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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Earliest_Greek_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cycladic_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycladic_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cycladic civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycladic_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minoan_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minoan_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Minoan civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minoan_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mycenaean_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycenaean_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> 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href="#Greece's_"Dark_Ages""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Greece's "Dark Ages"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece's_"Dark_Ages"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>City States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Island_republic_of_Rhodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_republic_of_Rhodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Island republic of Rhodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_republic_of_Rhodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hellenistic Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hellenistic_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hellenistic Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_and_the_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_and_the_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alexander and the successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_and_the_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Era_Greek_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Era_Greek_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roman Era Greek world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Era_Greek_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Byzantine Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Byzantine_Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Byzantine Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Middle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ottoman Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Greece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Land reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dichotomization_of_the_drachma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dichotomization_of_the_drachma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Dichotomization of the drachma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dichotomization_of_the_drachma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.7</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_and_early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_and_early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Late 20th and early 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_and_early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_crisis_(2010-2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_crisis_(2010-2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Debt crisis (2010-2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_crisis_(2010-2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Since 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic history of Greece and the Greek world</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1912)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy of Greece</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Greece"><img alt="Coat of arms of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Greece" title="National Bank of Greece">National Bank of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Greece" title="List of banks in Greece">list</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Greece">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Greece_by_industry" title="Category:Companies of Greece by industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies listed</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transport</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic history of Greece and the Greek world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek debt crisis">Greek debt crisis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Greece" title="Template:Economy of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Economy of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economic history of the Greek World</b> spans several millennia and encompasses many modern-day nation states. </p><p>Since the focal point of the center of the Greek World often changed it is necessary to enlarge upon all these areas as relevant to the time. The economic history of Greece refers to the economic history of the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek nation state</a> since 1829. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_Greek_civilizations">Earliest Greek civilizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest Greek civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycladic_civilization">Cycladic civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cycladic civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic civilization">Cycladic civilization</a> is the earliest trading center of goods. It was extensively distributed throughout the Aegean region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minoan_civilization">Minoan civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minoan civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minoan civilization emerged on Crete around the time of the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, it had a wide range of economic interests and was something of a trade hub, exporting many items to mainland Greece as well as the Egyptian Empire of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minoans were also innovators, developing (or adopting) a system of lead weights to facilitate economic transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this Minoan civilization remained, for the most part, an agriculturally driven one. </p><p>Pigs and artists were an important part of the Minoan economy as they produced many goods that were valued in the trade as well as within <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> itself. The Linear B tablets often refer to men or to their work, although, there were also female artisans, who mainly worked in the textile industry. We also know from archaeological evidence that Minoan artisans practiced a large range of craftsmanship jobs including scribes, potters, metalworkers, leather workers, glass and faience artists, painters, sculptors, engravers, and jewelers. Due to only a small amount of evidence about occupation, we do not know whether a worker might have mastered several trades, or fully specialized in one profession. There was an area set aside for artisans and their workshops in every palace, and in a town like Malia, they had both workshops in town and in the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> was an important activity in which Minoan artisans were engaged. There were a large number of oil jars found in the destroyed palaces that tell us of the importance of this industry everywhere in the world. Oil was an extremely important part of the perfume industry as it was used to clean dirt from the body, much like soap does today. Perfumes were also sprinkled on clothing, for aesthetic reasons. It is certain that perfumes were a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_item" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury item">luxury item</a> of the Minoan trade.