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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome_sequencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_sequencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genome sequencing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_sequencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Animal feed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nutrition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Effects of cooking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Germination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoclaving,_microwave_cooking,_boiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoclaving,_microwave_cooking,_boiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoclaving,_microwave_cooking,_boiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Skinning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Leaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_and_nutrient_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_and_nutrient_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Heat and nutrient cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_and_nutrient_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pathogens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chickpea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekerertjie" title="Kekerertjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kekerertjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichererbse" title="Kichererbse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kichererbse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB" title="ሽምብራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሽምብራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="حمص شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمص شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%AA%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܚܪܛܘܡܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܪܛܘܡܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F" title="বুট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বুট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" title="Cicer arietinum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cicer arietinum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoyunnoxudu" title="Qoyunnoxudu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qoyunnoxudu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B9)" title="نوخود (نؤوع) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوخود (نؤوع)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ছোলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছোলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Нут культурны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нут культурны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbansos" title="Garbansos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Garbansos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82" title="Нахут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нахут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leblebija" title="Leblebija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leblebija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigr%C3%B3" title="Cigró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cigró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbanso" title="Garbanso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Garbanso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizrna_beran%C3%AD" title="Cizrna beraní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cizrna beraní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffacbys" title="Ffacbys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffacbys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kik%C3%A6rt" title="Kikært – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kikært" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichererbse" title="Kichererbse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kichererbse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A7_%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AA" title="ސަނާ މުގު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަނާ މުގު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_kikerhernes" title="Harilik kikerhernes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik kikerhernes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Ρεβιθιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρεβιθιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" title="Cicer arietinum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cicer arietinum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txitxirio" title="Txitxirio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txitxirio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نخود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pois_chiche" title="Pois chiche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pois chiche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pise%C3%A1nach" title="Piseánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Piseánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garavanzo" title="Garavanzo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Garavanzo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%DB%8A%D8%AA" title="نخۊت – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نخۊت" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE" title="ચણા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચણા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%A9" title="병아리콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병아리콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slani_grah" title="Slani grah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slani grah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbanzo" title="Garbanzo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Garbanzo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_Arab" title="Kacang Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kacang Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicere" title="Cicere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cicere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%BAklingabaun" title="Kjúklingabaun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjúklingabaun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" title="Cicer arietinum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cicer arietinum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94" title="חמצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chickpea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಡಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95" title="چنہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چنہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%82" title="Нұт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нұт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnjegere-kubwa" title="Mnjegere-kubwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnjegere-kubwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwa_chich" title="Pwa chich – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwa chich" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok" title="Nok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Нокот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нокот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80_%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2" title="НухутӀ хъюрув – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="НухутӀ хъюрув" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" title="Cicer arietinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cicer arietinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunazir%C5%86i" title="Aunazirņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aunazirņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4icher" title="Käicher – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Käicher" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97jamasis_avin%C5%BEirnis" title="Sėjamasis avinžirnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėjamasis avinžirnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eixao" title="Çeixao – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Çeixao" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csicseribors%C3%B3" title="Csicseriborsó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csicseriborsó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Леблебија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леблебија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiasisa" title="Tsiasisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsiasisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2" title="കടല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="حمص