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Because of the advantages of tracking and recombining true" /> <title>(PDF) The evolution of stories: from mimesis to language, from fact to fiction | Brian Boyd - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/33190544/The_evolution_of_stories_from_mimesis_to_language_from_fact_to_fiction" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '93b7474171e6a4b1bbf2c2315cd7570fbc58ca00'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733267847000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733267847000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Why a species as successful as Homo sapiens should spend so much time in fiction , in telling one another stories that neither side believes, at first seems an evolutionary riddle. Because of the advantages of tracking and recombining true information, capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, and communication evolved in a range of animal species—yet even chimpanzees cannot communicate beyond the here and now. By Homo erectus, our forebears had reached an increasing dependence on one another, not least in sharing information in mimetic, prelinguistic ways. As Daniel Dor shows, the pressure to pool ever more information, even beyond currently shared experience, led to the invention of language. Language in turn swiftly unlocked efficient forms of narrative , allowing early humans to learn much more about their kind than they could experience at first hand, so that they could cooperate and compete better through understanding one another more fully. This changed the payoff of soci-ality for individuals and groups. But true narrative was still limited to what had already happened. Once the strong existing predisposition to play combined with existing capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, language , and narrative, we could begin to invent fiction, and to explore the full range of human possibilities in concentrated, engaging, memorable forms. First language, then narrative, then fiction, created niches that altered selection pressures , and made us ever more deeply dependent on knowing more about our kind and our risks and opportunities than we could discover through direct experience.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Brian Boyd"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-05-25","dateModified":"2017-05-25","headline":"The evolution of stories: from mimesis to language, from fact to fiction","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/53272651/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Philosophy Of Language","Languages and Linguistics","Narrative","Narrative Theory","Evolution of Language","Evolution of mythos and 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":33190544,"created_at":"2017-05-25T03:56:45.614-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-25T20:01:54.470-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Why a species as successful as Homo sapiens should spend so much time in fiction , in telling one another stories that neither side believes, at first seems an evolutionary riddle. Because of the advantages of tracking and recombining true information, capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, and communication evolved in a range of animal species—yet even chimpanzees cannot communicate beyond the here and now. By Homo erectus, our forebears had reached an increasing dependence on one another, not least in sharing information in mimetic, prelinguistic ways. As Daniel Dor shows, the pressure to pool ever more information, even beyond currently shared experience, led to the invention of language. Language in turn swiftly unlocked efficient forms of narrative , allowing early humans to learn much more about their kind than they could experience at first hand, so that they could cooperate and compete better through understanding one another more fully. This changed the payoff of soci-ality for individuals and groups. But true narrative was still limited to what had already happened. Once the strong existing predisposition to play combined with existing capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, language , and narrative, we could begin to invent fiction, and to explore the full range of human possibilities in concentrated, engaging, memorable forms. First language, then narrative, then fiction, created niches that altered selection pressures , and made us ever more deeply dependent on knowing more about our kind and our risks and opportunities than we could discover through direct experience."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The evolution of stories: from mimesis to language, from fact to fiction","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [86323]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":53272651,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The evolution of stories: from mimesis to language, from fact to fiction”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/53272651/mini_magick20190121-21600-1yhfya8.png?1548127213" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The evolution of stories: from mimesis to language, from fact to fiction</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="86323" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/BrianBoyd"><img alt="Profile image of Brian Boyd" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/86323/24101/27224514/s65_brian.boyd.jpg" />Brian Boyd</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">16 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 33190544; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=33190544"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Why a species as successful as Homo sapiens should spend so much time in fiction , in telling one another stories that neither side believes, at first seems an evolutionary riddle. Because of the advantages of tracking and recombining true information, capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, and communication evolved in a range of animal species—yet even chimpanzees cannot communicate beyond the here and now. By Homo erectus, our forebears had reached an increasing dependence on one another, not least in sharing information in mimetic, prelinguistic ways. As Daniel Dor shows, the pressure to pool ever more information, even beyond currently shared experience, led to the invention of language. Language in turn swiftly unlocked efficient forms of narrative , allowing early humans to learn much more about their kind than they could experience at first hand, so that they could cooperate and compete better through understanding one another more fully. This changed the payoff of soci-ality for individuals and groups. But true narrative was still limited to what had already happened. Once the strong existing predisposition to play combined with existing capacities for event comprehension, memory, imagination, language , and narrative, we could begin to invent fiction, and to explore the full range of human possibilities in concentrated, engaging, memorable forms. First language, then narrative, then fiction, created niches that altered selection pressures , and made us ever more deeply dependent on knowing more about our kind and our risks and opportunities than we could discover through direct experience.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":53272651,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/33190544/The_evolution_of_stories_from_mimesis_to_language_from_fact_to_fiction"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":53272651,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/33190544/The_evolution_of_stories_from_mimesis_to_language_from_fact_to_fiction"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="53272651" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/33190544/The_evolution_of_stories_from_mimesis_to_language_from_fact_to_fiction" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="80506769" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80506769/Why_and_How_Did_Narrative_Fictions_Evolve_Fictions_as_Entertainment_Technologies">Why and How Did Narrative Fictions Evolve? Fictions as Entertainment Technologies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71639713" href="https://ens.academia.edu/EdgarDubourg">Edgar Dubourg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Psychology, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Why and How Did Narrative Fictions Evolve? Fictions as Entertainment Technologies","attachmentId":86865693,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80506769/Why_and_How_Did_Narrative_Fictions_Evolve_Fictions_as_Entertainment_Technologies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80506769/Why_and_How_Did_Narrative_Fictions_Evolve_Fictions_as_Entertainment_Technologies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="9648129" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9648129/LANGUAGE_EVOLVED_FOR_STORYTELLING_IN_A_SUPER_FAST_EVOLUTION">LANGUAGE EVOLVED FOR STORYTELLING IN A SUPER-FAST EVOLUTION</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="113453" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/TillNikolausvonHeiseler">Till Nikolaus von Heiseler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The problem of language evolution can be split into two questions: What was language selected for? And what possible scenario could allow this adaptation process to occur? This paper addresses only the first question. Our hypothesis is that language was initially selected for narration (an utterance that refers to a past action) and only later was used for other purposes. We provide evidence from different fields and perspectives and show that selection for narration is not only suggested by the structure of language itself but also has the potential to solve other unanswered questions: the emergence of episodic memory and the ability to understand others as having beliefs, thoughts, desires, etc. (theory of mind). Furthermore, our hypothesis provides a new perspective on the problem of human altruism. This paper is meant not as a final result, but as a proposal for a provocative working hypothesis (see title) and a prelude to a model that could explain why narration (or storytelling) came under such immense selective pressure.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"LANGUAGE EVOLVED FOR STORYTELLING IN A SUPER-FAST EVOLUTION","attachmentId":35847913,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9648129/LANGUAGE_EVOLVED_FOR_STORYTELLING_IN_A_SUPER_FAST_EVOLUTION","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9648129/LANGUAGE_EVOLVED_FOR_STORYTELLING_IN_A_SUPER_FAST_EVOLUTION"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="4778313" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4778313/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction_review">On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6155728" href="https://independent.academia.edu/allenjromano">Allen J Romano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Philology, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (review","attachmentId":49635918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4778313/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4778313/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="72274650" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72274650/Collective_narratives_catalyse_cooperation">Collective narratives catalyse cooperation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="340338" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/Frean">Marcus Frean</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Humans invest in fantastic stories -- mythologies.Recent evolutionary theories suggest that cultural selection may favour moralising stories that motivate prosocial behaviours.A key challenge is to explain the