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> industries were also an important aspect of the Minoan economy and the art of bronze making was very common, suggested by the fact that evidence of bronze making was discovered in many towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakro" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakro">Zakro</a>, but also as evidence in the area of <a href="/wiki/Malia,_Crete" title="Malia, Crete">Malia</a> show that bronze making operations were flourishing in many of the palaces. It is believed that the Minoans imported tin and copper to make bronze ingots for other people. Evidence of this is shown in Egyptian tomb paintings where the Keftyw (people believed to be the Minoans) bring said ingots to the Egyptian king in gift exchange (The Egyptians and Minoans had a history of cultural exchange). Other objects made from bronze have been found in numbers at Knossos, these include bronze mirrors, labrys, votive figures, knives, cleavers, and small bronze tools.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone carving industry produced many vases and lamps, examples of which have been found at palaces and palatial villas throughout Minoan Crete. Another industry that contributed to the Minoan economy was the wine industry, which is mentioned in Linear A, but the small amounts referred to suggest it was a commodity reserved for the wealthier class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mycenaean_civilization">Mycenaean civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mycenaean civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a> emerged during the late Bronze Age, supplanting the Minoans as the dominant economic force in the area. The Mycenaean economy itself was based on agriculture. The tablets from both <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> and Knossos demonstrate that there were two major food-grains produced; wheat and barley. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> was highly organised and this becomes apparent by the written records of deliveries of land produce, taxes in kind due to the palace, a hare set aside for the gods and so forth. The land used for agriculture was basically of two types, represented by the terms <i>ko-to-na</i> (ktoina) <i>ki-ti-me-na</i> and <i>ko-to-na ke-ke-me-na</i>. The former refers to the privately owned land, the latter to the public one (owned by the damos). Cereals were used as the basis of the rations’ system both at Knossos and Pylos. At Knossos, for example, the rations are quoted for a work-group composed of 18 men and 8 boys as 97.5 units of barley. </p><p>Apart from cereals, the Mycenaeans also produced wine, olive oil, oil from various spices and figs. As far as wine is concerned, it does not figure in the ordinary ration lists and may have been something of a luxury or possibly for export. Mycenaean trade was very advanced and there is even evidence of an <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> trade from <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">Metals</a> were also a very important part of the Mycenaean economy, during the Mycenaean period there were five metals in use: <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. Iron was not unknown but was very rare. Therefore, bronze was the main metal for the making of tools and weapons. Although bronze was the most important metal for the Mycenaeans, it was relatively scarce and expensive. Our knowledge of the Mycenaean bronze industry comes entirely from Pylos where we have some information about smiths. Most of the tablets concerning bronze demonstrate a very tight control of the metal industry by the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greece_and_the_emergence_of_the_'Polis'"><span id="Ancient_Greece_and_the_emergence_of_the_.27Polis.27"></span>Ancient Greece and the emergence of the 'Polis'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece and the emergence of the 'Polis'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ancient Greece">Economy of Ancient Greece</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece's_"Dark_Ages""><span id="Greece.27s_.22Dark_Ages.22"></span>Greece's "Dark Ages"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greece's "Dark Ages""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek Dark Ages were a period of economic stagnation for the Greeks after the destruction of the complex Mycenaean economic system, the loss of the widespread written script <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> meant that development was effectively stunted and living standards deteriorated. Basic trading patterns remained however.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_States">City States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: City States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of the 'Polis' as the model for ideal governance following the end of the Greek Dark Ages heavily influenced the economy of the Greeks at the time. This period, of the 8th century BCE to the 4th century BCE is conventionally termed as 'Ancient Greece'. The main issues concerning the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek economy">ancient Greek economy</a> are related to the household (oikos) organization, the cities’ legislation and the first economic institutions, the invention of coinage and the degree of monetization of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek economy">Greek economy</a>, the trade and its crucial role in the characterization of the economy (modernism vs. primitivism), the invention of banking and the role of slavery in the production.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athens">Athens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> emerged as the dominant economic power in Greece around the late 6th century BCE, this was further bolstered by the finding of several veins of silver in the neighbouring mountains which further added to their wealth. They facilitated an efficient trading system with other Greek city states. Again, pots and other forms of cooking utensils seem to have been the most quantitatively traded product (over 80,000 amphorae and other such things have been recovered from around Athens in archaeological digs). Marble and bronze artwork also seems to have been traded (though it was largely a luxury product, and this trade only really exploded after the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, as Greek Art exerted a massive influence on Roman Culture on all levels). Athens began to import grain due to poor soil conditions however. </p><p>The agricultural conditions which caused Athens to import grain began to create political turmoil around 600 BCE It is believed that tenant farmers were paying rent equivalent to a sixth of their production, hence they were known as "sixth-parters." Those who could not pay their rent could be sold by the landlord into slavery. In 594 <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> (one of the great reformers of Athens) would order the cancellation of debt and the freeing of those sold into slavery, a proclamation known as the <i>"Seisachtheia."