허리케인 카트리나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허리케인 카트리나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF)" title="Կատրինա (փոթորիկ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատրինա (փոթորիկ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4)" title="कट्रीना (चक्रवात) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कट्रीना (चक्रवात)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragan_Katrina" title="Uragan Katrina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragano_Katrina" title="Uragano Katrina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uragano Katrina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurikan_Katrina" title="Hurikan Katrina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hurikan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellibylurinn_Katrina" title="Fellibylurinn Katrina – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fellibylurinn Katrina" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragano_Katrina" title="Uragano Katrina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uragano Katrina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הוריקן קתרינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוריקן קתרינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4" title="ಕತ್ರಿನಾ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕತ್ರಿನಾ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="კატრინა (ქარიშხალი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატრინა (ქარიშხალი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procella_Katrina" title="Procella Katrina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procella Katrina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katr%C4%ABna_(viesu%C4%BCv%C4%93tra)" title="Katrīna (viesuļvētra) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katrīna (viesuļvētra)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraganas_Katrina" title="Uraganas Katrina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uraganas Katrina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_hurrik%C3%A1n_(2005)" title="Katrina hurrikán (2005) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katrina hurrikán (2005)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivo-doza_Katrina" title="Rivo-doza Katrina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rivo-doza Katrina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കത്രീന ചുഴലിക്കാറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കത്രീന ചുഴലിക്കാറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="हरिकेन कत्रिना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरिकेन कत्रिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اعصار كاترينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اعصار كاترينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufan_Katrina" title="Taufan Katrina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taufan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Катрина хар салхи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Катрина хар салхи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_(orkaan)" title="Katrina (orkaan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katrina (orkaan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="ハリケーン・カトリーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハリケーン・カトリーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Katrina" title="Orkanen Katrina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orkanen Katrina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Katrina" title="Orkanen Katrina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orkanen Katrina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auragan_Katrina" title="Auragan Katrina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Auragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_to%CA%BBfoni" title="Katrina toʻfoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katrina toʻfoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huragan_Katrina" title="Huragan Katrina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Huragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furac%C3%A3o_Katrina" title="Furacão Katrina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Furacão Katrina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraganul_Katrina" title="Uraganul Katrina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uraganul Katrina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Катрина (ураган) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катрина (ураган)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hurricane Katrina" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragani_Katrina" title="Uragani Katrina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uragani Katrina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hurricane Katrina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurik%C3%A1n_Katrina" title="Hurikán Katrina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hurikán Katrina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkan_Katrina" title="Orkan Katrina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orkan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ураган Катрина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ураган Катрина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragan_Katrina" title="Uragan Katrina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrikaani_Katrina" title="Hurrikaani Katrina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hurrikaani Katrina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanen_Katrina" title="Orkanen Katrina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orkanen Katrina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyong_Katrina" title="Bagyong Katrina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagyong Katrina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="சூறாவளி கத்ரீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூறாவளி கத்ரீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2548)" title="พายุเฮอริเคนแคทรีนา (พ.ศ. 2548) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พายุเฮอริเคนแคทรีนา (พ.ศ. 2548)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kas%C4%B1rgas%C4%B1" title="Katrina Kasırgası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katrina Kasırgası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Катріна (ураган) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катріна (ураган)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uragan_Katrina" title="Uragan Katrina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Uragan Katrina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3o_Katrina_(2005)" title="Bão Katrina (2005) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bão Katrina (2005)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyo_Katrina" title="Bagyo Katrina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bagyo Katrina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E9%A3%93%E9%A3%8E%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A8%9C" title="2005年飓风卡特里娜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="2005年飓风卡特里娜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E9%A3%93%E9%A3%8E%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A8%9C" title="2005年飓风卡特里娜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2005年飓风卡特里娜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/Hurricane_Karina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Karina">Hurricane Karina</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other storms of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Katrina" title="List of storms named Katrina">List of storms named Katrina</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1160504542">.mw-parser-output .ib-weather-event .infobox-header>.nowrap{margin:0 8px}</style><table class="infobox ib-weather-event"><caption class="infobox-title">Hurricane Katrina</caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/220px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/330px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/440px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="7200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Katrina at peak intensity in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> on August 28</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddd;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Meteorological history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">August 23, 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical</a></th><td class="infobox-data">August 30, 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissipated</th><td class="infobox-data">August 31, 2005</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1160504542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #A188FC"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Category 5 major hurricane</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1-minute sustained (<a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">SSHWS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">NWS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest winds</th><td class="infobox-data">175 mph (280 km/h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest pressure</th><td class="infobox-data">902 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a>); 26.64 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="background-color: #00000022; color: inherit;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Overall effects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">1,392 total</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Missing</th><td class="infobox-data">652</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Damage</th><td class="infobox-data">$125 billion (2005 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_costliest_tropical_cyclones" title="List of the costliest tropical cyclones">Tied as the costliest tropical cyclone on record</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li>Southeastern United States (especially Florida, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li>Northeastern United States</li> <li>Eastern Canada</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 22em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurricane Katrina</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/110px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/165px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/220px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="7200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-style: italic"> <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Timeline of Hurricane Katrina">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina">Meteorological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_tornado_outbreak" title="Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Impact</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">Criticism of government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Social effects of Hurricane Katrina">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in the Southeastern United States">Effects in the Southeastern United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects in New Orleans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">Levee failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Medical_Center_and_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Memorial Medical Center and Hurricane Katrina">Memorial Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_New_Orleans_Hornets" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Hornets">New Orleans Hornets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_New_Orleans_Saints" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_Louisiana_Superdome" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome">Superdome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Tulane_University" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering_and_infrastructure_repair_in_New_Orleans_after_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina">Infrastructure repairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_New_Orleans" title="Reconstruction of New Orleans">Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Relief</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_disaster_relief" title="Hurricane Katrina disaster relief">Disaster relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="International response to Hurricane Katrina">International response</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Analysis</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina">Media coverage</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> External links</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="c:category:Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:New_Orleans_Disaster" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:New Orleans Disaster">Katrina stories</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Hurricane Katrina">Katrina sources</a> at Wikisource</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Katrina" title="Template:Katrina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Katrina" title="Template talk:Katrina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Katrina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Katrina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hurricane Katrina was a powerful and devastating <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> that caused 1,392 fatalities and damages estimated at $125 billion in late August 2005, particularly in the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and its surrounding area. It is tied with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> as being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_costliest_tropical_cyclones" title="List of the costliest tropical cyclones">costliest tropical cyclone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic basin">Atlantic basin</a>. Katrina was the twelfth tropical cyclone, the fifth hurricane, and the third <a href="/wiki/Major_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Major hurricane">major hurricane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</a>. It was also the fourth-most intense <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a> to make landfall in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, gauged by barometric pressure. Katrina formed on August 23, 2005, with the merger of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wave" title="Tropical wave">tropical wave</a> and the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Ten_(2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Ten (2005)">Tropical Depression Ten</a>. Early the following day, the depression intensified into a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storm</a> and headed generally westward toward Florida. On August 25, two hours before making landfall at <a href="/wiki/Hallandale_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallandale Beach">Hallandale Beach</a>, it strengthened into a hurricane. After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength over southern Florida, Katrina entered the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> on August 26 and <a href="/wiki/Rapidly_intensified" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapidly intensified">rapidly intensified</a>. The storm strengthened into a <a href="/wiki/Category_5_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 5 hurricane">Category 5 hurricane</a> over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to a high-end <a href="/wiki/Category_3_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 3 hurricane">Category 3 hurricane</a> at its second landfall on August 29 over southeast <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. The largest loss of life in Hurricane Katrina was due to flooding caused by engineering flaws in the flood protection system, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> around the city of New Orleans. 80% of the city, as well as large areas in neighboring <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parishes of Louisiana">parishes</a>, were flooded for weeks. The flooding destroyed most of New Orleans's transportation and communication facilities, leaving tens of thousands of people who did or could not evacuate the city before landfall with little access to food, shelter, and other necessities. The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">disaster in New Orleans</a> prompted a massive national and international response effort, including federal, local, and private rescue operations to evacuate those displaced from the city in the following weeks. After the storm, multiple investigations concluded that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>, which had designed and built the region's levees decades earlier, was responsible for the failure of the flood-control systems. However, federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable due to <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>. The emergency response from federal, state, and local governments was widely criticized, leading to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) director <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> (NOPD) Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Compass" title="Eddie Compass">Eddie Compass</a>. Many other government officials faced criticism for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Ray Nagin</a>, Louisiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco" title="Kathleen Blanco">Kathleen Blanco</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. However, several agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> (USCG), <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> (NHC), and <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS), were commended for their actions, with the NHC being particularly praised for its accurate forecasts well in advance.<a href="#cite_note-CongressInvestigation-1">[1]</a> Katrina was the earliest 11th named storm on record before being surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Kyle_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Storm Kyle (2020)">Tropical Storm Kyle</a> on August 14, 2020. The destruction and loss of life caused by the storm prompted the name Katrina to be retired by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> in April 2006. On January 4, 2023, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) updated the Katrina fatality data based on a report by Rappaport (2014) which reduced the number from an estimated 1,833 to 1,392.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteorological_history">Meteorological history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina">Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Timeline of Hurricane Katrina">Timeline of Hurricane Katrina</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005_path.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katrina_2005_path.png/275px-Katrina_2005_path.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katrina_2005_path.png/413px-Katrina_2005_path.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katrina_2005_path.png/550px-Katrina_2005_path.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Map key</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 51em; width: 100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Unknown </div> </div> <div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 20em; width: 100%;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Storm type</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><img alt="circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/18px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/27px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/36px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><img alt="square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/18px-Solid_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/27px-Solid_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/36px-Solid_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></div> <div><img alt="triangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/27px-ArrowUp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/36px-ArrowUp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a>, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression</div> </div></div></div></figcaption></figure> Hurricane Katrina originated from the merger of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wave" title="Tropical wave">tropical wave</a> and the mid-level remnants of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Ten_(2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Ten (2005)">Tropical Depression Ten</a> on August 19, 2005, near the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. On August 23, the disturbance organized into Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas. The storm strengthened into <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone#Tropical_storm" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical Storm</a> Katrina on the morning of August 24. The tropical storm moved towards Florida and became a hurricane only two hours before making <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hallandale_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallandale Beach">Hallandale Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura</a> on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, and it continued strengthening over open waters. On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale">Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale</a>, becoming the third <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales#Atlantic,_Eastern_and_Central_Pacific" title="Tropical cyclone scales">major hurricane</a> of the season. An <a href="/wiki/Eyewall_replacement_cycle" title="Eyewall replacement cycle">eyewall replacement cycle</a> disrupted the intensification but caused the storm to nearly double in size.