شائع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمص شائع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_kuda" title="Kacang kuda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacang kuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkererwt" title="Kikkererwt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kikkererwt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A1" title="ヒヨコマメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒヨコマメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cicero" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faalsk_Irt" title="Faalsk Irt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Faalsk Irt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikert" title="Kikert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kikert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikert" title="Kikert – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kikert" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ser" title="Céser – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Céser" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE" title="ଚଣା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚଣା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87" title="ਛੋਲੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛੋਲੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چنا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چنا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نخود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نخود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciecierzyca_pospolita" title="Ciecierzyca pospolita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciecierzyca pospolita" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-de-bico" title="Grão-de-bico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-de-bico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ut" title="Năut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Năut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нут бараний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нут бараний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="चणकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चणकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chickpea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqra" title="Qiqra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qiqra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ACciru" title="Cìciru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cìciru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD" title="කඩල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කඩල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chickpea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADcer_baran%C3%AD" title="Cícer baraní – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cícer baraní" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Derika" title="Čičerika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čičerika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunburo" title="Shunburo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shunburo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A9" title="نۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Леблебија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леблебија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanutak" title="Slanutak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slanutak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkahviherne" title="Kikkahviherne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kikkahviherne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kik%C3%A4rt" title="Kikärt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kikärt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbansos" title="Garbansos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Garbansos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கொண்டைக் கடலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொண்டைக் கடலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiker" title="Ikiker – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ikiker" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Бәрән ногыты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәрән ногыты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="శనగలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శనగలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ถั่วหัวช้าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถั่วหัวช้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%AF%D0%B4" title="Нахӯд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нахӯд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohut_(t%C3%BCr)" title="Nohut (tür) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nohut (tür)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нут звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нут звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickpea_BNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sprouted chickpea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chickpea_BNC.jpg/220px-Chickpea_BNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chickpea_BNC.jpg/330px-Chickpea_BNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chickpea_BNC.jpg/440px-Chickpea_BNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Sprouted chickpea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cicer" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cicer" title="Cicer">Cicer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. arietinum</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Cicer arietinum <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li>Cicer album hort.</li> <li>Cicer arientinium L. [Spelling variant]</li> <li>Cicer arientinum L. [Spelling variant]</li> <li>Cicer edessanum Bornm.</li> <li>Cicer grossum Salisb.</li> <li>Cicer nigrum hort.</li> <li>Cicer physodes Rchb.</li> <li>Cicer rotundum Alef.</li> <li>Cicer sativum Schkuhr</li> <li>Cicer sintenisii Bornm.</li> <li>Ononis crotalarioides M.E.Jones</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg/220px-Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg/330px-Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg/440px-Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cicer arietinum noir – <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></figcaption></figure> The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, subfamily <a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> cultivated for its edible seeds. Its different types are variously known as gram<a href="#cite_note-eb9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-5">[5]</a> or Bengal gram;<a href="#cite_note-GRIN-5">[5]</a> chhola, chhana, chana, or channa; garbanzo<a href="#cite_note-GRIN-5">[5]</a> or garbanzo bean; or Egyptian pea.<a href="#cite_note-eb9-4">[4]</a> It is one of the earliest cultivated legumes, the oldest archaeological evidence of which was found in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-po-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Chickpeas are high in <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>. The chickpea is a key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisines</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, and, when soaked and coarsely ground with herbs and spices then made into patties and fried, <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>. As an important part of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, it is used in salads, soups and stews, and curry, in <a href="/wiki/Chana_masala" title="Chana masala">chana masala</a>, and in other food products that contain channa (chickpeas). In 2022, India accounted for 75% of global chickpea production.