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id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Land use controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_use_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Land use controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Land_use_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Prehistoric context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Modern issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Management and adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mustang</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="موستانج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موستانج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(Pferd)" title="Mustang (Pferd) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mustang (Pferd)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9ta%CA%BC_%C5%82%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Tsétaʼ łį́į́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsétaʼ łį́į́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(caballo)" title="Mustang (caballo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mustang (caballo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustango" title="Mustango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mustango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(zaldi)" title="Mustang (zaldi) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mustang (zaldi)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8)" title="ماستنگ (اسب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماستنگ (اسب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(cheval)" title="Mustang (cheval) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mustang (cheval)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(hynder)" title="Mustang (hynder) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mustang (hynder)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(cabalo)" title="Mustang (cabalo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mustang (cabalo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%B1" title="머스탱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머스탱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Մուստանգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուստանգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(cavallo)" title="Mustang (cavallo) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mustang (cavallo)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(cavallo)" title="Mustang (cavallo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mustang (cavallo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1)" title="מוסטנג (סוס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסטנג (סוס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მუსტანგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსტანგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мустаңдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мустаңдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustangs" title="Mustangs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mustangs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustangas" title="Mustangas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mustangas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muszt%C3%A1ng" title="Musztáng – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Musztáng" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ماستنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماستنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(kuda)" title="Mustang (kuda) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mustang (kuda)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(paard)" title="Mustang (paard) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mustang (paard)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="マスタング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスタング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(hest)" title="Mustang (hest) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mustang (hest)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مسٹانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسٹانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustangue" title="Mustangue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mustangue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustangi" title="Mustangi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustangi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mustang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_(at)" title="Mustang (at) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mustang (at)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мустанг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мустанг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Mustang">reviewed</a> on 8 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free-roaming horse of the Western US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the horse. For the automobiles, see <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Mustang" title="Shelby Mustang">Shelby Mustang</a>. For the military aircraft, see <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mustang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mustang (disambiguation)">Mustang (disambiguation)</a>. "Wild Mustang" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wild_Mustang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wild Mustang (disambiguation)">Wild Mustang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Mustang</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustanggelding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mustanggelding.jpg/220px-Mustanggelding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mustanggelding.jpg/330px-Mustanggelding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mustanggelding.jpg/440px-Mustanggelding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2290" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mustang adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg/220px-Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg/330px-Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg/440px-Arizona_2004_Mustangs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="1671" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Free-roaming mustangs near <a href="/wiki/Chinle,_Arizona" title="Chinle, Arizona">Chinle, Arizona</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">North America</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distinguishing features</th><td class="infobox-data">Small, compact, good bone, very hardy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The mustang is a free-roaming <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, descended from horses brought to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a>. Mustangs are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a>, but because they are descended from once-<a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated</a> animals, they are actually <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a>. The original mustangs were <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse" title="Colonial Spanish horse">Colonial Spanish horses</a>, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, now resulting in varying <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a>. Some free-roaming horses are relatively unchanged from the original Spanish stock, most strongly represented in the most isolated populations. In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> recognized that "wild free-roaming horses and <a href="/wiki/Burro" class="mw-redirect" title="Burro">burros</a> are living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West, which continue to contribute to the diversity of life forms within the Nation and enrich the lives of the American people."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The free-roaming horse population is managed and protected by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Land Management">U.S. Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM). Controversy surrounds the sharing of land and resources by mustangs with the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> industry, and also with the methods by which the BLM manages their population numbers. The most common method of population management used is rounding up excess population and offering them to adoption by private individuals. There are inadequate numbers of adopters, so many once free-roaming horses now live in temporary and long-term holding areas with concerns that the animals may be sold for <a href="/wiki/Horsemeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsemeat">horse meat</a>. Additional debate centers on the question of whether mustangs—and horses in general—are a <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native species</a> or an introduced <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in the lands they inhabit. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage">edit</a>]</div> Although free-roaming Mustangs are called "wild" horses, they descend from feral <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated horses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED), the English word mustang was likely <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed</a> from two essentially synonymous Spanish words, mestengo (or mesteño) and mostrenco.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> English lexicographer <a href="/wiki/John_Minsheu" title="John Minsheu">John Minsheu</a> glossed both words together as 'strayer' in his dictionary of 1599.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> Both words referred to livestock defined as 'wild, having no master'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> Mostrenco was used since the 13th century, while mestengo is attested from the late 15th.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> Mesteño referred originally to beasts of uncertain ownership distributed by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumant</a> <a href="/wiki/Merino_Sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Merino Sheep">merino sheep</a> ranchers' <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Spain">medieval Spain</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Mesta" title="Mesta">Mesta</a> (Honrado Concejo de la Mesta, 'Honorable Council of the Mesta').<a href="#cite_note-etymoonline2-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> The name of the Mesta derived ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: mixta, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'mixed', referring to the common ownership of the guild's animals by multiple parties.