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Thereafter, Katrina <a href="/wiki/Rapidly_intensified" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapidly intensified">rapidly intensified</a> over the "unusually warm" waters of the <a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a>, from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After attaining Category 5 hurricane status on the morning of August 28, Katrina reached its peak strength at 1800 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a> of 902 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a> (26.6 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>). The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma</a> later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> at the time, before Rita broke the record.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> The hurricane subsequently weakened due to another eyewall replacement cycle, and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29, as a high-end Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h), near <a href="/wiki/Buras-Triumph,_Louisiana" title="Buras-Triumph, Louisiana">Buras-Triumph, Louisiana</a>. At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar (27 inHg). After moving over southeastern Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Breton_Sound" title="Breton Sound">Breton Sound</a>, it made its third and final landfall near the Louisiana–Mississippi border with 120 mph (190 km/h) sustained winds, still at a mid-range Category 3 hurricane intensity.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland near <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian, Mississippi</a>. It was downgraded to a tropical depression near <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville, Tennessee</a>; its remnants were absorbed by a <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region on August 31. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Extratropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical">extratropical</a> storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BUSHLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BUSHLA.jpg/220px-BUSHLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BUSHLA.jpg/330px-BUSHLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BUSHLA.jpg/440px-BUSHLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Flanked by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a>, left, and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, President Bush meets with members of the Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31, 2005.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists. On August 27, it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center, in Mobile, staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida.<a href="#cite_note-CG_leadership-8">[8]</a> All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29. <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrews</a>, many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane, began a round-the-clock rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-WP_Coast_Guard-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi on August 27.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> "On Sunday, August 28, President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, during the testimony by former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) chief <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael Brown</a> before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26, Representative <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Buyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Buyer">Stephen Buyer</a> (R-IN) inquired as to why Bush's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans, Jefferson, and Plaquemines.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_testimony-12">[12]</a> The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes, whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Brown testified that this was because Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco" title="Kathleen Blanco">Governor Blanco</a> had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid, a decision that he found "shocking". After the hearing, Blanco released a copy of her letter, which showed she had requested assistance for "all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans" as well as specifically named 14 parishes, including Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama. About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_(NOAA)">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</h4></div> On the afternoon of August 26, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> (NHC) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast.<a href="#cite_note-NHC_disc_014-16">[16]</a> The National Weather Service's New Orleans/Baton Rouge office issued a <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_bulletin_for_New_Orleans_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region">vividly worded bulletin</a> on August 28 predicting that the area would be "uninhabitable for weeks" after "devastating damage" caused by Katrina, which at that time rivaled the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29, NHC director <a href="/wiki/Max_Mayfield" title="Max Mayfield">Max Mayfield</a> expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city's levees and flood walls. In one conference, he stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not, but that's obviously a very, very great concern."<a href="#cite_note-Levee_Breach_Warning-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_Coast">Gulf Coast</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida">Florida</h4></div> In Florida, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina's landfall.<a href="#cite_note-Florida-preps-19">[19]</a> By the following day, Florida's Emergency Operations Center was activated in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallahassee">Tallahassee</a> to monitor the progress of the hurricane.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Before Katrina moved ashore, schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area. Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Officials in Miami-Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate. To the north in Broward County, residents east of the <a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a> or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes. Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Beach County">Palm Beach County</a>, and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road. Additionally, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in <a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Florida" title="Martin County, Florida">Martin County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Florida-preps-19">[19]</a> Shelters were opened across the region.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Officials closed the <a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami International Airport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-afp827-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport" title="Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport">Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_West_International_Airport" title="Key West International Airport">Key West International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_Marathon_Airport" title="Florida Keys Marathon Airport">Florida Keys Marathon Airport</a> due to the storm. In Monroe and <a href="/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier</a> counties, schools were closed, and a shelter was opened in <a href="/wiki/Immokalee" class="mw-redirect" title="Immokalee">Immokalee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt826-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alabama">Alabama</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif/220px-Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif/330px-Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif/440px-Hurricane_Katrina_LA_landfall_radar.gif 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Radar loop of Hurricane Katrina making landfall in Louisiana</figcaption></figure> On August 28, Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Riley" title="Bob Riley">Bob Riley</a> declared a state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina. On the same day, he requested President Bush to declare "expedited major disaster declaration" for six counties of South Alabama, which was quickly approved. Three hundred fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The state of Mississippi activated its <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> on August 26 in preparation for the storm's landfall. Additionally, the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day, and local governments began issuing evacuation orders. By 6:00 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">CDT</a> on August 28, 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders, a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning. Moreover, 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities, with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed.<a href="#cite_note-CongressInvestigation-1">[1]</a> By Sunday, August 28, most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down, including all freight and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the <a href="/wiki/Waterford_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Waterford Nuclear Generating Station">Waterford Nuclear Generating Station</a>. Since Hurricane Katrina, Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> service has never been restored past New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness_in_New_Orleans" title="Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans">Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg/300px-New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg/450px-New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg/600px-New_Orleans_Elevations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Vertical cross-section of New Orleans, showing maximum levee height of 23 feet (7 m). Vertical scale exaggerated.</figcaption></figure> In Louisiana, the state's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical-storm-force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long.<a href="#cite_note-providermag-29">[29]</a> Louisiana's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C (Part II, Section II, Paragraph D) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent on public transportation, not enough bus drivers were available to drive them since Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By August 26, many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles (240 km) westward from the Florida Panhandle, putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17%, with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> At a news conference at 10 am. EDT on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Ray Nagin</a> ordered the first-ever <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">mandatory evacuation</a> of the city, calling Katrina "a storm that most of us have long feared".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Superdome" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Superdome">Louisiana Superdome</a>, which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a> evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 1em 0.5em;"> <caption>Deaths by state </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td>986–1,577* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>238 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>1,245–1,836<a href="#cite_note-MWR_2005AHS-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-DHHLouisiana-39">[39]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Missing</td> <td>652<a href="#cite_note-louisiana1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">*Includes out-of-state evacuees counted by Louisiana </td></tr></tbody></table> On August 29, 2005, Katrina's <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area, submerging 80% of the city. A June 2007 report by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> indicated that two-thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city's floodwalls.<a href="#cite_note-ASCE_HKERP_report-42">[42]</a> The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes, the costliest <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> in the history of the United States (tied with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> in 2017),<a href="#cite_note-Costliest_TC's-43">[43]</a> and the deadliest hurricane since the <a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">1928 Okeechobee hurricane</a>. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $125 billion (2005 U.S. dollars).<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-katreport-44">[44]</a> However, in February 2021, <a href="/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm" title="February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm">a severe winter storm</a> struck the United States, causing a <a href="/wiki/2021_Texas_power_crisis" title="2021 Texas power crisis">major power failure</a> in Houston, which caused at least $195 billion (2021 USD) in damage in Texas. It surpassed both Katrina and Harvey to become the single-costliest natural disaster recorded in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Uri_AAR-45">[45]</a> The death toll from Katrina is uncertain, with reports differing by hundreds. According to the National Hurricane Center, 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm: one in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, two each in Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, 14 in Florida, 238 in Mississippi, and 1,577 in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-MWR_2005AHS-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-louisiana1-40">[40]</a> However, 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana,<a href="#cite_note-louisiana1-40">[40]</a> and many of the deaths are indirect, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana, including out of state evacuees, and another 20 indirectly (such as firearm-related deaths and gas poisoning). Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees, an upper-bound of 1,440 is noted in the paper.<a href="#cite_note-DHHLouisiana-39">[39]</a> A follow-up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-DHHLouisiana2-46">[46]</a> Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles (230,000 km2) of the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity. On September 3, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as "probably the worst catastrophe or set of catastrophes" in the country's history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Even in 2010, debris remained in some coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahamas_and_Cuba">Bahamas and Cuba</h3></div> Before striking South Florida, Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm. However, minimal impact was reported, with only "fresh breezes" on various islands.<a href="#cite_note-wmo-49">[49]</a> Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, on August 28 it brought tropical-storm-force winds and rainfall of over 8 in (200 mm) to western regions of the island. Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province" title="Pinar del Río Province">Pinar del Río Province</a>. According to Cuban television reports the coastal town of Surgidero de Batabanó was 90% underwater.<a href="#cite_note-Cuba_damage-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in the Southeastern United States">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in the Southeastern United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/220px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/330px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg/440px-1988-_US_Gulf_Coast_hurricane_diameters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Hurricane Katrina was one of the largest-diameter US Gulf Coast hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-51">[51]</a> Though large size does not imply strength—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20240926-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Florida_2">Florida</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg/220px-Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg/330px-Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg/440px-Hurricane_damage_to_mobile_home_in_Davie_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Damage to a mobile home in <a href="/wiki/Davie,_Florida" title="Davie, Florida">Davie, Florida</a> following Hurricane Katrina</figcaption></figure> Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between <a href="/wiki/Hallandale_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallandale Beach">Hallandale Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura, Florida</a> on August 25. The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami metropolitan area</a>, with a peak total of 16.43 in (417 mm) in <a href="/wiki/Perrine,_Florida" title="Perrine, Florida">Perrine</a>. As a result, local flooding occurred in <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Dade County">Miami-Dade County</a>, damaging approximately 100 homes. Farther south in the Florida Keys, a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> was spawned in <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Florida" title="Marathon, Florida">Marathon</a> on August 26. The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $5 million in damage.<a href="#cite_note-Marathon_Tornado-52">[52]</a> The rains caused flooding, and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines, leaving 1.45 million people without power. Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million, mostly as a result of crop damage. Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida, of which three were caused by downed trees in Broward County, three from drowning in Miami-Dade County, three were from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators, one was due to a vehicle accident, one occurred during debris cleanup, and one was associated with a lack of electricity. Significant impacts were also reported in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a>. Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi, its outer periphery produced a 5.37 ft (1.64 m) storm surge in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>. High waves caused beach erosion and closed nearby roadways. There were five tornadoes in the northwestern portion of the state, though none of them caused significant damage. Throughout the Florida Panhandle, the storm resulted in an estimated $100 million in damage. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in <a href="/wiki/Walton_County,_Florida" title="Walton County, Florida">Walton County</a> as a result of a traffic accident.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> In the Florida Panhandle, 77,000 customers lost power.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Overall, the hurricane killed 14 people and caused at least $623 million in damage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana_2">Louisiana</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PostVeniceLG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PostVeniceLG.jpg/220px-PostVeniceLG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PostVeniceLG.jpg/330px-PostVeniceLG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PostVeniceLG.jpg/440px-PostVeniceLG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Flooding in <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg/220px-Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg/330px-Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg/440px-Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>A fallen water tower in <a href="/wiki/Buras-Triumph,_Louisiana" title="Buras-Triumph, Louisiana">Buras-Triumph, Louisiana</a>, where Katrina made landfall</figcaption></figure> On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near <a href="/wiki/Buras-Triumph,_Louisiana" title="Buras-Triumph, Louisiana">Buras-Triumph, Louisiana</a>, with 125 mph (200 km/h) winds, as a strong Category 3 hurricane. Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher, a significant surge affected the Louisiana coast. The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaquemines Parish">Plaquemines Parish</a> indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m), and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle,_Louisiana" title="Grand Isle, Louisiana">Grand Isle</a>. The hurricane made its final landfall near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)">Pearl River</a>, with the eye straddling <a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock County, Mississippi</a>, on the morning of August 29 at about 9:45 am. CDT.