<a href="#cite_note-faostat-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Chickpeas have been cultivated for at least ten thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-Dean2012-10">[10]</a> Cultivation spread from the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> eastward toward <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and into Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nene2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikic2011a-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a> have found ancestral words relating to chickpeas in the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language family</a> that evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2011b-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European roots</a> *kek- and *k'ik'- that denoted both 'pea' and 'oat' appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Eastern Europe between 4,500 and 2,500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2019-14">[14]</a>: 49 <a href="#cite_note-Mikic2012-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balter2015-16">[16]</a> As speakers of the language became isolated from each other through the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a>, the regional dialects diverged due to contact with other languages and dialects, and transformed into the known ancient Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2020-17">[17]</a>: 243–244  The <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> word kekêrs, appearing between 1 and 100 CE, retained the 'pea' meaning of the word, but in most cases, the word came to be used to denote chickpeas.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2012-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Old Macedonian</a>, the word κίκερροι appeared between 1000 and 400 BCE, and may have evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a> word *κικριός.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2012-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word cicer for chickpeas appeared around 700 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2012-15">[15]</a> and is probably derived from the word kickere used by the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a> that inhabited north Greece before Greek-speaking tribes took over.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1987-18">[18]</a>: 13  The <a href="/wiki/Old_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Armenian">Old Armenian</a> word siseŕn for chickpeas appeared before 400 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2012-15">[15]</a> Over time, <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkages</a> between languages led to other descendant words, including the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> word qiqër, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> word kikär, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> word cícer, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> word kikerhernes, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> word txitxirio, and the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> word cicra.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2011b-13">[13]</a> The Latin word cicer evolved into words for chickpeas in nearly all extinct and living <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Mozarabic</a> word chíchar; the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> words ceirons, cigró, cigronera, cigrons and ciurons; the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> words poes d' souke; the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> words ceire and cice; and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Modern French</a> terms cicérole, cicer tete-de-belier, and pois chiche.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2019-14">[14]</a>: 50  These words were borrowed by many geographically neighboring languages, such as the French term pois chiche becoming chich-pease in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen1991-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dean2012-10">[10]</a> The word pease, like the modern words for wheat and corn, was both singular and plural, but since it had an "s" sound at the end of it which became associated with the plural form of nouns, English speakers by the end of the 17th century were starting to refer to a single grain of pease as a pea.<a href="#cite_note-Dean2012-10">[10]</a> Other important Proto-Indo-European roots relating to chickpeas are *erəgw[h]-, eregw(h)o-, and erogw(h)o-, which were used to denote both the kernel of a <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> and a pea.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2019-14">[14]</a>: 51  This root evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word erebinthos, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a> in around 800 BCE and in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, written between 350 and 287 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1987-18">[18]</a>: 13  The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portugese</a> words ervanço and gravanço; the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> word garbanzu; the <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> word garavanzo; the French words garvanche, garvance, and garvane; and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word garbanzo are all related to the Greek term.<a href="#cite_note-Mikic2019-14">[14]</a>: 51 <a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1987-18">[18]</a>: 13  In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the term garbanzo to refer to the chickpea appeared in writing as early as 1759,<a href="#cite_note-Gold2009-20">[20]</a>: 87  and the seed is also referred to as a garbanzo bean.<a href="#cite_note-Gold2009-20">[20]</a>: 88 <a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 34  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a member of the genus <a href="/wiki/Cicer" title="Cicer">Cicer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2005-22">[22]</a>: 231  <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described it in the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> in 1753, marking the first use of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> for the plant.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 11  Linnaeus classified the plant in the genus Cicer, which was the Latin term for chickpeas,<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 2  crediting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a>'s 1694 publication Elemens de botanique, ou Methode pour connoitre les plantes which called it "Cicer arietinum".<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 11  Tournefort himself repeated the names the plant that had been used since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 11  The specific epithet arietinum is based on the shape of the seed resembling the head of a ram.<a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1987-18">[18]</a>: 3  In Ancient Greece, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> described one of the varieties of chickpea called "rams" in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Theophrastus2-23">[23]</a>: 173  The Roman writer on agriculture <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella</a> wrote about chickpeas in the second book of De re rustica, published in about 64 CE,<a href="#cite_note-Columella-24">[24]</a>: xiv  and said that the chickpea was called arietillum.<a href="#cite_note-Columella-24">[24]</a>: 169  <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> expanded further in <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historia</a> that this name was due to the seed's resemblance to the head of a ram.<a href="#cite_note-Columella-24">[24]</a>: 169  Cicer arietinum is the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of the genus. <a href="#cite_note-VanDerMaesen1972-21">[21]</a>: 10  The wild species <a href="/wiki/Cicer_reticulatum" title="Cicer reticulatum">C. reticulatum</a> is interfertile with C. arietinum and is considered to be the progenitor of the cultivated species.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2017-25">[25]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicer_echinospermum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicer echinospermum (page does not exist)">C. echinospermum</a> is also closely related and can be <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> with both C. reticulatum and C. arietinum, but generally produce <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">infertile</a> seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2017-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The earliest well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">archaeobotanical</a> evidence of chickpea outside its wild progenitor's natural distribution area comes from the site of Tell el-Kerkh, in modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, dating back to the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic period around c.8400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cicer_reticulatum" title="Cicer reticulatum">Cicer reticulatum</a> is the wild progenitor of chickpeas. This species currently grows only in southeast Turkey, where it is believed to have been domesticated. The domestication event can be dated to around 7000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_founder_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic founder crops">Domesticated</a> chickpeas have been found at <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, namely at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a>, Hacilar, and <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho).<a href="#cite_note-sanderson-27">[27]</a> Chickpeas then spread to the Mediterranean region around 6000 BC and India around 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-sanderson-27">[27]</a> In southern France, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> layers in a cave at L'Abeurador, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a>, have yielded chickpeas, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-dated</a> to 6790±90 BC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> They were found in the late Neolithic (about 3500 BC) sites at <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastanas" title="Kastanas">Kastanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a>, Greece. Chickpeas are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Capitulare_de_villis" title="Capitulare de villis">Capitulare de villis</a> (about 800 AD) as cicer italicum, as grown in each <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">imperial demesne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> mentions red, white, and black varieties. The 17th-century botanist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Culpeper" title="Nicholas Culpeper">Nicholas Culpeper</a> noted "chick-pease or cicers" are less "<a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">windy</a>" than peas and more nourishing. Ancient people also associated chickpeas with <a href="/wiki/Medical_astrology" title="Medical astrology">Venus</a> because they were said to offer medical uses such as increasing semen and milk production, inducing menstruation and urination, and helping to treat <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Culpeper-29">[29]</a> "White cicers" were thought to be especially strong and helpful.<a href="#cite_note-Culpeper-29">[29]</a> In 1793, ground, roasted chickpeas were noted by a German writer as a substitute for coffee in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ICARDA-30">[30]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, they were grown for this use in some areas of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> They are still sometimes brewed instead of coffee.<a href="#cite_note-ICARDA-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome_sequencing">Genome sequencing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genome sequencing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Sequencing of the genome</a> of the chickpea has been completed for 90 chickpea genotypes, including several wild species.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A collaboration of 20 research organizations, led by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (ICRISAT), sequenced CDC Frontier, a kabuli chickpea variety, and identified more than 28,000 genes and several million genetic markers.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chickpea" title="Special:EditPage/Chickpea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickpeas_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chickpeas_Plant.jpg/220px-Chickpeas_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chickpeas_Plant.jpg/330px-Chickpeas_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chickpeas_Plant.jpg/440px-Chickpeas_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Flowering and fruiting chickpea plant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickpea_pods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chickpea_pods.jpg/220px-Chickpea_pods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chickpea_pods.jpg/330px-Chickpea_pods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chickpea_pods.jpg/440px-Chickpea_pods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Chickpea pods</figcaption></figure> The plant grows to 20–50 cm (8–20 in) high and has small, feathery leaves on either side of the stem. Chickpeas are a type of <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">pulse</a>, with one seedpod containing two or three peas. It has white flowers with blue, violet, or pink veins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> The most common variety of chickpea in South Asia, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is the desi type, also called Bengal gram.<a href="#cite_note-fao-34">[34]</a> It has small, dark seeds and a rough coat. It can be black, green or speckled. In <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, it is called desi chana 'native chickpea' or kala chana 'black chickpea', and in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> and Bengali, it is called boot or chholaa boot. It can be hulled and split to make <a href="/wiki/Dal#Common_ingredients" title="Dal">chana dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyotisar#Kurukshetra_Prasadam_-_Channa_laddu_speciality_prasadam" title="Jyotisar">Kurukshetra Prasadam</a> (channa laddu),<a href="#cite_note-tir14-35">[35]</a> and bootor daali. Around the Mediterranean and in the Middle East, the most common variety of chickpea is the kabuli type. It is large and tan-colored, with a smooth coat. It was introduced to India in the 18th century from Afghanistan and is called kabuli chana in Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> An uncommon black chickpea, ceci neri, is grown only in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, in southern Italy. It is around the same size as garbanzo beans, larger and darker than the 'desi' variety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chickpea" title="Special:EditPage/Chickpea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Chickpea" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Chickpea"> Chickpea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chickpea_dishes" title="List of chickpea dishes">List of chickpea dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_gram,_chickpea_(_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG/220px-Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG/330px-Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG/440px-Bengal_gram%2C_chickpea_%28_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>Chana dal, split Bengal gram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/220px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/330px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/440px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a> with olive oil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg/220px-Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg/330px-Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg/440px-Dhokla_on_Gujrart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Dhokla" title="Dhokla">Dhokla</a>, steamed chickpea flour snack</figcaption></figure> Chickpeas are usually rapidly boiled for 10 minutes and then simmered for longer. Dried chickpeas need a long cooking time (1–2 hours) but will easily fall apart when cooked longer. If soaked for 12–24 hours before use, cooking time can be shortened by around 30 minutes. Chickpeas can also be <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooked" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooked">pressure cooked</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sous_vide" title="Sous vide">sous vide</a> cooked at 90 °C (194 °F). Mature chickpeas can be cooked and eaten cold in <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salads</a>, cooked in <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, ground into flour, ground and shaped in balls and fried as <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, made into a batter and baked to make <a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">farinata or socca</a>, or fried to make <a href="/wiki/Panelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Panelle">panelle</a>. Chickpea flour is known as <a href="/wiki/Gram_flour" title="Gram flour">gram flour</a> or besan in South Asia and is used frequently in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian cuisine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, chickpeas are one of the main ingredients in rancho, eaten with pasta, meat, or rice. They are used in other hot dishes with <a href="/wiki/Bacalhau" title="Bacalhau">bacalhau</a> and in soups, meat stews, salads mixed with tuna and vegetables, olive oil, vinegar, hot pepper and salt. In Spain, they are used cold in <a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">tapas</a> and salads, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Cocido_madrile%C3%B1o" title="Cocido madrileño">cocido madrileño</a>. Hummus is the Arabic word for chickpeas, which are often cooked and ground into a paste and mixed with <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a> (sesame seed paste) to make <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">ḥummuṣ bi ṭaḥīna</a>, usually called simply hummus in English. By the end of the 20th century, hummus had become common in American cuisine:<a href="#cite_note-marks-37">[37]</a> by 2010, 5% of Americans consumed it regularly,<a href="#cite_note-marks-37">[37]</a> and it was present at some point in 17% of American households.