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Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Rassissem" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. 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Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Rassissem" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects_generals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects_generals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aspects generals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects_generals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Noziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Noziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Noziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Noziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Istorgia_da_la_noziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia_da_la_noziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Istorgia da la noziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorgia_da_la_noziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuntegn_e_definiziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuntegn_e_definiziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cuntegn e definiziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuntegn_e_definiziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differenziaziun_da_la_noziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differenziaziun_da_la_noziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Differenziaziun da la noziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differenziaziun_da_la_noziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiziun_dal_rassissem_tenor_Albert_Memmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiziun_dal_rassissem_tenor_Albert_Memmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Definiziun dal rassissem tenor Albert Memmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiziun_dal_rassissem_tenor_Albert_Memmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differenza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differenza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Differenza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differenza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valitaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valitaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Valitaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valitaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalisaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalisaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>Generalisaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalisaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiziun_da_rassissem_tenor_Fredrickson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiziun_da_rassissem_tenor_Fredrickson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Definiziun da rassissem tenor Fredrickson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiziun_da_rassissem_tenor_Fredrickson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulteriurs_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulteriurs_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Ulteriurs aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulteriurs_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furmas_istoricas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furmas_istoricas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Furmas istoricas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Furmas_istoricas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Furmas istoricas umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Furmas_istoricas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grezia_e_Roma_antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grezia_e_Roma_antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Grezia e Roma antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grezia_e_Roma_antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protorassissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protorassissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Protorassissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protorassissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Davart_la_teoria_dal_clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davart_la_teoria_dal_clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Davart la teoria dal clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davart_la_teoria_dal_clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rassissem_da_la_colur_da_la_pel_e_dals_chavels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rassissem_da_la_colur_da_la_pel_e_dals_chavels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.3</span> <span>Rassissem da la colur da la pel e dals chavels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rassissem_da_la_colur_da_la_pel_e_dals_chavels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects_da_gender,_dichotomias_e_svalitaziuns_gradualas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects_da_gender,_dichotomias_e_svalitaziuns_gradualas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.4</span> <span>Aspects da gender, dichotomias e svalitaziuns gradualas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects_da_gender,_dichotomias_e_svalitaziuns_gradualas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L’India,_la_China_ed_il_Giapun_dal_temp_da_l’antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L’India,_la_China_ed_il_Giapun_dal_temp_da_l’antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>L’India, la China ed il Giapun dal temp da l’antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L’India,_la_China_ed_il_Giapun_dal_temp_da_l’antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Temp medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquista_e_conquista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquista_e_conquista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reconquista e conquista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquista_e_conquista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temp modern</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temp_modern-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Temp modern umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temp_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sclavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sclavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Sclavaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sclavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predominanza_dals_alvs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predominanza_dals_alvs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Predominanza dals alvs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predominanza_dals_alvs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperialissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Imperialissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_razza_da_Yamato_en_il_Giapun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_razza_da_Yamato_en_il_Giapun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>La razza da Yamato en il Giapun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_razza_da_Yamato_en_il_Giapun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperi_osmanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperi_osmanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Imperi osmanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperi_osmanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confederaziun_tudestga_(1815–1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederaziun_tudestga_(1815–1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Confederaziun tudestga (1815–1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederaziun_tudestga_(1815–1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperi_tudestg_(1871–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperi_tudestg_(1871–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Imperi tudestg (1871–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperi_tudestg_(1871–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republica_da_Weimar_(1918–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republica_da_Weimar_(1918–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Republica da Weimar (1918–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republica_da_Weimar_(1918–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naziunalsocialissem_(1933–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naziunalsocialissem_(1933–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Naziunalsocialissem (1933–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naziunalsocialissem_(1933–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svilups_generals_odierns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svilups_generals_odierns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Svilups generals odierns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svilups_generals_odierns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raschuns_dal_pensar_rassistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raschuns_dal_pensar_rassistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Raschuns dal pensar rassistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raschuns_dal_pensar_rassistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevenziun_e_cumbat_dal_rassissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevenziun_e_cumbat_dal_rassissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prevenziun e cumbat dal rassissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevenziun_e_cumbat_dal_rassissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Litteratura umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monografias_e_collecziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monografias_e_collecziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Monografias e collecziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monografias_e_collecziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Davart_l’istorgia_dal_rassissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davart_l’istorgia_dal_rassissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Davart l’istorgia dal rassissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davart_l’istorgia_dal_rassissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rassissem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 147 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassisme" title="Rassisme – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rassisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ዘረኝነት – amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘረኝነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नस्लवाद – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नस्लवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عنصرية – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عنصرية – Marokkanisches Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنصرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkanisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تفرقه عنصريه – Ägyptisches Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفرقه عنصريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Ägyptisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismu" title="Racismu – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Racismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rq%C3%A7ilik" title="İrqçilik – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrqçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="عیرقچیلیک – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیرقچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – Bairisch" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bairisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras%C4%97zmos" title="Rasėzmos – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rasėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Расизъм – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Расизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বর্ণবাদ – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouennelouriezh" title="Gouennelouriezh – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouennelouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – Russisches Burjatisch" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russisches Burjatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – tschetschen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tschetschen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᏓᏓᎴᏙᏗ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᏓᏓᎴᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕەگەزپەرستی – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەگەزپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismus" title="Rasismus – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rasismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiliaeth" title="Hiliaeth – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hiliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyi%C9%9Br%C3%ABth%C3%A4nd%C3%AFt" title="Nyiɛrëthändït – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nyiɛrëthändït" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinanzat" title="Rinanzat – Zentral-Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rinanzat" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Zentral-Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ρατσισμός – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρατσισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Racism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrazismo" title="Arrazismo – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrazismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نژادپرستی – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نژادپرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="empfohlener Artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismi" title="Rasismi – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasuskilna%C3%B0ur" title="Rasuskilnaður – feroais" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rasuskilnaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%ADochas" title="Ciníochas – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciníochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Französisch-Guayana Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emboyke_piresa%27%C3%BDre" title="Ñemboyke piresa'ýre – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemboyke piresa'ýre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariyar_launin_fata" title="Wariyar launin fata – haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wariyar launin fata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גזענות – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזענות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नस्लवाद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नस्लवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism – Fidschi-Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Racism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidschi-Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasis" title="Rasis – creol haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rasis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creol haitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasszizmus" title="Rasszizmus – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rasszizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ռասիզմ – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռասիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialismo" title="Racialismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Racialismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyn%C3%BE%C3%A1ttahyggja" title="Kynþáttahyggja – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynþáttahyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismo" title="Razzismo – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Razzismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人種主義 – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人種主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesizim" title="Riesizim – Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Riesizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaikanisch-Kreolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რასიზმი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რასიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Нәсілшілдік – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нәсілшілдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವರ್ಣಭೇದ ನೀತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣಭೇದ ನೀತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85_%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84" title="인종 차별 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인종 차별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjadperest%C3%AE" title="Nîjadperestî – curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîjadperestî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilgasieth" title="Hilgasieth – cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hilgasieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmo" title="Rasizmo – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rasizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassissem" title="Rassissem – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rassissem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razisme" title="Razisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Razisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – limburgais" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razism" title="Razism – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Razism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismo" title="Razzismo – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Razzismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmas" title="Rasizmas – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rasizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisms" title="Rasisms – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rasisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra" title="Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanavakavaham-bolon-koditra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Расизам – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Расизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വർണ്ണവിവേചനം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വർണ്ണവിവേചനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Арьсны өнгөөр ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл – mongolic" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арьсны өнгөөр ялгаварлан гадуурхах үзэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्णद्वेष – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वर्णद्वेष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="လူမျိုးစွဲဝါဒ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူမျိုးစွဲဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassismus" title="Rassismus – bass tudestg" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rassismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bass tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="रंगभेद – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रंगभेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasisme" title="Rasisme – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rasisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Racisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandummaa" title="Gandummaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gandummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਸਲਵਾਦ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਸਲਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassism" title="Rassism – Piemontesisch" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rassism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piemontesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نسل پرستی – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نسل پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="توکمپالنه – paschto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توکمپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paschto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismo" title="Racismo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Racismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawchuri_rikuri" title="Chawchuri rikuri – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chawchuri rikuri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расізм – Russinisch" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Расізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Russinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratzismu" title="Ratzismu – sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ratzismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzismu" title="Razzismu – sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Razzismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizam" title="Rasizam – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rasizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාතිවාදය – singalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාතිවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism" title="Racism – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Racism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizmus" title="Rasizmus – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rasizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizem" title="Rasizem – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rasizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusaruraganda" title="Rusaruraganda – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rusaruraganda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midabtakoor" title="Midabtakoor – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midabtakoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racizmi" title="Racizmi – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Racizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Расизам – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Расизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasism" title="Rasism – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rasism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaguzi_wa_rangi" title="Ubaguzi wa rangi – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubaguzi wa rangi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Schlesisch (Wasserpolnisch)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இனவாதம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Нажодпарастӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нажодпарастӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คตินิยมเชื้อชาติ – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คตินิยมเชื้อชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasizm" title="Rasizm – Talisch" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rasizm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irk%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Irkçılık – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irkçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Расизм – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Расизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نسل پرستی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسل پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irqchilik" title="Irqchilik – usbec" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irqchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_bi%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng_t%E1%BB%99c" title="Phân biệt chủng tộc – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân biệt chủng tộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raecisse" title="Raecisse – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Raecisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rasismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种族主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რასიზმი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რასიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ראסיזם – jiddic" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראסיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81y%C3%A0m%E1%BA%B9%CC%80y%C3%A0" title="Ìṣẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣẹlẹ́yàmẹ̀yà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种族主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-cho%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96" title="種族歧視 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種族歧視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukucwasa_ngokwebala" title="Ukucwasa ngokwebala – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukucwasa ngokwebala" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rassissem" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Rassissem" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">rumantsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Questa pagina"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rassissem"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=history" title="Versiuns pli veglias da questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rassissem"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg/300px-Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg/450px-Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg/600px-Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Marsch da protesta cunter il rassissem (Sydney 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rassissem</b> è ina tenuta ubain ideologia, tenor la quala umans vegnan categorisads e giuditgads sco ‹razza› a basa da singulas caracteristicas exteriuras che laschan supponer ina tscherta provegnientscha. Las caracteristicas, da las qualas ins sa serva per cunfinar la razza – sco la colur da la pel, la statura u la lingua (e tut tenor er caracteristicas culturalas sco la vestgadira u usits) – vegnan consideradas sco facturs fundamentals e determinants areguard atgnadads ed abilitads umanas; perquai vegnan attribuidas a quellas valurs. Tut ils umans che correspundan il meglier pussaivel a las atgnas caracteristicas valiteschan rassists da princip sco superiurs, entant che tut ils auters vegnan discriminads sco inferiurs (savens a moda graduada). Cun talas teorias da las razzas, che duain apparentamain avair in fundament scientific, vegnivan e vegnan giustifitgadas diversas acziuns che stattan en cuntradicziun cun ils dretgs umans sco ch’els vegnan applitgads ozendi. </p><p>La noziun ‹rassissem› è sa furmada a l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner en la confruntaziun critica cun concepts politics che sa basavan sin teorias da las razzas. En teorias antropologicas areguard il connex tranter cultura e razza è la noziun ‹razza› per part er vegnida colliada cun la noziun etnologica/sociologica ‹pievel›. </p><p>Il rassissem na focusescha betg sin la percepziun subjectiva d’atgnadads d’ina gruppa, mabain metta en dumonda sia valur sco tala ed en il cas extrem schizunt il dretg d’existenza da quella. La discriminaziun rassistica emprova perquai da renviar a differenzas (projectadas) fenotipicas e, deducì da quai, persunalas. </p><p>Independentamain da sia provegnientscha po mintga uman esser pertutgà da rassissem. La Cunvegna internaziunala davart l’eliminaziun da mintga furma da discriminaziun da razza na differenziescha betg tranter discriminaziun da razza ed etnica. Ina chapientscha extendida da la noziun ‹rassissem› po er includer numerusas autras categorias. Umans cun pregiudizis rassistics discrimineschan auters pervi da talas appartegnientschas, il rassissem instituziunal refusa a tschertas gruppas avantatgs e prestaziuns u privilegescha auters. Teorias e musters d’argumentaziun rassistics servan a giustifitgar relaziuns da pussanza ed a mobilisar umans per intents politics. Las consequenzas dal rassissem tanschan da pregiudizis e discriminaziun sur la separaziun da las razzas, sclavaria e pogroms fin ad uschenumnadas ‹purificaziuns etnicas› e <a href="/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid">genocids</a>. </p><p>Per sa distanziar da la noziun da razza fa la biologia umana ozendi be anc ina sutdivisiun (arbitrara) dals umans en populaziuns. En la biologia furma <i>Homo sapiens</i> la suletta spezia recenta, la quala na vegn ni sutdividida en ‹razzas› ni en sutspezias. </p><p>La noziun dal rassissem sa cuvra per part cun quella da l’ostilitad cunter ils esters (xenofobia) e na sa lascha per ordinari betg cunfinar precis da quel. Parts da las scienzas socialas fan però la differenza tranter xenofobia e rassissem. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects_generals">Aspects generals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Aspects generals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Aspects generals"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_(32).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg/220px-Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg/330px-Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg/440px-Seventy-two_Specimens_of_Castes_in_India_%2832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Manuscrit dal 1837 che preschenta las castas da l’India</figcaption></figure> <p>Rassissem, en il stretg senn dal pled, explitgescha fenomens socials a basa d’analogias pseudoscientificas or da la biologia. Sco reacziun sin il princip d’egualitad universal da l’illuminissem emprova el da stgaffir ina giustificaziun apparentamain inviolabla da l’inegualitad sociala cun sa referir ad enconuschientschas da las scienzas natiralas. Tenor quai duain la cultura, il status social, las disposiziuns, il caracter, il cumportament e.a. esser determinads tras la biologia ereditara. In urden da pussanza apparentamain natiral u divin, structurà a moda ierarchic-autoritara, ed il squitsch d’agir che vegn deducì da quai servan a giustifitgar discriminaziun, exclusiun, suppressiun, persecuziun u extirpaziun d’individis e gruppas – e quai tant a nivel individual sco er instituziunal. Differenzas areguard la colur da la pel, la lingua, la religiun u la cultura stabiliseschan la cunfinaziun tranter las differentas gruppas e duain segirar la posiziun privilegiada da l’agen envers l’ester. Il progress civilisatoric da la moderna vegn interpretà sco svilup decadent che stettia en cuntradicziun cun l’inegualitad natirala da l’uman.<sup id="cite_ref-ldp497_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldp497-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Las ragischs dal rassissem tanschan enavos fin en l’istorgia tempriva da l’umanitad. L’istoriograf Imanuel Geiss vesa en ils fundaments istorics dal sistem da castas indic «la pli veglia furma da structuras quasi rassisticas». Tenor Geiss han quellas inizià il pli tard cun la conquista da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=India_dal_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India dal Nord (n'exista betg)">India dal Nord</a> tras ils Arians vers 1500 a.C.: «Conquistaders da pel clera han suttamess persunas da pel stgira e sfurzà quels sco ‹sclavs› en l’apartheid d’ina societad da razzas e castas. Quella n’ha bain betg sa laschà mantegnair a lunga vista en la furma oriunda, ma ha tuttina manà ad in’extrema fragmentaziun ed isolaziun da las castas sco cuminanza da vita, da lavur, d’abitar, da mangiar e da lètg nunsurmuntabla.»<sup id="cite_ref-Geiss_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En la <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a> antica èn ils barbars bain betg vegnids considerads sco inferiurs sut aspects da razza, mabain ‹be› sco retardads areguard aspects culturals resp. civilisatorics; ma er en quest connex discurran intgins istoriografs d’in ‹proto-rassissem›. </p><p>Il rassissem ‹modern› è sa sviluppà en il 14avel e 15avel tschientaner ed è l’emprim vegnì motivà religiusamain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A partir dal 1492, suenter la reconquista en <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a>, èn gidieus e muslims vegnids persequitads sco «penetraders esters» u simplamain sco «marranos» (pors) e stgatschads da la Spagna. Bain ha existì la pussaivladad formala da sa laschar battegiar (a moda pli u main voluntara) per mitschar a l’expulsiun u a la mort; ma savens vegnivan ils Conversos (gidieus convertits) u Moriscos (Maurs convertits) inculpads da pratitgar lur cretta en il zuppà, quai che privava facticamain ils convertits da la pussaivladad da daventar commembers equivalents da la societad. Il ‹gidieu› u ‹islamic›, ma er il ‹cristian› è vegnì declerà sco la natira interna, l’essenza da l’uman e l’appartegnientscha religiusa è daventada uschia ina barriera insurmuntabla. L’idea ch’il batten u la conversiun na tanschian betg per extinguer la mancanza, ha essenzialisà u natiralisà la religiun e vala per blers istoriografs sco origin dal rassissem modern. Il patratg ch’in gidieu u muslim mantegnia er ses ‹esser› gidieu u muslim suenter avair midà sia religiun – che quai saja pia quasi en il sang – è en sasez rassistic. «La veglia persvasiun europeica che uffants hajan il medem ‹sang› sco lur geniturs, era plitost ina metafra u in mitus ch’ina constataziun empiric-scientifica, ma quella ha sancziunà ina sort determinissem genealogic, il qual cupitga en rassissem, sch’el vegn applitgà sin entiras gruppas etnicas.» Ils ‹Estatutos de limpieza de sangre› (‹Statuts davart la purezza dal sang›), stabilids l’emprima giada l’onn 1449 per il cussegl da la citad da Toledo, valan per intgins auturs sco anticipaziun da las Leschas da razza da Nürnberg.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quels han numnadamain stigmatisà in’entira gruppa etnica pervi da caracteristicas che na sa laschavan – uschia vegniva pretendì – ni eliminar tras conversiun ni tras assimilaziun. </p><p>Or da la cuminanza da cretta cristiana, a la quala appartegna atgnamain mintgin ch’è daventà tras il batten ina part da la cuminanza, era daventada ina cuminanza da derivanza, in equivalent d’ina razza. En quest process è gia s’annunzià bunamain 500 onns avant il naziunalsocialissem l’ideologem rassistic dal «corp dal pievel» cun las ideas ch’èn stadas colliadas cun quel, per exempel da l’«impuritad dal sang gidieu». </p><p>Quest rassissem medieval è però restà collià a l’entschatta cun imaginaziuns miticas e religiusas; i mancava da quel temp il referiment ad ina biologia fundada sin las scienzas natiralas. Pir en quel mument ch’ins ha cumenzà a metter en dumonda tschertezzas religiusas e che la spartiziun tranter corp ed olma è vegnida remplazzada tras in maletg dal mund materialistic, fundà sin las scienzas natiralas, èn stadas avant maun las premissas spiertalas per in rassissem da tempra moderna. «Il rassissem ha pudì sa sviluppar ad ina furma da schientscha cumplexa tant enavant che elements da schientscha rassistics han pudì s’‹emancipar› or dals lioms teologics dal temp medieval.»<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorias da razza pseudoscientificas èn per uschè dir in «product secundar da l’illuminissem»<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, dal qual er gronds illuminists han surpiglià l’argumentaziun fundada sin las scienzas natiralas. «Cun lur intenziun passiunada, magari bunamain fanatica, d’ordinar il mund a moda ‹logica›, cun lur mania da classifitgar tut, han ils filosofs e scienziads da l’illuminissem attribuì lur part a dar ad ideas rassisticas ch’existivan dapi tschients onns ina coerenza ideologica, la quala las ha rendì attractiva per mintgin ch’è inclinà a pensar a moda abstracta.»<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Voltaire2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Voltaire2.jpg/180px-Voltaire2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Voltaire2.jpg/270px-Voltaire2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Voltaire2.jpg/360px-Voltaire2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="2567" /></a><figcaption>Voltaire</figcaption></figure> <p>Uschia ha per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltaire (n'exista betg)">Voltaire</a> scrit l’onn 1755: «La razza dals neghers è ina spezia d’uman dal tuttafatg differenta da la nossa, tuttina sco quella dals spaniels sa differenziescha da quellas dals levriers. (...) Ins po dir che lur intelligenza n’è betg simplamain autra che la nossa, mabain ella è per lunschor inferiura a quella.»