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana, with 8–10 inches (200–250 mm) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state. In the area around <a href="/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana" title="Slidell, Louisiana">Slidell</a>, the rainfall was even higher, and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches (380 mm). As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore, affecting communities from Slidell to <a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Louisiana" title="Mandeville, Louisiana">Mandeville</a>. Several bridges were destroyed, including the <a href="/wiki/I-10_Twin_Span_Bridge" title="I-10 Twin Span Bridge">I-10 Twin Span Bridge</a> connecting Slidell to New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina.<a href="#cite_note-Power_failures-54">[54]</a> Katrina's storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain, including <a href="/wiki/St._Tammany" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Tammany">St. Tammany</a>, Tangipahoa, <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a> Parishes. St. Tammany Parish received a two-part storm surge. The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake. The second came as the eye of Katrina passed, westerly winds pushed water into a bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass, forcing it farther inland. The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hard-hit <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bernard Parish">St. Bernard Parish</a> was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Levee_Board" title="Orleans Levee Board">Orleans Levee Board</a>. The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> being diverted to New Orleans. In the months after the storm, many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes, tracking credit card records, and visiting homes of family and relatives.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, in St. Bernard Parish, 81% (20,229) of the housing units were damaged. In St. Tammany Parish, 70% (48,792) were damaged and in Plaquemines Parish 80% (7,212) were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In addition, the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a> was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres (217 sq mi) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Orleans">New Orleans</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/170px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/255px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/340px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Hurricane Katrina making landfall in the Louisiana-Mississippi border.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/170px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/255px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/340px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Flooded I-10/I-610/West End Blvd <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">interchange</a> and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie, Louisiana</figcaption></figure> As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast, it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours. Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans, there were a few measurements of hurricane-force winds; based on this information, the NHC concluded that much of the city likely experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or 2 hurricane strength. Katrina's storm surge caused 53 levee breaches in the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965" title="Flood Control Act of 1965">federally built levee system</a> protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee. Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities, especially St. Bernard Parish. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Gulf_Outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Gulf Outlet">Mississippi River Gulf Outlet</a> (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bernard Parish">St. Bernard Parish</a> and the East Bank of <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaquemines Parish">Plaquemines Parish</a>. The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the <a href="/wiki/17th_Street_Canal" title="17th Street Canal">17th Street Canal</a> levee, the <a href="/wiki/London_Avenue_Canal" title="London Avenue Canal">London Avenue Canal</a>, and the wide, navigable <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Canal" title="Industrial Canal">Industrial Canal</a>, which left approximately 80% of the city flooded.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged. The only major intact highway routes out of the city were the westbound <a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection" title="Crescent City Connection">Crescent City Connection</a> and the Huey P. Long Bridge, as large portions of the I-10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell, Louisiana had collapsed. Both the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">Lake Pontchartrain Causeway</a> and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, access to downtown New Orleans and the "shelter of last resort" at the Convention Center was never closed because River Road in Jefferson Parish and Leake Avenue and Tchoupitoulas Street in New Orleans were not flooded, and would have allowed access throughout the immediate post-storm emergency period. On August 29, at 7:40 am. CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_New_Orleans" title="Hyatt Regency New Orleans">Hyatt Regency New Orleans</a> had been blown out, and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hyatt" title="Hyatt">Hyatt</a> was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Superdome">Superdome</a>, which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated, sustained significant damage.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-63">[63]</a> Two sections of the Superdome's roof were compromised and the dome's waterproof membrane was essentially peeled off. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport</a> was closed before the storm but did not flood. On August 30, it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations. Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October.<a href="#cite_note-New_Orleans_Airport-64">[64]</a> Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant number of deaths, with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg/330px-New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg/440px-New_Orleans_Survivor_Flyover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. coast guardsman searches for survivors in New Orleans in the Katrina aftermath.</figcaption></figure> The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28, as three <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a> patients died during an evacuation to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>, most likely from dehydration. An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans,<a href="#cite_note-USA20051017-67">[67]</a> the largest number being at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Medical_Center_and_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Memorial Medical Center and Hurricane Katrina">Memorial Medical Center</a> where 45 corpses were recovered.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Some 200 patients at <a href="/wiki/Charity_Hospital_(New_Orleans)" title="Charity Hospital (New Orleans)">Charity Hospital</a> were not evacuated until Friday, September 2, having been without power or fresh water for five days.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome, only six deaths were confirmed there, with four of these originating from <a href="/wiki/Natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural causes">natural causes</a>, one from a drug overdose, and one a suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide.<a href="#cite_note-thevenot-70">[70]</a> There is evidence that many prisoners were abandoned in their cells during the storm, while the guards sought shelter. Hundreds of prisoners were later registered as "unaccounted for".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mississippi">Mississippi</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg/220px-Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg/330px-Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg/440px-Structural_Bridge_Damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90" title="U.S. Route 90">U.S. Route 90</a>'s Bay St. Louis Bridge on Pass Christian was destroyed as a result of Katrina.</figcaption></figure> The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered extremely severe damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, leaving 238 people dead, 67 missing, and billions of dollars in damage: bridges, barges, boats, piers, houses, and cars were washed inland.<a href="#cite_note-HBrecov-74">[74]</a> Katrina traveled up the entire state; as a result, all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance, 47 for full assistance.<a href="#cite_note-HBrecov-74">[74]</a> After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana, Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line, and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Katrina's powerful right-front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast, causing a powerful 27-foot (8.2 m) storm surge, which penetrated 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (19 km) inland along bays and rivers; in some areas, the surge crossed <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a> for several miles.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi, which caused significant tree damage throughout the state. The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph (217 km/h) in <a href="/wiki/Poplarville" class="mw-redirect" title="Poplarville">Poplarville</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River County">Pearl River County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg/220px-Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg/330px-Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg/440px-Hurricane_katrina_damage_gulfport_mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Damage to <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_Mississippi" title="Long Beach, Mississippi">Long Beach, Mississippi</a> following Hurricane Katrina</figcaption></figure> The storm also brought heavy rains with 8–10 inches (200–250 mm) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches (100 mm) falling throughout the majority of the state. Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29, some of which damaged trees and power lines.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Battered by wind, rain and storm surge, some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled. Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90% of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-CBS_Miss-75">[75]</a> and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles (10 km) inland in portions of the state's coast.<a href="#cite_note-katreport-44">[44]</a> One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land-based gambling laws, were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_Miss-75">[75]</a> A number of streets and bridges were washed away. On <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_90" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 90">U.S. Highway 90</a> along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, two major bridges were completely destroyed: the Bay St. Louis–Pass Christian<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> bridge, and the Biloxi–<a href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Springs">Ocean Springs</a> bridge. In addition, the eastbound <a href="/wiki/Span_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Span (architecture)">span</a> of the I-10 bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_River" title="Pascagoula River">Pascagoula River</a> estuary was damaged. In the weeks after the storm, with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered, traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 (parallel to I-10) then to two lanes on the remaining I-10 span when it was opened. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg/220px-Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg/330px-Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg/440px-Pascagoula_destroyed_condos_from_Katrina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Surge damage in <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm. Katrina's surge was the most extensive, as well as the highest, in the documented history of the United States; large portions of <a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Mississippi" title="Hancock County, Mississippi">Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Mississippi" title="Harrison County, Mississippi">Harrison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Mississippi" title="Jackson County, Mississippi">Jackson</a> counties were inundated by the storm surge, in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying the coastal communities of <a href="/wiki/Clermont_Harbor,_Mississippi" title="Clermont Harbor, Mississippi">Clermont Harbor</a> and Waveland, much of Bay St. Louis, and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding Diamondhead and <a href="/wiki/Kiln,_Mississippi" title="Kiln, Mississippi">Kiln</a>. In Harrison County, <a href="/wiki/Pass_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass Christian">Pass Christian</a> was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders Back Bay. <a href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</a>, on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about 75 miles (120 km) east of Katrina's landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border was flooded from storm surge at the height of the storm. Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed, and <a href="/wiki/St._Martin,_Mississippi" title="St. Martin, Mississippi">St. Martin</a> was hard hit; Ocean Springs, <a href="/wiki/Moss_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss Point">Moss Point</a>, Gautier and <a href="/wiki/Escatawpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escatawpa">Escatawpa</a> also suffered major surge damage. Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in <a href="/wiki/Forrest_County,_Mississippi" title="Forrest County, Mississippi">Forrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinds_County,_Mississippi" title="Hinds County, Mississippi">Hinds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Mississippi" title="Warren County, Mississippi">Warren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leake_County,_Mississippi" title="Leake County, Mississippi">Leake</a> counties. Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages.<a href="#cite_note-Power_failures-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alabama_2">Alabama</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/220px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/330px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg/440px-KatrinaMobileCourthouseSteps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Flood waters come up the steps of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>'s federal courthouse.</figcaption></figure> Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical-storm-force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet (3.7–4.9 m) around <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> with higher waves on top. Sustained winds of 67 mph (108 km/h) were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m).<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay. Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> Ships, oil rigs, boats and fishing <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a> were washed ashore along Mobile Bay: the cargo ship M/V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at <a href="/wiki/Bayou_La_Batre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayou La Batre">Bayou La Batre</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil rig</a> under construction along the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a> broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile. No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened. The damage on <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin Island">Dauphin Island</a> was severe, with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island. An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island. As in Mississippi, the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline.<a href="#cite_note-KatrinaTCR-4">[4]</a> More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state. Residents in some areas, such as Selma, were without power for several days.<a href="#cite_note-Power_failures-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_U.S._states">Other U.S. states</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Special:EditPage/Hurricane Katrina">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg/220px-Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg/330px-Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg/440px-Katrina_Bayou_La_Batre_2005_boats_ashore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bayou_La_Batre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayou La Batre">Bayou La Batre</a>: cargo ship and fishing boats were grounded</figcaption></figure> Northern and central <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland, with more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rain falling in several areas. At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29, 2005, the most on record in that state for one day in August. The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected <a href="/wiki/Heard_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard County">Heard County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Georgia" title="Carroll County, Georgia">Carroll County</a>. This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses. The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities. In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado, there was another fatality in a traffic accident.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Eastern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> received light rain from the passage of Katrina.<a href="#cite_note-rain-78">[78]</a> Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines, though damage was minimal. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with over 100,000 customers affected in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> areas. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif/220px-Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif/330px-Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif/440px-Katrina_2005_rainfall.gif 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Total rainfall from Katrina in the United States. Data for the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> area is not available.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, rainfall from Katrina compounded flooding from a storm that had moved through during the previous weekend. A 10-year-old girl drowned in <a href="/wiki/Hopkinsville" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopkinsville">Hopkinsville</a>. Dozens of businesses were closed and several families evacuated due to rising floodwaters.