<a href="#cite_note-fox-38">[38]</a> In the Middle East, chickpeas are also roasted, spiced, and eaten as a snack, such as <a href="/wiki/Leblebi" title="Leblebi">leblebi</a>. Chickpeas and Bengal grams are used to make curries.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> They are one of the most popular vegetarian foods in the Indian subcontinent<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities of many other countries, served with a variety of bread or steamed rice. Popular dishes in Indian cuisine are made with chickpea flour, such as <a href="/wiki/Mirchi_bajji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirchi bajji">mirchi bajji</a> and mirapakaya bajji.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In India, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, unripe chickpeas are often picked out of the pod and eaten as a raw snack, and the leaves are eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a> in salads. In India, desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Halva#India" title="Halva">besan halwa</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Mysore_pak" title="Mysore pak">mysore pak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">laddu</a> are made. Chickpea flour is used to make "<a href="/wiki/Burmese_tofu" title="Burmese tofu">Burmese tofu</a>", which was first known among the <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>. In South Asian cuisine, chickpea flour (<a href="/wiki/Gram_flour" title="Gram flour">besan</a>) is used as a batter to coat vegetables before deep frying to make <a href="/wiki/Pakora" title="Pakora">pakoras</a>. The flour is also used as a batter to coat vegetables and meats before frying or fried alone, such as panelle (little bread), a chickpea <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">fritter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Chickpea flour is used to make the Mediterranean flatbread <a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">socca</a> and is called panisse in Provence, southern France. It is made of cooked chickpea flour, poured into saucers, allowed to set, cut into strips, and fried in olive oil, often eaten during Lent. In Tuscany, chickpea flour (farina di ceci) is used to make an oven-baked pancake: the flour is mixed with water, oil and salt. Chickpea flour, known as kadlehittu in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, is used for making sweet dish <a href="/wiki/Mysorepak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorepak">Mysore pak</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, chickpeas preserved in syrup are eaten as sweets and in desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">halo-halo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> traditionally serve whole chickpeas, referred to as arbes (אַרבעס) in Yiddish, at the <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a> celebration for baby boys. The chickpeas are boiled until soft and served hot with salt and lots of ground black pepper.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guasanas" title="Guasanas">Guasanas</a> or garbanza is a Mexican chickpea street snack. The beans, while still green, are cooked in water and salt, kept in a steamer to maintain their humidity, and served in a plastic bag. A chickpea-derived liquid (<a href="/wiki/Aquafaba" title="Aquafaba">aquafaba</a>) can be used as an egg white replacement to make <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> or ice cream, with the residual <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> used as flour.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Doubles, a street food in Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Doubles, a street food in Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/240px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/360px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg/480px-FOOD_Doubles_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doubles_(food)" title="Doubles (food)">Doubles</a>, a street food in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchego cuisine; chickpea and Silene vulgaris stew (potaje de garbanzos y collejas)"><img alt="Manchego cuisine; chickpea and Silene vulgaris stew (potaje de garbanzos y collejas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG/211px-Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG/316px-Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG/422px-Potaje_de_garbanzos_y_collejas5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="597" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchego cuisine</a>; chickpea and <a href="/wiki/Silene_vulgaris" title="Silene vulgaris">Silene vulgaris</a> stew (potaje de garbanzos y collejas)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farinata di ceci, a traditional Italian chickpea snack food"><img alt="Farinata di ceci, a traditional Italian chickpea snack food" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg/270px-Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg/405px-Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg/540px-Farinata_di_ceci_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Farinata di ceci</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Cuisine">Italian</a> chickpea snack food</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakhchoukha9.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chakhchoukha in Algerian cuisine; freshly cooked marqa before mixing with rougag"><img alt="Chakhchoukha in Algerian cuisine; freshly cooked marqa before mixing with rougag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chakhchoukha9.JPG/215px-Chakhchoukha9.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chakhchoukha9.JPG/322px-Chakhchoukha9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chakhchoukha9.JPG/430px-Chakhchoukha9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="783" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chakhchoukha" title="Chakhchoukha">Chakhchoukha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a>; freshly cooked marqa before mixing with rougag</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Choleindia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chana masala, India"><img alt="Chana masala, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Choleindia.jpg/240px-Choleindia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Choleindia.jpg/360px-Choleindia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Choleindia.jpg/480px-Choleindia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chana_masala" title="Chana masala">Chana masala</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halua chickpeas, Bangladesh"><img alt="Halua chickpeas, Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg/300px-Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg/450px-Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg/600px-Halua_of_Chickpeas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2353" data-file-height="1412" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halua</a> chickpeas, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fried chickpea"><img alt="Fried chickpea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg/135px-Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg/202px-Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg/270px-Aesthetic_Fried_Gram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fried chickpea</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Animal feed">edit</a>]</div> Chickpeas are an energy and protein source as <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> Raw chickpeas have a lower <a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitor" title="Trypsin inhibitor">trypsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsin" title="Chymotrypsin">chymotrypsin</a> inhibitor content than peas, <a href="/wiki/Common_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bean">common beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>. This leads to higher nutrition values and fewer digestive problems in non<a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a>. Nonruminant diets can be completed with 200 g/kg of raw chickpeas to promote egg production and growth of birds and pigs. Higher amounts can be used when chickpeas are treated with heat.