<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oriundamain fundada a moda metafisica e religiusa, ha il rassissem survegnì tras l’illuminissem in ulteriur fundament secular. </p><p>Anc l’onn 1666 ha il professer da Leiden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgius_Hornius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgius Hornius (n'exista betg)">Georgius Hornius</a> sutdividì l’umanitad en japhetits (alvs), semits (mellens) e hamits (nairs), perquai ch’el crajeva tenor la tradiziun biblica che l’entira umanitad derivia dals trais figls da Noah Japhet, Sem e Ham. Ma gia stgars ventg onns pli tard, il 1684, ha il scienzià franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Bernier (n'exista betg)">François Bernier</a> preschentà ina sistematica da razza, entaifer la quala el ha categorisà l’umanitad a basa da caracteristicas exteriuras sco la colur da la pel, la statura u la furma da la fatscha en quatter fin tschintg razzas sviluppadas differentamain. Eran ils nairs maclads avant – ord vista dal <a href="/wiki/Vegl_Testament" title="Vegl Testament">Vegl Testament</a> – tras la smaladicziun da Ham e giascheva sin ils Gidieus – ord vista dal <a href="/wiki/Nov_Testament" title="Nov Testament">Nov Testament</a> – la culpa collectiva d’avair mazzà Dieu, sche han ins uss allegà motivs ‹scientifics› che duevan ‹cumprovar› lur diversitad u inferiuradad ‹rassica›. </p><p>Perscrutaders da la natira sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl von Linné (n'exista betg)">Carl von Linné</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (n'exista betg)">Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (n'exista betg)">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> e blers auters han cataloghisà e classifitgà la flora e fauna, ma er l’umanitad ch’era enconuschenta da quel temp, ed han uschia stgaffì il fundament da l’‹istorgia natirala da l’uman›, da l’antropologia. Lur lavur è però stada segnada da l’entschatta ennà da mitus ch’èn vegnids dads vinavant e da pregiudizis. Ina rolla centrala ha surtut giugà l’uschenumnada Scala Naturae ch’era enconuschenta nà da la teologia medievala e ch’era vegnida surpigliada da la scienza seculara dal temp modern tempriv. Quella attribuiva a tuttas furmas da la vita in plaz fix en in’ierarchia da creatiras ‹inferiuras› e ‹superiuras›. Quai ha d’ina vart bain attribuì a furmar teorias davart l’evoluziun ed il svilup da las spezias, da l’autra vart però, applitgà sin l’uman, a differenziar tranter «stresas da razza» pli veglias e pli giuvnas ch’ins ha classifitgà sco «primitivas» ed «avanzadas».<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il gener <i>Homo</i> ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl von Linné (n'exista betg)">Carl von Linné</a> introducì l’onn 1758 en la 10avla ediziun da ‹Systema Naturae›. Gia avant aveva el differenzià a basa da la colur da la pel quatter variantas da l’uman anatomicamain modern ch’èn spartidas geograficamain ina da l’autra; uss però ha el extendì questas quatter varietads cun attribuir ad ellas differents temperaments e differentas constituziuns fisicas: Ils Europeans sa distinguan tenor el tras las caracteristicas alv, sanguinic, musculus («albus, sanguineus, torosus»), ils Americans tras las caracteristicas cotschen, coleric, sidretg («rufus, cholericus, rectus»), ils Asiats tras las caracteristicas mellen, melancolic, airi («luridus, melancholicus, rigidus») ed ils Africans tras las caracteristicas nair, flegmatic, lasch («niger, phlegmaticus, laxus»). «Fissan ils antropologs sa restrenschids a classifitgar las gruppas d’umans tenor lur caracteristicas fisicas, senza trair da quai ulteriuras conclusiuns, alura fiss lur lavur stada tuttina innocenta sco quellas dal botanicher u zoolog e sulettamain la cuntinuaziun da quella. Ma gia da l’entschatta ennà èsi sa mussà che quels che faschevan la classificaziun, s’attribuivan er il dretg da giuditgar areguard las caracteristicas da las gruppas d’umans ch’els definivan: cun extrapolar da caracteristicas fisicas sin caracteristicas spiertalas e moralas han els tschentà si in’ierarchia da las razzas.»<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> «Independent da la dumonda, tge che Linné, Blumenbach ed auters etnologs dal 18avel tschientaner han intendì – en tutta cas èn els stads ils avrapista per in rassissem secular resp. ‹scientific›.»<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cun valitar aspects fenotipics a basa da criteris estetics e colliar quels cun abilitads spiertalas, da caracter u culturalas, ha la tipologia da razzas ch’è sa sviluppada en il 18avel tschientaner preparà il terren per il rassissem biologic dal 19avel e 20avel tschientaner. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Arthur_Comte_de_Gobineau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (n'exista betg)">Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau</a>, il qual Poliakov caracterisescha sco «grond erold dal rassissem da tempra biologica», vala cun ses ‹Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines› en quatter toms sco inventader da la razza da signurs arica e fundatur da la doctrina da razza moderna resp. sco avrapista teoretic dal rassissem modern.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il declin da ses stan ha l’aristocrat franzos declerà sco consequenza da la degeneraziun da razza. Ultra da quai ha el profetisà che la maschaida da sang da differentas razzas vegnia a manar inevitablamain a l’extincziun da l’umanitad. </p><p>En il 20avel tschientaner èn sa furmadas en blers pajais furmas exprimidas dal rassissem, las qualas èn per part daventadas l’ideologia uffiziala dals pajais respectivs. Exempels èn: </p> <ul><li>L’èra da Jim Crow, il temp da la discriminaziun da razzas en ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> ch’ha culminà tranter il 1890 ed il 1960.</li> <li>Las leschas da razza dals naziunalsocialists en <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> ed en auters stadis europeics tranter il 1933 ed il 1945.</li> <li>Il reschim d’apartheid en l’<a href="/wiki/Africa_dal_Sid" title="Africa dal Sid">Africa dal Sid</a> ch’ha prendì suenter il 1948 ses svilup il pli extrem.</li> <li>La politica da la regenza australiana envers ils <a href="/wiki/Aborigines" title="Aborigines">Aborigines</a>.</li></ul> <p>Dapi la Decleraziun da l’<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> cunter la noziun ‹razza› en rom da la Conferenza da l’UNESCO cunter rassissem, violenza e discriminaziun da l’onn 1995 n’è betg mo proscrita mintga deducziun da categorias da razza biologicas, mabain er sociologicas. Quai vegn argumentà sco suonda: </p> <ul><li>Criteris, tenor ils quals vegnan definidas razzas sa laschian eleger a moda arbitrara.</li> <li>Las differenzas geneticas tranter umans entaifer ina ‹razza› sajan en media quantitativamain pli gronds che las differenzas geneticas tranter differentas ‹razzas›.</li> <li>I n’existia nagin connex tranter criteris corporals exprimids sco la colur da la pel ed autras caracteristicas sco il caracter u l’intelligenza.</li></ul> <p>L’impurtant geneticher da populaziun Cavalli-Sforza, professer a la Stanford University en California, vegn en si’ovra monumentala ‹The History and Geography of Human Genes› a la conclusiun ch’i na dettia nagina basa scientifica per la differenziaziun da razzas umanas. Da vulair sutdivider l’umanitad en sutgruppas taxonomicas saja in act arbitrar che na sa laschia betg reproducir cun agid da metodas statisticas. Las differenzas geneticas minimalas che sa laschian insumma cumprovar tranter tschertas populaziuns sajan pervi da la pitschna vegliadetgna evoluziunara da l’uman modern fitg marginalas ed ultra da quai, pervi da las migraziuns e la maschaida subsequenta, quasi betg pli cumprovablas. Las differenzas opticas las pli marcantas, per exempel la colur da la pel, na correleschian ultra da quai insumma betg cun quests clusters da populaziun definids a basa genetica. Nagina populaziun possedia agens gens e schizunt agens allels sajan senza muntada, differenzas existian be en la frequenza da quels. Tut tenor il marcader genetic elegì sajan ils clusters genetics ultra da quai cunfinads differentamain e betg stabils.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ils 21 da mars è il Di internaziunal cunter il rassissem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noziun">Noziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Noziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Noziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istorgia_da_la_noziun">Istorgia da la noziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia da la noziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia da la noziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg/180px-Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg/270px-Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg/360px-Magnus_Hirschfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Hirschfeld (busta da Harald Isenstein, Berlin)</figcaption></figure> <p>Il rassissem sco fenomen social e psichic exista independentamain da teorias da razza; conflicts da gruppa che sa laschan descriver sco rassistics èn cumprovads dapi l’origin da l’istorgia da l’umanitad.<sup id="cite_ref-Geiss_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiss-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il rassissem sco doctrina scientifica, sistematica è percunter sa sviluppà dapi la fin dal 18avel tschientaner en l’Europa continentala ed en il territori anglosaxon.<sup id="cite_ref-ldp497_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ldp497-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La noziun ‹rassissem› è però pir vegnida en diever cur ch’ins ha cumenzà a metter en dumonda la noziun da las razzas u almain tschertas furmas da diever da quella. Ella è sa furmada a l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner en rom da la confruntaziun cun teorias che tractan las differenzas tranter ils pievels. La finiziun ‹-ismus› dueva exprimer ch’i sa tractia en quest connex d’ideas dispitaivlas, betg da fatgs natirals indiscutabels. Ils rassists percunter consideravan sasezs sco represchentants d’ina teoria u scienza da razzas ed han perquai refusà la noziun. </p><p>Lavur da pionier en blers reguard ha prestà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_Simar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile Simar (n'exista betg)">Théophile Simar</a>. Si’ovra dal 1922 ‹Étude critique sur la formation de la doctrine des races au XVIIIe siècle et son expansion au XIXe siècle› vala sco emprima, en la quala èn vegnidas applitgadas las noziuns ‹rassissem› e ‹rassistic›. En quella tracta el a moda fitg critica la tesa da la superiuradad germana resp. teutonica visavi ils auters pievels europeics – surtut ils romans – ed è vegnì a la conclusiun che tals concepts n’hajan nagin fundament scientific e servian exclusivamain ad intents politics. </p><p>L’onn 1935 han <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Huxley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Huxley (n'exista betg)">Julian Huxley</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_C._Haddon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred C. Haddon (n'exista betg)">Alfred C. Haddon</a> crititgà en lur cudesch ‹We Europeans: A survey of Racial problems› ch’i na dettia insumma nagina cumprova scientifica per l’idea da differentas razzas umanas, cunfinadas ina da l’autra. Classificaziuns a basa da caracteristicas fenotipicas u somaticas e valitaziuns che sa basian sin quai sco er mintga furma da ‹biologia da razza› han els refusà sco pseudoscientific. Els han perquai pretendì da stritgar il pled ‹razza› or dal vocabulari scientific e da remplazzar quel tras la noziun ‹gruppas etnicas›. Las teorias da razza dals nazis han els designà sco «credo d’in rassissem passiunà». E vinavant: «Il rassissem è in mitus ed in privlus latiers. El è in pretext per finamiras economicas egoisticas che fissan a moda nunzuppada tridas avunda.» La classificaziun biologica dals tips d’umans europeics saja in proceder subjectiv ed il mitus dal rassissem l’emprova da giustifitgar il naziunalissem.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Barzun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Barzun (n'exista betg)">Jacques Barzun</a> ha classifitgà l’onn 1937 en si’ovra ‹Race: a Study in Superstition› l’idea da las razzas sco superstiziun moderna ed expressiun d’in pensar manà en errur.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Razza, uschia ha el declerà, «è stà en Germania in med per restituir al pievel tudestg suenter l’umiliaziun naziunala da Versailles in sentiment da stima da sasez». El descriva ultra da quai co ch’ins è er gia sa servì pli baud ed en auters lieus dal rassissem per fular via al ‹naziunal›. Gia en l’emprim chapitel renda el attent che betg be la tenuta tudestg envers ils Gidieus saja rassistica, mabain er l’idea da la superiuradad dals alvs envers ils nairs, la tema dal «privel mellen» asiatic ubain la persvasiun che la razza anglosaxona stoppia vegnir protegida cunter la maschaida cun sang da l’Europa dal Sid, gidieu u dals nairs. Si’analisa cumplessiva dal mund d’ideas rassistic da ses temp cumpiglia tranter auter: </p> <ul><li>la reinterpretaziun rassistica da la rivalitad tranter la Germania e la Frantscha ad in conflict tranter Ariers e celts;</li> <li>l’idea da vulair manar enavos l’avanzament dal socialissem sin ina conspiraziun gidieua;</li> <li>la pretensiun che las razzas germanas sajan londervi d’avanzar, las romanas percunter da pegiurar;</li> <li>sco er la persvasiun ch’ils alvs stoppian s’unir en il cumbat cunter las «rotschas da nairs, cotschens e mellens» per proteger la «cultura europeica» resp. la civilisaziun insumma cunter la decadenza.</li></ul> <p>Pli grond’attenziun ha la noziun ‹rassissem› chattà tras l’ovra da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Hirschfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnus Hirschfeld (n'exista betg)">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>, scritta il 1933/34 e publitgada postum il 1938 en lingua englaisa sut il titel ‹Racism›. En quella explitgescha Hirschfeld l’avanzament da l’antisemitissem tudestg sco consequenza dals problems che sajan resultads da la sconfitta en l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a>. Il rassissem servia sco ventil da segirezza cunter in sentiment da catastrofa e paria da restabilir la stima da sasez, tant pli ch’el sa drizzia cunter in inimi bain cuntanschibel e pauc privlus en l’agen pajais e betg cunter in inimi respectabel da l’autra vart dals cunfins naziunals. Er Hirschfeld ha considerà il concept da la ‹razza› sco dal tuttafatg nunscientific ed ha cusseglià da stritgar quel, «uschè lunsch ch’el serva a sutdivider la spezia umana». Ma er el n’ha purschì nagina definiziun formala dal ‹rassissem› e n’ha betg cunfinà quel da la noziun ‹xenofobia› ch’el dovra medemamain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’emprima definiziun per propi deriva da l’Americana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Benedict (n'exista betg)">Ruth Benedict</a>. En si’ovra cumparida il 1940 ‹Race – Science and Politics› designescha ella il rassissem sco «dogma ch’ina gruppa saja designada da natira ennà ad inferiuradad ereditara ed in’autra a superiuradad ereditara. Il dogma che la speranza dal mund cultural dependia da quai d’extinguer tschertas culturas e da tegnair puras autras. Il dogma ch’ina razza saja stada en l’entira istorgia da l’umanitad la purtadra dal progress e che quella possia sco suletta garantir er en il futur il progress.» </p><p>Gia questa definiziun tempriva dovra ‹razza› e ‹gruppa etnica› a moda sinonima, il terminus ‹razza› vegn chapì sco categoria sociologica e senza connex biologic. Benedict ha distinguì l’emprim cleramain tranter concepts da differenziaziun religius e rassistics ed empruvà da limitar la noziun dal rassissem al rassissem biologic. En l’ulteriur decurs da ses studis ha ella però bandunà questa differenziaziun ed ha stabilì in’«equivalenza funcziunala» tranter fanatissem religius ed aversiuns che vegnan giustifitgadas cun tratgs caracteristics fisics ubain tras derivanza. Tuts dus mainan, uschia Benedict, a furmas da persecuziun per las qualas vegnan be formuladas differentas giustificaziuns, ma che na sa differenzieschan betg en lur esser. «En ils egls da l’istorgia en tutta cas resta il rassissem be in auter exempel per la persecuziun da minoritads a favur da quels ch’èn a la pussanza.» Populara è la definiziun da Benedict daventada tras <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>, il qual l’ha duvrà dapli che 25 onns pli tard en ses cudesch ‹Where do we go from here: Chaos or Community?›. </p><p>L’onn 1965 han las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a> definì en la Cunvegna internaziunala per l’eliminaziun da mintga furma da discriminaziun da las razzas la noziun da la ‹discriminaziun da las razzas› sco «mintga differenziaziun, exclusiun, restricziun u favurisaziun che sa basa sin la razza, la colur da la pel, la derivanza, l’origin u il caracter naziunal ch’ha la finamira u per consequenza ch’ina renconuschientscha u pratica equivalenta dals dretgs umans e da las libertads fundamentalas en il sectur politic, economic, social, cultural e.a. vegn impedida u restrenschida.» </p><p>La Cumissiun europeica cunter rassissem ed intoleranza definescha rassissem sco «la persvasiun ch’in motiv sco razza, colur da la pel, lingua, religiun, naziunalitad u derivanza etnica giustifitgeschia da spretschar ina persuna u ina gruppa da persunas ubain il sentiment da superiuradad envers ina persuna u gruppa da persunas.