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> As a result of the flooding, Kentucky Governor <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Fletcher" title="Ernie Fletcher">Ernie Fletcher</a> declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Additionally, wind gusts up to 72 mph (116 km/h) resulted in some damage. Downed trees and power lines were reported in several counties in western Kentucky, especially <a href="/wiki/Calloway_County,_Kentucky" title="Calloway County, Kentucky">Calloway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Kentucky" title="Christian County, Kentucky">Christian</a> counties. Overall, more than 10,000 utility customers in western Kentucky experienced power outages. The remnants of Katrina spawned a tornado in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, damaging at least 13 homes in <a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Virginia" title="Marshall, Virginia">Marshall</a>. In addition, approximately 4,000 people lost electricity. Over 3 in (76 mm) of rain fell in portions of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, causing localized flooding in several counties. At least 103 homes and 7 buildings suffered some degree of water damage. A number of roads and bridges were inundated or washed out. The remnants of Katrina produced locally heavy precipitation in northeast Ohio, ranging from about 2 to 4 in (51 to 102 mm). Numerous streams and rivers overflowed their banks, forcing the closure of several roads, including <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Ohio" title="Interstate 90 in Ohio">Interstate 90</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. Two deaths occurred due to a flood-related automobile accident in <a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio" title="Huron County, Ohio">Huron County</a>. Additionally, hundreds of homes and businesses suffered flood damage. Katrina spawned five tornadoes in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, though none resulted in significant damage. Up to 5 in (130 mm) of rain fell in western New York. Gusty winds also left approximately 4,500 people in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> without electricity. The remnants of Katrina brought 3 to 6 in (76 to 152 mm) of rain to portions of Massachusetts, causing flash flooding in <a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a> counties. Several roads were closed due to floodwater inundation in <a href="/wiki/Acushnet,_Massachusetts" title="Acushnet, Massachusetts">Acushnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Dartmouth, Massachusetts">Dartmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bedford">New Bedford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Massachusetts" title="Wareham, Massachusetts">Wareham</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_18" title="Massachusetts Route 18">Route 18</a> in New Bedford. Very minimal impact was reported in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, with winds downing a tree and two electrical poles in the city of <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, 2.5 in (64 mm) of rain in <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden County</a> caused cars to hydroplane on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_89" title="Interstate 89">Interstate 89</a>, resulting in many automobile accidents. The storm brought 3 to 5 in (76 to 127 mm) of precipitation to isolated areas of Maine and up to 9 in (230 mm) near <a href="/wiki/Patten,_Maine" title="Patten, Maine">Patten</a>. Several roads were inundated or washed out by overflowing brooks and streams, including sections of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1" title="U.S. Route 1">U.S. Route 1</a> and Maine <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Route_11" title="Maine State Route 11">routes 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Route_159" title="Maine State Route 159">159</a>. Several structures and one parked vehicle were also affected by the waters. Wind gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h) also impacted parts of Maine, felling trees and causing power outages in <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Harbor">Bar Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine" title="Bar Harbor, Maine">Blue Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dover-Foxcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover-Foxcroft">Dover-Foxcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedgwick,_Maine" title="Sedgwick, Maine">Sedgwick Ridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorrento,_Maine" title="Sorrento, Maine">Sorrento</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> In Canada, the remnants of Katrina brought rainfall amounts in excess of 3.94 in (100 mm) to many locations between the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Severe local flooding occurred in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, forcing the evacuations of dozens of homes in some communities as rivers began overflowing their banks and sewage systems were becoming overwhelmed by the influx of precipitation. Inundated and washed out roads, including <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_138" title="Quebec Route 138">Route 138</a> along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_172" title="Quebec Route 172">Route 172</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac" title="Tadoussac">Tadoussac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Route_385" title="Quebec Route 385">Route 385</a> near <a href="/wiki/Forestville,_Quebec" title="Forestville, Quebec">Forestville</a> left several communities isolated for at least a week.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Social effects of Hurricane Katrina">Social effects of Hurricane Katrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects of Hurricane Katrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_disaster_relief" title="Hurricane Katrina disaster relief">Hurricane Katrina disaster relief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_after_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Displacement after Hurricane Katrina">Displacement after Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina">Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes">Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes</a><a href="#cite_note-Costliest_TC's-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Color-85">[nb 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Rank </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Hurricane </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Season </th> <th scope="col">Damage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">1 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 3  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katrina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">$125 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Harvey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2017 Atlantic hurricane season">2017</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2022 Atlantic hurricane season">2022</a> </td> <td>$113 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Maria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2017 Atlantic hurricane season">2017</a> </td> <td>$90 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Helene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2024 Atlantic hurricane season">2024</a> </td> <td>$89.2 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 3  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2024 Atlantic hurricane season">2024</a> </td> <td>$85 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Ida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2021 Atlantic hurricane season">2021</a> </td> <td>$75 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> ET  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Sandy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2012 Atlantic hurricane season">2012</a> </td> <td>$65 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 4  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2017 Atlantic hurricane season">2017</a> </td> <td>$52.1 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> 2  <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Ike</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2008 Atlantic hurricane season">2008</a> </td> <td>$30 billion </td></tr> </tbody></table> The economic effects of the storm reached high levels. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platforms</a> and caused the closure of nine <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a>;<a href="#cite_note-katreport-44">[44]</a> the total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2) of forest lands were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_environment-88">[87]</a> The total loss to the forestry industry from Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_environment-88">[87]</a> Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed. Before the hurricane, the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs, with 600,000 of them in New Orleans. It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may eventually exceed $150 billion.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Forensic accountants were involved in the assessment of economic damages resulting from this catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Katrina displaced over one million people from the central Gulf Coast to elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the history of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, had an increase of 35,000 people; <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, gained over 24,000; Baton Rouge, Louisiana, over 15,000; and <a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond, Louisiana</a>, received over 10,000, nearly doubling its size. Chicago, Illinois received over 6,000 people, the most of any non-southern city.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> By late January 2006, about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans, less than half of the pre-storm population.<a href="#cite_note-popestimate-93">[92]</a> By July 1, 2006, when new population estimates were calculated by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563 or 4.87%.<a href="#cite_note-popdecline-94">[93]</a> Additionally, some <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance companies</a> have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised homeowners' insurance premiums to cover their risk.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Murphy_Oil_USA_refinery_spill" title="Murphy Oil USA refinery spill">Murphy Oil USA refinery spill</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%; float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:10px; margin-right:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#ccf;">Large oil spills caused by Hurricane Katrina Spills exceeding 10,000 <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gallons</a> (38,000 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>)<a href="#cite_note-msnbcspills-96">[95]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Spill Location </th> <th colspan="2">Quantity </th></tr> <tr> <th>(US gal)</th> <th>(L) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bass Enterprises (Cox Bay)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,780,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shell (<a href="/wiki/Pilot_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot Town">Pilot Town</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,050,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chevron (<a href="/wiki/Empire,_Louisiana" title="Empire, Louisiana">Empire</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">991,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Murphy Oil (<a href="/wiki/Meraux" class="mw-redirect" title="Meraux">Meraux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalmette" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalmette">Chalmette</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">819,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bass Enterprises (<a href="/wiki/Pointe_%C3%A0_la_Hache" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe à la Hache">Pointe à la Hache</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">461,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chevron (<a href="/wiki/Port_Fourchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fourchon">Port Fourchon</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venice Energy Services (<a href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">95,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shell Pipeline Oil (Nairn)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,440</td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sundown Energy (West Potash)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment. The storm surge caused substantial <a href="/wiki/Beach_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach erosion">beach erosion</a>, in some cases completely devastating coastal areas. In Dauphin Island (a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a>), approximately 90 mi (140 km) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall, the sand that comprised the island was transported across the island into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Sound" title="Mississippi Sound">Mississippi Sound</a>, pushing the island towards land.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The storm surge and waves from Katrina also severely damaged the <a href="/wiki/Chandeleur_Islands" title="Chandeleur Islands">Chandeleur Islands</a>, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The US Geological Survey has estimated 217 sq mi (560 km2) of land was transformed to water by the hurricanes Katrina and Rita.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Before the storm, <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> caused loss of land in the Louisiana wetlands and <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a>. This, along with the canals built in the area, let Katrina keep more of its intensity when it struck.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The lands that were lost were breeding grounds for marine mammals, brown <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, turtles, and fish, and migratory species such as <a href="/wiki/Redhead_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Redhead duck">redhead ducks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_environment-88">[87]</a> Overall, about 20% of the local <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_environment-88">[87]</a> The damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a>. Breton National Wildlife Refuge lost half its area in the storm.<a href="#cite_note-FWS_impact-101">[100]</a> As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>, Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Sandhill_crane" title="Sandhill crane">sandhill cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-cockaded_woodpecker" title="Red-cockaded woodpecker">red-cockaded woodpeckers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Beach_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Beach Mouse">Alabama Beach mice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FWS_impact-101">[100]</a> Katrina produced massive tree loss along the Gulf Coast, particularly in Louisiana's <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River Basin">Pearl River Basin</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Bottomland_hardwood_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottomland hardwood forest">bottomland hardwood forests</a>. Before the storm, the standard mortality rate for the area's trees was 1.9%, but this interval increased to 20.5% by the end of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Delayed mortality as an effect of the storm continued with rates up to 5% until 2011.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> This significant loss in <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> caused greater decay and an increase in carbon emissions. For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a> in forest trees.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg/220px-Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg/330px-Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg/440px-Chandeleur_L5_Oct2004Sep2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chandeleur_Islands" title="Chandeleur Islands">Chandeleur Islands</a>, before Katrina (left) and after (right), showing the impact of the storm along coastal areas.</figcaption></figure> The storm caused <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> from 44 facilities throughout southeastern Louisiana, which resulted in over 7 million US gallons (26,000 m3) of oil being leaked. Some spills were only a few hundred gallons and most were contained on-site, though some oil entered the ecosystem and residential areas. After a spill at the <a href="/wiki/Murphy_Oil" title="Murphy Oil">Murphy Oil</a> refinery, for example, 1,800 homes were oiled in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Chalmette" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalmette">Chalmette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meraux" class="mw-redirect" title="Meraux">Meraux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msnbcspills-96">[95]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Hurricane Ivan</a>, no offshore oil spills were officially reported after Hurricane Katrina. However, Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-msnbcspills-96">[95]</a> Finally, as part of the cleanup effort, the floodwaters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, a process that took 43 days to complete.<a href="#cite_note-katreport-44">[44]</a> These residual waters contained a mix of raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, toxic chemicals, and oil, which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying.<a href="#cite_note-CRS_environment-88">[87]</a> The toxic floodwaters were also a danger for New Orleans, due to the presence of petrochemical chemicals and industrial toxins close to the city. Thomas La Point, director of the Institute of Applied Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>, stated that "[a] toxic soup would be a good way to describe the situation".<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reestablishing_governance">Reestablishing governance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans#Civil_disturbances" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans § Civil disturbances</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg/220px-Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg/330px-Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg/440px-Patrolling_an_area_that_was_previously_underwater_in_New_Orleans_September_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army Infantry on patrol in New Orleans in an area previously underwater, September 2005.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg/220px-USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg/330px-USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg/440px-USBP-SRT-New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a> Special Response Team searches a hotel room-by-room in New Orleans in response to Hurricane Katrina.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30, 2005, some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> stores. Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means, as well as non-essential items.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Additionally, there were reports of <a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">carjacking</a>, murders, thefts, and rapes in New Orleans. Some sources later determined that many of the reports were inaccurate, greatly exaggerated or completely false, leading news agencies to print retractions.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana, with 7,841 in the area on August 29, to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10. A number of local law enforcement agents from across the country were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16s</a> and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will", Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Jefferson">Bill Jefferson</a> told <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>: "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order were gradually restored to the city."<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Several shootings occurred between police and New Orleans residents, some involving <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">police misconduct</a>; including <a href="/wiki/Danziger_Bridge_shootings" title="Danziger Bridge shootings">an incident</a> where police officers killed two unarmed civilians and seriously injured four others at <a href="/wiki/Danziger_Bridge" title="Danziger Bridge">Danziger Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimm1-110">[109]</a> Five former police officers pleaded guilty to charges connected to the Danziger Bridge shootings in the aftermath of the hurricane. Six other former or existing officers appeared in court in June 2011.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Overall, a number of <a href="/wiki/Arrests" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrests">arrests</a> were made throughout the affected area, including some near the New Orleans Convention Center. A <a href="/wiki/Camp_Greyhound" title="Camp Greyhound">temporary jail</a> was constructed of chain link cages in the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal</a>, the city's main train station.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> On September 30, the New Orleans Police Department confirmed that 12 police officers were participating in looting and property theft.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In West Virginia, where roughly 350 refugees were located, local officials took fingerprints to run criminal background checks on the refugees. The background checks found that 45% of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature, and that 22% had a violent criminal record.<a href="#cite_note-WBOY_WV_records-115">[114]</a> Media speculation fueled a popular perception that the displaced New Orleans residents brought a wave of crime into the communities where they relocated, however, detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities did not reveal a significant increase in violent crime.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_response">Government response</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_x_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Katrina_x_large.png/300px-Katrina_x_large.