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[7]</a> The OED states that the origin of mostrenco is "obscure" but notes the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: mostrengo is attested from the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> In Spanish, mustangs are named mesteños.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1936, the English 'mustang' had been loaned back into Spanish as mustango.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[4]</a> "Mustangers" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meste%C3%B1eros" title="Mesteñeros">mesteñeros</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">vaqueros</a>) who caught, <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">broke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Droving" title="Droving">drove</a> free-ranging horses to market in the Spanish and later American territories of what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">northern Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. They caught the horses that roamed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> of California, and later the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, from the 18th century to the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_ancestry">Characteristics and ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics and ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg/220px-Horsescd1l-095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg/330px-Horsescd1l-095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg/440px-Horsescd1l-095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Mustang <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">stallion</a> in the West Warm Springs HMA (Herd Management Area) in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_BLM_Herd_Management_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BLM Herd Management Areas">List of BLM Herd Management Areas</a></div> The original mustangs were <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse" title="Colonial Spanish horse">Colonial Spanish horses</a>, but many other breeds and types of horses contributed to the modern mustang, resulting in varying <a href="/wiki/Phenotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypes">phenotypes</a>. Mustangs of all body types are described as <a href="/wiki/Surefootedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Surefootedness">surefooted</a> and having good endurance. They may be of any <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">coat color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hendricks-12">[10]</a> Throughout all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_BLM_Herd_Management_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BLM Herd Management Areas">Herd Management Areas</a> managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a>, light riding horse type predominates, though a few horses with <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a> characteristics also exist, mostly kept separate from other mustangs and confined to specific areas.<a href="#cite_note-OklaState-13">[11]</a> Some herds show the signs of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> or other light racehorse-types into herds, a process that also led in part to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGS2014March-14">[12]</a> The mustang of the modern west has several different breeding populations today which are genetically isolated from one another and thus have distinct traits traceable to particular herds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Genetic contributions to today's free-roaming mustang herds include assorted ranch horses that escaped to or were turned out on the public lands, and stray horses used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> For example, in Idaho some Herd Management Areas (HMA) contain animals with known descent from <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">Quarter Horse</a> stallions turned out with feral herds.<a href="#cite_note-Idaho_Black_MtnHMA-18">[15]</a> The herds located in two HMAs in central Nevada produce <a href="/wiki/Curly_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly Horse">Curly Horses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Others, such as certain bands in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, have characteristics consistent with <a href="/wiki/Gaited_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaited horse">gaited horse</a> breeds.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Many herds were analyzed for Spanish blood group <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a> (commonly known as "blood markers") and microsatellite DNA loci.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Blood marker analysis verified a few to have significant Spanish ancestry, namely the <a href="/wiki/Cerbat_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerbat Mustang">Cerbat Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountain_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pryor Mountain Mustang">Pryor Mountain Mustang</a>, and some horses from the Sulphur Springs HMA.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kiger_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiger Mustang">Kiger Mustang</a> is also said to have been found to have Spanish blood<a href="#cite_note-OklaState-13">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mustang#Dubious" title="Talk:Mustang">discuss</a>] and subsequent microsatellite DNA confirmed the Spanish ancestry of the Pryor Mountain Mustang.<a href="#cite_note-Cothran2010-24">[21]</a> Horses in several other HMAs exhibit Spanish horse traits, such as <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">dun coloration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_markings" title="Primitive markings">primitive markings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[d]</a> Genetic studies of other herds show various blends of Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Gaited_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaited horse">gaited horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-Challis-30">[26]</a> Height varies across the west, however, most are small, generally 14 to 15 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (56 to 60 inches, 142 to 152 cm), and not taller than 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm), even in herds with draft or Thoroughbred ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-33">[e]</a> Some breeders of domestic horses consider the mustang herds of the west to be <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbred</a> and of inferior quality. However, supporters of the mustang argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The now-defunct American Mustang Association developed a breed standard for those mustangs that carry <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> traits associated with the early Spanish horses. These include a well-proportioned body with a clean, refined head with wide forehead and small muzzle. The facial profile may be straight or slightly convex. <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">Withers</a> are moderate in height, and the shoulder is to be "long and sloping". The standard considers a very short <a href="/wiki/Back_(horse)" title="Back (horse)">back</a>, deep girth and muscular coupling over the loins as desirable. The <a href="/wiki/Rump_(animal)" title="Rump (animal)">croup</a> is rounded, neither too flat nor goose-rumped. The tail is low-set. The legs are to be straight and sound. <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">Hooves</a> are round and dense.<a href="#cite_note-Hendricks-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">Dun</a> color dilution and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_markings" title="Primitive markings">primitive markings</a> are particularly common among horses of Spanish type.<a href="#cite_note-Massingham-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1493–1600">1493–1600</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1493–1600">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg/220px-Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg/330px-Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg/440px-Mustang_Utah_2005_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Large herd of free-roaming mustangs galloping through the plains of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></figcaption></figure> Modern horses were first brought to the Americas with the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>, who imported horses from Spain to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> on his second voyage in 1493.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett199814-34">[29]</a> Horses came to the mainland with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés</a> in 1519.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998193-35">[30]</a> By 1525, Cortés had imported enough horses to create a nucleus of horse-breeding in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998205-36">[31]</a> One hypothesis held that horse populations north of Mexico originated in the mid-1500s with the expeditions of <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">de Soto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Coronado</a>, but it has been refuted.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998329–331-38">[33]</a> Horse breeding in sufficient numbers to establish a self-sustaining population developed in what today is the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">southwestern United States</a> starting in 1598 when <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>. From 75 horses in his original expedition, he expanded his herd to 800, and from there the horse population increased rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998329–331-38">[33]</a> While the Spanish also brought horses to Florida in the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998345-39">[34]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw horse">Choctaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickasaw horse">Chickasaw horses</a> of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a> are believed to be descended from western mustangs that moved east, and thus Spanish horses in Florida did not influence the mustang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998329–331-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th-_and_18th-century_dispersal">17th- and 18th-century dispersal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th- and 18th-century dispersal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg/330px-Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg/495px-Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg/660px-Final_Dispersal_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Dispersal of horses, 1600–1775<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-430-40">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> people readily integrated use of the horse into their cultures. They quickly adopted the horse as a primary means of transportation. Horses replaced the dog as a <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animal</a> and changed Native cultures in terms of warfare, trade, and even diet—the ability to run down <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> allowed some people to abandon agriculture for hunting from horseback.