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuntegn_e_definiziun">Cuntegn e definiziun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Cuntegn e definiziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Cuntegn e definiziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differenziaziun_da_la_noziun">Differenziaziun da la noziun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Differenziaziun da la noziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Differenziaziun da la noziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/220px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/330px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/440px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Albert Memmi</figcaption></figure> <p>En la scienza existan oz differentas definiziuns da la noziun ‹rassissem›. La purtada, valaivladad e forza explicativa da las definiziuns respectivas variescha tut tenor il nivel e l’accent d’interpretaziun. La noziun è fermamain ideologisada, uschia che l’acceptanza u refusa da differentas definiziuns po er depender da preferenzas politicas u eticas. Las singulas definiziuns pon sa referir a fatgs istorics, structuras e process pratics, ma er a teorias, ideologias, metodas da pensar u concepts abstracts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerus perscrutaders (sper Memmi, Fredrickson ed auters menziunads en quest artitgel p.ex. er Étienne Balibar, Patrick Girard, Stuart Hall, Loïc Wacquant) accentueschan dapi decennis ch’i n’existia betg ‹il› rassissem sco fenomen invariant, mabain ‹plirs› rassissems che sajan mintgamai da considerar en lur context istoric respectiv. Perquai fa per exempel l’istoriograf George M. Fredrickson valair «ch’igl exista in’istorgia generala dal rassissem ed in’istorgia da rassissems particulars; ma per chapir las differentas furmas e funcziuns dal fenomen general (...) èsi necessari d’enconuscher mintgamai il context specific.»<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il sociolog franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Memmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Memmi (n'exista betg)">Albert Memmi</a> considerescha il ‹rassissem en il vast senn dal pled› sco in «fenomen general», il qual cumparia però en differentas furmas, da las qualas il ‹rassissem en il stretg senn dal pled› saja be ina. Damai ch’il ‹rassissem en il vast senn dal pled› saja derasà bler pli ferm propona el «da subordinar il rassissem biologic, tar il qual i sa tracta istoricamain d’in fenomen relativamain giuven, ad in cumportament general e bler pli vegl». Per quest ultim, che po cumpigliar aspects psicologics, culturals, socials u metafisics, pudess ins tenor el duvrar la noziun ‹heterofobia› e restrenscher il diever da la noziun ‹rassissem› a refusaziuns da gruppas da persunas che sa refereschan surtut a differenzas biologicas. Ma quai è plitost in facit u giavisch per il futur; en sia definiziun dal rassissem – ch’è actualmain quella che vegn acceptada il pli vastamain – parta Memmi tuttavia dal ‹rassissem en il vast senn dal pled›.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definiziun_dal_rassissem_tenor_Albert_Memmi">Definiziun dal rassissem tenor Albert Memmi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Definiziun dal rassissem tenor Albert Memmi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Definiziun dal rassissem tenor Albert Memmi"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La definiziun da Memmi sa cloma sco suonda: «Il rassissem è la valitaziun generalisada e declerada sco absoluta da differenzas realas u fictivas a niz da l’accusader ed a donn da l’unfrenda, cun agid da la quala duain vegnir giustifitgads ses privilegis u sias agressiuns.»<sup id="cite_ref-Memmi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memmi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questa definiziun cuntegna trais elements che Memmi considerescha sco essenzials ed als quals vegn er attribuida en la perscrutaziun actuala ina muntada centrala, numnadamain ‹differenza›, ‹valitaziun› e ‹generalisaziun›. Memmi accentuescha che nagin da quests elements per sai statueschia gia il rassissem, mabain che lez sa furmia pir or da la colliaziun da quels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Differenza">Differenza</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Differenza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Differenza"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il fundament dal rassissem è da chattar en l’accentuaziun instanta u construcziun da differenzas effectivas u fictivas tranter rassist ed unfrenda. Memmi renda explicitamain attent ch’i sa tracta qua d’i mecanissem general e ch’il rassissem «na sa restrenscha ni sin biologia ni sin economia, sin psicologia ubain metafisica; el furma anzi in’accusaziun da la quala sa lascha far diever a moda multifara e la quala sa serva da tut quai che sa porscha, schizunt da quai che na sa lascha gnanc tschiffar, perquai ch’el inventa quai dal qual el ha basegn.» Per l’argumentaziun rassistica saja la differenza – reala u inventada – bain decisiva, «ma i n’è betg la differenza che maina automaticamain a rassissem, mabain il rassissem che tira a niz la differenza.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Valitaziun">Valitaziun</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Valitaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Valitaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Be da render attent a differenzas tranter individis u gruppas, uschia Memmi, na constitueschia anc nagin rassissem. «Il rassissem na consista betg en constatar ina differenza, mabain en il sa servir da quella cunter in auter.» Ed el cuntinuescha: «Il rassissem è ina valitaziun (...)», el cumenza là nua che la differenza vegn suttamessa ad in’interpretaziun e nua ch’i vegn attribuì a quella ina muntada (supplementara) en quel senn ch’ella vegn connotada a moda negativa e che quai s’effectuescha a moda dischavantagiusa per la persuna valitada. D’accentuar en questa moda differenzas realas u imaginadas è per Memmi «in instrument cumadaivel per (...) metter en dumonda l’unfrenda». Las caracteristicas dals auters vegnan numnadamain adina valitadas a moda negativa, entant che las caracteristicas dal rassist èn bunas, positivas. «Il rassist è amabel, perquai che si’unfrenda è detestabla.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Generalisaziun">Generalisaziun</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Generalisaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Generalisaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sco terz pass discurra Memmi d’ina generalisaziun, e quai en in senn dubel: sco depersunalisaziun e sco eternisaziun. L’individi na vegn betg pli considerà per sai, mabain sco commember d’ina gruppa, las caracteristicas da la quala el posseda inevitablamain, a priori; el vegn uschia privà da si’individualitad, vegn depersunalisà. L’autra part da la generalisaziun furma l’illimitaziun temporala da las accusaziuns: La valitaziun ch’il rassist imprima a si’unfrenda ha per quel tratgs definitivs. «L’unfrenda n’appartegna betg be ad ina gruppa, da la quala tut ils commembers portan questa macla, els fan quai en pli en perpeten.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definiziun_da_rassissem_tenor_Fredrickson">Definiziun da rassissem tenor Fredrickson</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Definiziun da rassissem tenor Fredrickson" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Definiziun da rassissem tenor Fredrickson"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg/180px-Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg/270px-Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg/360px-Karl_Ernst_von_Baer_Types_Principaux_des_Differents_Race_Humaines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Classificaziun da las razzas umanas sco ch’ella era tipica per il 19avel tschientaner</figcaption></figure> <p>Entant che la valitaziun furma per Memmi in element central, desista <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_M._Fredrickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George M. Fredrickson (n'exista betg)">George M. Fredrickson</a> dal tuttafatg da quest criteri, uschia che sia definiziun enserra er tscherts concepts etnocentrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sia teoria u concepziun da rassissem da l’onn 2002 sa basa sulettamain sin las duas cumponentas ‹differenza› e ‹pussanza›: «Rassissem prevegna d’ina moda da pensar che statuescha ‹els› a moda durabla sco differents da ‹nus›, e quai senza ch’igl existiss la pussaivladad da surmuntar questas differenzas. Quest sentiment da differenza furnescha in motiv resp. ina giustificaziun persuenter che ‹nus› faschain diever da noss avantatg da pussanza per tractar ‹els› en ina moda che nus considerassan sco crudaivla u malgista, sche commembers da noss’atgna gruppa fissan pertutgads da quai.» </p><p>Fredrickson na concretisescha betg la moda e maniera co che la pussanza vegn exercitada e na fixescha er betg sche la differenza saja biologica, culturala, religiusa u d’autra natira. Bain saja en l’istorgia il rassissem savens stà collià cun aspects biologics, però: «Quai che vegn caracterisà en ils Stadis Unids, la Gronda Britannia e la Frantscha sco ‹nov rassissem› è in pensar che tschenta – a moda tuttina absoluta, nunmidabla – differenzas culturalas al lieu d’aspects genetics, cun auters pleds: che tschenta la cultura sco equivalent funcziunal da razza.» Il cunfin tranter «culturalissem» e rassissem è per Fredrickson svelt surpassà. Ses facit: «In particularissem deterministic cultural po avair las medemas consequenzas sco in rassissem a basa biologica (...).» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ulteriurs_aspects">Ulteriurs aspects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Ulteriurs aspects" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Ulteriurs aspects"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper las definiziuns da Memmi e Fredrickson existan sa chapescha numerusas autras che mettan mintgamai in pau auter ils accents. In exempel furma Christoph Butterwegge che considerescha il rassissem ord vista dals dretgs umans, constatond che quel constituescha ed ‹explitgescha› ina repartiziun ineguala da resursas socialas e da dretgs politics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ulteriur access è quel da Philomena Essed ch’enserra er aspects ‹economics› en il vast senn dal pled, vul dir la repartiziun da bains materials ed immaterials. Essed constatescha: «Il rassissem enserra adina il conflict da gruppa areguard resursas culturalas e materialas.» Sia vista extendida da la noziun ‹rassissem› na considerescha il fenomen betg be sco in’ideologia ubain cun tractar las furmas istoricas concretas da quel, mabain enserra er structuras realas e process, uschia che sia definiziun cumpiglia er fenomens sco rassissem dal mintgadi u rassissem instituziunal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furmas_istoricas">Furmas istoricas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Furmas istoricas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Furmas istoricas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antica">Antica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Antica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grezia_e_Roma_antica">Grezia e Roma antica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Grezia e Roma antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Grezia e Roma antica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La dumonda, schebain igl haja dà en la Grezia e Roma antica rassissem, vegn respundida a moda differenta. Ella stat surtut en connex cun la moda e maniera co ch’ils Grecs antics dapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herodot (n'exista betg)">Herodot</a> vesevan ils ‹Barbars›. </p><p>David Theo Goldberg, che considerescha il concept da l’exclusiun sco central per intercurir e differenziar furmas da discriminaziun rassistica, è da l’avis ch’ins na possia betg discurrer en connex cun la Grezia e Roma antica da rassissem, damai ch’ils Grecs n’hajan precis betg spretschà categoricamain ils ‹Barbars› (cf. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herodot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herodot (n'exista betg)">Herodot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aischylos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aischylos (n'exista betg)">Aischylos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophon (n'exista betg)">Xenophon</a> ed auters).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er Yves Albert Dauge snega ch’igl haja existì en il mund roman rassissem.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumbain ch’eran derasads en l’antica sentiments da superiuradad d’ina stirpa u d’in pievel visavi autras gruppas e che prevalevan stereotips etnics, religius u culturals, n’exista per las noziuns ‹razza› u ‹rassissem› nagin equivalent precis en la lingua greca u latina. Per il medem motiv na vesa er Christopher Tuplin nagin motiv da discurrer en connex cun il mund grec da rassissem; tenor ses avis stoppia la discussiun dal rassissem includer ina definiziun da razza.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Auturs sco Christian Delacampagne u Benjamin Isaac, professer per istorgia antica a l’Universitad da Tel Aviv, èn d’auter avis. Els fan d’ina vart valair ch’igl hajan existì construcziuns ideologicas analogas a la noziun da la razza e da l’autra vart ch’il rassissem argumenteschia oramai surtut culturalmain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omadus auturs renvieschan a la construcziun dal Barbar tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> ed a la legitimaziun da la sclavaria che saja vegnida pratitgada sin quest fundament. Als Barbars saja vegnì attribuì in esser uman inferiur, damai ch’els disponian be a moda limitada da raschun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Protorassissem">Protorassissem</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Protorassissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Protorassissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Peltaste.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG/160px-Peltaste.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG/240px-Peltaste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Guerrier da la Trachia</figcaption></figure> <p>Benjamin Isaac sa serva en connex cun l’antica, sper ‹rassissem tempriv› u ‹rassissem antic›, surtut da la noziun ‹protorassissem›, il qual l’egiptolog franzos Jean Yoyotte ha creà ils onns 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El vul accentuar cun quel duas chaussas: Bain haja existì en l’antica ina furma da rassissem, ma quel sa differenziavia dal rassissem classic sco che quel saja sa sviluppà en il 18avel e 19avel tschientaner. Però saja il rassissem antic tuttina da considerar sco protorassissem, pia sco precursur dal rassissem, damai che quel haja – tenor Isaac – influenzà il pensar rassistic da pli tard. Per Isaac è il rassissem segnà dal fatg che quel metta en connex individis u entiras gruppas d’umans cun atgnadads corporalas u spiertalas nunmidablas. Questas caracteristicas collectivas èn determinadas per il rassist, ellas na sa laschan betg midar perquai ch’ellas vegnan ubain transmessas a moda ereditara ubain èn colliadas cun cundiziuns climaticas u geograficas. D’intgins stereotips sajan ins gia sa servì en l’antica per legitimar agressiuns imperialisticas envers pievels ‹inferiurs›. </p><p>Singuls tratgs dal protorassissem antic hajan plinavant furmà elements constitutivs dal rassissem modern. Quels sajan vegnids dads vinavant sur auturs dal 18avel tschientaner als creaders da l’ideologia rassistica moderna. L’antica grecoromana n’enconuschia bain nagina teoria d’in determinissem biologic; tuttina fruntian ins gia baud, il pli tard dapi il 5avel tschientaner a.C., sin l’idea che umans possedian caracteristicas che correspundian cun lur origin geografic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenor questa teoria sajan ils umans en il sid chaud pli intelligents, cumbain pli timids ch’ils umans dal nord fraid; pervi da la cuntrada criva sajan quests ultims ingenius, impulsivs, ma er da levsenn. Athen e pli tard Roma hajan considerà sasezs sco centers ideals tranter extrems, e quai sa referind betg il davos al clima empernaivel da la Grezia ed Italia. Protorassissem exista pia tenor Issac per l’ina en questas imaginaziuns antropogeograficas; per l’autra è surtut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> (e suenter el auters) stà da l’avis che tscherts umans sajan naschids per esser sclavs. Tenor quest’idea datti umans superiurs ed umans inferiurs. Er questa differenziaziun, uschia Isaac, dettia tut tenor perditga d’in protorassissem: «La dumonda che sa tschenta è tge explicaziuns che la litteratura antica cuntegna areguard la superiuradad u inferiuradad da gruppas specificas. Sche quellas consistan en teorias davart l’ereditad u davart influenzas exteriuras nunmidablas, alura èsi pussaivel da discurrer da protorassissem.