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Katrina_x_large.png/450px-Katrina_x_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Katrina_x_large.png/600px-Katrina_x_large.png 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing some common uses of the FEMA marking system in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> after Hurricane Katrina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BUSHKATRINA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BUSHKATRINA.jpg/220px-BUSHKATRINA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BUSHKATRINA.jpg/330px-BUSHKATRINA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BUSHKATRINA.jpg/440px-BUSHKATRINA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>President Bush stands with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> during a press conference from the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">Rose Garden</a>, regarding the devastation along the Gulf Coast caused by Katrina.</figcaption></figure> Within the United States and as delineated in the <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Plan" title="National Response Plan">National Response Plan</a>, disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility. When local government exhausts its resources, it then requests specific additional resources from the county level. The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified. Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back-up communication systems at various levels.<a href="#cite_note-usgovwh-119">[118]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">disaster relief</a> response to Katrina began before the storm, with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall (even though many were directed to not enter the area), and continued for more than six months after the storm<a href="#cite_note-usgovwh-119">[118]</a> Of the 60,000 people stranded in New Orleans, the Coast Guard rescued more than 33,500.<a href="#cite_note-GAO-06-903-120">[119]</a> Congress recognized the Coast Guard's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record,<a href="#cite_note-S._246-121">[120]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">Armed Service</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Unit Citation (US)">Presidential Unit Citation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">United States Northern Command</a> established <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_Katrina" title="Joint Task Force Katrina">Joint Task Force (JTF) Katrina</a> based out of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Shelby" title="Camp Shelby">Camp Shelby</a>, Mississippi, to act as the military's on-scene response on Sunday, August 28, with Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Russel_L._Honor%C3%A9" title="Russel L. Honoré">Russel L. Honoré</a> as commander.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> also activated volunteer members of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a>. Michael Chertoff, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, decided to take over the federal, state, and local operations officially on August 30, 2005, citing the National Response Plan.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> This was refused by Governor Blanco, who indicated that her National Guard could manage. Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="American flags">American flags</a> were also ordered to be <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a> from September 2, 2005, to September 20, 2005, in honor of the victims.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> FEMA provided housing assistance (rental assistance, <a href="/wiki/FEMA_Trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMA Trailer">trailers</a>, etc.) to more than 700,000 applicants—families and individuals. However, only one-fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish were supplied, resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Many local areas voted to not allow the trailers, and many areas had no utilities, a requirement prior to placing the trailers. To provide for additional housing, FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7, 2006, when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage. After this deadline, evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance, which could be used towards either apartment rent, additional hotel stays, or fixing their ruined homes, although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> As of March 30, 2010, there were still 260 families living in FEMA-provided trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Law enforcement and public safety agencies, from across the United States, provided a "<a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(emergency_services)" title="Mutual aid (emergency services)">mutual aid</a>" response to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks following the disaster. Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as California, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. This response was welcomed by local Louisiana authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued, stretched too thin, or even quitting from the job.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Two weeks after the storm, more than half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees. By four weeks after the storm, evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes—half of the nation's residential postal zones. Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles (400 km), but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles (400 km) away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles (1,200 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/USNS_Comfort.jpg/170px-USNS_Comfort.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/USNS_Comfort.jpg/255px-USNS_Comfort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/USNS_Comfort.jpg/340px-USNS_Comfort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USNS_Comfort" title="USNS Comfort">USNS Comfort</a> takes on supplies at <a href="/wiki/Mayport,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayport, Florida">Mayport, Florida</a>, en route to the Gulf Coast.</figcaption></figure> The criticisms of the government's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of criticism of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_incompetence" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative incompetence">mismanagement</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath. More specifically, the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans, and the subsequent state of chaos in the city.<a href="#cite_note-thevenot-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> Katrina<a href="/wiki/-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="-gate">gate</a> was coined to refer to this controversy, and was a runner-up for "2005 word of the year".<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Within days of Katrina's August 29 landfall, public debate arose about the local, state and federal governments' role in the <a href="/wiki/Preparations_for_Hurricane_Katrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparations for Hurricane Katrina">preparations</a> for and response to the hurricane. Criticism was initially prompted by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders, and of residents who remained stranded by floodwaters without <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">water</a>, food, or shelter. Deaths from <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">exhaustion</a> and violence days after the storm had passed fueled the criticism, as did the dilemma of the evacuees at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome and the New Orleans Civic Center. Some alleged that <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, class, and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response. For example, during <a href="/wiki/A_Concert_for_Hurricane_Relief" title="A Concert for Hurricane Relief">A Concert for Hurricane Relief</a>, a benefit concert for victims of the hurricane, rapper <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> veered off script and harshly criticized the government's response to the crisis, stating that "George Bush doesn't care about <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black people</a>."<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In accordance with federal law, President George W. Bush directed the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security">Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security</a>, Michael Chertoff, to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a>, head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region. However, the president and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thad_W._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thad W. Allen">Thad W. Allen</a> replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state governments headed by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Blanco. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans's evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food, water, security, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall, which led to hundreds of deaths of people who could not find any way out of the city.<a href="#cite_note-CongressInvestigation-1">[1]</a> The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other, more general public policy issues about <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>, poverty, and unemployment. The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> and legislation enacted at various <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">levels of government</a>. The storm's devastation also prompted a congressional investigation, which found that FEMA and the Red Cross "did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims". Additionally, it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government.<a href="#cite_note-CongressInvestigation-1">[1]</a> An ABC News poll conducted on September 2, 2005, showed more blame was being directed at state and local governments (75%) than at the Federal government (67%), with 44% blaming Bush's leadership directly.<a href="#cite_note-abcnewspoll-140">[139]</a> A later <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/USAToday" class="mw-redirect" title="USAToday">USAToday</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane—13% said Bush, 18% said federal agencies, 25% blamed state or local officials and 38% said no one was to blame.<a href="#cite_note-cnnpoll-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="International response to Hurricane Katrina">International response to Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_relief_transport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canadian_relief_transport.jpg/220px-Canadian_relief_transport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canadian_relief_transport.jpg/330px-Canadian_relief_transport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Canadian_relief_transport.jpg/440px-Canadian_relief_transport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> personnel unload Canadian relief supplies from a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> transport aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>.</figcaption></figure> Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance. Cuba and Venezuela (both considered as hostile to US government interest) were the first countries to offer assistance, pledging over $1 million, several mobile hospitals, water treatment plants, canned food, <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>, heating oil, 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of medicine, though this aid was rejected by the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Kuwait made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (each $100 million), South Korea ($30 million), Australia ($10 million), India, China (both $5 million), New Zealand ($2 million),<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Pakistan ($1.5 million),<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Norway ($1.8 million),<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and Bangladesh ($1 million).<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> India sent tarps, blankets, and hygiene kits. An <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> IL-76 aircraft delivered 25 tonnes of relief supplies for the Hurricane Katrina victims at the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base" title="Little Rock Air Force Base">Little Rock Air Force Base</a>, Arkansas, on September 13, 2005. Israel sent an <a href="/wiki/IDF" class="mw-redirect" title="IDF">IDF</a> delegation to New Orleans to transport aid equipment including 80 tons of food, disposable diapers, beds, blankets, generators and additional equipment which were donated from different governmental institutions, civilian institutions, and the IDF.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The Bush administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions, but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already underway. The team administered first aid to survivors, rescued <a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">abandoned pets</a> and discovered hurricane victims.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Countries like Sri Lanka, which was still recovering from a <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean tsunami">tsunami last year</a>, also offered to help. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Singaporean response to Hurricane Katrina">Singapore</a>, and Germany sent supplies, relief personnel (like <a href="/wiki/Technisches_Hilfswerk" title="Technisches Hilfswerk">Technisches Hilfswerk</a>), troops, ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery. Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel. The United Kingdom's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding <a href="/wiki/Mad_cow_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad cow disease">mad cow disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Russia's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The French offer was also declined and requested later.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_organization_response">Non-governmental organization response</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_15322_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Residents of Louisiana, who had to flee their homes because of Hurricane Katrina, are inside the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astrodome" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Astrodome">Houston Astrodome</a> and being helped by the Red Cross and other agencies and associations.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>, America's Second Harvest (now known as <a href="/wiki/Feeding_America" title="Feeding America">Feeding America</a>), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_Collective" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Ground Collective">Common Ground Collective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burners_Without_Borders" title="Burners Without Borders">Burners Without Borders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sfbg-154">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Communities" title="Emergency Communities">Emergency Communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Charities">Catholic Charities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Relief" title="Direct Relief">Direct Relief</a>, Service International, "A River of Hope", <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> and many other charitable organizations provided aid to victims in the aftermath of the storm. They were not allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm because of safety concerns. These organizations raised US$4.25 billion in donations from the public, with the Red Cross receiving over half of these donations.<a href="#cite_note-Charity_Navigator_report-158">[157]</a> Some smaller organizations and individuals ignored the access restrictions and provided early relief. For example, two privately chartered planes from <a href="/wiki/FasterCures" class="mw-redirect" title="FasterCures">FasterCures</a> evacuated 200 patients from Charity Hospital in New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Radio_Emergency_Service" title="Amateur Radio Emergency Service">Amateur Radio Emergency Service</a> provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed, relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In Hancock County, Mississippi, ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area and even served as 911 dispatchers.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Many private corporations also contributed to relief efforts. On September 13, 2005, it was reported that corporate donations amounted to $409 million, and were expected to exceed $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> During and after the Hurricanes Katrina, Wilma and Rita, the American Red Cross had opened 1,470 shelters and registered 3.8 million overnight stays. None were allowed in New Orleans, however. A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers (95% of which were non-paid volunteers) were used throughout these three hurricanes. In addition, 346,980 comfort kits (including such basic necessities as toothpaste, soap, washcloths, and toys for children) and 205,360 cleanup kits (containing brooms, mops, and bleach) were distributed. For mass care, the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers. The Red Cross also had its Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts, and Disaster Mental Health services met 826,590 contacts. Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families. Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States in which the American Red Cross used its "Safe and Well" family location website.<a href="#cite_note-ARC_1_yr-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARC_2005AHS_facts-164">[163]</a> Direct Relief provided a major response in the Gulf states so health providers could treat the local patients and evacuees. Direct Relief furnished $10 million in medical material aid and cash grants to support clinics and health centers in the area.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In the year following Katrina's strike on the Gulf Coast, The Salvation Army allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state. The organization's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included more than 5.7 million hot meals and about 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks, and drinks served in and around New Orleans. Its SATERN network of amateur radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officers, employees, and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service.<a href="#cite_note-Salvation_Army-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_New_Orleans_levee_failures">Analysis of New Orleans levee failures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg/220px-Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg/330px-Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg/440px-Map_of_Levee_Breaches_in_New_Orleans_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>A map of levee breaches in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> According to a modeling exercise conducted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> (USACE), two-thirds of the deaths in <a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater New Orleans">Greater New Orleans</a> were due to levee and <a href="/wiki/Flood_wall" title="Flood wall">flood wall</a> failure.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> On April 5, 2006, months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not caused by natural forces beyond intended design strength, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Strock" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Strock">Carl Strock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of engineers">chief of engineers</a> and commander of the Corps of Engineers, testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that "We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure."<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> A June 2007 report released by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> determined that the failures of the levees and flood walls in New Orleans were found to be primarily the result of system design and construction flaws.<a href="#cite_note-ASCE_HKERP_report-42">[42]</a> The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had been federally mandated in the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965" title="Flood Control Act of 1965">Flood Control Act of 1965</a> with responsibility for the conception, design, and construction of the region's flood-control system. All of the major studies in the aftermath of Katrina concluded that the USACE was responsible for the failure of the levees. This was primarily attributed to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings during construction in an effort to save money.