</i> While Solon's proclamation was a bold move, it could not really solve the problem of meager agricultural output and competition between workers for jobs. Debt and slavery, while problems in themselves, were also symptomatic of underlying agricultural problems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an economic perspective, poor soil was only one problem Athens had to deal with. There are indications that <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> was a substantial and on-going problem for much of Athens' history. Solon's reforms encouraged economic diversity and trade. If more people began to leave agriculture, there are indications that Athens had problems keeping them employed. Even if they found work, there are indications that many were not fully benefiting from Athens' economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Island_republic_of_Rhodes">Island republic of Rhodes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Island republic of Rhodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> throughout the Ancient period was largely based on shipping (owing to its geographical position near to Asia Minor), it had one of the finest harbours in the Mediterranean and built up a booming economy based upon trade throughout this area, even into Roman times, until the Romans took a prize possession of Rhodes (Delos) and turned it into a free port, thus taking most of their trade - from this point onwards, the Rhodian economy shrivelled. In its prime, Rhodes was however, due to its status as a prize port, a frequent target of piracy and for this reason the Rhodian Government of the time set up a swift and efficient fleet of fast pirate chasing vessels to combat this.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_Age">Hellenistic Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Age">Hellenistic Age</a> was a major turning point both in Greek economic history and Roman economic history, it opened the way for trade with the East, new agricultural techniques were developed and the spread of a relatively uniform currency throughout the near East began. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonia">Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Macedonia">Ancient Greek state of Macedonia</a> rose to prominence in the Greek mainland with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II of Macedonia">Philip II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_and_the_successors">Alexander and the successors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alexander and the successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, hoping to strike revenge at the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> for their past attacks in Greece drove a path Eastwards across the Persian Empire, eventually defeating it and opening the way for trade with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and other civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accompanied by a huge expansion in maritime trade, these trade routes with the Far East were later solidified by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. One of the outcomes was the expenditure of bullion that had been hoarded for two centuries by the successors of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in the efforts to conquer additional territories, create civic foundations, and expand governmental services; <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_deCamp" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Sprague deCamp">L. Sprague deCamp</a> posits this created a period of substantial inflation affecting the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a>, however, continued to be overwhelmingly agricultural. Colonial settlement was urban in character in <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Asia</a>, but predominantly rural in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. Traditional patterns of land tenure predominated in Asia, where large tracts of royal land were worked by peasants tied to it. Much of this land was assigned to prominent individuals, to temple estates, or to cities. The economy of the numerous Seleucid cities, however, followed the Greek model, with land owned by citizens who worked it with the help of slave labor. In Egypt, urban settlements were rare. Outside of the three cities of <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, all land was theoretically owned by the king, divided into districts (<a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a>), and administered by both traditional civic officials— <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarch</a>, royal scribe, komarch —and by newly created financial officers — the dioiketes in the capital, and the oikonomos and his underlings in the <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nome</a>. In addition, military officials — <a href="/wiki/Strategos#Hellenistic_and_Roman_use" title="Strategos">strategos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(cavalry_officer)" title="Hipparchus (cavalry officer)">hipparchos</a>, and hegemon — oversaw the nomes. Royal land was also assigned to individuals, to temple estates, and especially to small-holder soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Cleruchy" title="Cleruchy">klerouchoi</a>, later called katoikoi) who initially held the land in return for military service, but whose tenure eventually became permanent and hereditary. All land seems to have been worked by native peasants attached to it, <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> being relatively rare in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. Ptolemaic policy was to increase agricultural production, and innovations in farming were largely the result of royal patronage. We are particularly well informed by the mid-third-century archive of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Caunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeno of Caunus">Zenon</a> about large-scale reclamation in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Fayyûm</a>, where new crops and techniques were introduced. But most innovations, in both Egypt and Asia, were directed toward luxury items and, with the exception of new strains of wheat, had little effect on traditional agriculture. In <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Asia</a> the major challenge for agriculture was to feed the numerous new cities, in Egypt to feed the metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and to supply the grain used in Ptolemaic diplomacy. In the Greek homeland, established forms of agriculture continued. In most areas, free citizens farmed with the help of a slave or two, while other traditional forms of dependent labor also persisted— <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, serfs in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Changes did occur in the pattern of land tenure, with land being accumulated by the wealthy at the expense of marginal farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Era_Greek_world">Roman Era Greek world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roman Era Greek world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mainland Greece gave way to Western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> as the economic and cultural centers of de ranging fame owing to the library and its significance in relation to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pergamum was another famous city in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Asia">Roman province of Asia</a> (today's Western Asia Minor) would become one of the most prosperous and famous cities in Asia Minor, noted for its architectural monuments, its fine library, and its schools.