<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> Experiments have shown that ruminants grow equally well and produce an equal amount and quality of milk when soybean or cereal meals are replaced with chickpeas. Pigs show the same performance, but growing pigs experience a negative effect of raw chickpea feed; extruded chickpeas can increase performance even in growing pigs. Only young broilers (starting period) showed worse performance in poultry diet experiments with untreated chickpeas. Fish performed equally well when extruded chickpeas replaced their soybean or cereal diet.<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> Chickpea seeds have also been used in rabbit diets.<a href="#cite_note-fao-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Production of chickpeas – 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Production (millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>18.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations<a href="#cite_note-faostat-9">[9]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Secondary components of legumes—such as <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenols" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenols">polyphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligosaccharides">oligosaccharides</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a>, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors—can lead to lower nutrient availability, and thus to impaired growth and health of animals (especially in nonruminants). Ruminants generally have less trouble digesting legumes with secondary components since they can inactivate them in the rumen liquor. Their diets can be supplemented by 300 g/kg or more raw chickpea seeds.<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> However, protein digestibility and energy availability can be improved through treatments such as germination, dehulling, and heat. Extrusion is a very good heat technique to destroy secondary legume components since the proteins are irreversibly denatured. Overprocessing may decrease the nutritional value; extrusion leads to losses in minerals and vitamins, while dry heating does not change the chemical composition.<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, world production of chickpeas was 18 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by India with 75% of the global total (table).<a href="#cite_note-faostat-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Chickpeas, mature seeds, cooked, no salt</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">686 kJ (164 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">27.42 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.8 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.59 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.27 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.58 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.16 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">8.86 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.06 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.53 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">43%</div> 172 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.35 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 4 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 2.89 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 48 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">45%</div> 1.03 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 168 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 291 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 1.53 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">60.21 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173757/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-47">[47]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-48">[48]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Chickpeas, dried seeds, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,581 kJ (378 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">62.95 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">10.7 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">6.04 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.603</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.377</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.731</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">20.5 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">40%</div> 0.477 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 0.212 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.541 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">32%</div> 1.588 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">31%</div> 0.535 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">139%</div> 557 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.82 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 9 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 57 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">73%</div> 0.656 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 4.31 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 252 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 718 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 2.76 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.68 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173756/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-47">[47]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-48">[48]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chickpeas are a nutrient-dense food, providing rich content (20% or higher of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, and certain <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>, such as iron and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> in a 100-gram reference amount (see adjacent nutrition table). <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">Thiamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> contents are moderate, providing 10–16% of the DV. Compared to reference levels established by the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, proteins in cooked and germinated chickpeas are rich in essential <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>, and total <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic amino acids">aromatic amino acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of cooked chickpeas provides 686 kilojoules (164 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. Cooked chickpeas are 60% water, 27% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 9% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and 3% fat (table).<a href="#cite_note-Bampidis-46">[46]</a> Seventy-five percent of the fat content is <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acids">unsaturated fatty acids</a> for which <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> comprises 43% of the total fat.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_cooking">Effects of cooking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects of cooking">edit</a>]</div> Cooking treatments do not lead to variance in total protein and carbohydrate content.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jukanti-52">[52]</a> Soaking and cooking of dry seeds possibly induces chemical modification of protein-fibre complexes, which leads to an increase in crude fibre content. Thus, cooking can increase protein quality by inactivating or destroying heat-labile antinutritional factors.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> Cooking also increases protein digestibility, essential amino acid index, and protein efficiency ratio. Although cooking lowers concentrations of amino acids such as tryptophan, lysine, total aromatic, and sulphur-containing amino acids, their contents are still higher than proposed by the FAO/WHO reference.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a> and sucrose and other <a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing sugars">reducing sugars</a> diffuse from the chickpea into the cooking water and this reduces or completely removes these components from the chickpea. Cooking also significantly reduces fat and mineral content. The <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine dissolve into cooking water at differing rates.