<a href="#cite_note-Lobell-41">[36]</a> Santa Fe became a major trading center in the 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-HainesJan1938-117-42">[37]</a> Although Spanish laws prohibited Native Americans from riding horses, the Spanish used Native people as servants, and some were tasked to care for livestock, thus learning horse-handling skills.<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-430-40">[35]</a> Oñate's colonists also lost many of their horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201170-43">[38]</a> Some wandered off because the Spanish generally did not keep them in fenced enclosures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998330-44">[39]</a> and Native people in the area captured some of these <a href="/wiki/Estray" title="Estray">estrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIhorsenation-45">[40]</a> Other horses were traded by Oñate' settlers for women, or food and other goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998329–331-38">[33]</a> Initially, horses obtained by Native people were simply eaten, along with any cattle that were captured or stolen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200536-46">[41]</a> But as individuals with horse-handling skills fled Spanish control, sometimes with a few trained horses, the local tribes began using horses for riding and as pack animals. By 1659, settlements reported being raided for horses, and in the 1660s the "Apache"<a href="#cite_note-47">[f]</a> were trading human captives for horses.<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-431-48">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> of 1680 also resulted in large numbers of horses coming into the hands of Native people, the largest one-time influx in history.<a href="#cite_note-SIhorsenation-45">[40]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a>, horses were traded to the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Utes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> acquired horses and provided them to the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIHorseTrading-49">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone" title="Eastern Shoshone">Eastern Shoshone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Utes</a> became traders who distributed horses and horse culture from New Mexico to the northern plains.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica46-50">[44]</a> West of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a>, horses distribution moved north quite rapidly along the western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, skirting desert regions<a href="#cite_note-HainesJan1938-117-42">[37]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica46-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[g]</a> Horses reached what today is southern <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> by 1690.<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-430-40">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern Shoshone</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> valley had horses in 1700.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998388-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[h]</a> By 1730, they reached the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Drainage_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Drainage Basin">Columbia Basin</a> and were east of the Continental divide in the northern Great Plains.<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-430-40">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfeet people">Blackfeet people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> had horses by 1750.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1959511–513-54">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a> in particular became master horse breeders, and developed one of the first distinctly American <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">breeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a>. Most other tribes did not practice extensive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, though they sought out desirable horses through acquisition and quickly <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culled</a> those with undesirable traits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1769, most <a href="/wiki/Plain_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain Indians">Plain Indians</a> had horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998388-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200541-55">[47]</a> In this period, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions</a> were also a source of stray and stolen livestock, particularly in what today is Texas and California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201173–74-56">[48]</a> The Spanish brought horses to California for use at their missions and ranches, where permanent settlements were established in 1769.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200541-55">[47]</a> Horse numbers grew rapidly, with a population of 24,000 horses reported by 1800.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998374-57">[49]</a> By 1805, there were so many horses in California that people began to simply kill unwanted animals to reduce overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201176-58">[50]</a> However, due to the barriers presented by mountain ranges and deserts, the California population did not significantly influence horse numbers elsewhere at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200541-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[i]</a> Horses in California were described as being of "exceptional quality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201176-58">[50]</a> In the upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> regions, the French were another source of horses. Although horse trading with native people was prohibited, there were individuals willing to indulge in illegal dealing, and as early as 1675, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois people</a> had horses. Animals identified as "Canadian", "French", or "Norman" were located in the Great Lakes region, with a 1782 census at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> listing over 1000 animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998384–385-61">[52]</a> By 1770, Spanish horses were found in that area,<a href="#cite_note-HainesJul1938-430-40">[35]</a> and there was a clear zone from Ontario and Saskatchewan to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> where Canadian-type horses, particularly the smaller varieties, <a href="/wiki/Crossbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbred">crossbred</a> with mustangs of Spanish ancestry. French-Canadian horses were also allowed to roam freely, and moved west, particularly influencing horse herds in the northern plains and inland northwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1998384–385-61">[52]</a> Although horses were brought from Mexico to Texas as early as 1542, a stable population did not exist until 1686, when <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a>'s expedition arrived with 700 horses. From there, later groups brought up thousands more, deliberately leaving some horses and cattle to fend for themselves at various locations, while others strayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201174-62">[53]</a> By 1787, these animals had multiplied to the point that a roundup gathered nearly 8,000 "free-roaming mustangs and cattle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer201175-63">[54]</a> West-central Texas, between the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Palo Duro Canyon">Palo Duro Canyon</a>, was said to have the most concentrated population of feral horses in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1959511–513-54">[46]</a> Throughout the west, horses escaped human control and formed feral herds, and by the late 1700s, the largest numbers were found in what today are the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1959511–513-54">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comancheria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/220px-Comancheria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/330px-Comancheria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Comancheria.jpg/440px-Comancheria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Comanche territory, 1850, roughly corresponds to the location of the greatest numbers of Mustangs in the mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> An early 19th-century reference to mustangs by American sources came from <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a>, who in 1808 noted passing herds of "mustangs or wild horses". In 1821, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Austin">Stephen Austin</a> noted in his journal that he had seen about 150 mustangs.<a href="#cite_note-OED-64">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[j]</a> Estimates of when the peak population of mustangs occurred and total numbers vary widely between sources. No comprehensive census of feral horse numbers was ever performed until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Free-Roaming_Horses_and_Burros_Act_of_1971" title="Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971">Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971</a> and any earlier estimates, particularly prior to the 20th century, are speculative.<a href="#cite_note-Myths-66">[56]</a> Some sources simply state that "millions" of mustangs once roamed western North America.<a href="#cite_note-Ryden129-67">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman196691-68">[58]</a> In 1959, geographer Tom L. McKnight<a href="#cite_note-70">[k]</a> suggested that the population peaked in the late 1700s or early 1800s, and the "best guesses apparently lie between two and five million".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight1959511–513-54">[46]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/J._Frank_Dobie" title="J. Frank Dobie">J. Frank Dobie</a> hypothesized that the population peaked around the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848, stating: "My own guess is that at no time were there more than a million mustangs in Texas and no more than a million others scattered over the remainder of the West."