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephesus too, another large Greek city in the same geographical area, became a major source of trade and competed with the other metropolis' of the region for the title of 'First city of Asia'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_Economy">Byzantine Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Byzantine Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a></div> <p>The Byzantine economy was the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> which lasted from Constantine's foundation of Nova Roma (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>) as the capital of a Hellenized, truly 'Graeco-Roman' Empire in 330 to 1453. Throughout its history it employed vast numbers of people in huge industries, particularly in the Capital and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> (the second city of the empire), in all manner of trades, such as the silk industry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Byzantine economy describes the economy of Roman Empire following the changing of its capital from Rome itself to the newly founded city of Constantinople (or <i>Nova Roma</i>) by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. It was essentially a continuation of the old Roman economy but with a shift in trade flow towards the newly burgeoning Greek city on the Bosphorus rather than Rome itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle">Middle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Middle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 12th and 13th centuries, the Byzantines were forced to make a few trade concessions to their commercial rivals, the Venetians. Attempts by John Komnenus to revert these trade agreements led to Venetian naval action and the Byzantines forced to reinstate the trade agreements that were favorable to the Venetians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later">Later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Constantinople was sacked in 1204 the city continued to bring in trade albeit with fewer gains for Byzantium. The trouble the Byzantines had was that they needed the Italian fleet to assist them in wars where troops and ships were few. The Byzantines attempted to prevent the Venetians from achieving complete economic supremacy by aiding their opponents in Milan and Genoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Greece">Ottoman Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ottoman Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of Ottoman rule, Greeks in both the Western coast of Asia Minor as well as Greece proper played an important role in trade, especially maritime (of which the Ottomans had little experience). Centers of trade included <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>. The Ottoman Empire maintained trade routes with the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> through the old <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> as well as throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Greeks were active in other areas of the economy as well, such as owning coffee shops and other businesses in Constantinople. Following the Greek war of Independence however, Greeks were deemed to be untrustworthy by the Ottomans and their privileged economic status was eventually supplanted by that of the Armenians. Still, in the early part of the 20th century Greeks owned 45% of the capital in the Ottoman Empire despite being a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Issawi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issawi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural development however, remained stunted until the reforms that followed the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Greece">Modern Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a> began its history as a nation state in 1829 and was largely an undeveloped economic area mostly based around agriculture. It has since developed into a modernised, developed nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece entered its period of new-won independence in a somewhat different state than Serbia, which shared many of the post-independence economic problems such as land and land reform. In 1833, the Greeks took control of a countryside devastated by war, depopulated in places and hampered by primitive agriculture and marginal soils. Just as in Serbia, which secured its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire at around the same time, communications were bad, presenting obstacles for any wider foreign commerce. Even by the late 19th century agricultural development had not advanced as significantly as had been intended as William Moffet, the US Consul in Athens explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"agriculture is here in the most undeveloped condition. Even in the immediate neighborhood of Athens it is common to find the wooden plow and the rude mattock which were in use 2,000 years ago. Fields are plowed up or scratched over, and crops replanted season after season, until the exhausted soil will bear no more. Fertilizers are not used to any appreciable extent, and the farm implements are of the very rudest description. Irrigation is in use in some districts, and, as far as I can ascertain, the methods in use can be readily learned by a study of the practices of the ancient Egyptians. Greece has olives and grapes in abundance, and of quality not excelled; but Greek olive oil and Greek wine will not bear transportation."</p></blockquote> <p>Greece had a substantial wealthy commercial class of rural notables and island shipowners, and access to 9,000,000 acres (36,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land expropriated from Muslim owners who had been driven off during the War of Independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_reform">Land reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Land reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land reform represented the first real test for the new Greek kingdom. The new Greek government deliberately adopted land reforms intended to create a class of free peasants. The <i>"Law for the Dotation of Greek Families"</i> of 1835 extended 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">drachmas</a> credit to every family, to be used to buy a 12-acre (49,000 m<sup>2</sup>) farm at auction under a low-cost loan plan. The country was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates. By a series of land reforms over several decades, the government distributed this confiscated land among veterans and the poor, so that by 1870 most Greek peasant families owned about 20 acres (81,000 m<sup>2</sup>). These farms were too small for prosperity but the land reform signaled the