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-169">[168]</a> According to a report published in August 2015 in the official journal of the <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Council" title="World Water Council">World Water Council</a>, the Corps misinterpreted the results of a 1985 study and wrongly concluded that sheet piles in the flood walls needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet (5 m) instead of between 31 and 46 feet (9 and 14 m). That decision saved approximately US$100 million, but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In January 2008, Judge <a href="/wiki/Stanwood_Duval" title="Stanwood Duval">Stanwood Duval</a> of the U.S. District Court ruled that despite the Corps' role in the flooding, the agency<a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-171">[170]</a> could not be held financially liable because of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>. Exactly ten years after Katrina, J. David Rogers, lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council, concluded that the flooding during Katrina "could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double-check its flood-wall designs".<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Other factors may have contributed to the flooding. According to the authors of Catastrophe in the Making (Island Press, 2009), the straight design and lack of outward flow into the Gulf allowed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River-Gulf_Outlet_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal">Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal</a> to become "the perfect shortcut for salt-water intrusion", which damaged buffering cypress forests and wetlands that historically had protected New Orleans from storm surge.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The Army Corps of Engineers built and maintained the canal. Furthermore, according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Storm surge pushing across shallow <a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a> from the east is constrained by these MRGO levees to the south and, to the north, by the long-standing levees of the Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW). Initially ten or more miles apart, these two channels meet, and when they do, the water building between their levees is squeezed into a single channel – the Funnel – only 260 yards wide, constrained by levees 14 feet to 16 feet high….In concert with the denuded marshes, it could increase the local storm surge hitting the Intracoastal Waterway by 20 percent to 40 percent – a critical and fundamental flaw.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/220px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/330px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg/440px-Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of flooded New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina</figcaption></figure> The Corps of Engineers disputes these causalities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Nonetheless, in June 2008, the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District submitted a Deep-Draft De-authorization Study of the MRGO which stated that "an economic evaluation of channel navigation use does not demonstrate a Federal interest in continued operation and maintenance of the channel." Congress ordered the MRGO closed as a direct result. Many of the levees have been reconstructed since Katrina. In reconstructing them, precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety. For example, in every situation possible, the Corps of Engineers replaced I-walls with T-walls, which have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the flood walls.<a href="#cite_note-Walls-176">[175]</a> Funding battles continue over the remaining levee improvements. In February 2008, the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work (in accordance with the principles of local cost-sharing required by Congress as early as the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1928" title="Flood Control Act of 1928">Flood Control Act of 1928</a>), a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders.<a href="#cite_note-funding-177">[176]</a> On May 2, 2008, Louisiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> used a speech to The National Press Club to request that President Bush free up money to complete work on Louisiana's levees. Bush promised to include the levee funding in his 2009 budget but rejected the idea of including the funding in a war bill, which would pass sooner.<a href="#cite_note-BushJindal-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_involvement">Media involvement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina">Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina</a></div> Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events, instead of simply reporting. Because of the loss of most means of communication, such as land-based and cellular telephone systems, field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities. The authorities, who monitored local and network news broadcasts, as well as internet sites, would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports. One illustration was when <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Geraldo Rivera</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the <a href="/wiki/Ernest_N._Morial_Convention_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest N. Morial Convention Center">Ernest N. Morial Convention Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The role of AM radio was also of importance to the hundreds of thousands of persons with no other ties to news, providing emergency information regarding access to assistance for hurricane victims. Immediately after Katrina, <a href="/wiki/WWL-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="WWL-AM">WWL-AM</a> was one of the few area radio stations in the area remaining on the air. This emergency service, simulcasted on shortwave outlet <a href="/wiki/WHRI" class="mw-redirect" title="WHRI">WHRI</a>, was named "<a href="/wiki/United_Radio_Broadcasters_of_New_Orleans" title="United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans">United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans</a>". Their ongoing nighttime broadcasts continued to be available up to 500 mi (800 km) away. Announcers continued to broadcast from improvised studio facilities after the storm damaged their main studios.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The cellular phone antenna network was severely damaged and completely inoperable for several months. The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of websites—especially <a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">community journalism</a>. One example was the effort of NOLA.com, the web affiliate of New Orleans's <a href="/wiki/Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="Times-Picayune">Times-Picayune</a>. A group of reporters were awarded the Breaking News <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-Pulitzer_BN-181">[180]</a> and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi-based <a href="/wiki/Sun_Herald" title="Sun Herald">Sun Herald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pulitzer_PS-182">[181]</a> The newspaper's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA's blogs, as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30. The site became an international focal point for news by local media, and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents, as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums. NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams—from individuals to the Coast Guard—which used information in rescue efforts. Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones, to friends and relatives outside the area, who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com. The aggregation of community journalism, user photos, and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention and was called a watershed moment in journalism.<a href="#cite_note-OJR_NOLA-183">[182]</a> In the wake of these online-only efforts, the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries.<a href="#cite_note-Pulitzer_speech-184">[183]</a> As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city, there were restrictions on the activity of the media. On September 9, the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have "zero access" to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans. Immediately following this announcement, CNN filed a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> and obtained a temporary <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining order</a> against the ban. The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban.<a href="#cite_note-Media_Ban-185">[184]</a> In September 2022, the Associated Press issued a style guide change to Katrina stating that reporters when writing about the storm in New Orleans should note that "...levee failures played a major role in the devastation in New Orleans. In some stories, that can be as simple as including a phrase about Hurricane Katrina's catastrophic levee failures and flooding...."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_concerning_post-Katrina_victims">Studies concerning post-Katrina victims</h3></div> An article published in the Community Mental Health Journal from January 2016 revealed information about a recent study on the psychosocial needs of Hurricane Katrina evacuees that temporarily resided in Dallas, Texas. More than one-fourth of the sample met the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). About one-third of the individuals received a referral to mental health services for meeting symptom criteria for incident MDD and PTSD.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In a study published in <a href="/wiki/Maternal_and_Child_Health_Journal" title="Maternal and Child Health Journal">Maternal and Child Health Journal</a>, five to seven years after the disaster, 308 New Orleans pregnant women were interviewed about their exposure to Katrina. Researchers found that there were associations between experiencing damage during Katrina and birthweight, thus researchers concluded that natural disasters may have long-term effects on pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, it was concluded that women who are most vulnerable to disaster may be more vulnerable to poor pregnancy outcome.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> From a September 2015 journal of Current Psychology, a study examined the attitudes of older, long-term residents of Baton Rouge, Louisiana toward displaced newcomers to their community. After using multiple tests, analyses, and descriptive statistics, the study suggested residents grew to become more patient, tolerant, and friendly towards newcomers. The study also suggests, however, that residents felt more fearful and suspicious of the evacuees, as well as the fact that they were being taken advantage of more.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Atlantic hurricane names">List of retired Atlantic hurricane names</a></div> Because of the high death toll and widespread property destruction along the U.S. Gulf Coast, the name Katrina was retired from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_naming_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic hurricane naming lists">Atlantic hurricane naming lists</a> in April 2006 by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. The name will never again be used for another tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced with Katia for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2011 Atlantic hurricane season">2011 Atlantic hurricane season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_New_Orleans" title="Reconstruction of New Orleans">Reconstruction of New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_21590_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-21-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers from <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a> in New Orleans, January 2006</figcaption></figure> Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR (Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration) Final Technical Report, which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated.<a href="#cite_note-The_LACPR_Home_Page-192">[191]</a> The Technical Report includes: <ul><li>locations of possible new levees to be built</li> <li>suggested existing levee modifications</li> <li>"Inundation Zones", "Water depths less than 14 feet, Raise-In-Place of Structures", "Water depths greater than 14 feet, Buyout of Structures", "Velocity Zones" and "Buyout of Structures" areas for five different scenarios.</li></ul> The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers submitted the report to the U.S. Congress for consideration, planning, and response in mid-2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2></div> Katrina is the costliest tropical cyclone on record, tying with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> in <a href="/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2017 Atlantic hurricane season">2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Costliest_TC's-43">[43]</a> The storm was the fourth-most intense <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a> on record to make landfall in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">1935 Labor Day hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a> in 1969, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Hurricane Michael</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-US_hurricanes-193">[192]</a> Katrina was also the earliest eleventh named storm in the Atlantic until <a href="/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Kyle" title="2020 Atlantic hurricane season">Tropical Storm Kyle</a> surpassed it on August 14, 2020, beating Katrina by 10 days.<a href="#cite_note-kyle1-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes">List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)">List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Louisiana" title="Wetlands of Louisiana">Wetlands of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent Rising">Crescent Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricanes_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricanes and climate change">Hurricanes and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_in_fiction" title="Hurricane Katrina in fiction">Hurricane Katrina in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_on_the_Bayou" title="Hurricane on the Bayou">Hurricane on the Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Aid_Today" title="Katrina Aid Today">Katrina Aid Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_New_Orleans" title="Reconstruction of New Orleans">Reconstruction of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Timeline of Hurricane Katrina">Timeline of Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers_civil_works_controversies_(New_Orleans)" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Weather_and_earthquake_control_projects" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of 1953</a></li></ul> Other similar tropical cyclones: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Hurricane Betsy</a> (1965) – Category 4 hurricane which had a similar track in the Gulf to Katrina; the first billion-dollar hurricane on record.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a> (1969) – Category 5 hurricane that made the second-strongest U.S. landfall on record; impacted similar areas to Katrina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Hurricane Andrew</a> (1992) - Category 5 hurricane that took a similar track and devastated similar areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> (2005) – Category 5 hurricane which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States at Category 3 intensity just a month after Katrina impacted Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> (2017) – Category 4 hurricane that made landfall in Texas and is the wettest cyclone in U.S. history; tied with Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Laura" title="Hurricane Laura">Hurricane Laura</a> (2020) – Category 4 hurricane which struck near Cameron, Louisiana at peak intensity just one day prior to Katrina's 15th anniversary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a> (2021) – Category 4 hurricane which made landfall in Louisiana at peak intensity on the same day of Katrina's 16th anniversary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Color-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Color_85-0">^</a> The storm category color indicates the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">intensity of the hurricane</a> when landfalling in the U.S. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CongressInvestigation-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CongressInvestigation_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongressInvestigation_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongressInvestigation_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CongressInvestigation_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (February 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326065222/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/katrinareport/fullreport.pdf">A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina</a> (PDF). 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August 26, 2005. Retrieved on June 5, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Drye, Willie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905140525/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0829_050829_hurricane.html">"Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on June 5, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/katrina-heads-for-new-orleans">"Katrina Heads for New Orleans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/katrina-heads-for-new-orleans">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>/<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. August 29, 2005. 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"Crime in post-Katrina Houston: the effects of moral panic on emergency planning". Disasters. 35 (1): 200–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2010.01200.x">10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01200.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20735458">20735458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disasters&rft.atitle=Crime+in+post-Katrina+Houston%3A+the+effects+of+moral+panic+on+emergency+planning&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=200-219&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2010.01200.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20735458&rft.aulast=Settles&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/news/hurricanes/article/New-Orleans-gang-wars-spill-into-Houston-area-1885064.php">"New Orleans gang wars spill into Houston area"</a>. 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Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+gang+wars+spill+into+Houston+area&rft.date=2006-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhurricanes%2Farticle%2FNew-Orleans-gang-wars-spill-into-Houston-area-1885064.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgovwh-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgovwh_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgovwh_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/">"The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned"</a>. The White House. 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Retrieved March 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Entretaiment&rft.atitle=Kanye+West+said%2C+%27George+Bush+doesn%27t+care+about+Black+people%27+on+this+day+in+2005&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fkanye-west-said-george-bush-doesnt-care-about-black-people-on-this-day-in-2005-130006321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrickShane2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David; Shane, Scott (September 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/national/nationalspecial/15brown.html?pagewanted=all">"Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos"</a>. 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Retrieved May 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-FEMA+Chief+Tells+of+Frustration+and+Chaos&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F15%2Fnational%2Fnationalspecial%2F15brown.