emergence of mythologies that lack explicit moral exemplars or directives. Here, we resolve this puzzle with an evolutionary model in which arbitrary mythologies transform a collection of egoistic individuals into a cooperative. Importantly, in finite populations, reflecting relative to contemporary population sizes of hunter-gatherers, the model is robust to the cognitive costs in adopting fictions. This approach resolves a fundamental problem across the human sciences by explaining the evolution of otherwise puzzling amoral, nonsensical, and fictional narratives as exquisitely functional coordination devices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Collective narratives catalyse cooperation","attachmentId":81266562,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72274650/Collective_narratives_catalyse_cooperation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72274650/Collective_narratives_catalyse_cooperation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="22600077" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22600077/Homo_Inventans_The_Evolution_of_Narrativity">Homo Inventans: The Evolution of Narrativity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21510577" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/LyndaDMcNeil">Lynda D. McNeil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Until recently, evolutionary theory had been thought to be the exclusive domain of the biological sciences. Today this view is being challenged by constructivist psychologists, neuroanatomists, paleoanthropologists, and others in numerous fields who are studying the origin and evolution of language both in children (ontogenetically) and in our human ancestors (phylogenetically). From the perspective of cognitive anthropology, this paper argues that human narrativity has been in our ancestral past (phylogenetically) and continues to be in the present (ontogenetically), a fundamentally rational mode of discourse that is essential to personal and social survival and adaptation. Two theoretical orientations have taken precedence in recent years: discontinuity theorists who support 'uniquely human' cognitive and communicative abilities that divide human and non-human primates and hominids as gestural, iconic, kinesthetic, and spoken modalities of communication? Where did it originate in cognitive, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic terms and what functions did it serve for evolving humans? In attempting to respond to these questions, this paper adopts a gradualist or continuity approach which argues that 'the biological capacity for language evolved slowly and incrementally within the hominid line' (Armstrong et al., 1994, p. 349; Gibson, 1990, 1994). The compelling evidence for this approach lies. in assembling the pieces of a complex puzzle composed of empirical evidence, scientific research, and logical inferences. What will hopefully emerge is a narrative reconstruction of the evolution of narrative preadapta-tions and prenarrative abilities that begins with apes, leads genetically and morphologically to hominids, and ends with the ancestors of hominids, modern humans. This narrative of narrative evolution will unfold in three major sections: (1) The evolution of cognition and narrativity: this section discusses the brain structures and processes that underlie prenarrative and narrative capacities: embodied schemata generated from perceptual experiences; the cross-modal association of neuronal, knowledge-structuring processes responsible for the 'conversion of function' from one schemata (motor) to another form (language); and the gradual elaboration of narrative scripts from everyday routines and gestural word/signs over time into conventionally-sanctioned, archetypal narrative plots.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Homo Inventans: The Evolution of Narrativity","attachmentId":43201464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22600077/Homo_Inventans_The_Evolution_of_Narrativity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22600077/Homo_Inventans_The_Evolution_of_Narrativity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="32965300" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32965300/Literary_Prehistory_The_Origins_and_Psychology_of_Storytelling">Literary Prehistory: The Origins and Psychology of Storytelling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10377771" href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/MichelleScaliseSugiyama">Michelle Scalise Sugiyama</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What we know today as literature began as oral tales told in small hunter-gatherer bands. Several lines of evidence indicate that storytelling has long been an integral part of human experience. Our species, Homo sapiens, emerged around 200,000 years ago, at which point language was firmly in place. The recent finding that 85% of nighttime conversation among San foragers is dedicated to the recounting of stories and myths attests to the prominence of this activity in modern and—by implication--ancestral hunter-gatherer life. Unfortunately, behavior doesn’t fossilize, so we don’t have access to the stories told by our ancestors. However, thanks to texts collected by early anthropologists and extant oral traditions kept alive by dedicated tribal elders, we have a good sense of what storytelling was like in recent foraging groups. Due to contact with industrialized state societies and access to Western goods, recent forager life differs somewhat from that of our ancestors; however, their story traditions date to a time when they lived in small, nomadic or semi-nomadic bands and made their living by hunting and gathering. Thus, these traditions are the product of an existence that was very similar to that of early humans—a life without agriculture, social stratification, economic specialization, motorized transport, telecommunication, or modern medicine. For this reason, research on modern foraging peoples is seen as a valuable tool for reconstructing the hominid past. Similarly, the oral traditions of ethnographically documented foragers provide a model of storytelling in ancient environments....