goal of a society in which Greeks were equals and could support themselves, instead of working for hire on the estates of the rich. The class basis of rivalry between Greek factions was thereby reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry">Industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century slowly developing industrial activity (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ermoupolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermoupolis">Ermoupolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anastasopoulos_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastasopoulos-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skartsis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skartsis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The series of wars between 1912 and 1922 provided a catalyst for Greek industry, with a number of industries such as textiles; ammunition and boot-making springing up to supply the military. After the wars most of these industries were converted to civilian uses. <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a> from Asia Minor, the most famous of which is <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a> who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) also had a tremendous impact on the evolution of Greek industry and banking. Greeks held 45% of the capital in the Ottoman Empire before 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-Issawi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issawi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of the refugees expelled from Turkey had funds and skills which they quickly put to use in Greece. </p><p>These refugees from Asia Minor also led to rapid growth of urban areas in Greece, as the vast majority of them settled in urban centers such as Athens and Thessaloniki. The 1920 census reported that 36.3% of Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas, while the 1928 census reported that 45.6% of Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas. It has been argued by many Greek economists that these refugees kept Greek industry competitive during the 1920s, as the surplus of labor kept real wages very low. Although this thesis makes economic sense, it is sheer speculation as there is no reliable data on wages and prices in Greece during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek industry went into decline slightly before the country joined the EC, and this trend continued. Although worker productivity rose significantly in Greece, labor costs increased too fast for the Greek manufacturing industry to remain competitive in Europe. There was also very little modernization in Greek industries due to a lack of financing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dichotomization_of_the_drachma">Dichotomization of the drachma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dichotomization of the drachma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Budgetary problems caused the Greek government to dichotomization of the drachma. Unable to secure any more loans from abroad to finance the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">war with Turkey</a>, in 1922 Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Petros_Protopapadakis" title="Petros Protopapadakis">Petros Protopapadakis</a> declared that each drachma was essentially to be cut in half. Half of the value of the drachma would be kept by the owner, and the other half would be surrendered by the government in exchange for a 20-year 6.5% loan. World War II led to these loans not being repaid, but even if the war had not occurred it is doubtful that the Greek government would have been able to repay such enormous debts to its own populace. This strategy led to large revenues for the Greek state, and inflation effects were minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> government's inability to pay back loans incurred from the decade of war and the resettlement of the refugees. Deflation occurred after this dichotomization of the drachma, as well as a rise in interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies had the effect of causing much of the populace to lose faith in their government, and investment decreased as people began to stop holding their assets in cash which had become unstable, and began holding real goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries, but these largely failed. For a brief period, the drachma was pegged to the US dollar, but this was unsustainable given the country's large trade deficit and the only long-term effects of this were Greece's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932. Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April 1931. This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK, France and the Middle East for many necessities. Greece went off the gold standard in April 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which a number of European countries did during the time period. </p><p>Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed the Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939 Greek Industrial output was 179% that of 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These industries were for the most part “built on sand” as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as without massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed to suffer comparatively little, averaging an average growth rate of 3.5% from 1932-1939. The dictatorial regime of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> took over the Greek government in 1936, and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shipping">Shipping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Greek shipping</a></div> <p>The one industry in which Greece had major success was the shipping industry. Greece's geography has made the country a major player in maritime affairs from antiquity, and Greece has a strong modern tradition dating from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> in 1774 which allowed Greek ships to escape Ottoman domination by registering under the Russian flag. The treaty prompted a number of Greek commercial houses to be set up across the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and after independence, Greece's shipping industry was one of the few bright spots in the modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek economy">Greek economy</a> during the 19th century. After both world wars the Greek shipping industry was hit hard by the decline in world trade, but both times it revived quickly. The Greek government aided the revival of the Greek shipping industry with insurance promises following the Second World War. Tycoons such as Aristotle Onassis also aided in strengthening the Greek merchant fleet, and shipping has remained one of the few sectors in which Greece still excels. Today, the Greek merchant marine comes third globally both in the number of ships owned and in tonnage, and at times in the 90s Greece was first.