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie2005108-71">[60]</a> J. Edward de Steiguer<a href="#cite_note-73">[l]</a> questioned Dobie's lower guess as still being too high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer2011loc2253,_Chapter_7:_America_Sweeps_onto_the_Great_Plains-74">[62]</a> In 1839, the numbers of mustangs in Texas had been augmented by animals abandoned by Mexican settlers who had been ordered to leave the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_Strip" title="Nueces Strip">Nueces Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie2005108–109-76">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[m]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant">his memoir</a>, recalled seeing in 1846 an immense herd between the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in Texas: "As far as the eye could reach to our right, the herd extended. To the left, it extended equally. There was no estimating the number of animals in it; I have no idea that they could all have been corralled in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, at one time."<a href="#cite_note-79">[66]</a> When the area was <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">ceded to the U.S. in 1848</a>, these horses and others in the surrounding areas were rounded up and trailed north and east,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie2005316-80">[67]</a> resulting in the near-elimination of mustangs in that area by 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Givens-77">[65]</a> Farther west, the first known sighting of a free-roaming horse in the Great Basin was by <a href="/wiki/John_Bidwell" title="John Bidwell">John Bidwell</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Sink" title="Humboldt Sink">Humboldt Sinks</a> in 1841. Although <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Fremont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Fremont">John Charles Fremont</a> noted thousands of horses in California,<a href="#cite_note-Morin3-81">[68]</a> the only horse sign he spoke of in the Great Basin, which he named, was tracks around <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada)">Pyramid Lake</a>, and the natives he encountered there were horseless.<a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[n]</a> In 1861, another party saw seven free-roaming horses near the <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_Range" title="Stillwater Range">Stillwater Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> For the most part, free-roaming horse herds in the interior of Nevada were established in the latter part of the 1800s from escaped settlers' horses.<a href="#cite_note-Morin3-81">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Steiguer2011loc2595-87">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1900s, thousands of free-roaming horses were rounded up for use in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[75]</a> By 1920, Bob Brislawn, who worked as a <a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">packer</a> for the U.S. government, recognized that the original mustangs were disappearing, and made efforts to preserve them, ultimately establishing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Mustang" title="Spanish Mustang">Spanish Mustang Registry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[76]</a> In 1934, J. Frank Dobie stated that there were just "a few wild [feral] horses in Nevada, Wyoming and other Western states" and that "only a trace of Spanish blood is left in most of them"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie2005321-91">[77]</a> remaining. Other sources agree that by that time, only "pockets" of mustangs that retained Colonial Spanish Horse type remained.<a href="#cite_note-92">[78]</a> By 1930, the vast majority of free-roaming horses were found west of Continental Divide, with an estimated population between 50,000 and 150,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman1966161-93">[79]</a> They were almost completely confined to the remaining <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a> (GLO)-administered public lands and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forest</a> rangelands in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">11 Western States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrets1984-94">[80]</a> In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor Grazing Act">Taylor Grazing Act</a> established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Grazing_Service" title="United States Grazing Service">United States Grazing Service</a> to manage livestock grazing on public lands, and in 1946, the GLO was combined with the Grazing Service to form the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM),<a href="#cite_note-95">[81]</a> which, along with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a>, was committed to removing feral horses from the lands they administered.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the 1950s, the mustang population dropped to an estimated 25,000 horses.<a href="#cite_note-Curnett-96">[82]</a> Abuses linked to certain capture methods, including hunting from airplanes and poisoning water holes, led to the first federal free-roaming horse protection law in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-97">[83]</a> This statute, titled "Use of aircraft or motor vehicles to hunt certain wild horses or burros; pollution of watering holes"<a href="#cite_note-98">[84]</a> popularly known as the "Wild Horse Annie Act", prohibited the use of motor vehicles for capturing free-roaming horses and burros.<a href="#cite_note-Mangum77-99">[85]</a> Protection was increased further by the <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Free-Roaming_Horses_and_Burros_Act_of_1971" title="Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971">Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971</a> (WFRHABA).<a href="#cite_note-100">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Free-Roaming_Horses_and_Burros_Act_of_1971" title="Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971">Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971</a> provided for protection of certain previously established herds of horses and burros. It mandated the BLM to oversee the protection and management of free-roaming herds on lands it administered, and gave U.S. Forest Service similar authority on National Forest lands.<a href="#cite_note-Myths-66">[56]</a> A few free-ranging horses are also managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[87]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thehorse.com-102">[88]</a> but for the most part they are not subject to management under the Act.<a href="#cite_note-103">[89]</a> A census completed in conjunction with passage of the Act found that there were approximately 17,300 horses (25,300 combined population of horses and burros) on the BLM-administered lands and 2,039 on National Forests.<a href="#cite_note-104">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_NV_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2006_NV_Proof.png/110px-2006_NV_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2006_NV_Proof.png/165px-2006_NV_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2006_NV_Proof.png/220px-2006_NV_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/State_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="State Quarter">State Quarter</a>, featuring the mustang</figcaption></figure> The BLM has established <a href="/wiki/List_of_BLM_Herd_Management_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BLM Herd Management Areas">Herd Management Areas</a> to determine where horses will be sustained as free-roaming populations.<a href="#cite_note-105">[91]</a> The BLM has established an Appropriate Management Level (AML) for each HMA, totaling 26,690 bureau-wide,<a href="#cite_note-Bloch2019-106">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[94]</a> but the on-range mustang population in August 2017 was estimated to have grown to over 72,000 horses,<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> expanding to 88,090 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch2019-106">[92]</a> More than half of all free-roaming mustangs in North America are found in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (which features the horses on its <a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">State Quarter</a>), with other significant populations in California, Oregon, Utah, Montana, and Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-110">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[o]</a> Another 45,000 horses are in holding facilities.<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_use_controversies">Land use controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Land use controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_context">Prehistoric context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prehistoric context">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution of the horse</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></div> The horse, <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a>, originated in North America 55 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, there were two lineages of the equine family known to exist in North America: the "caballine" or "stout-legged horse" belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a>, closely related to the modern horse (Equus caballus)<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haringtonhippus" title="Haringtonhippus">Haringtonhippus francisci</a>, the "stilt-legged horse", which is not closely related to any living equine.<a href="#cite_note-Weinstock2005-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heintzman2017-116">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orlando-117">[102]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, the non-caballines went extinct and the caballines were <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpated</a> from the Americas. Multiple factors that included changing climate and the impact of newly arrived human hunters may have been to blame.<a href="#cite_note-NGSnews-118">[103]</a> Thus, before the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>, the youngest physical evidence (macrofossils-generally bones or teeth) for the survival of Equids in the Americas dates between ≈10,500 and 7,600 years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">before present</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haile2009-119">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_issues">Modern issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern issues">edit</a>]</div> Due in part to the prehistory of the horse, there is controversy as to the role mustangs have in the ecosystem as well as their rank in the prioritized use of public lands, particularly in relation to livestock. There are multiple viewpoints. Some supporters of mustangs on public lands assert that, while not native, mustangs are a "culturally significant" part of the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>, and acknowledge some form of population control is needed.