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Davart_la_teoria_dal_clima">Davart la teoria dal clima</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Davart la teoria dal clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Davart la teoria dal clima"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Proto-)rassissem antic sa mussa tenor Isaac surtut en furma da l’uschenumnada ‹teoria dal clima›, la quala attribuescha a pievels betg grecs tschertas atgnadads. Perceptibla daventa quella l’emprima giada en la scrittira ippocratica ‹De aeribus aquis locis› (Davart l’ambient). Probabel existiva ina teoria dal clima oriunda, la quala è vegnida recepida da questa e d’autras scrittiras. En il pievel mitic dals ‹Macrocefals› che l’autur da ‹De aeribus› descriva sco pievel istoric sa maschaida il protorassissem a basa da la teoria dal clima cun l’idea da l’ereditad da las caracteristicas correspundentas. Questa teoria vegn però be preschentada a moda vaga – segiramain betg il davos pervi da la savida restrenschida da lez temp areguard la biologia ereditara. A la teoria dal clima è adina agiuntada en ‹De aeribus› la teoria da l’inferiuradad da pievels esters pervi da la constituziun politica (despotia). Schebain la politica e l’urden (nomos) ubain la natira da l’uman (physis) è stà decisiv per il maletg da l’ester, na sa lascha betg respunder precisamain. Tras la retorica sofistica che vuleva gudagnar per sai tant sco pussaivel represchentants da differentas teorias, sa preschenta l’extensiun e l’applicaziun da la teoria dal clima a moda ordvart multifara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rassissem_da_la_colur_da_la_pel_e_dals_chavels">Rassissem da la colur da la pel e dals chavels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Rassissem da la colur da la pel e dals chavels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Rassissem da la colur da la pel e dals chavels"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vincent Rosivach scriva ch’ils chavels (per il pli) cotschens u blonds dals Tracs en il nord da la Grezia valevan savens sco caracteristica dals umans inferiurs. Ils Tracs han furmà en il temp archaic l’emprima gruppa etnica serrada da sclavs ad Athen. Quels èn vegnids acquistads dal temp da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solon (n'exista betg)">Solon</a>. Umans cun quest fenotip cumparan ad Athen quasi exclusivamain sco sclavs. Quai ha manà ad associaziuns respectivas da vart da la populaziun greca. En cumedias vegnan ils caracters da sclavs represchentads exclusivamain cun chavels cotschens. «Chau cotschen» resp. «chau blond» eran tipics nums da sclavs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In exempel per ina gruppa etnica da sclavs dal temp classic furman ils Scits, sclavs statals adossads cun lavurs polizialas. </p><p>Cunter la supposiziun ch’igl haja existì en l’antica in rassissem da la colur da la pel sa drizza dapi ils onns 1980 Frank M. Snowden, Jr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Aspects_da_gender,_dichotomias_e_svalitaziuns_gradualas"><span id="Aspects_da_gender.2C_dichotomias_e_svalitaziuns_gradualas"></span>Aspects da gender, dichotomias e svalitaziuns gradualas</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Aspects da gender, dichotomias e svalitaziuns gradualas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Aspects da gender, dichotomias e svalitaziuns gradualas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper questa vista dichotoma che considerava tut quai che n’era betg grec sco feminil, ester, bugliac, fauss, senza puntg da vista, primitiv u decadent, sa lascha er fastizar tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platon (n'exista betg)">Platon</a> l’emprova da giuditgar ils pievels esters a moda pli differenziada resp. graduada. En sia ‹Politeia› metta el en relaziun las trais parts da l’olma cun caracteristicas ch’el attribuescha a singuls pievels esters; ils Tracs e Scits considerescha el sco guerrils, ils Fenizians ed Egipzians sco orientads al gudogn. Ses scolar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> alleghescha medemamain ils Tracs e Scits sco exempels per pievels guerrils; sco qualifitgads per reger resp. per exequir il meglier domini pussaivel allegheschan omadus però exclusivamain l’agen pievel. </p><p>Main differenzià che Platon sa mussa Aristoteles sch’el sugerescha differenzas tranter ils pievels betg grecs da l’<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e l’<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> e postulescha che quels da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Minura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Minura (n'exista betg)">Asia Minura</a> sajan «pli da sclav». Quai betg pervi da caracteristicas corporalas u da caracter, mabain surtut perquai ch’i als manchia las structuras politicas che pussibiliteschian ina cuminanza da libers ed eguals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L’India,_la_China_ed_il_Giapun_dal_temp_da_l’antica"><span id="L.E2.80.99India.2C_la_China_ed_il_Giapun_dal_temp_da_l.E2.80.99antica"></span>L’India, la China ed il Giapun dal temp da l’antica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: L’India, la China ed il Giapun dal temp da l’antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: L’India, la China ed il Giapun dal temp da l’antica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En l’<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> existan medemamain furmas da discriminaziun rassistica che sa basavan sin aspects da classa e cultura e funcziunavan senza la noziun da la razza. Ils Chinais han gia sviluppà tschientaners avant ils Grecs imaginaziuns culturalisticas da Barbars. Suenter esser stads oriundamain da l’avis che quels possian vegnir civilisads tras il contact cun la cultura chinaisa, als han ins la finala cumpareglià cun animals che sajan culturalmain da princip deficitars. Uschia ha existì en l’imperi chinais in’atgna tradiziun rassistica ditg avant ch’ins vegnia là en contact cun il pensar da razza europeic. </p><p>Il medem vala er per l’<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, nua ch’ins ha legitimà il sistem da castas e dals nuntutgabels cun agid da metafras organicas (Purusha) e cun scumonds da sa maschadar. Questa biologisaziun da differenzas socialas n’è tuttavia betg stada unica. En rom da la tipologia da razzas ch’è vegnida importada dal temp da l’imperialissem europeic e cun agid dal mitus aric che sa basa sin quella, han ins alura reinterpretà il sistem da castas en in senn etnic e pretendì che quel furmia il product d’imigrants arics, da pel clera, ch’hajan suttamess la populaziun originara da pel stgira. Gail Omvedt scriva latiers: «Ils brahmans dal Pundschab ed ils nuntutgabels dal Pundschab eran etnicamain identics ed ils brahmans tamils na sa differenziavan areguard la razza betg dals nuntutgabels tamils.» </p><p>Differenzas da casta a basa d’arguments socials devi er en il <a href="/wiki/Giapun" title="Giapun">Giapun</a>. La discriminaziun rassistica dals Burakumin, ina casta occupada cun lavurs inferiuras che valevan sco malnettas, tanscha enavos fin en il 14avel tschientaner. Sper quest rassissem drizzà vers l’intern, ha er existì vers l’exteriur la discriminaziun rassistica dals Ainu. Tant sin ils Buraku sco er sin ils Ainu han ins pli tard applitgà la noziun da razza dals Europeans ed uschia, sco ch’han mussà Richard Siddle, Michael Weiner ed auters, rassifitgà la discriminaziun che sa basava sin il pensar en castas ed il schovinissem cultural. En tut ils cas numnads sa mussi che rassissem funcziunescha senza razza ed è segnà essenzialmain d’aspects culturalistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_medieval">Temp medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp medieval" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp medieval"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il protorassissem dal temp medieval europeic sa lascha mussar vi da differents indicaturs. Per l’ina èsi il temp d’in maletg ambivalent dals Africans, tar il qual Peter Martin ha ramassà material, ed il qual tanscha da la bella regina naira Belakane tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_von_Eschenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach (n'exista betg)">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> fin tar ils diavels nairs, muslimics en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanzun_da_Roland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanzun da Roland (n'exista betg)">Chanzun da Roland</a>. Pli tard vegnan vitiers cun ils pogroms cunter ils gidieus durant l’emprima cruschada e la gronda pestilenza ideologias e praticas d’exclusiun e destrucziun che Léon Poliakov attribueschan a l’istorgia da l’antisemitissem e rassissem. Sco cunterargument pudess ins far valair che la refusaziun dals Gidieus è surtut s’articulada a moda religiusa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconquista_e_conquista">Reconquista e conquista</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: Reconquista e conquista" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Reconquista e conquista"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Mestizo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/220px-Mestizo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/330px-Mestizo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mestizo.jpg/440px-Mestizo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>«Da Spagnol ed Indiana nascha mestiz»</figcaption></figure> <p>L’onn 1492, cun la crudada da Granada, l’expulsiun dals Maurs e gidieus da la <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a> e la scuverta europeica da l’America, mussa co che differentas furmas praticas ed ideologicas da discriminaziun rassistica han cumenzà a sa maschadar ed a surpostar ina l’autra. </p><p>Norman Roth ed auters han mussà co che l’antisemitissem ha cumenzà en la politica da la purezza dal sang (limpieza de sangre) envers ils Gidieus a survegnir sia furma moderna. Gruppa en mira da questa politica han furmà Gidieus convertids al cristianissem u lur descendents (Marranos), envers ils quals ins aveva vinavant ina tenuta disfidanta areguard lur confessiun religiusa. Partind da la dumonda da la purezza dal sang han ins eruì lur derivanza e tschertgà suenter ina cumpart da fin in sedeschavel da sang gidieu. I valeva schizunt sco privlus da laschar tezzar uffants cristians da bailas or da famiglias convertidas, perquai che lur latg pudeva apparentamain avair in effect nuschaivel. </p><p>Ils emprims inscunters dals navigaturs spagnols l’onn 1492 cun il pievel indigen dals Arawak èn stads paschaivels. Tenor il schurnal da navigaziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbus (n'exista betg)">Columbus</a> han ils Arawak tranter auter offert mangola ed ils navigaturs han tranter auter stgamià perlas da vaider. En ses schurnal als ha Columbus però gia considerà da quel temp sco subdits futurs u schizunt sco sclavs. La conquista da l’America ha alura gì gist duas dimensiuns rassisticas: per l’ina cun metter en sclavitid e cun il genocid vi dals Indians (il qual ha però, tenor Jared Diamond, surtut gì lieu pervi dad epidemias importadas – la finamira dals conquistaders saja stada la submissiun cumpletta dals Indians, betg l’extincziun da quels<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), per l’autra cun la deportaziun da sclavs africans che dueva suandar pauc pli tard. En la cuntraversa tranter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas (n'exista betg)">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (n'exista betg)">Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda</a> areguard la dumonda, schebain i sa tractia tar la populaziun indigena da l’America da pli tard d’umans e co che quels sajan da tractar, han ins d’ina vart puspè recurrì a la noziun dals barbars tenor Aristoteles. Per l’autra ha cumenzà a sa sviluppar in sistem da castas orientà a la colur da la pel ch’enconuscheva bleras cumbinaziuns da sang e graduaziuns. Imanuel Geiss ha documentà ina da las sutdivisiuns usitadas: </p><p>«Da Spagnol ed Indiana nascha mestiz. Da Spagnol e mestiza nascha castiz. Da castiz e Spagnola nascha Spagnol. Da Spagnol e Naira nascha mulatta. Da Spagnol e mulatta nascha morisco. Da Spagnol e morisca nascha albino. Da Spagnol ed albina nascha torna atras. Dad Indian e naira nascha lobo. Dad Indian e mestiza nascha coyote. Da lobo ed Indiana nascha chino. Da chino e naira nascha cambuxo. Da cambuxo ed Indianra nascha tente en el aire. Da tente en el aire e mulatta nascha albarasado. Dad albarasado ed Indiana nascha varsino. Da varsino e cambuxa nascha campamulatte.» </p><p>Rassissmus senza razzas – uschia mussan las expectoraziuns fatgas survart – n’è betg in nov concept, mabain in vegl che preceda al rassissem orientà a la noziun da razza. Als genocids europeics en l’America na steva la noziun da la razza anc betg a disposiziun. Per sa legitimar sa serviv’ins da las ideas culturalisticas tradiziunalas areguard ils barbars sco umans inferiurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temp_modern">Temp modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp modern"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America">America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifitgar secziun: America" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=23" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: America"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En rom da la conquista da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="America (n'exista betg)">America</a> èn s’exprimids ulteriurs aspects rassistics: en furma da la conquista dals territoris dals Indians cun exclusiun successiva da quels, en furma da la sclavaria transatlantica ed en furma dal cumbat da pussanza per pudair sa participar a la predominanza dals alvs postulada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sclavaria">Sclavaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifitgar secziun: Sclavaria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=24" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sclavaria"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La sclavaria transatlantica furmava economicamain in commerzi triangular: rauba bunmartgada, vinars ed armas or da l’<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> vegnivan, per ordinari sur commerziants da sclavs africans ed arabs, stgamiads en l’<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> per sclavs; quels vegnivan manads en l’America e stgamiads là per rauba coloniala che vegniva manada enavos en l’Europa. En connex cun la colonisaziun da l’America dal 16avel fin il 19avel tschientaner han ins mess en sclavaria milliuns Africans, ils quals ins ha duvrà sco forzas da lavur bunmartgadas en tut las parts dal continent dubel pauc populà (America dal Nord, America Centrala ed America dal Sid), e quai en colonias britannicas, ollandaisas, franzosas, portugaisas e spagnolas (pli tard en ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a> e las colonias europeicas en la <a href="/wiki/Caribica" title="Caribica">Caribica</a>). Sin la terra franca da l’America dal Nord èn sa sviluppadas furmas da sclavaria spezialmain drasticas. </p><p>Sclavaria existiva er tar ils Indians da l’America dal Nord, ma betg sco fenomen derasà a moda generala. Per legitimar lur proceder èn els l’emprim sa servids sco ils Europeans d’imaginaziuns tradiziunalas areguard ils perdents da guerra, ed ils guvernaturs da las colonias han empruvà da provocar in’aversiun tranter Indians e nairs per evitar cooperaziun u collusiun. Entant che per exempel ils Seminols han dà refugi a sclavs afroamericans fugids (Seminols nairs), han tranter auter ils Cherokee, suenter lur emprova da s’adattar a la societad dals immigrants europeics (uschenumnadas tschintg stirpas civilisadas), medemamain introducì la sclavaria ed han pratitgà quella cun sumeglianta direzza sco ils possessurs da sclavs europeics resp. americans.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La sclavaria transatlantica ha furmà in sistem ch’intendeva – sco ch’ha formulà Orlando Patterson – sper ses calcul economic la «mor sociala» dals sclavs. Tenor si’analisa furma il coc da la discriminaziun rassistica la destrucziun da l’identitad sociala e culturala da quels ch’èn suttamess a quella. Las stimaziuns davart il dumber da pertutgads oscilleschan tranter 11 e 15 milliuns. Las naziuns europeicas ch’han surtut pratitgà questa politica han furmà en il 18avel tschientaner (tenor Albert Wirz): L’Engalterra cun ina cumpart da 41,3 %, il Portugal (29,3 %), la Frantscha (19,2 %), l’Ollanda (5,7 %), ils Brits da l’America dal Nord resp. Stadis Unids (3,2 %), il Danemarc (1,2 %) sco er la Svezia e Brandenburg (0,1 %). </p><p>A partir dal 17avel tschientaner è il possess da sclavs sa sviluppà sper il possess da funs, ad in simbol da bainstanza central.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La dumonda dals sclavs ha dividì entaifer ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> pli e pli ils stadis dal nord dals stadis dal sid. En ils stadis dal nord ha cumenzà l’industrialisaziun ed il dumber dals sclavs è sa diminuì plaunsieu; ils possessurs da las immensas plantaschas da ris e mangola en ils stadis dal sid percunter han pratitgà sclavaria en dimensiuns adina pli grondas. En l’enconuschent preambel tar la decleraziun da l’independenza aveva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson (n'exista betg)">Thomas Jefferson</a> declerà la vita, la libertad e l’aspiraziun da fortuna sco dretg uman inalienabel. La sclavaria – cumbain che quella n’è betg vegnida pledentada directamain – ha gì adina dapli difficultads da sa giustifitgar.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A l’entschatta vegniva la sclavaria surtut defendida cun ponderaziuns religiusas e filosoficas; pli tard èn ils aderents da quella sa stentads d’allegar arguments ‹scientifics›. Per exempel han ins allegà differenzas biologicas pretendidas, sco per exempel in’autra colur dal sang u tscharvels apparentamain pli pitschens, sco cumprova per l’inferiuradad da la ‹razza› naira. Er arguments statistics u psicologics han ins tratg a strada, sco per exempel la pretensiun che malsognas dal spiert sajan bler main frequentas tranter sclavs che tranter nairs libers. ‹Drapetomania›, il giavisch da fugir, è vegnì inventà sco diagnosa psichiatrica.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talas furmas da rassissem (rassissem scientific) che sa servivan d’enconuschientschas apparentas da las scienzas natiralas e socialas per giustifitgar praticas rassisticas èn be anc s’augmentadas suenter l’aboliziun da la sclavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il rassissem è sa sviluppà a moda differenta; il moviment per abolir la sclavaria (aboliziunissem) è sa fatg valair pli ferm en ils stadis dal nord che en ils stadis dal sid. Ed er suenter l’aboliziun da la sclavaria sut <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> han anc existì vinavant problems da rassissem; tscherts istoriografs han schizunt defendì fin en il 20avel tschientaner la tesa che la sclavaria saja necessaria per la civilisaziun dals nairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predominanza_dals_alvs">Predominanza dals alvs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifitgar secziun: Predominanza dals alvs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=25" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Predominanza dals alvs"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/220px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/330px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg/440px-Little_Rock_integration_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Protesta cunter scolas maschadadas en ils Stadis Unids (1959)</figcaption></figure> <p>En il 17avel tschientaner era il rassissem da vart da la servitid alva che fascheva sumegliantas lavurs anc strusch derasada en las colonias. L’istoriograf Kenneth M. Stampp, autur da pliras ovras da standard davart l’istorgia da la sclavaria, giuditgescha ils lavurants nairs ed alvs sco «surprendentamain nuninteressads areguard las differenzas visiblas».