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece is fifth in terms of registration, the reason for this is a number of Greek captains register their ships under the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> flag, which is easy due to linguistic and cultural commonalities, and significantly where there are lower taxes. In terms of registration, Cyprus has the third largest merchant fleet, and the majority of these ships are actually owned by Greeks, but sailing under the Cypriot flag for tax purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism in Greece</a></div> <p>It was during the 60s and 70s that tourism, which now accounts for 15% of Greece's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, began to become a major earner of foreign exchange. This was initially opposed by many in the Greek government, as it was seen as a very unstable source of income in the event of any political shocks. It was also opposed by many conservatives and by the Church as bad for the country's morals. Despite concerns, tourism grew significantly in Greece and was encouraged by successive governments as it was a very easy source of badly needed foreign exchange revenues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture in Greece</a></div> <p>The resolution of the Greco-Turkish War and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> led to a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>, which also had massive ramifications on the agricultural sector in Greece. The tsifliks were abolished, and Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled on these abandoned and partitioned estates. In 1920 only 4% of land holdings were of sizes more than 24 acres (97,000 m<sup>2</sup>), and only .3% of these were in large estates of more than 123 acres (0.50 km<sup>2</sup>). This pattern of small scale farm ownership has continued to the present day, with the small number of larger farms declining slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greece differed greatly from any other country in the EC at the time of its admission as agriculture, although in decline, was a much larger sector of the economy than in any other EC member. In 1981 Greek agriculture made up 17% of GDP and 30% of employment, in comparison to 5% of GDP and less than 10% of employment in EU countries excluding Ireland and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece managed to implement the reforms according to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> (CAP) ahead of schedule, with prices generally rising to meet those in the rest of the EC. Previously Greece had heavily subsidized agriculture, and moving to the CAP meant that Greece moved from subsidies to price supports, so the consumer rather than the taxpayer would bear the burden of supporting farmers. Due to the CAP being formulated with other countries in mind, CAP subsidies had the effect of moving production away from products in which Greece had a comparative advantage, which hurt the country's trade balance.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While farm incomes rose slightly after Greece's entry into the EC, this has not stopped the general trend of an ever decreasing agricultural sector which is in line with other European countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Hyperinflation in Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></div> <p>Greece suffered comparatively much more than most Western European countries during the Second World War due to a number of factors. Heavy resistance led to immense <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">German reprisals</a> against civilians. Greece was also dependent on food imports, and a British naval blockade coupled with transfers of agricultural produce to Germany led to famine. It is estimated that the Greek population declined by 7% during the Second World War. </p><p>During the war Greece also experienced the fifth worst <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> in economic history, after Hungary's following World War II, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>’s in the late 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>’s in the middle 1990s, and Germany's following World War I.. In 1943, prices were 34,864% higher compared to those of 1940; in 1944, prices were 163,910,000,000% higher compared to 1940 prices. Hyperinflation was compounded by the country's disastrous civil war from 1944-1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Freris_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek economy was in an extremely poor state in 1950 after the end of the Civil War, with its relative position dramatically affected. In that year Greece had a per capita GDP of $1,951, which was below that of countries like Portugal ($2,132), Poland ($2,480), and even Mexico ($2,085). Greece's per capita GDP was comparable to that of countries like Bulgaria ($1,651), Japan ($1,873), or Morocco ($1,611).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece's per-capita GDP grew quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece's growth averaged 7% between 1950 and 1973, a rate second only to Japan's during the same period. In 1950 Greece was ranked 28th in the world for per capita GDP, while in 1970 it was ranked 20th. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_and_early_21st_century">Late 20th and early 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Late 20th and early 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 80s, despite membership in the EC, Greece suffered from poor macroeconomic performance due to expansionary fiscal policies that led to a tripling of the <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a>, which went from the modest figure of 34.5% in 1981 to the triple digits by the 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second oil shock after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> hurt Greece, and the 80s were racked by high inflation as politicians pursued populist policies. The average rate of inflation in Greece during the 80s was 19%, which was three times the EU average. The Greek budget deficit also rose very substantially during the 80s, peaking at 9% in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 80s Greece implemented stabilization programs, cutting inflation from 25% in 1985 to 16% in 1987. The debt accumulated in the 80s was a large problem for the Greek government, and by 1991 interest payments on the public debt reached almost 12% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1991, Greece was very far from meeting the convergence criteria. For example, the inflation rate of Greece was 19.8%, while the EU average was 4.07% and the government's deficit was 11.5% of GDP, while the EU average was 3.64%. Nonetheless, Greece was able to dramatically improve its finances during the 1990s, with both inflation and budget deficit falling below 3% by 1999, and the government concealed economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it met the criteria for entry into Eurozone (including the budget deficit criterion even after its recent revision calculated with the method in force at the time). </p><p>Greece experienced a financial boom from 1998 to 2007, as real GDP per capita grew by more than 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_crisis_(2010-2018)"><span id="Debt_crisis_.282010-2018.29"></span>Debt crisis (2010-2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Debt crisis (2010-2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_bonds.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/300px-Greek_bonds.