<a href="#cite_note-MastersPart1-120">[105]</a> Another viewpoint is that mustangs reinhabited an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> vacated when horses went extinct in North America,<a href="#cite_note-NAC1982-121">[106]</a> with a variant characterization that horses are a reintroduced native species that should be legally classified as "wild" rather than "feral" and managed as wildlife. The "native species" argument centers on the premise that the horses extirpated in the Americas 10,000 years ago are closely related to the modern horse as was reintroduced.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[108]</a> Thus, this debate centers in part on the question of whether horses developed an <a href="/wiki/Ecomorphology" title="Ecomorphology">ecomorphotype</a> adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> as it changed in the intervening 10,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-MastersPart1-120">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Society" title="The Wildlife Society">The Wildlife Society</a> views mustangs as an <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> stating: "Since native North American horses went extinct, the western United States has become more arid ... notably changing the ecosystem and ecological roles horses and burros play." and that they draw resources and attention away from true native species.<a href="#cite_note-TWS-124">[109]</a> A 2013 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a> took issue with the view of the horse being a reintroduced native species stating that "the complex of animals and vegetation has changed since horses were extirpated from North America". It also stated that the distinction between native or non-native was not the issue, but rather the "priority that BLM gives to free-ranging horses and burros on federal lands, relative to other uses".<a href="#cite_note-NAS2013-125">[110]</a> Mustang supporters advocate for the BLM to rank mustangs higher in priority than it currently does, arguing that too little forage is allocated to mustangs relative to cattle and sheep.<a href="#cite_note-AWHC-FAQ-126">[111]</a> Ranchers and others affiliated with the livestock industry favor a lower priority, arguing essentially that their livelihoods and rural economies are threatened because they depend upon the public land forage for their livestock.<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a> The debate as to what degree mustangs and cattle compete for forage is multifaceted. Horses are adapted by <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">evolution</a> to inhabit an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> characterized by poor quality vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky199731-128">[113]</a> Advocates assert that most current mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle cannot fully utilize due to the lack of water sources.<a href="#cite_note-AWHC-129">[114]</a> Mustangs can cover vast distances to find food and water;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky1997186-130">[115]</a> advocates assert that horses range 5–10 times as far as cattle to find forage, finding it in more inaccessible areas.<a href="#cite_note-AWHC-FAQ-126">[111]</a> In addition, horses are "<a href="/wiki/Hindgut_fermenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindgut fermenters">hindgut fermenters</a>", meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> rather than by a multi-chambered stomach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky199729-131">[116]</a> While this means that they extract less energy from a given amount of forage, it also means that they can digest food faster and make up the difference in efficiency by increasing their consumption rate. In practical effect, by eating greater quantities, horses can obtain adequate <a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">nutrition</a> from poorer forage than can <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> such as cattle, and so can survive in areas where cattle will starve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky199731-128">[113]</a> However, while the BLM rates horses by <a href="/wiki/Animal_unit" title="Animal unit">animal unit</a> (AUM) to eat the same amount of forage as a cow–calf pair (the baseline of 1.0 for the pair), studies of horse grazing patterns indicate that horses probably consume forage at a rate closer to 1.5 AUM.<a href="#cite_note-National_Research_Council_207-132">[117]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Rangeland_management" title="Rangeland management">rangeland management</a> also recommends removing all livestock<a href="#cite_note-134">[p]</a> during the growing season to maximize re-growth of the forage. Year-round grazing by any non-native <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a> will degrade it,<a href="#cite_note-Davies-133">[118]</a> particularly horses whose <a href="/wiki/Horse_teeth" title="Horse teeth">incisors</a> allow them to graze plants very close to the ground, inhibiting recovery.<a href="#cite_note-TWS-124">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_and_adoption">Management and adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Management and adoption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free-roaming_horse_management_in_North_America" title="Free-roaming horse management in North America">Free-roaming horse management in North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustangs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mustangs.jpg/220px-Mustangs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mustangs.jpg/330px-Mustangs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mustangs.jpg/440px-Mustangs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Mustangs running free on a range located within <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">BLM</a>-managed land</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM) was tasked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> with protecting, managing, and controlling free-roaming horses and burros under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Free-Roaming_Horses_and_Burros_Act_of_1971" title="Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971">Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971</a> to ensure that healthy herds thrive on healthy rangelands under the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Policy_and_Management_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Land Policy and Management Act">Federal Land Policy and Management Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GAO2008-135">[119]</a> Difficulty arises because mustang <a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">herd sizes</a> can multiply rapidly, increasing up to and possibly by over 20% every year, so population control presents a challenge. When unmanaged, population numbers can outstrip forage available, leading to starvation.<a href="#cite_note-136">[120]</a> There are few predators in the modern era capable of preying on healthy adult mustangs,<a href="#cite_note-SW-137">[121]</a> and for the most part, predators capable of limiting the growth of feral mustang <a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">herd sizes</a> are not found in the same habitat as most modern feral herds.<a href="#cite_note-WayForward-138">[122]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lions</a> are two species known to prey on horses and in theory could control population growth,<a href="#cite_note-WayForward-138">[122]</a> in practice, predation is not a viable population control mechanism. Wolves were historically rare in, and currently do not inhabit, the Great Basin,<a href="#cite_note-Grayson-139">[123]</a> where the vast majority of mustangs roam. While they are documented to prey on feral horses in Alberta, Canada, there is no known documentation of wolf predation on free-roaming horses in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-WayForward-138">[122]</a> Mountain lions have been documented to prey on feral horses in the U.S., but in limited areas and small numbers,<a href="#cite_note-SW-137">[121]</a> and mostly <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WayForward-138">[122]</a> One of the BLM's key mandates under the 1971 law and amendments is to maintain Appropriate Management Levels (AML) of wild horses and burros in areas of public <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangelands</a> where they are managed by the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a> Control of the population to within AML is achieved through a capture program, although there are no specific guidelines or techniques used to round up mustangs. Most methods are quite stressful for the animals, even fatal.<a href="#cite_note-141">[125]</a> The BLM allows the use of trucks, ATVs, helicopters, and firearms to chase the horses into holding pens or "traps". These methods have often resulted in extreme exhaustion, serious injuries, or even death to the horses. "Bait" traps are another common way mustangs are corralled, usually with hay or water being left in a camouflaged pen while varying types of trigger systems close gates behind the horses. Another, less destructive method uses a tamed horse, called a "Judas horse", which has been trained to lead wild horses into a pen or corral. Once the mustangs are herded into an area near the holding pen, the Judas horse is released. Its job is then to move to the head of the herd and lead them into a confined area.<a href="#cite_note-142">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_(18616217428).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg/220px-My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg/330px-My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg/440px-My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_Idaho_4H-Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Partnership_%2818616217428%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Wild Mustang Project in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> is a project of <a href="/wiki/4-H" title="4-H">4-H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">BLM</a> to help increase adoption rates of mustangs.</figcaption></figure> Since 1978, captured horses have been offered for adoption to individuals or groups willing and able to provide humane, long-term care. For decades this was after payment of a base adoption fee of $125, but in March 2019, in face of the mustang <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, the BLM began paying people $1,000 to adopt a mustang. Adopted horses are still protected under the Act, for one year after adoption, at which point the adopter can obtain title to the horse.