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Meserve, Jeanne; Barrett, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/09/katrina.washington/index.html">"Admiral takes over Katrina relief"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222162611/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/09/katrina.washington/index.html">Archived</a> December 22, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on June 5, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Press_Secretary2005" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Press Secretary (September 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050902-2.html">"President Arrives in Alabama, Briefed on Hurricane Katrina"</a>. The White House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521182702/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050902-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Arrives+in+Alabama%2C+Briefed+on+Hurricane+Katrina&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.au=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2005%2F09%2F20050902-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnewspoll-140"><a href="#cite_ref-abcnewspoll_140-0">^</a> Langer, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1094262&page=1">"Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104094924/http://abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1094262&page=1">Archived</a> November 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News. September 12, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnpoll-141"><a href="#cite_ref-cnnpoll_141-0">^</a> Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/09/07/katrina.poll/">"Poll: Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908050709/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/09/07/katrina.poll/">Archived</a> September 8, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614224742/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=14771">"Venezuela and Cuba offer US aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>, September 7, 2005. Retrieved on April 14, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105025006/http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?56">"Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">The Free Press</a>, Volume 1, Issue 4. Retrieved on April 14, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616014353/http://www.pww.org/article/view/7693/1/285/">"From abroad, offers of aid for Katrina victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Weekly_World" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Weekly World">People's Weekly World</a>, September 10, 2005. Retrieved on April 14, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-09-02-katrinaworldhelps_x.htm">"France, Cuba, Venezuela among those offering aid"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211010746/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-09-02-katrinaworldhelps_x.htm">Archived</a> February 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, September 2, 2005. Retrieved on August 5, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Zealand_Government2005" class="citation pressrelease cs1">New Zealand Government (September 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0509/S00159.htm">"Scoop: Further NZ assistance in wake of Hurricane Katrina"</a> (Press release). Scoop.co.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309085157/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0509/S00159.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scoop%3A+Further+NZ+assistance+in+wake+of+Hurricane+Katrina&rft.pub=Scoop.co.nz&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.au=New+Zealand+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FPA0509%2FS00159.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222192047/http://usembassy.state.gov/pakistan/h05090802.html">"U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims"</a>. Embassy of the United States. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on April 14, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumentarkiv/Regjeringen-Bondevik-II/smk/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2005/katastroferammede_i_usa_far_hjelp.html?id=257645">"Katastroferammede i USA får hjelp fra Norge på 10 millioner kroner"</a>. October 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103025556/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumentarkiv/Regjeringen-Bondevik-II/smk/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2005/katastroferammede_i_usa_far_hjelp.html?id=257645">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katastroferammede+i+USA+f%C3%A5r+hjelp+fra+Norge+p%C3%A5+10+millioner+kroner&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdokumentarkiv%2FRegjeringen-Bondevik-II%2Fsmk%2FNyheter-og-pressemeldinger%2F2005%2Fkatastroferammede_i_usa_far_hjelp.html%3Fid%3D257645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4215820.stm">"Asian nations offer U.S. assistance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908064210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4215820.stm">Archived</a> September 8, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News. September 5, 2005. 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October 15, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Staff Writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/09/04/katrina.world.aid">"U.S. receives aid offers from around the world"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513192039/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/09/04/katrina.world.aid/">Archived</a> May 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on June 5, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-sfbg-154"><a href="#cite_ref-sfbg_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Steven T. (February 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfbg.com/40/21/cover_katrina.html">"From here to Katrina"</a>. San Francisco Bay Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526233911/http://www.sfbg.com/40/21/cover_katrina.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Bay+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+here+to+Katrina&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfbg.com%2F40%2F21%2Fcover_katrina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-providing-relief-to-hurricane-katrina-victims">"Church Providing Relief to Hurricane Katrina Victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. September 1, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629003054/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-providing-relief-to-hurricane-katrina-victims">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019. 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September 16, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628150606/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/latter-day-saints-to-mobilize-another-4,000-volunteers-in-chainsaw-brigade-s-second-wave">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2019. 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Meridian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421024517/http://ldsmag.com/article-1-662/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meridian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mormon+Helping+Hands+Make+a+Difference&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fldsmag.com%2Farticle-1-662%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charity_Navigator_report-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Charity_Navigator_report_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2006" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/katrina.main.htm">"Where Did The Money Go?"</a>. 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Retrieved January 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+United+States+Hurricanes+%28Detailed+Description%29&rft.pub=United+States+Hurricane+Research+Division&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoml.noaa.gov%2Fhrd%2Fhurdat%2FUShurrs_detailed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyle1-194"><a href="#cite_ref-kyle1_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Zelinsky2020" class="citation web cs1">David Zelinsky (August 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2020/al12/al122020.discus.001.shtml?">"Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Number 1"</a>. nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913023929/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2020/al12/al122020.discus.001.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Tropical+Storm+Kyle+Discussion+Number+1&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft.au=David+Zelinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2F2020%2Fal12%2Fal122020.discus.001.shtml%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cmu" class="citation web cs1">Augustson, Alan (August 31, 2008). Bernstein, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bernsteincrisismanagement.com/newsletter/crisis-manager-080831.html">"Katrina: Three Years Later, The Lessons We Haven't Learned"</a>. Crisis Manager. Bernstein Crisis Management. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-3836">1528-3836</a>. Retrieved June 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Manager&rft.atitle=Katrina%3A+Three+Years+Later%2C+The+Lessons+We+Haven%27t+Learned&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft.issn=1528-3836&rft.aulast=Augustson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernsteincrisismanagement.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fcrisis-manager-080831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2009" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Virginia (2009). Natural Disasters and Public Health: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9199-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-9199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Disasters+and+Public+Health%3A+Hurricanes+Katrina%2C+Rita%2C+and+Wilma&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9199-1&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Public_Integrity2007" class="citation book cs1">Center for Public Integrity, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityadriftneworl0000unse">City Adrift: New Orleans Before and After Katrina</a>. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3284-5"><bdi>978-0-8071-3284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Adrift%3A+New+Orleans+Before+and+After+Katrina&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3284-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityadriftneworl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson, Michael Eric</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comehellorhighwa00dyso">Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster</a>. New York: Perseus Books Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01761-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01761-4"><bdi>978-0-465-01761-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Hell+or+High+Water%3A+Hurricane+Katrina+and+the+Color+of+Disaster&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01761-4&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomehellorhighwa00dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggers2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Eggers" title="Dave Eggers">Eggers, Dave</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Zeitoun_(book)" title="Zeitoun (book)">Zeitoun</a>. San Francisco: McSweeney's Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934781-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934781-63-0"><bdi>978-1-934781-63-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitoun&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=McSweeney%27s+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-934781-63-0&rft.aulast=Eggers&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyerman2015" class="citation book cs1">Eyerman, Ron (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjQKCgAAQBAJ">Is This America? Katrina as Cultural Trauma</a>. The Katrina Bookshelf. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477303689" title="Special:BookSources/9781477303689"><bdi>9781477303689</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900609113">900609113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+This+America%3F+Katrina+as+Cultural+Trauma&rft.place=Austin&rft.series=The+Katrina+Bookshelf&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900609113&rft.isbn=9781477303689&rft.aulast=Eyerman&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjQKCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harris_(author)" title="Paul Harris (author)">Harris, Paul</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Diary_From_the_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Diary From the Dome">Diary From the Dome</a>. New York: Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003M69KSC">B003M69KSC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+From+the+Dome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003M69KSC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmanSquires2006" class="citation book cs1">Hartman, Chester; Squires, Gregory D., eds. (2006). There Is No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster: Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95487-7"><bdi>978-0-415-95487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Is+No+Such+Thing+as+a+Natural+Disaster%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Hurricane+Katrina&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95487-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hirsch, Arnold R. "Fade to black: Hurricane Katrina and the disappearance of Creole New Orleans." Journal of American History 94.3 (2007): 752–761. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/25095136">https://doi.org/10.2307/25095136</a></li> <li>Horowitz, Andy. Katrina: A History, 1915–2015 (Harvard University Press, 2020), long-term scholarly perspective.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurd2021" class="citation journal cs1">Burd, Camden (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/796683">"How To Plan A Disaster: Politics, Nature, and Hurricane Katrina"</a>. Reviews in American History. 49 (2): 304–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2021.0030">10.1353/rah.2021.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6628">1080-6628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=How+To+Plan+A+Disaster%3A+Politics%2C+Nature%2C+and+Hurricane+Katrina&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-309&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2021.0030&rft.issn=1080-6628&rft.aulast=Burd&rft.aufirst=Camden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F796683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Robinson, Sue. "A chronicle of chaos: Tracking the news story of Hurricane Katrina from The Times-Picayune to its website". Journalism 10.4 (2009): 431-450 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.965.5799&rep=rep1&type=pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Rosenthal, Sandy. Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina (Mango, 2020), non-fiction account of author's battle to expose Army Corps of Engineers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Saens2010" class="citation book cs1">Saint-Saens, Alain (2010). Ordeal at the Superdome. Escaping Katrina's Wrath. New Orleans: University Press of the South. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889431-87-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889431-87-1"><bdi>978-1-889431-87-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordeal+at+the+Superdome.+Escaping+Katrina%27s+Wrath&rft.place=New+Orleans&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+South&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-889431-87-1&rft.aulast=Saint-Saens&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Scott" title="Cathy Scott">Scott, Cathy</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Pawprints_of_Katrina" title="Pawprints of Katrina">Pawprints of Katrina: Pets Saved and Lessons Learned</a>. Hoboken: <a href="/wiki/Howell_Book_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Howell Book House">Howell Book House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22851-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22851-7"><bdi>978-0-470-22851-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pawprints+of+Katrina%3A+Pets+Saved+and+Lessons+Learned&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Howell+Book+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-22851-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielman2007" class="citation book cs1">Spielman, David G. (2007). Katrinaville Chronicles: Images and Observations from a New Orleans Photographer. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3252-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-3252-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katrinaville+Chronicles%3A+Images+and+Observations+from+a+New+Orleans+Photographer&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3252-4&rft.aulast=Spielman&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, William M., ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EayFCAAAQBAJ">The "Katrina Effect": On the Nature of Catastrophe</a>. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472595164" title="Special:BookSources/9781472595164"><bdi>9781472595164</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893894307">893894307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Katrina+Effect%22%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Catastrophe&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893894307&rft.isbn=9781472595164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEayFCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHurricane+Katrina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Usher, Nikki. "Recovery from disaster: How journalists at the New Orleans Times-Picayune understand the role of a post-Katrina newspaper". Journalism Practice 3.2 (2009): 216–232.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hurricane Katrina at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hurricane Katrina">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="c:Hurricane Katrina">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Hurricane Katrina">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="q:Hurricane Katrina">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hurricane Katrina">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hurricane Katrina">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hurricane_Katrina" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hurricane Katrina">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>National Hurricane Center's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/KATRINA.shtml">archive on Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometeorological Prediction Center">Hydrometeorological Prediction Center</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613172751/http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2005/KATRINA/KATRINA_archive.shtml">archive on Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/h2005_katrina.html">NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904113536/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/h2005_katrina.html">Archived</a> September 4, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628121528/http://www.lgs.lsu.edu/deploy/uploads/11strategies.pdf">Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area</a> Louisiana Geological Survey publication on Hurricane Katrina</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/7931">Through Hell and High Water: Katrina's First Responders Oral History Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618075836/http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/7931">Archived</a> June 18, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnoc.org/">The Historic New Orleans Collection</a></li></ul> Disaster recovery: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katrinasangels.org/">Katrina's Angels Resource Coordination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_houston.html">Houston's Noble Experiment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092804/http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_houston.html">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – An article in the <a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2007/0907evans.html">The KatrinaRitaVille Express Tour</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense</a> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurricane-katrina.org/">Beyond Katrina: The Voice of Recovery est. 8/28/2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013224853/http://www.hurricane-katrina.org/">Archived</a> October 13, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/podcasts/411090412/katrina-the-debris">Katrina: The Debris</a> - 10th anniversary podcast</li></ul> Images: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streetgangs.com/katrina/">Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath Photos by StreetGangs.