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/450px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/600px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5153" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>Greek bonds <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#001489 solid 3px;"> </span> 20 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#61D836 solid 3px;"> </span> 15 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#929292 solid 3px;"> </span> 10 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#F8BA00 solid 3px;"> </span> 5 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#B51700 solid 3px;"> </span> 1 year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF95CA solid 3px;"> </span> 3 month</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#73FDEA solid 3px;"> </span> 1 month</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div> <p>Greece experienced a sustained depression with the onset of the Global Financial Crisis, as real GDP per capita declined by 20% over the period 2007–2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece entered into the longest and largest depression for a modern middle- or high-income country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 2010 the government realized that it would need a rescue package. Greece had the biggest sovereign debt restructuring in history in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece had real GDP growth of 0.7% in 2014 after 5 years of decline. After a third bailout in 2015 (following the election of the leftist <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">SYRIZA</a> Party), Greece bailouts ended successfully (as declared) on August 20, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2019">Since 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Since 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having spent four and a half years in opposition to SYRIZA's government, right-wing <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> regained its majority in the parliament, returning to power under <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019 Greek legislative election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2019, Greece sold 10-year bonds for the first time since before the bailout.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2021, Greece sold its first 30-year bond since the financial crisis in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the euro zone average economic growth of 0.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek phoenix">Greek phoenix</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305054026/http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-08192005-084633/unrestricted/02chapter1.pdf">"CH 1 - The Dawn of the Bronze Age.doc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Etd.unisa.ac.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-08192005-084633/unrestricted/02chapter1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="CITEREFAlderman2014" class="citation news cs1">Alderman, Liz (9 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/10/business/international/greece-dives-back-into-the-bond-market.html">"Greece Dives Back Into the Bond Market"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Greece+Dives+Back+Into+the+Bond+Market&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft.aulast=Alderman&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fgreece-dives-back-into-the-bond-market.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2018" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry (19 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/19/greeces-bailout-is-finally-at-an-end-but-has-been-a-failure">"Greece's bailout is finally at an end – but has been a failure"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Greece%27s+bailout+is+finally+at+an+end+%E2%80%93+but+has+been+a+failure&rft.date=2018-08-19&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Faug%2F19%2Fgreeces-bailout-is-finally-at-an-end-but-has-been-a-failure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766">"Greece elections: Centre-right regains power under Kyriakos Mitsotakis"</a>. 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greece+elections%3A+Centre-right+regains+power+under+Kyriakos+Mitsotakis&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-48902766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Greece+to+Sell+10-Year+Bonds+for+First+Time+Since+Before+Bailout&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-03-05%2Fgreece-to-sell-10-year-bonds-for-first-time-since-before-bailout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/c31bac51-d065-421f-a600-943c7356c2e2">"Greece sells first 30-year bond since 2008 financial crisis"</a>. <i>ft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ft.com&rft.atitle=Greece+sells+first+30-year+bond+since+2008+financial+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fc31bac51-d065-421f-a600-943c7356c2e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/greek-economy-surges-after-decade-pain-2024-04-18/">"Greek economy surges after decade of pain"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Greek+economy+surges+after+decade+of+pain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Feurope%2Fgreek-economy-surges-after-decade-pain-2024-04-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Greece+and+the+Greek+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-1100 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1100 BC-330 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern<br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(post-1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_histories_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history" title="Template:Economic history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history" title="Template talk:Economic history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_histories_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic histories by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economic history of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Morocco" title="Economic history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan" title="Economic history of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Panama" title="Economic history of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Arab world</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economic history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former industrialized<br />economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Economy of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Ashanti Empire"> Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">England in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Economy of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_feudal_Japan" title="Economics of feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Economy of the Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois" title="Economy of the Iroquois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Tamil Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_history_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_history_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Economic history of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economic history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic history of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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