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch2019-106">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[127]</a> Horses that could not be adopted were to be humanely euthanized.<a href="#cite_note-GAO2008-135">[119]</a> Instead of euthanizing excess horses, the BLM began keeping them in "long term holding", an expensive alternative<a href="#cite_note-144">[128]</a> that can cost taxpayers up to $50,000 per horse over its lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> On December 8, 2004, a <a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">rider</a> amending the Wild and Free Roaming Horse and Burro Act was attached to an <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bill</a> before the Congress by former Senator <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Burns" title="Conrad Burns">Conrad Burns</a>. This modified the adoption program to also allow the unlimited sale of captured horses that are "more than 10 years of age", or that were "offered unsuccessfully for adoption at least three times". Since 1978, there had been specific language in the Act forbidding the BLM from selling the horses to those would take them to slaughter, but the Burns Amendment removed that language.<a href="#cite_note-GAO2008-135">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a> In order to prevent horses being sold to slaughter, the BLM has implemented policies limiting sales and requiring buyers to certify they will not take the horses to slaughter.<a href="#cite_note-Myths-66">[56]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first Trump administration</a> began pushing Congress to remove barriers to implementing both the option to euthanize and sell excess horses.<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> Despite efforts to try to increase the number of horses adopted, such as the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Mustang_Makeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Mustang Makeover">Extreme Mustang Makeover</a>, a promotional competition that gives trainers 100 days to gentle and train 100 mustangs so they may be adopted through auction,<a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a> adoption numbers do not come close to finding homes for the excess horses. Ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Foals" class="mw-redirect" title="Foals">foals</a> were expected to be born on range in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> whereas only 2500 horses were expected to be adopted. Alternatives to roundups for on range population control include fertility control, by PZP injection, culling, and natural regulation.<a href="#cite_note-mustangsincrisis-109">[95]</a> Captured horses are <a href="/wiki/Freeze_brand" title="Freeze brand">freeze branded</a> on the left side of the neck by the BLM, using the International Alpha Angle System, a system of angles and alpha-symbols that cannot be altered. The brands begin with a symbol indicating the registering organization, in this case the U.S. government, then two stacked figures indicating the individual horse's year of birth, then the individual registration number. Captured horses kept in sanctuaries are also marked on the left <a href="/wiki/Rump_(animal)" title="Rump (animal)">hip</a> with four inch-high Arabic numerals that are also the last four digits of the freeze brand on the neck.<a href="#cite_note-147">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/32px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/48px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/64px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="363" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleppe_v._New_Mexico" title="Kleppe v. New Mexico">Kleppe v. New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bureau_of_Land_Management_Herd_Management_Areas" title="List of Bureau of Land Management Herd Management Areas">List of Bureau of Land Management Herd Management Areas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a> (Equus ferus przewalskii) is possibly the only remaining true <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> wild horse, but recent studies suggest Przewalski's horse may have been briefly domesticated millennia ago.<a href="#cite_note-Takhi-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Another source defines mostrenco as 'wild, stray, ownerless'.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Examples include the Herd Management Areas in California and Idaho.<a href="#cite_note-CaliforniaBLM-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Idaho_BLM-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See, e.g., High Rock<a href="#cite_note-highrock-25">[22]</a> and Carter Reservoir HMAs, California;<a href="#cite_note-BLM_Carter-26">[23]</a> Twin Peaks HMA, California/Nevada;<a href="#cite_note-twinpeaks-27">[24]</a> and Black Mountain HMA, Idaho.<a href="#cite_note-IDblackmtn-28">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Some horses in the Pryor range are said to be under 14 <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (56 inches, 142 cm),<a href="#cite_note-Massingham-31">[27]</a> Horses estimated at up to 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) are found at HMAs such as Devils Garden Wild Horse Territory, California,<a href="#cite_note-DevilsGarden-32">[28]</a> and Challis HMA, Idaho.<a href="#cite_note-Challis-30">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Apache was a Pueblo word meaning 'enemy', and some early accounts referred to all hostile tribes generically as "Apaches" regardless of which tribe was involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200536-46">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Horses did not arrive in the Great Basin until the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica46-50">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Shoshone" title="Western Shoshone">Western Shoshone</a> occupied the interior of the Great Basin, and did not have access to horses until after 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica46-50">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> It was there and the southern Great Plains where Dobie stated the "Spanish horses found vast American ranges corresponding in climate and soil to the arid lands of Spain, northern Africa and Arabia in which they originated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie200523-59">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The OED cites Sources Mississ. III 273 for Pike; and "Journal, 5 Sept." in Texas State Historical Association Quarterly (1904) VII. 300, for Austin.<a href="#cite_note-OED-64">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Tom L. McKnight c. 1929–2004, PhD Wisconsin 1955, professor of geography, UCLA.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight_Obit-69">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> "Ed" de Steiguer PhD, professor at the University of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The area was also known as the "Wild Horse Desert"<a href="#cite_note-Givens-77">[65]</a> or "Mustang Desert".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobie2005108-71">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Although for the most part, the Native Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a> did not have horses, the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannocks</a> were an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> in southern Oregon and northwest Oregon<a href="#cite_note-Britannica46-50">[44]</a> that developed a horse culture. They may have the tribe that attacked a member of the Ogden party at the Humboldt Sinks in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-83">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> A few hundred free-roaming horses survive in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> "Livestock" in this context includes sheep, cattle, and horses.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-133">[118]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529174156/http://www.all-creatures.org/alert/alert-20110920.pdf">"The Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, as amended"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-creatures.org/alert/alert-20110920.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 29, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wild+and+Free-Roaming+Horses+and+Burros+Act+of+1971%2C+as+amended&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-creatures.org%2Falert%2Falert-20110920.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takhi-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Takhi_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507090059/http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/bio/documentaries/the-last-wild-horse-the-return-of-takhi-to-mongolia/article-when-is-wild-actually-feral">"When Is 'Wild' Actually 'Feral'?"</a>. The Last Wild Horse: The Return of Takhi to Mongolia Bio Feature. <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/bio/documentaries/the-last-wild-horse-the-return-of-takhi-to-mongolia/article-when-is-wild-actually-feral">the original</a> on May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Is+%27Wild%27+Actually+%27Feral%27%3F&rft.series=The+Last+Wild+Horse%3A+The+Return+of+Takhi+to+Mongolia+Bio+Feature&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fexplore%2Fscience-bulletins%2Fbio%2Fdocumentaries%2Fthe-last-wild-horse-the-return-of-takhi-to-mongolia%2Farticle-when-is-wild-actually-feral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-upends-horse-family-tree">"Ancient DNA upends the horse family tree"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. 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U.S. Bureau of Land Management. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/nv/field_offices/winnemucca_field_office/programs/wild_horse___burro.Par.75828.File.dat/Mustang_Country_final070313_ver3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mustang+Country+Wild+Horses+%26+Burros&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Fstyle%2Fmedialib%2Fblm%2Fnv%2Ffield_offices%2Fwinnemucca_field_office%2Fprograms%2Fwild_horse___burro.Par.75828.File.dat%2FMustang_Country_final070313_ver3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruiseGriffiths2010" class="citation book cs1">Cruise, David; Griffiths, Alison (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvw8TIJoA2gC">Wild Horse Annie and the Last of the Mustangs: The Life of Annie Johnston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5335-9"><bdi>978-1-4165-5335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Horse+Annie+and+the+Last+of+the+Mustangs%3A+The+Life+of+Annie+Johnston&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-5335-9&rft.aulast=Cruise&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvw8TIJoA2gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Gretchen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113504/http://www.horseoftheamericas.com/uploads/3/1/3/7/3137829/preservation_of_the_colonial_spanish_horse_patterson.pdf">"The Preservation of the Colonial Spanish Horse"</a> (PDF). horseoftheamericas.com. 