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germination">Germination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germination">edit</a>]</div> Germination of chickpeas improves protein digestibility, although at a lower level than cooking. Germination degrades proteins to simple peptides, improving crude protein, nonprotein nitrogen, and crude fibre content. Germination decreases lysine, tryptophan, sulphur and total aromatic amino acids, but most contents are still higher than proposed by the FAO/WHO reference pattern.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> Oligosaccharides, such as stachyose and raffinose, are reduced in higher amounts during germination than during cooking. Minerals and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> are retained more effectively during germination than with cooking. Phytic acids are reduced significantly, but trypsin inhibitor, tannin, and saponin reduction is less effective than cooking.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoclaving,_microwave_cooking,_boiling">Autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling">edit</a>]</div> In a 2002 study comparing germination and cooking effects on chickpea nutritional values, all treatments of cooking (autoclaving, microwave cooking, boiling) were found to improve protein digestibility. Essential amino acids were slightly increased by boiling and microwave cooking compared to autoclaving and germination. losses in B-vitamins and minerals in chickpeas cooked by microwaving were smaller than in those cooked by boiling and autoclaving.<a href="#cite_note-El-Adawy-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skinning">Skinning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Skinning">edit</a>]</div> Chickpeas contain oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) which are indigestible to humans but are fermented in the gut by bacteria, leading to <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> in susceptible individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Elango2022-53">[53]</a> This can be prevented by skinning the husks from the chickpeas before serving.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves">Leaves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leaves">edit</a>]</div> In some parts of the world, young chickpea leaves are consumed as cooked green vegetables. Especially in malnourished populations, it can supplement important dietary nutrients because regions where chickpeas are consumed have sometimes been found to have populations lacking micronutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrikci-54">[54]</a> Chickpea leaves have a significantly higher mineral content than either cabbage leaves or spinach leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrikci-54">[54]</a> Environmental factors and nutrient availability could influence mineral concentrations in natural settings. Consumption of chickpea leaves may contribute nutrients to the diet.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrikci-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> The consumption of chickpeas is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Jukanti-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heat_and_nutrient_cultivation">Heat and nutrient cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heat and nutrient cultivation">edit</a>]</div> Agricultural yield for chickpeas is often based on <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> variability, which has recently been influenced by artificial selection.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The uptake of <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> is vital to the plant development of Cicer arietinum, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> chickpea.<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a> Heat cultivation and macronutrient coupling are two relatively unknown methods used to increase the yield and size of the chickpea. Recent research has indicated that a combination of heat treatment along with the two vital macronutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are the most critical components to increasing the overall yield of Cicer arietinum.<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a> Perennial chickpeas are a fundamental source of nutrition in animal feed as they are high-energy and protein sources for livestock. Unlike other food crops, the perennial chickpea can change its nutritional content in response to heat cultivation. Treating the chickpea with a constant heat source increases its protein content almost threefold.<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a> Consequently, the impact of heat cultivation affects the protein content of the chickpea itself and the ecosystem it supports. Increasing the height and size of chickpea plants involves using macronutrient fertilization with varying doses of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> The level of phosphorus that a chickpea seed is exposed to during its lifecycle has a positive correlation relative to the height of the plant at full maturity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> Increasing the levels of inorganic phosphorus at all doses incrementally increases the height of the chickpea plant. Thus, the seasonal changes in phosphorus soil content, as well as periods of drought that are known to be a native characteristic of the dry Middle-Eastern region where the chickpea is most commonly cultivated, have a strong effect on the growth of the plant itself. Plant yield is also affected by a combination of phosphorus nutrition and water supply, resulting in a 12% increase in crop yield.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> Nitrogen nutrition is another factor that affects the yield of Cicer arietinum, although the application differs from other perennial crops regarding the levels administered on the plant. High doses of nitrogen inhibit the yield of the chickpea plant.<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[59]</a> Drought stress is a likely factor that inhibits nitrogen uptake and subsequent fixation in the roots of Cicer arietinum. The perennial chickpea's growth depends on the balance between nitrogen fixation and assimilation, which is also characteristic of many other agricultural plant types. The influence of drought stress, sowing date, and mineral nitrogen supply affect the plant's yield and size, with trials showing that Cicer arietinum differed from other plant species in its capacity to assimilate mineral nitrogen supply from the soil during drought stress.<a href="#cite_note-:2-59">[59]</a> Additional minerals and micronutrients make the absorption process of nitrogen and phosphorus more available. Inorganic <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> are generally attracted towards charged minerals such as iron and aluminium <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Additionally, growth and yield are also limited by the <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> deficiencies in the soil. Boron-rich soil increased chickpea yield and size, while soil fertilization with zinc seemed to have no apparent effect on the chickpea yield.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pathogens">edit</a>]</div> Pathogens in chickpeas are the main cause of yield loss (up to 90%).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One example is the fungus <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._ciceris" title="Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris">Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris</a>, present in most of the major <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulse crop</a>-growing areas and causing regular yield damages between 10 and 15%.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Many plant hosts produce <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein_70" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat shock protein 70">heat shock protein 70s</a> including C. arietinum.<a href="#cite_note-Berka-et-al-2022-63">[63]</a> In response to F. o. ciceris Gupta et al., 2017 finds C. arietinum produces an <a href="/wiki/Gene_orthology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene orthology">orthologue</a> of <a href="/wiki/AtHSP70-1" class="mw-redirect" title="AtHSP70-1">AtHSP70-1</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a> HSP70.