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photosfromkatrina.com/">Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/050829/050829.html">Weather satellite imagery</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidmetraux.com/news/2006/hurricane_katrina.html">Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes">Costliest Atlantic hurricanes on record</a> <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Harvey</a> (currently tied)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hurricane_Katrina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hurricane_Katrina_series" title="Template:Hurricane Katrina series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hurricane_Katrina_series" title="Template talk:Hurricane Katrina series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hurricane_Katrina_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hurricane Katrina series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hurricane_Katrina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hurricane Katrina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Timeline of Hurricane Katrina">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina">Meteorological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_tornado_outbreak" title="Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness_in_New_Orleans" title="Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans">New Orleans preparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">Criticism of government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers_civil_works_controversies_(New_Orleans)" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)">USACE criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Social effects of Hurricane Katrina">Social effects</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/70px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/105px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg/140px-Katrina_2005-08-28_1700Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="7200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in the Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_Louisiana_Superdome" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome">Louisiana Superdome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_New_Orleans_Hornets" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Hornets">New Orleans Hornets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_New_Orleans_Saints" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_Tulane_University" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">Levee failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering_and_infrastructure_repair_in_New_Orleans_after_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina">Infrastructural repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_New_Orleans" title="Reconstruction of New Orleans">Reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina_disaster_relief" title="Hurricane Katrina disaster relief">Disaster relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="International response to Hurricane Katrina">International response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Template talk:Retired Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Retired Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Atlantic hurricane names">Retired Atlantic hurricane names</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carol" title="Hurricane Carol">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Edna" title="Hurricane Edna">Edna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Connie" title="Hurricane Connie">Connie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Diane" title="Hurricane Diane">Diane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ione" title="Hurricane Ione">Ione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Janet" title="Hurricane Janet">Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Audrey" title="Hurricane Audrey">Audrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carla" title="Hurricane Carla">Carla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hattie" title="Hurricane Hattie">Hattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flora" title="Hurricane Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Cleo" title="Hurricane Cleo">Cleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dora_(1964)" title="Hurricane Dora (1964)">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hilda" title="Hurricane Hilda">Hilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Betsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Inez" title="Hurricane Inez">Inez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah" title="Hurricane Beulah">Beulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Camille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Celia" title="Hurricane Celia">Celia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Agnes" title="Hurricane Agnes">Agnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carmen" title="Hurricane Carmen">Carmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene" title="Hurricane Fifi–Orlene">Fifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Eloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Anita" title="Hurricane Anita">Anita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Greta%E2%80%93Olivia" title="Hurricane Greta–Olivia">Greta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_David" title="Hurricane David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frederic" title="Hurricane Frederic">Frederic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Allen" title="Hurricane Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia" title="Hurricane Alicia">Alicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena" title="Hurricane Elena">Elena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gloria" title="Hurricane Gloria">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Joan%E2%80%93Miriam" title="Hurricane Joan–Miriam">Joan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hugo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Diana" title="Hurricane Diana">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Klaus_(1990)" title="Hurricane Klaus (1990)">Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bob" title="Hurricane Bob">Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Luis" title="Hurricane Luis">Luis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Marilyn" title="Hurricane Marilyn">Marilyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Roxanne" title="Hurricane Roxanne">Roxanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Cesar%E2%80%93Douglas" title="Hurricane Cesar–Douglas">Cesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fran" title="Hurricane Fran">Fran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hortense" title="Hurricane Hortense">Hortense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Mitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Floyd" title="Hurricane Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lenny" title="Hurricane Lenny">Lenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Keith" title="Hurricane Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iris" title="Hurricane Iris">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle" title="Hurricane Michelle">Michelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isidore" title="Hurricane Isidore">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lili" title="Hurricane Lili">Lili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian" title="Hurricane Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel" title="Hurricane Isabel">Isabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Juan" title="Hurricane Juan">Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Charley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Frances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Stan" title="Hurricane Stan">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dean" title="Hurricane Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Felix" title="Hurricane Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Noel" title="Hurricane Noel">Noel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav" title="Hurricane Gustav">Gustav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Ike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Paloma" title="Hurricane Paloma">Paloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Igor" title="Hurricane Igor">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Tomas" title="Hurricane Tomas">Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene" title="Hurricane Irene">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ingrid" title="Hurricane Ingrid">Ingrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Erika" title="Tropical Storm Erika">Erika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Joaquin" title="Hurricane Joaquin">Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Otto" title="Hurricane Otto">Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Nate" title="Hurricane Nate">Nate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Florence" title="Hurricane Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Laura" title="Hurricane Laura">Laura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eta" title="Hurricane Eta">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iota" title="Hurricane Iota">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fiona" title="Hurricane Fiona">Fiona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Retired_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Template:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Template talk:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes">Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Cuba_hurricane" title="1924 Cuba hurricane">"Cuba"</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">"Okeechobee"</a> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Bahamas_hurricane" title="1932 Bahamas hurricane">"Bahamas"</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">"Cuba"</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Cuba%E2%80%93Brownsville_hurricane" title="1933 Cuba–Brownsville hurricane">"Cuba–Brownsville"</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Tampico_hurricane" title="1933 Tampico hurricane">"Tampico"</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">"Labor Day"</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane" title="1938 New England hurricane">"New England"</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Great_Atlantic_hurricane" title="1944 Great Atlantic hurricane">"Great Atlantic"</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carol_(1953)" title="Hurricane Carol (1953)">Carol</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Janet" title="Hurricane Janet">Janet</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Esther" title="Hurricane Esther">Esther</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hattie" title="Hurricane Hattie">Hattie</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Inez" title="Hurricane Inez">Inez</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah" title="Hurricane Beulah">Beulah</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Camille</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Edith_(1971)" title="Hurricane Edith (1971)">Edith</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Anita" title="Hurricane Anita">Anita</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_David" title="Hurricane David">David</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Allen" title="Hurricane Allen">Allen</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Gilbert</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hugo</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Mitch</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel" title="Hurricane Isabel">Isabel</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_(2005)" title="Hurricane Emily (2005)">Emily</a> (2005)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katrina</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dean" title="Hurricane Dean">Dean</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Felix" title="Hurricane Felix">Felix</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Maria</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lorenzo_(2019)" title="Hurricane Lorenzo (2019)">Lorenzo</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lee_(2023)" title="Hurricane Lee (2023)">Lee</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl" title="Hurricane Beryl">Beryl</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1138781147">.mw-parser-output .season-bar-button{float:left;min-height:2em;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .season-bar-intensity{float:left;width:3em;margin:0.25em 0.25em 0 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .season-bar-name{float:left;min-width:5em;margin:0.25em 0.5em 0 0;text-align:start}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tropical_cyclones_of_the_2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons" title="Template:2005 Atlantic hurricane season buttons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons" title="Template talk:2005 Atlantic hurricane season buttons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2005 Atlantic hurricane season buttons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tropical_cyclones_of_the_2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tropical cyclones of the <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png/100px-2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png/150px-2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png/200px-2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2476" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Arlene" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Arlene" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Arlene_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)">Arlene</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Bret" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Bret" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Bret_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Bret (2005)">Bret</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Cindy" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Cindy" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Cindy_(2005)" title="Hurricane Cindy (2005)">Cindy</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat4 Dennis" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FF738A;">4</div><div title="Cat4 Dennis" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Dennis" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Dennis">history</a>)</div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat5 Emily" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #A188FC;">5</div><div title="Cat5 Emily" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Emily_(2005)" title="Hurricane Emily (2005)">Emily</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Franklin" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Franklin" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Franklin" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Franklin</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Gert" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Gert" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Gert_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Gert (2005)">Gert</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Harvey" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Harvey" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Harvey" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Harvey</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat2 Irene" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFD98C;">2</div><div title="Cat2 Irene" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene_(2005)" title="Hurricane Irene (2005)">Irene</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Depression Ten" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;">TD</div><div title="Depression Ten" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Ten" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Ten</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Jose" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Jose" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Jose_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Jose (2005)">Jose</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat5 Katrina" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #A188FC;">5</div><div title="Cat5 Katrina" class="season-bar-name"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katrina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina">history</a>)</div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Lee" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Lee" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Lee" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Lee</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat3 Maria" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FF9E59;">3</div><div title="Cat3 Maria" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria_(2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Maria (2005)">Maria</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Nate" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Nate" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Nate_(2005)" title="Hurricane Nate (2005)">Nate</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Ophelia" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Ophelia" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ophelia_(2005)" title="Hurricane Ophelia (2005)">Ophelia</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Philippe" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Philippe" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Philippe" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Philippe</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat5 Rita" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #A188FC;">5</div><div title="Cat5 Rita" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Depression Nineteen" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;">TD</div><div title="Depression Nineteen" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Nineteen" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Nineteen</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Stan" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Stan" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Stan" title="Hurricane Stan">Stan</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="SS Unnamed" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">SS</div><div title="SS Unnamed" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Azores_subtropical_storm" title="2005 Azores subtropical storm">Unnamed</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Tammy" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Tammy" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Tammy_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Tammy (2005)">Tammy</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="SD Twenty-two" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;">SD</div><div title="SD Twenty-two" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Subtropical_Depression_Twenty-Two" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Twenty-two</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Vince" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Vince" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Vince" title="Hurricane Vince">Vince</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat5 Wilma" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #A188FC;">5</div><div title="Cat5 Wilma" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Wilma" title="Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma">history</a>)</div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Alpha" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Alpha" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Alpha_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)">Alpha</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat3 Beta" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FF9E59;">3</div><div title="Cat3 Beta" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beta" title="Hurricane Beta">Beta</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Gamma" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Gamma" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Gamma_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Gamma (2005)">Gamma</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Delta" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Delta" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Delta_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Delta (2005)">Delta</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1 Epsilon" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;">1</div><div title="Cat1 Epsilon" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Epsilon_(2005)" title="Hurricane Epsilon (2005)">Epsilon</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Storm Zeta" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;">TS</div><div title="Storm Zeta" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Zeta_(2005)" title="Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)">Zeta</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Category:2005 Atlantic hurricane season">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16422#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7515869-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005006058">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph898517&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566585005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647303">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/21px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/42px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/21px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/42px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mississippi" title="Portal:Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li></ul></div>    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