<sup id="cite_ref-whiteservants_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiteservants-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quai ha chaschunà malesser tranter ils possessurs e sco cuntramesira han ins relaschà per exempel a Virginia il 1691 ina lescha che scumandava lètgs tranter alvs e nairs ubain Indians. Per part gidavan ils lavurants alvs er sclavs nairs tar acziuns da resistenza. A partir dal 18avel tschientaner, cur che la sclavaria è vegnida pratitgada pli ferm tenor razzas e ch’ils lavurants alvs èn vegnids engaschads surtut sco survegliaders pajads dals nairs, è il rassissem s’augmentà e la rebelliun da vart da la servitid alva è sa diminuida.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il sistem da la White Supremacy ha cuntanschì differentas furmas en l’America, las qualas han mintgamai tschentà l’esser alv sco norma centrala per pudair sa participar als dretgs politics e las pussaivladads da sa sviluppar socialas. En la <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a> è quella tranter auter sa manifestada en furma da la politica dal branqueamento. Cun agid da quella vulevan ils Brasilians alvs «meglierar» la «rassa brasiliana» e far svanir fin l’onn 2012 cun agid d’immigrants europeics «da sang alv» dal tuttafatg «l’element nair» en la populaziun brasiliana. La Brasilia vala er sco exempel extrem areguard la ‹construcziun sociala› da razza, nua che sa laschan colliar fin oz directamain la colur da la pel ed il success social e nua che l’avanzament social è collià cun vegnir giuditgà sco ‹pli alv›. </p><p>En ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> n’è la White Supremacy betg be s’exprimida en la politica da la separaziun da las razzas, mabain er en il suspect exprimì envers differentas gruppas d’imigrants europeicas da betg esser ‹alvs› avunda. Karen Brodkin ha descrit per ils Gidieus e Noel Ignatiev per ils Irlandais il process stentus e dolurus da ‹daventar alvs› resp. da pudair sa participar a la classa dirigenta locala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialissem">Imperialissem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifitgar secziun: Imperialissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=26" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Imperialissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal temp da l’imperialissem ha Leopold da la <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> lascha eriger in guvern da terrur en il <a href="/wiki/Congo" class="mw-disambig" title="Congo">Congo</a>. En l’<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> ha il rassissem dal moviment da lavurants manà ad ina fundaziun dal stadi exclusivamain ‹alva› sut il motto White Australia. En l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_da_l%E2%80%99Ost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia da l’Ost (n'exista betg)">Asia da l’Ost</a> è l’exempel europeic fruntà sin terren fritgaivel ed ha il <a href="/wiki/Giapun" title="Giapun">Giapun</a> sa laschà preschentar sco speranza da las razzas betg alvas. En l’Asia da l’Ost è l’exempel europeic dà sin terren fritgaivel ed ha il Giapun sa laschà preschentar sco speranza da las razzas betg alvas. En ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> han ins transferì l’ideologia dal manifest destiny sin la politica imperiala e preschentà quella sco missiun da civilisaziun. </p><p>Il domini britannic en l’<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> merita in’avischinaziun differenziada, damai ch’ins ha mantegnì là ditg las furmas da regenza localas. Dal 18avel fin la mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner eri tut normal che schuldads britannics u emploiads da la cumpagnia da l’India orientala sa maridavan cun dunnas indicas. Ils uffants communabels e la cuminanza ch’è s’etablida en questa moda vegnivan numnads da quel temp Eurasians. Pir en quel mument che dunnas britannicas ed europeicas èn emigradas pli stediamain en l’India e suenter la Sullevaziun dals sepoys èn ils Angloinds vegnids separads e guntgids pli ferm tant dals Brits sco er dals Inds; sco Anglo-Indian furman els fin oz ina rolla speziala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_razza_da_Yamato_en_il_Giapun">La razza da Yamato en il Giapun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifitgar secziun: La razza da Yamato en il Giapun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=27" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: La razza da Yamato en il Giapun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La modernisaziun da l’èra Meiji ha er laschà nascher en il <a href="/wiki/Giapun" title="Giapun">Giapun</a> ambiziuns imperialisticas, las qualas èn tranter auter vegnidas realisadas en l’Emprima Guerra tranter il Giapun e la China ed en la Guerra tranter il Giapun e la Russia. Sut la parola ‹L’Asia als Asiats!› èn ins per l’ina sa servids d’ina inversiun ideologica dal stereotip europeic-american dal ‹privel mellen› ed ha avertì la cuminanza da stadis asiatica dal ‹privel alv›. Da l’autra vart han ins legitimà l’atgna politica coloniala agressiva ed expansiunistica cun in paternalissem rassistic. Tenor quel dueva la populaziun asiatica sa cumponer da las ‹tschintg razzas› dals Giapunais, Chinais, Coreans, Mandschu e Mongols, dals quals la ‹razza da Yamato› giapunaisa dueva esser la pli sviluppada e progressiva e perquai esser destinada d’illuminar las autras, da perfecziunar quellas culturalmain e moralmain e surtut da las manar. </p><p>A chaschun da las contractivas da pasch a Versailles suenter l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a> ha il Giapun fatg la proposta d’integrar en ils contracts da pasch ina decleraziun davart l’egualitad da las razzas; malgrà che quest’idea aveva chattà ina maioritad, è ella la finala vegnida refusada, quai ch’ha be anc rinforzà las tentativas imperialisticas dal pajais en la regiun da l’<a href="/wiki/Ocean_Pacific" title="Ocean Pacific">Ocean Pacific</a>. L’opposiziun creschenta tranter las ambiziuns dal Giapun e quellas da l’Engalterra e dals Stadis Unids han la finala manà a la confruntaziun militara, la quala John Dower, Gerald Horne ed auters han designà sco «guerra da razzas». </p><p>Istoricamain hai adina dà en il Giapun ina discriminaziun dals Buraku. Cumbain che quels na sa differenzieschan ni areguard la religiun, ni areguard lur usits ni areguard lur cumparsa dals ulteriurs Giapunais, als resguardav’ins sco atgna razza. Per part als numnav’ins schizunt Hinin (非人, ‹betg umans›). Els stuevan viver en tscherts lieus, lur uffants na dastgavan betg visitar las scolas publicas ed els dastgavan be pratitgar professiuns che valevan sco malnettas, sco per exempel sepulir ils morts. Dapi l’onn 1871 giaudan ils Buraku tenor lescha ils medems dretgs sco ils ulteriurs Giapunais. Ma per part ha la discriminaziun anc cuntinuà sur generaziuns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperi_osmanic">Imperi osmanic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifitgar secziun: Imperi osmanic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=28" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Imperi osmanic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal 1915 fin il 1917 èn ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armens (n'exista betg)">Armens</a> che vivevan dapi millennis en l’Anatolia da l’Ost daventads en l’Imperi osmanic l’unfrenda d’in genocid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germania">Germania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifitgar secziun: Germania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=29" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Germania"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederaziun_tudestga_(1815–1870)"><span id="Confederaziun_tudestga_.281815.E2.80.931870.29"></span>Confederaziun tudestga (1815–1870)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifitgar secziun: Confederaziun tudestga (1815–1870)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=30" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Confederaziun tudestga (1815–1870)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emprims pass vers la furmaziun da teorias rassisticas èn gia sa fatgas valair en Germania en l’emprima mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner, t.a. tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Moritz_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt (n'exista betg)">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (n'exista betg)">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperi_tudestg_(1871–1918)"><span id="Imperi_tudestg_.281871.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Imperi tudestg (1871–1918)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modifitgar secziun: Imperi tudestg (1871–1918)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=31" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Imperi tudestg (1871–1918)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En rom da la furmaziun da l’imperi l’onn 1871 han ins surpiglià per l’entir territori la naziunalitad prussiana, la quala cumpigliava dapi il 1812 l’emancipaziun dals Gidieus. </p><p>Dapi il 1884 è la Germania sa participada cun l’acquist da las colonias tudestgas e dals territoris da protecziun tudestgs a l’imperialissem e colonialissem. Er en Germania èn ins sa referids a la superiuradad apparenta dals Europeans dal Nord. </p><p>Rinforzada economicamain e militarmain, è la Germania sa deditgada pli e pli da la politica mundiala. Sut l’influenza da moviments ultranaziunalistics ch’èn sa fatgs valair a partir da ca. 1900, èn s’augmentads l’antisemitissem e l’antislavissem. Da quel temp è er naschida l’idea da sa patrunar da spazi da viver en l’ost a disfavur da pievels «inferiurs». </p><p>Dapi la spartiziun da la <a href="/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna">Pologna</a> vivevan en l’Imperi tudestg er numerus Polonais. Dapi il 1880 ha l’imperi rinforzà en la Pologna dividida la politica da germanisaziun cun stgaffir la Cumissiun da colonisaziun prussiana; ils novs colonisaturs duevan, tenor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismarck (n'exista betg)">Bismarck</a>, «furmar in rempar vivent cunter il diluvi slav».<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En il decurs da l’industrialisaziun han ils gronds proprietaris da terren en l’ost da l’Elba engaschà blers lavurants polonais, ils quals vegnivan resguardads sco Slavs inferiurs e discriminads. Ils Polonais ch’eran engaschads en il territori da la Ruhr en l’industria da minieras suttastevan a posts da surveglianza communals. </p><p>L’onn 1899 han ins fundà a Minca la ‹Centrala da zagrenders›. Ils viagiants èn vegnids discriminads sistematicamain e criminalisads tras leschas spezialas. Independentamain da delicts èn tut ils viagiants vegnids registrads successivamain. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067,_Bremerhaven,_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0313-0014-067%2C_Bremerhaven%2C_Verabschiedung_Ostasientruppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>‹Pled dals Hunns› da Wilhelm II (1900)</figcaption></figure> <p>L’onn 1900 è prorutta en <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China (n'exista betg)">China</a> la sullevaziun dals boxers cunter las pussanzas colonialas. Sut participaziun tudestga han quellas abattì la sullevaziun a moda brutala, er cun applitgar meds da guerra cunter la populaziun civila. Las «expediziuns da puniziun» ch’il corp d’expediziun ha fatg a partir dal settember 1900 èn stadas segnadas a moda tut speziala d’in pensar da vendetga rassistic. L’imperatur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm II (n'exista betg)">Wilhelm II</a> aveva dà sin via als schuldads da far enconuschent en China il num Germania en ina tala moda «ch’in Chinais na ristgia mai pli d’er be guardar guersch sin in Tudestg». Quest uschenumnà ‹Pled dals Hunns› vegn recepì or da la retrospectiva sco expressiun brutala «d’in militarissem da tenuta socialdarwinistica». </p><p>La sullevaziun dals Herero e Nama en l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa_dal_Sidvest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa dal Sidvest (n'exista betg)">Africa dal Sidvest</a> tudestga ha manà il 1904 al genocid cunter quests pievels. En il champ da concentraziun Shark Island han ins fatg singuls experiments medicinals cun umans. Preparats da baras da praschuniers èn per part er vegnids tramess en Germania per perscrutar las razzas. La litteratura tudestga da quel temp è segnada da fantasias rassisticas e pretendeva da far curtas cun la «massa naira».<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partir dal 1905 han ins scumandà en las colonias maridaglias tranter alvs ed indigens ed il 1912 ha gì lieu en il Reichstag tudestg ina debatta areguard las lètgs maschadads. Ils scumonds èn restads en vigur fin la sperdita da las colonias en l’Emprima Guerra mundiala.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durant l’<a href="/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala">Emprima Guerra mundiala</a> han tschientmillis Africans, Inds e commembers d’autras naziuns battì en servetsch da lur pussanzas colonialas Engalterra e Frantscha sin ils champs da battaglia en l’Europa dal Vest. La pressa tudestga dals onns da guerra 1914–1918 ha descrit quests schuldads africans ed asiatics sco spezialmain bestials e voluptus. </p><p>Pervi da l’antisemitissem creschent en il corp d’uffiziers tudestg, collià cun la reproscha drizzada als Gidieus che quels sajan mitschafadias, han ins ordinà il 1916 en l’armada tudestga da dumbrar ils Gidieus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republica_da_Weimar_(1918–1933)"><span id="Republica_da_Weimar_.281918.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Republica da Weimar (1918–1933)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modifitgar secziun: Republica da Weimar (1918–1933)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=32" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Republica da Weimar (1918–1933)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal temp da la Republica da Weimar èn ils Gidieus vegnids represchentads en connex cun la legenda da la stilettada sco profitunzs perfids da la guerra spersa ed igl èn vegnidas profanadas fossas gidieuas. Sco cuntrareacziun è sa furmada la lia dals schuldads gidieus ch’han battì a la front. Gruppas da la radicala da dretga han clamà publicamain d’assassinar politichers gidieus exponids, sco per exempel il minister da l’exteriur Walter Rathenau, ed igl han gì lieu numerus acts da violenza. </p><p>L’onn 1920 ha la NSDAP proclamà ses program da 25 puncts, dal qual ils puncts 4 fin 8 eran da tempra antisemitica. L’Uniun da students tudestga sco uniun tetgala da las uniuns da students da la Germania e da l’Austria ha decidì da recepir en lur mez be pli students tudestgs da derivanza arica. </p><p>Dal 1923 fin il 1945 ha Julius Streicher edì la gasetta emnila antisemitica ‹Der Stürmer›; finamira e cuntegn da quella era da diffamar ils Gidieus cun artitgels demagogics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naziunalsocialissem_(1933–1945)"><span id="Naziunalsocialissem_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Naziunalsocialissem (1933–1945)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modifitgar secziun: Naziunalsocialissem (1933–1945)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=33" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Naziunalsocialissem (1933–1945)"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il rassissem ha furmà ina part da l’ideologia dal <a href="/wiki/Naziunalsocialissem" title="Naziunalsocialissem">naziunalsocialissem</a>. Tenor l’uschenumnada «scienza da las razzas» ha la perscrutaziun naziunalsocialistica postulà l’existenza da razzas umanas superiuras ed inferiuras. Tenor quella sa laschava l’entira umanitad sutdivider en trais gruppas da razzas: </p> <ul><li>razzas che stgaffeschan cultura (la razza nordic-arica), l’uschenumnada razza da signurs</li> <li>razzas che portan la cultura (per exempel las razzas asiaticas ed africanas)</li> <li>razzas che disfan la cultura (razza semitica).