</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Literary Prehistory: The Origins and Psychology of Storytelling","attachmentId":53090253,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32965300/Literary_Prehistory_The_Origins_and_Psychology_of_Storytelling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32965300/Literary_Prehistory_The_Origins_and_Psychology_of_Storytelling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="25778297" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25778297/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction">On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31452621" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HopeHollocher">Hope Hollocher</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Poetics Today, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction","attachmentId":46135472,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25778297/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25778297/On_the_Origin_of_Stories_Evolution_Cognition_and_Fiction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="58438716" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58438716/From_Theory_to_Practice_Foundations_of_An_Evolutionary_Literary_Curriculum_The_Need_for_a_Prehistory_of_Literature">From Theory to Practice: Foundations of An Evolutionary Literary Curriculum The Need for a Prehistory of Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66261361" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelleSugiyama">Michelle Scalise Sugiyama</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Style, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Theory to Practice: Foundations of An Evolutionary Literary Curriculum The Need for a Prehistory of Literature","attachmentId":72849505,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58438716/From_Theory_to_Practice_Foundations_of_An_Evolutionary_Literary_Curriculum_The_Need_for_a_Prehistory_of_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58438716/From_Theory_to_Practice_Foundations_of_An_Evolutionary_Literary_Curriculum_The_Need_for_a_Prehistory_of_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="94807652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94807652/Book_review_Narrative_Persuasion_A_Cognitive_Perspective_on_Language_Evolution_">Book review "Narrative Persuasion. A Cognitive Perspective on Language Evolution"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15570466" href="https://unipa.academia.edu/StefaniaGarello">Stefania Garello</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Languages, Texts and Society, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book review \"Narrative Persuasion. A Cognitive Perspective on Language Evolution\"","attachmentId":97163577,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94807652/Book_review_Narrative_Persuasion_A_Cognitive_Perspective_on_Language_Evolution_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94807652/Book_review_Narrative_Persuasion_A_Cognitive_Perspective_on_Language_Evolution_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="32129675" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32129675/Minds_and_Meaning_in_Fictional_Narratives_An_Evolutionary_Perspective">Minds and Meaning in Fictional Narratives: An Evolutionary Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2277" href="https://umsl.academia.edu/JosephCarroll">Joseph Carroll</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of General Psychology, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article presents a theoretical framework for an evolutionary understanding of minds and meaning in fictional narratives. The article aims to demonstrate that meaning in fiction can be incorporated in an explanatory network that includes the whole scope of human behavior. In both reality and fiction, meaning consists of experiences in individual minds: sensations, emotions, perceptions, and thoughts. Writing and reading fiction involve three sets of minds, those of authors, readers, and characters. Meaning in the minds of authors and readers emerges in relation to the experiences of fictional characters. Characters engage in motivated actions. To understand minds and meaning in fiction, researchers need analytic categories for human motives. A comprehensive model of human motives can be constructed by integrating ideas from evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology. Motives combine in different ways to help create different cultures and different individual identities, which influence experience in individual minds. The mental experiences produced in authors and readers by fictional narratives have adaptive psychological functions. By encompassing the minds of authors, characters, and readers within a comprehensive model of human motives, this article situates the psychology of fiction within the larger research program of the evolutionary social sciences. Keywords: perspective taking, motives, psychology of reading, biocultural theory, evolutionary literary theory</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Minds and Meaning in Fictional Narratives: An Evolutionary Perspective","attachmentId":58051317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32129675/Minds_and_Meaning_in_Fictional_Narratives_An_Evolutionary_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32129675/Minds_and_Meaning_in_Fictional_Narratives_An_Evolutionary_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":53272651,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":53272651,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_53272651" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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