<a href="#cite_note-Berka-et-al-2022-63">[63]</a> From 1978 until 1995, the worldwide number of pathogens increased from 49 to 172, of which 35 were recorded in India. These pathogens originate from groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma and nematodes and show a high genotypic variation. The most widely distributed pathogens are <a href="/wiki/Ascochyta_rabiei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascochyta rabiei">Ascochyta rabiei</a> (35 countries), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (32 countries) <a href="/wiki/Uromyces_ciceris-arietini" title="Uromyces ciceris-arietini">Uromyces ciceris-arietini</a> (25 countries), <a href="/wiki/Bean_leafroll_virus" title="Bean leafroll virus">bean leafroll virus</a> (23 countries), and <a href="/wiki/Macrophomina_phaseolina" title="Macrophomina phaseolina">Macrophomina phaseolina</a> (21 countries).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Ascochyta disease emergence is favoured by wet weather; spores are carried to new plants by wind and water splash.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The stagnation of yield improvement over the last decades is linked to the susceptibility to pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Research for yield improvement, such as an attempt to increase yield from 0.8 to 2.0 metric tons per hectare (0.32 to 0.80 long ton/acre; 0.36 to 0.89 short ton/acre) by breeding cold-resistant varieties, is always linked with pathogen-resistance breeding as pathogens such as Ascochyta rabiei and F. o. f.sp. ciceris flourish in conditions such as cold temperature. Research started selecting favourable genes for pathogen resistance and other traits through <a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">marker-assisted selection</a>. This method is a promising sign for the future to achieve significant yield improvements.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicers_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cicers farm"><img alt="Cicers farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cicers_farm.jpg/200px-Cicers_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cicers_farm.jpg/300px-Cicers_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cicers_farm.jpg/400px-Cicers_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cicers farm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lime green chickpeas"><img alt="Lime green chickpeas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg/200px-India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg/300px-India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg/400px-India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lime green chickpeas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black chickpeas"><img alt="Black chickpeas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg/200px-Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg/300px-Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg/400px-Chickpea_in_black_colour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black chickpeas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickpeas_in_Nepal" title="Chickpeas in Nepal">Chickpeas in Nepal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4318">"Cicer arietinum L."</a> The Plant List. 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cicer+arietinum+L.&rft.pub=The+Plant+List&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fild-4318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChickpea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeedipedia" class="citation web cs1">Feedipedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feedipedia.org/node/319">"Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)"</a>. www.feedipedia.org. 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Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 269 (2): 243–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00438-003-0828-0">10.1007/s00438-003-0828-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12756536">12756536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20347418">20347418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=Mapping+of+gene-specific+markers+on+the+genetic+map+of+chickpea+%28%22Cicer+atietinum%22L%29&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-251&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20347418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12756536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00438-003-0828-0&rft.aulast=Pfaff&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kahl%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChickpea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillanHeatherKadambot2006" class="citation journal cs1">Millan, Teresa; Heather, J.Clarke; Kadambot, H.M.Siddique; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oar.icrisat.org/929/1/Euphytica147_1_81-103_2006.pdf">"Chickpea molecular breeding:New tools and concepts"</a> (PDF). Euphytica. 147 (1–2): 81–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10681-006-4261-4">10.1007/s10681-006-4261-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26048653">26048653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euphytica&rft.atitle=Chickpea+molecular+breeding%3ANew+tools+and+concepts&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=81-103&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10681-006-4261-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26048653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Millan&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.au=Heather%2C+J.Clarke&rft.au=Kadambot%2C+H.M.Siddique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foar.icrisat.org%2F929%2F1%2FEuphytica147_1_81-103_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChickpea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickpea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" class="extiw" title="commons:Cicer arietinum">Cicer arietinum</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cicer arietinum">Chickpea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipga.co.in/Chickpeas">India Pulses and Grains Association</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000901/http://ipga.co.in/chickpeas/">Archived</a> 2020-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cicer arietinum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81375" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q81375">Q81375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cicer_arietinum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Cicer arietinum">Cicer arietinum</a></li> <li>APA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=1902">1902</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/70772">70772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/117045">117045</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39937">39937</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=12368">12368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/V7JJ">V7JJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2479">2479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/685208">685208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CIEAR">CIEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/169805">169805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/3766">3766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012048">200012048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012048">200012048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2947311">2947311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=10535">10535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/122854">122854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/486336-1">486336-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11195145">11195145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26537">26537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147362/">2.147362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000013994">NBNSYS0000013994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3827">3827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6606/">6606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=612429">612429</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2402">2402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4318">ild-4318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CIAR5">CIAR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A486336-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486336-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/157692/wd/Details">157692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13045294">13045294</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5704">5704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000196617">wfo-0000196617</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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