</li></ul> <p>Ils Gidieus, Sinti e Roma han ins attribuì a la razza semitica (cf. Leschas da razza da Nürnberg). Umans da gronda purtada pudevan be derivar da l’emprima gruppa. Ils commembers da mintga razza hajan l’incumbensa da «mantegnair pura» la razza, uschia ch’igl aveva num d’evitar contacts sexuals tranter commembers da la «razza superiura» e las «razzas inferiuras». Tschertas gruppas ch’ils naziunalsocialists han definì sco «razza», sco Gidieus u viagiants (gruppa 3) èn vegnidas inculpadas da sutminar questa «razza da signurs» (gruppa 1); per proteger il «pievel» da questas tendenzas, stoppian quellas vegnir extirpadas. Er ils Slavs valevan sco «umans inferiurs». </p><p>Ils fundaments teoretics, pseudoscientifics e pseudogiuristics han furnì sper <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> sez (‹Mein Kampf›) surtut ils ideologs naziunalsocialistics <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rosenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rosenberg (n'exista betg)">Alfred Rosenberg</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_F.K._G%C3%BCnther&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans F.K. Günther (n'exista betg)">Hans F.K. Günther</a>, il minister da giustia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Georg_Thierack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Georg Thierack (n'exista betg)">Otto Georg Thierack</a>, l’advocat e president da la Curt dal pievel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Freisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Freisler (n'exista betg)">Roland Freisler</a> ed intgins auters en numerusas publicaziuns. Da remartgar è però en quest connex che lur ideas sa basavan probablamain per gronda part sin teorias rassisticas pli veglias e ch’il rassissem era fin il 1933 derasà en tut l’Europa relativamain ferm. Tge ch’è stà nov tar il rassissem naziunalsocialistic è il fatg che la libertad da la scienza è vegnida messa sut resalva politica. Tranter ils numerus teoretichers da razza dal 19avel e 20avel tschientaner han il Franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_de_Gobineau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur de Gobineau (n'exista betg)">Arthur de Gobineau</a> (1816–1882) ed il Brit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain (n'exista betg)">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a> (1855–1927) gì la pli grond’influenza sin l’ideologia da razza naziunalsocialistica. Hitler è sa scuntrà l’onn 1923 cun Chamberlain e valeva sco grond admiratur da l’ovra da quel. </p><p>Las unfrendas dal rassissem naziunalsocialistic èn vegnidas persequitadas, sterilisadas sfurzadamain, deportadas ed assassinadas. L’entir provediment da la sanadad, la politica sociala e la politica da populaziun èn vegnids unifurmads sut aspects da «razza», ils quals determinavan er sch’ina lètg saja admissibla u betg. Da quest program fascheva medemamain part il pass da perdavants; per pudair far carriera en la SS stuev’ins per exempel cumprovar a basa da quel la derivanza arica. Per verifitgar la provegnientscha sa servivan ils posts responsabels da las registraziuns da naschientschas en vegls cudeschs da baselgia ch’als vegnivan furnidas da las pravendas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svilups_generals_odierns">Svilups generals odierns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modifitgar secziun: Svilups generals odierns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=34" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Svilups generals odierns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/160px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/240px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/320px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Segregaziun da las razzas en l’Africa dal Sid (1989)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ozendi sa maschaidan las duas noziuns rassissem e xenofobia (da grec <i>xenos</i>, ‹ester› e <i>phóbos</i>, ‹tema›) savens. Bain èn las duas noziuns parentadas ina cun l’autra, ma ellas n’èn betg dal tut congruentas: En il naziunalsocialissem rassistic vegnivan persunas indigenas betg aricas (gidieus) savens tractadas bler mender che esters ‹arics› (p.ex. Scandinavs u auters Europeans dal Nord e dal Vest). La xenofobia percunter n’enconuscha savens nagina noziun da razza explicita, mabain sa drizza en general cunter in etnopluralissem. Ins suppona er che bleras persunas che pensan u s’expriman a moda rassistica n’èn savens betg conscients da quai, vul dir che lur percepziun na s’orientescha betg en emprima lingia a la noziun ‹razza›. Perquai vegn savens fatg diever en in tal context da la noziun ‹xenofobia›, pia tema dals esters resp., pli concret d’ina surimmigraziun che maina ad ina surpopulaziun estra. </p><p>Da l’autra vart po quest’applicaziun pli vasta da la noziun ‹xenofobia› implitgar il privel che rassissem (latent) na vegn percepì a temp sco tal. En quest senn vegn tranter auter la Cumissiun federala cunter il rassissem a la conclusiun che rassissem en il stretg senn dal pled saja derasà en Svizra bler pli ferm che supponì. Malgrà assimilaziun, integraziun e natiralisaziun vegnian per exempel ils nairs marginalisads anc suenter decennis en la societad ed hajan pli grev da chattar ina plazza. </p><p>La perscrutaziun dal rassissem renda adina dapli attent ils ultims onns ch’il rassissem na furmia nagin problem individual, mabain che la savida rassistica vegnia dominada da discurs publics. Per dumagnar il rassissem, uschia Susan Arndt, saja «necessari da vegnir conscient che l’omnipreschientscha dal rassissem en il passà e preschent haja laschà crescher identitads sociopoliticas – ch’il coc dal rassissem consista en la construcziun ed ierarchisaziun da nairs ed alvs. (…) Nus na naschin betg sco nairs u alvs, mabain vegnin fatgs sco tals.» Dapi ils onns 1990 s’occupa la scienza perquai primarmain betg dals objects dal rassissem, mabain da las structuras che pussibiliteschan rassissem.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raschuns_dal_pensar_rassistic">Raschuns dal pensar rassistic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modifitgar secziun: Raschuns dal pensar rassistic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=35" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Raschuns dal pensar rassistic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davart las raschuns che mainan ad in pensar rassistic han gia adina existì opiniuns vaira divergentas. Tenor teorias d’orientaziun raziunalistica è il rassissem classic sa furmà en il 18avel tschientaner. Impurtants teoretichers da l’Occident (sco <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> e <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>) han empruvà da lez temp d’explitgar a moda scientifica las differenzas tranter las razzas. Els eran da l’avis che las razzas umanas na sajan betg be segnadas da differenzas biologicas (oravant tut corporalas), mabain er da caracteristicas fixas, nunmidablas areguard lur mentalitad e lur caracter. Pli tard hai fatg l’impressiun sco sche la biologia e genetica moderna suenter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> haja chattà indizis per confermar questa supposiziun. Auters represchentants da l’illuminissem, sco per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (n'exista betg)">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, èn percunter sa distanziads da la divisiun dals umans en razzas sco ch’ella era usitada da lez temp.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suenter il 1945 è in rassissem avert tschessà en la scienza. </p><p>Ozendi vegnan surtut tratgs a stada aspects psicologics e sociologics per empruvar d’explitgar las raschuns che mainan a rassissem. Tendenzas d’ina gruppa da sa cunfinar d’in’autra vegnan interpretadas sco l’emprova d’augmentar l’atgna identitad e la conscienza da l’atgna valur. Savens vegnan projectadas en quest connex atgnas cumponentas psichicas (p.ex. aspects da l’agen subconscient che fan tema) sin la gruppa estra sco med per dumagnar conflicts interns. </p><p>La teoria da l’identitad sociala tenor Henri Tajfel renviescha a la relevanza da l’appartegnientscha a tschertas gruppas socialas per il maletg da sasez betg mo da la gruppa, mabain dal singul individi. Tenor el sa constituescha ina gruppa perquai cun sa cunfinar d’autras, e quai savens accentuond a moda stereotipa e savens pegiurativa tscherts segns distinctivs da quellas. </p><p>Il rassissem è da cunfinar da furmas d’intoleranza culturala e religiusa che mainan a basa dals medems mecanissems psichics a la refusa e suppressiun d’autras gruppas. Cuntrari al rassissem na vegn la differenza tar l’atgna gruppa betg considerada en quests cas sco ertaivla e nunmidabla. Tras la conversiun religiusa u cun surpigliar in’autra identitad culturala è in’integraziun da differentas gruppas da la populaziun da princip pussaivla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevenziun_e_cumbat_dal_rassissem">Prevenziun e cumbat dal rassissem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modifitgar secziun: Prevenziun e cumbat dal rassissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=36" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Prevenziun e cumbat dal rassissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nivel internaziunal (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naziuns_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naziuns Unidas (n'exista betg)">Naziuns Unidas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cussegl_da_l%E2%80%99Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cussegl da l’Europa (n'exista betg)">Cussegl da l’Europa</a>) lavuran pliras organisaziuns a la prevenziun ed al cumbat dal rassissem. Las cumissiuns respectivas monitoreschan regularmain ils singuls stadis e fan en lur rapports recumandaziuns e dattan cussegls a las autoritads dals stadis commembers. </p><p>Er a nivel naziunal existan tals gremis, en <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a> per exempel il Servetsch per il cumbat cunter il rassissem (SCRA), in post da servetsch da l’administraziun federala, e la Cumissiun federala cunter il rassissem (CFR) sco cumissiun extraparlamentara ed independenta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=37" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ldp497-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ldp497_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ldp497_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lexikon der Politik</i>, ed. da Dieter Nohlen, Minca 1995, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406369049" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-36904-9</a>: Tom 1. <i>Politische Theorien</i>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiss-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Geiss_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Geiss_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Imanuel Geiss: <i>Geschichte des Rassismus.</i> Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518115308" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11530-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredrickson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fredrickson_3-3">3,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">George M. Fredrickson: <i>Rassismus – Ein historischer Abriss</i>. Hamburger Edition, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930908980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930908-98-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina von Braun: <i>Blut als Metapher in Religion und Kunst</i>, p. 5ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Kappeler: <i>Rassismus: über die Genese einer europäischen Bewusstseinsform, Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1994, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3889391184" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88939-118-4</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian J. Jäggi: <i>Rassismus – Ein globales Problem</i>. Orell Füssli, Turitg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3280021219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-280-02121-9</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Delacampagne: <i>Die Geschichte des Rassismus</i>. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/353807206X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-538-07206-X</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cità tenor: Léon Poliakov, Christian Delacampagne, Patrick Girard: <i>Rassismus. Über Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassenwahn</i>, Luchterhand-Literaturverlag, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3630710611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-630-71061-1</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Menschenrassen</i>. En: <i>Lexikon der Biologie</i>. Tom 9, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3827403340" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8274-0334-0</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Léon Poliakov, Christian Delacampagne, Patrick Girard: <i>Rassismus. Über Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassenwahn</i>. Luchterhand-Literaturverlag, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3630710611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-630-71061-1</a>, p. 20s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Léon Poliakov: <i>Der arische Mythos. Zu den Quellen von Rassismus und Nationalismus</i>. Hamburg 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza: <i>The History and Geography of Human Genes</i>. Princeton University Press, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780691087504" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Miles: <i>Rassismus. Einführung in die Geschichte und Theorie eines Begriffs</i>. Argument-Verlag, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3886193896" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88619-389-6</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschfeld 1938, p. 260; cità tenor George M. Fredrickson: <i>Rassismus – Ein historischer Abriss</i>. Hamburger Edition, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930908980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930908-98-0</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Hannaford: <i>Race – The History of an Idea in the West</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780801852237" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8018-5223-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Etienne Balibar: <i>Rassismus und Nationalismus</i>. En: <i>Rasse, Klasse, Nation. Ambivalente Identitäten</i>, Argument Verlag 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3886193861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88619-386-1</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Léon Poliakov, Christian Delacampagne, Patrick Girard: <i>Rassismus Über Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassenwahn</i>, Luchterhand-Literaturverlag, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3630710611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-630-71061-1</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memmi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Memmi_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Memmi: <i>Rassismus</i>. Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3434460969" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-434-46096-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Butterwegge: <i>Rechtsextremismus, Rassismus und Gewalt</i>. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1996, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3896780158" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89678-015-8</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Kappeler: <i>Rassismus: über die Genese einer europäischen Bewusstseinsform</i>. Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, Francfurt a.M. 1994, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3889391184" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88939-118-4</a>, p. 30ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Theo Goldberg: <i>Racist Culture. Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning</i>. Blackwell Books, Oxford 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0631180788" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-18078-8</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Albert Dauge, <i>Le barbare. Recherches sur la conception romaine de la barbarie et de la civilisation</i>, Brüssel 1981, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/2870311168" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-87031-116-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Tuplin: <i>Greek racism? Observations on the character and limits of Greek ethnic prejudice</i>. En: Gocha Tsetskhladze (ed.): <i>Ancient Greeks West and East</i>. Brill, Leiden 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9004111905" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-04-11190-5</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Isaac: <i>The invention of racism in classical antiquity</i>. Princeton Univ. Press, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0691116911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-11691-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Delacampagne: <i>Die Geschichte des Rassismus</i>. Artemis und Winkler 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/353807206X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-538-07206-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Isaac: <i>The invention of racism in classical antiquity</i>. Princeton Univ. Press, 2004, p. 37, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0691116911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-11691-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenor Albrecht Dihle: <i>Die Griechen und die Fremden</i>. Minca 1994, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Rosivach: <i>Enslaving Barbaroi and the Athenian Ideology of Slavery</i>. En: <i>Historia</i>, nr. 48, 1999, p. 129–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfried Nippel: <i>Griechen, Barbaren und ‹Wilde›. Alte Geschichte und Sozialanthropologie</i>. Francfurt am Main 1990, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jared Diamond: <i>Arm und Reich. Die Schicksale menschlicher Gesellschaften</i>. (Reediziun extendida) Francfurt a.M. 2006, p. 233 e p. 251–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Zinn: <i>A People’s History of the United States</i>. Harper Perennial, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0060838655" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-083865-5</a>, p. 54–55 e 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Cooper: <i>Liberty and Slavery. Southern Politics to 1860</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2000, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Berlin: <i>Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves</i>. Cambridge, Londra, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0674010612" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-01061-2</a>, p. 11, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.): <i>Encyclopedia of slave resistance and rebellion</i>. Greenwood Press, Westport 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780313332715" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-33271-5</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbert Finzsch: <i>Wissenschaftlicher Rassismus in den Vereinigten Staaten – 1850 bis 1930</i>. En: Heidrun Kaupen-Haas und Christian Saller (ed.): <i>Wissenschaftlicher Rassismus: Analysen einer Kontinuität in den Human- und Naturwissenschaften</i>. Campus, Francfurt a. M. 