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Retrieved February 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=Controversial+roundup+of+mustangs+begins+in+Pryor+Mountains&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fwyoming%2Farticle_aaad6ae6-98e2-11de-9717-001cc4c002e0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro/adoption-and-sales/adoption-faq">"Adoption and Purchase Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. BLM.gov. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. September 19, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207121735/https://www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro/adoption-and-sales/adoption-faq">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLM.gov&rft.atitle=Adoption+and+Purchase+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Fprograms%2Fwild-horse-and-burro%2Fadoption-and-sales%2Fadoption-faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazzaro2008" class="citation report cs1">Nazzaro, Robin N. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0977.pdf">Effective Long-term Options Needed to Manage Unadoptable Wild Horses</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a>. pp. 59–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050945/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0977.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Effective+Long-term+Options+Needed+to+Manage+Unadoptable+Wild+Horses&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Nazzaro&rft.aufirst=Robin+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd0977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbrhorse.net/news/blmsale.html">"The "Final Solution" for Wild Horses?"</a>. KBR Horse Page. Knightsen, California / Stagecoach, Nevada: Kickin' Back Ranch. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317200142/http://kbrhorse.net/news/blmsale.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBR+Horse+Page&rft.atitle=The+%22Final+Solution%22+for+Wild+Horses%3F&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbrhorse.net%2Fnews%2Fblmsale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901150524/http://www.extrememustangmakeover.com/">"The Extreme Mustang Makeover"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extrememustangmakeover.com">the original</a> on September 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Mustang+Makeover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extrememustangmakeover.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214012022/http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/wild_horse_and_burro/What_We_Do/wild_horse_and_burro0/freezemarks.html">"Freezemarks"</a>. BLM.gov. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. August 29, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/wild_horse_and_burro/What_We_Do/wild_horse_and_burro0/freezemarks.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLM.gov&rft.atitle=Freezemarks&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Fwo%2Fst%2Fen%2Fprog%2Fwild_horse_and_burro%2FWhat_We_Do%2Fwild_horse_and_burro0%2Ffreezemarks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Deb (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaN-YaOMhX4C">Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship</a> (1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9658533-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9658533-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+The+Roots+of+New+World+Horsemanship&rft.place=Solvang%2C+California&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Amigo+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9658533-0-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Deb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIaN-YaOMhX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky1997" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofhorsesex00budi">The Nature of Horses: Exploring Equine Evolution, Intelligence, and Behavior</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684827681" title="Special:BookSources/9780684827681"><bdi>9780684827681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Horses%3A+Exploring+Equine+Evolution%2C+Intelligence%2C+and+Behavior&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780684827681&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofhorsesex00budi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Steiguer2011" class="citation book cs1">de Steiguer, J. Edward (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwGdfAVhmSUC">Wild Horses of the West: History and Politics of America's Mustangs</a>. Tucson: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816528264" title="Special:BookSources/9780816528264"><bdi>9780816528264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Horses+of+the+West%3A+History+and+Politics+of+America%27s+Mustangs&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780816528264&rft.aulast=de+Steiguer&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwGdfAVhmSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobie2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Frank_Dobie" title="J. Frank Dobie">Dobie, J. Frank</a> (2005) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogEoCDJbX68C">The Mustangs</a> (paperback ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803266506" title="Special:BookSources/9780803266506"><bdi>9780803266506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mustangs&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780803266506&rft.aulast=Dobie&rft.aufirst=J.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogEoCDJbX68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1938" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Francis (July 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060/asset/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060.pdf?v=1&t=iaw0pl93&s=ef6d0dc07dd297469b62158a0e5e5e0fb236ddc4">"The Northward Spread of Horses Among the Plains Indians"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a>. 40 (3). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 429–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.3.02a00060">10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00060</a>. Retrieved June 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Northward+Spread+of+Horses+Among+the+Plains+Indians&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-437&rft.date=1938-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.3.02a00060&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fstore%2F10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.3.02a00060%2Fasset%2Faa.1938.40.3.02a00060.pdf%3Fv%3D1%26t%3Diaw0pl93%26s%3Def6d0dc07dd297469b62158a0e5e5e0fb236ddc4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1938" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Francis (January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110/asset/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110.pdf;jsessionid=7008E7BBD5A66ED3364307082955A2AC.f03t02?v=1&t=iat0wnap&s=5757a062a419446c1bd9957cbbdc6a4ba34c9e77">"Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?"</a>. American Anthropologist. 40 (1): 112–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00110">10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110</a>. Retrieved May 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Where+Did+the+Plains+Indians+Get+Their+Horses%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-117&rft.date=1938-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00110&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fstore%2F10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00110%2Fasset%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00110.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D7008E7BBD5A66ED3364307082955A2AC.f03t02%3Fv%3D1%26t%3Diat0wnap%26s%3D5757a062a419446c1bd9957cbbdc6a4ba34c9e77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight1959" class="citation journal cs1">McKnight, Tom L. (October 1959). "The Feral Horse in Anglo-America". <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Review" title="Geographical Review">Geographical Review</a>. 49 (4): 506–525. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959GeoRv..49..506M">1959GeoRv..49..506M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F212210">10.2307/212210</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/212210">212210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Feral+Horse+in+Anglo-America&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=506-525&rft.date=1959-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F212210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F212210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959GeoRv..49..506M&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Tom+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_to_Review_the_Bureau_of_Land_Management_Wild_Horse_and_Burro_Management_Program2013" class="citation book cs1">Committee to Review the Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse and Burro Management Program (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13511/using-science-to-improve-the-blm-wild-horse-and-burro-program">Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward</a>. Washington DC: Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309264976" title="Special:BookSources/9780309264976"><bdi>9780309264976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Science+to+Improve+the+BLM+Wild+Horse+and+Burro+Program%3A+A+Way+Forward&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Board+on+Agriculture+and+Natural+Resources%2C+Division+on+Earth+and+Life+Studies%2C+National+Research+Council%2C+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780309264976&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Bureau+of+Land+Management+Wild+Horse+and+Burro+Management+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F13511%2Fusing-science-to-improve-the-blm-wild-horse-and-burro-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrets1984" class="citation web cs1">Sherrets, Harold (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci9HQ-_d32QC&pg=PA40">"The Taylor Grazing Act, 1934-1984, 50 Years of Progress, Impacts of Wild Horses on Rangeland Management"</a>. Boise: Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taylor+Grazing+Act%2C+1934-1984%2C+50+Years+of+Progress%2C+Impacts+of+Wild+Horses+on+Rangeland+Management&rft.place=Boise&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Land+Management%2C+Idaho+State+Office&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sherrets&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci9HQ-_d32QC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman1966" class="citation book cs1">Wyman, Walker D. (1966) [1945]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXxYpn1JDdsC">The Wild Horse of the West</a>. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803252233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803252233"><bdi>978-0803252233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Horse+of+the+West&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0803252233&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Walker+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXxYpn1JDdsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feral_horses_from_America" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Feral horses from America">Feral horses from America</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe1974" class="citation book cs1">Roe, Frank Gilbert (1974) [1955]. The Indian and the Horse. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+and+the+Horse&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Frank+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuísBastos-SilveiraCothranOom2005" class="citation journal cs1">Luís, Cristina; Bastos-Silveira, Cristiane; Cothran, E. Gus; Oom, Maria do Mar (December 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj020">"Iberian Origins Of New World Horse Breeds"</a>. Journal of Heredity. 97 (2): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj020">10.1093/jhered/esj020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489143">16489143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Iberian+Origins+Of+New+World+Horse+Breeds&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-113&rft.date=2005-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesj020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16489143&rft.aulast=Lu%C3%ADs&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Bastos-Silveira%2C+Cristiane&rft.au=Cothran%2C+E.+Gus&rft.au=Oom%2C+Maria+do+Mar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjhered%252Fesj020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustang" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Morin, Paula (2006) Honest Horses: Wild Horses of the Great Basin. Reno: University of Nevada Press</li> <li>Nimmo, D. G.; Miller, K. K. (2007) Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review. Wildlife Research, 34, 408–417</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828144212/http://www.wildhorsepreservation.com/resources/theact.pdf">Text of Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/whb">US BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Template:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse_breeds_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_horse_breeds" title="List of North American horse breeds">Horse breeds of Canada and the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller"><div>These are the <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breeds</a> considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those countries.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Wild_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta Wild Horse (page does not exist)">Alberta Wild Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bashkir_Curly" title="American Bashkir Curly">American Bashkir Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Belgian_Draft" title="American Belgian Draft">American Belgian Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cream_Draft" title="American Cream Draft">American Cream Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Cr%C3%A8me_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Crème Horse">American Crème Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Drum_Horse" title="American Drum Horse">American Drum Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Horse" title="American Indian Horse">American Indian Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Miniature_Horse" title="American Miniature Horse">American Miniature Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Paint_Horse" title="American Paint Horse">American Paint Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Quarter_Horse" title="American Quarter Horse">American Quarter Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Saddlebred" title="American Saddlebred">American Saddlebred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shetland_Pony" title="American Shetland Pony">American Shetland Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sorraia_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sorraia Mustang">American Sorraia Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Spotted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Spotted (page does not exist)">American Spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Spotted_Paso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Spotted Paso (page does not exist)">American Spotted Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Walking_Pony" title="American Walking Pony">American Walking Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Warmblood" title="American Warmblood">American Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_White_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="American White Horse">American White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appaloosa" title="Appaloosa">Appaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">Assateague Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banker_horse" title="Banker horse">Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Blazer horse">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarillo_White_Horse" title="Camarillo White Horse">Camarillo White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Pinto (page does not exist)">Canadian Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rustic_Pony" title="Canadian Rustic Pony">Canadian Rustic Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Sport_Horse" title="Canadian Sport Horse">Canadian Sport Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Warmblood" title="Canadian Warmblood">Canadian Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Marsh_Tacky" title="Carolina Marsh Tacky">Carolina Marsh Tacky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerbat_mustang" title="Cerbat mustang">Cerbat mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherokee Horse (page does not exist)">Cherokee Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chincoteague Pony">Chincoteague Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Horse" title="Choctaw Horse">Choctaw Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_horse" title="Colonial Spanish horse">Colonial Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Ranger" title="Colorado Ranger">Colorado Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Island_horse" title="Cumberland Island horse">Cumberland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Cracker_Horse" title="Florida Cracker Horse">Florida Cracker Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanata_Pony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanata Pony (page does not exist)">Kanata Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Saddle_Horse" title="Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse">Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiger_mustang" title="Kiger mustang">Kiger mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_La_Croix_Indian_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac La Croix Indian Pony">Lac La Croix Indian Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Fox_Trotter" title="Missouri Fox Trotter">Missouri Fox Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morab" title="Morab">Morab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morocco_Spotted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morocco Spotted (page does not exist)">Morocco Spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pleasure_Horse" title="Mountain Pleasure Horse">Mountain Pleasure Horse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Show_Horse" title="National Show Horse">National Show Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_pony" title="Newfoundland pony">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_Horse" title="Nez Perce Horse">Nez Perce Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokota_horse" title="Nokota horse">Nokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sportpony" title="North American Sportpony">North American Sportpony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_of_the_Americas" title="Pony of the Americas">Pony of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountain_mustang" title="Pryor Mountain mustang">Pryor Mountain mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarab" title="Quarab">Quarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_Pony" title="Quarter Pony">Quarter Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racking_Horse" title="Racking Horse">Racking Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Horse" title="Rocky Mountain Horse">Rocky Mountain Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_Island_horse" title="Sable Island horse">Sable Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Jennet_Horse" title="Spanish Jennet Horse">Spanish Jennet Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Barb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Barb">Spanish Barb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Mustang" title="Spanish Mustang">Spanish Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Norman" title="Spanish Norman">Spanish Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Saddle_Horse" title="Spotted Saddle Horse">Spotted Saddle Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardbred" title="Standardbred">Standardbred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walking Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger horse">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Highlander" title="Virginia Highlander">Virginia Highlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welara" title="Welara">Welara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacer">Canadian Pacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Cracker_Horse#Chickasaw_horse" title="Florida Cracker Horse">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Conestoga Horse">Conestoga Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Pacer" title="Narragansett Pacer">Narragansett Pacer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustang&oldid=1256108420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustang&oldid=1256108420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_breeds" title="Category:Horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feral_horses_of_the_United_States" 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