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3593362287" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-593-36228-7</a>, p. 84s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whiteservants-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-whiteservants_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Zinn: <i>A People’s History of the United States</i>. Harper Perennial, 2005, p. 31 e 37, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0060838655" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-083865-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, William J.: <i>Liberty and Slavery. Southern Politics to 1860</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2000, p. 9, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9781570033872" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57003-387-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niels Hegewisch: <i>Reinheit in Vielfalt. Ansätze rassistischer Theoriebildung in der Publizistik des frühen deutschen Nationalismus</i>. En: Birgit Aschmann, Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann (ed.): <i>1813 im europäischen Kontext</i>, Stuttgart 2015, p. 79–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Ulrich Wehler: <i>Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 3. Band 1849–1914.</i> Tom <i>Von der ‹Deutschen Doppelrevolution …› bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges.</i> <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406322631" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-32263-1</a>, p. 964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Casper Erichsen, David Olusoga: <i>The Kaiser’s Holocaust: Germany’s Forgotten Genocid and the Colonial Roots of Nazism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780571231416" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6</a>, p. 223ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birthe Kundrus: <i>Moderne Imperialisten: Das Kaiserreich im Spiegel seiner Kolonien</i>. Böhlau Verlag, Cologna 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/341218702X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-412-18702-X</a>, p. 219ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arndt: <i>Rassismus in Gesellschaft und Sprache</i>. En: Susan Arndt (ed.): <i>AfrikaBilder. Studien zu Rassismus in Deutschland</i>. Unrast Verlag, Münster 2001, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3897714078" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89771-407-8</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Priester: <i>Rassismus – Eine Sozialgeschichte</i>. Reclam, Lipsia, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/337920076X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-379-20076-X</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=38" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monografias_e_collecziuns">Monografias e collecziuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Modifitgar secziun: Monografias e collecziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=39" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Monografias e collecziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Étienne Balibar: <i>Rasse, Klasse, Nation. Ambivalente Identitäten</i>. Argument, Hamburg 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3886193861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88619-386-1</a>.</li> <li>Martin Barker: <i>The New Racism</i>. Junction Books, Londra 1981, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0862450381" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86245-038-1</a>.</li> <li>Heidi Beutin e.a.: <i>Rassenideologie. Ihre Karriere in den deutschsprachigen Ländern seit 1815 und ihre wissenschaftliche Auflösung in der Gegenwart</i>. Ossietzky Verlag, 29413 Dähre 2015, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783944545066" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-944545-06-6</a>.</li> <li>Frank Böckelmann: <i>Die Gelben, die Schwarzen, die Weißen</i>. Eichhorn, Francfurt a.M. 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3821844752" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8218-4475-2</a>.</li> <li>Ljubomir Bratić: <i>Politischer Antirassismus, Selbstorganisation, Historisierung als Strategie und diskursive Interventione</i>. Löcker, Vienna 2010, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783854095330" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-85409-533-0</a>.</li> <li>María do Mar Castro Varela, Paul Mecheril (ed.): <i>Die Dämonisierung der Anderen. Rassismuskritik der Gegenwart</i>. (<i>X-Texte zu Kultur und Gesellschaft</i>), transcript, Bielefeld 2016, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783839436387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8394-3638-7</a>.</li> <li>Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza: <i>Verschieden und doch gleich. Ein Genetiker entzieht dem Rassismus die Grundlage</i>. Droemer Knaur, Minca 1996, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3426772426" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-426-77242-6</a>.</li> <li>Margrit Bensch: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/999605224/34"><i>Rassismus als kulturelle Entwicklungstheorie. Formen biologischen Denkens im Sozialdarwinismus</i>.</a> Dissertaziun, Technische Universität Berlin 2008.</li> <li>Alex Demirovic (ed.): <i>Konjunkturen des Rassismus</i>. Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3896915169" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89691-516-9</a>.</li> <li>Frantz Fanon: <i>Schwarze Haut, weiße Masken</i>. Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1986, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518376861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-37686-1</a>.</li> <li>Michael G. Hanchard: <i>The Spectre of Race: How Discrimination Haunts Western Democracy.</i> Princeton University Press, Princeton 2018, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9781400889570" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4008-8957-0</a>.</li> <li>Wulf D. Hund: <i>Rassismus. Die soziale Konstruktion natürlicher Ungleichheit</i>. Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3896914537" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89691-453-7</a>.</li> <li>Siegfried Jäger, Jürgen Link (ed.): <i>Die vierte Gewalt. Rassismus und die Medien</i>. DISS-Verlag, Duisburg 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/392738836X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-927388-36-X</a>.</li> <li>Claus Melter, Paul Mecheril (ed.): <i>Rassismuskritik</i>. Tom 1: <i>Rassismustheorie und-forschung</i>. Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach/Ts. 2009. 2. ed., 2011 (= <i>Politik und Bildung</i>, tom 47), <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783899743678" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-89974-367-8</a>.</li> <li>Albert Memmi: <i>Rassismus</i>. Athenäum, Francfurt a.M. 1987, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/344504872X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-445-04872-X</a>.</li> <li>Robert Miles: <i>Rassismus. Einführung in die Geschichte und Theorie eines Begriffs</i>. Argument, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3886193896" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88619-389-6</a>.</li> <li>Kurt Möller / Florian Neuscheler (ed.): <i>‹Wer will die hier schon haben?›. Ablehnungshaltungen und Diskriminierung in Deutschland.</i> Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2017, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783170327993" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-17-032799-3</a>.</li> <li>Paul Jobst: <i>Das ‹Tier›-Konstrukt und die Geburt des Rassismus. Zur kulturellen Gegenwart eines vernichtenden Arguments</i>. Unrast, Münster 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/389771731X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89771-731-X</a>.</li> <li>Nora Räthzel: <i>Theorien über Rassismus</i>. Argument, Hamburg 2000, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/388619258X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88619-258-X</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Schirrmacher: <i>Rassismus. Alte Vorurteile und neue Erkenntnisse</i>. SCM Hänssler, Holzgerlingen 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783775149990" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7751-4999-0</a>.</li> <li>Mark Terkessidis: <i>Psychologie des Rassismus</i>. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3531130404" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-531-13040-4</a>.</li> <li>Bernd Winter: <i>Gefährlich fremd. Deutschland und seine Einwanderung</i>. Lambertus, Freiburg 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3784115438" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7841-1543-8</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Wippermann: <i>Rassenwahn und Teufelsglaube</i>. Frank & Timme, Berlin 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3865960073" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-86596-007-3</a>.</li> <li>Charles Rojzman & Ralf Mansour-Agather (transl.): <i>Der Hass, die Angst und die Demokratie. Einführung in eine Sozialtherapie des Rassismus.</i> Or dal franzos – AG Spak & Regenbogen Bayern, Minca 1997, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930830051" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930830-05-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Davart_l’istorgia_dal_rassissem"><span id="Davart_l.E2.80.99istorgia_dal_rassissem"></span>Davart l’istorgia dal rassissem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Modifitgar secziun: Davart l’istorgia dal rassissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=40" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Davart l’istorgia dal rassissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boris Barth: <i>Rassismus</i>. En: <i>Europäische Geschichte Online</i>, ed. da l’Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Magonza), 2011.</li> <li>Christian Delacampagne: <i>Die Geschichte des Rassismus</i>. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/353807206X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-538-07206-X</a>.</li> <li>Oliver Demny: <i>Rassismus in den USA. Historie und Analyse einer Rassenkonstruktion</i>. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2001, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3897710072" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89771-007-2</a>.</li> <li>George M. Fredrickson: <i>Rassismus. Ein historischer Abriß</i>. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930908980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930908-98-0</a>. Reclam 2011, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150188392" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-018839-2</a>.</li> <li>Imanuel Geiss: <i>Geschichte des Rassismus</i>. Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518115308" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11530-8</a>.</li> <li>Christian Geulen: <i>Geschichte des Rassismus</i>. C.H. Beck, Minca 2007. 2. ed. 2014, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406536243" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-53624-3</a>, 3. ed. repassada 2017, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406677960" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-67796-0</a>.</li> <li>Peter Glanninger: <i>Rassismus und Rechtsextremismus. Rassistische Argumentationsmuster und ihre historischen Entwicklungslinien</i>. (<i>Mensch und Gesellschaft. Schriftenreihe für Sozialmedizin, Sozialpsychiatrie und medizinische Anthropologie</i>, tom 16), Peter Lang Verlag, Francfurt a.M. 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783631575017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-631-57501-7</a>.</li> <li>Wulf D. Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann (ed.): <i>Racisms made in Germany</i> (= <i>Yearbook Racism Analysis</i>, tom 2). Berlin etc.: Lit-Verlag 2011.</li> <li>Christian Koller: <i>Rassismus</i>. Stuttgart 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783825232467" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8252-3246-7</a>.</li> <li>Peter Martin: <i>Schwarze Teufel, edle Mohren. Afrikaner in Bewußtsein und Geschichte der Deutschen</i>. Junius, Hamburg 2001, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930908646" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930908-64-6</a>.</li> <li>George L. Mosse: <i>Die Geschichte des Rassismus in Europa</i>. Fischer, Francfurt a.M. 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3596167701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-596-16770-1</a>.</li> <li>Rosa A. Plumelle-Uribe: <i>Weisse Barbarei. Vom Kolonialrassismus zur Rassenpolitik der Nazis</i>. Rotpunktverlag, Turitg 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3858692735" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-85869-273-5</a>.</li> <li>Léon Poliakov: <i>Geschichte des Antisemitismus in 8 Bänden</i>. Heintz, Worms (toms 1 fin 6) ed: Athenäum, Jüdischer Verlag, Francfurt a.M. (a partir da tom 7, 1988):</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Von der Antike bis zu den Kreuzzügen.</i> 1977, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333997" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-99-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Das Zeitalter der Verteufelung und des Ghettos</i>. 1978, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333962" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-96-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Religiöse und soziale Toleranz unter dem Islam</i>. 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-93-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Die Marranen im Schatten der Inquisition</i>. 1981, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333989" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-98-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Die Aufklärung und ihre judenfeindliche Tendenz</i>. 1983, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333881" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-88-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Emanzipation und Rassenwahn.</i> 1987, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3921333865" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921333-86-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Zwischen Assimilation und ‹jüdischer Weltverschwörung›.</i> 1988, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3610004177" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-610-00417-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Am Vorabend des Holocaust</i>. 1988, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3610004185" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-610-00418-5</a>.</li></ol> <ul><li>Léon Poliakov, Christian Delacampagne, Patrick Girard: <i>Rassismus. Über Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassenwahn</i>. Luchterhand-Literaturverlag, Hamburg 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3630710611" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-630-71061-1</a>.</li> <li>Léon Poliakov: <i>Der arische Mythos. Zu den Quellen von Rassismus und Nationalismus</i>. Junius Verlag, Hamburg 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3885062208" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88506-220-8</a>.</li> <li>Karin Priester: <i>Rassismus. Eine Sozialgeschichte</i>. Reclam, Lipsia 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/337920076X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-379-20076-X</a>.</li> <li>Hering Torres, Max Sebastián: <i>Rassismus in der Vormoderne. Die ‹Reinheit des Blutes› im Spanien der Frühen Neuzeit</i>. Campus Verlag, Francfurt a.M. 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3593382040" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-593-38204-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&action=edit&section=41" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism?uselang=rm">Commons: Rassissem</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CERD/Pages/CERDIndex.aspx">Comité per l’eliminaziun da la discriminaziun da razza</a> tar l’Autcumissariat da las Naziuns Unidas per ils dretgs umans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/default_en.asp">[1]</a> Cumissiun europeica cunter rassissem ed intoleranza</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205455/http://www.ekr-cfr.ch/">Cumissiun federala cunter il rassissem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gra.ch/">Fundaziun cunter rassissem ed antisemitissem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217163347/https://www.skmr.ch/de/skmr.html">Center da cumpetenza svizzer per ils dretgs umans</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&oldid=164236">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassissem&oldid=164236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Kategorien" title="Spezial:Kategorien">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Seiten,_die_magische_ISBN-Links_verwenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden (n'exista betg)">Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ideologias" title="Categoria:Ideologias">Ideologias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Artitgels_recumandads" title="Categoria:Artitgels recumandads">Artitgels recumandads</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è vegnida modifitgada l'ultima giada ils 24. mars 2023 a las 19:00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/rm/latest30/Rassissem">Statistica d'access per questa pagina</a><br /><br /> Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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