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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Field galaxy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_du_champ" title="Galaxie du champ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie du champ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B1%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="낱은하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낱은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostalna_galaktika" title="Samostalna galaktika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samostalna galaktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia_di_campo" title="Galassia di campo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia di campo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Самостојна галаксија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самостојна галаксија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%9C%A8%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="散在銀河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="散在銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia_de_campo" title="Galáxia de campo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia de campo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_de_c%C3%A2mp" title="Galaxie de câmp – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galaxie de câmp" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனிமை அண்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிமை அண்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_galaksisi" title="Alan galaksisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alan galaksisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B4%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="場星系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="場星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211301#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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cluster</a> and hence is <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitationally</a> alone. </p><p>Roughly 80% of all galaxies located within <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">5 Mpc (16 Mly)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> are in groups or clusters of galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Low-surface-brightness_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-surface-brightness galaxy">low-surface-brightness galaxies</a> are field galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">Hubble-type</a> of field galaxies is Sb, a type of <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2005AJ....130.2647V_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005AJ....130.2647V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_field_galaxies">List of field galaxies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_galaxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of field galaxies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A list of nearby relatively bright field galaxies within the <a href="/wiki/Local_Volume" title="Local Volume">Local Volume</a>, about 10 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">Mpc</a> (33 <a href="/wiki/Light-year#Definitions" title="Light-year">Mly</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Galaxy </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Size </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IAU_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU constellation">Constellation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">RA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">DEC</a> </th> <th>Distance </th> <th>Notes </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_404" title="NGC 404">NGC 404</a> </td> <td>SA(s)0 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">01<sup>h</sup> 09<sup>m</sup> 27.0<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+35° 43′ 04″ </td> <td>11.2 Mly (3.4 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_1313" title="NGC 1313">NGC 1313</a> </td> <td>SB(s)d </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reticulum" title="Reticulum">Reticulum</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">03<sup>h</sup> 18<sup>m</sup> 15.4<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>−66° 29′ 50″ </td> <td>12.89 Mly (3.95 Mpc) </td> <td>Nicknamed the <i>"Topsy Turvy Galaxy"</i> due to its uneven shape </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_2188" title="NGC 2188">NGC 2188</a> </td> <td>Sm </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columba_(constellation)" title="Columba (constellation)">Columba</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">06<sup>h</sup> 10<sup>m</sup> 09.7<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>−34° 06′ 50″ </td> <td>27.5 Mly (8.4 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_2683" title="NGC 2683">NGC 2683</a> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(constellation)" title="Lynx (constellation)">Lynx</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">08<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 41.3<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+33° 25′ 18″ </td> <td>32.9 Mly (10.1 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_2903" title="NGC 2903">NGC 2903</a> </td> <td>SBbc </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">09<sup>h</sup> 32<sup>m</sup> 10.1<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+21° 30′ 03″ </td> <td>30.6 Mly (9.4 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_3115" title="NGC 3115">NGC 3115</a> </td> <td>S0 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sextans_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextans (constellation)">Sextans</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">10<sup>h</sup> 05<sup>m</sup> 14.0<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>−7° 43′ 07″ </td> <td>31.6 Mly (9.7 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_3621" title="NGC 3621">NGC 3621</a> </td> <td>SA(s)d </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">11<sup>h</sup> 18<sup>m</sup> 16.5<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>–32° 48′ 51″ </td> <td>21.7 Mly (6.7 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_4136" title="NGC 4136">NGC 4136</a> </td> <td>SABc </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenices" title="Coma Berenices">Coma Berenices</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">12<sup>h</sup> 09<sup>m</sup> 17.7<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+29° 55′ 39″ </td> <td>40.9 Mly (12.5 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_4605" title="NGC 4605">NGC 4605</a> </td> <td>SB(s)c </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">12<sup>h</sup> 39<sup>m</sup> 59.4<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+61° 36′ 33″ </td> <td>15.3 Mly (4.7 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_5068" title="NGC 5068">NGC 5068</a> </td> <td>SAB(rs)cd </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">13<sup>h</sup> 18<sup>m</sup> 54.8<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>−21° 02′ 21″ </td> <td>19.8 Mly (6.1 Mpc) </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NGC_6503" title="NGC 6503">NGC 6503</a> </td> <td>SA(s)cd <br /> LINER </td> <td>30 kly (9.2 kpc) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">17<sup>h</sup> 49<sup>m</sup> 26.514<sup>s</sup></span> </td> <td>+70° 08′ 39.63″ </td> <td>18.5 Mly (5.7 Mpc) </td> <td>Also called the <i>"Lost-In-Space galaxy"</i> due to its location next to the <a href="/wiki/Local_Void" title="Local Void">Local Void</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SpaceDaily-2015-06-11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceDaily-2015-06-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NED-NGC6503_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NED-NGC6503-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIMBAD-NGC6503_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-NGC6503-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_galaxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">Void galaxy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_galaxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPiero_MadauLucia_PozzettiMark_Dickinson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Piero Madau; Lucia Pozzetti; Mark Dickinson (1998). "The Star Formation History of Field Galaxies". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>498</b> (1) (published May 1998): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9708220">astro-ph/9708220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...498..106M">1998ApJ...498..106M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305523">10.1086/305523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:499769">499769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Star+Formation+History+of+Field+Galaxies&rft.volume=498&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9708220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A499769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F305523&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...498..106M&rft.au=Piero+Madau&rft.au=Lucia+Pozzetti&rft.au=Mark+Dickinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-1998ApJ...498..106M_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1998ApJ...498..106M-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._SilvaGregory_D._Bothun1998" class="citation journal cs1">David R. Silva; Gregory D. Bothun (July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300394">"The Ages of Disturbed Field Elliptical Galaxies. I. Global Properties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a></i>. <b>116</b> (1): 85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116...85S">1998AJ....116...85S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300394">10.1086/300394</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ages+of+Disturbed+Field+Elliptical+Galaxies.+I.+Global+Properties&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AJ....116...85S&rft.au=David+R.+Silva&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Bothun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F300394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._SilvaGregory_D._Bothun1998" class="citation journal cs1">David R. Silva; Gregory D. Bothun (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300642">"The Ages of Disturbed Field Elliptical Galaxies. II. Central Properties"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>116</b> (6): 2793. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AJ....116.2793S">1998AJ....116.2793S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300642">10.1086/300642</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47632172">47632172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ages+of+Disturbed+Field+Elliptical+Galaxies.+II.+Central+Properties&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2793&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47632172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300642&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AJ....116.2793S&rft.au=David+R.+Silva&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Bothun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F300642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPieter_G._van_Dokkum2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pieter G. van Dokkum (27 June 2005). "The Recent and Continuing Assembly of Field Ellipticals by Red Mergers". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>130</b> (6) (published December 2005): <span class="nowrap">2647–</span>2665. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506661">astro-ph/0506661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130.2647V">2005AJ....130.2647V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497593">10.1086/497593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250814170">250814170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Recent+and+Continuing+Assembly+of+Field+Ellipticals+by+Red+Mergers&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2647-%3C%2Fspan%3E2665&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0506661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250814170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F497593&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AJ....130.2647V&rft.au=Pieter+G.+van+Dokkum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-2005AJ....130.2647V_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005AJ....130.2647V-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnatoly_KlypinIgor_KarachentsevDmitry_MakarovOlga_Nasonova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Anatoly Klypin; Igor Karachentsev; Dmitry Makarov; Olga Nasonova (18 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2040">"Abundance of Field Galaxies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>454</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1798–</span>1810. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4523">1405.4523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.1798K">2015MNRAS.454.1798K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2040">10.1093/mnras/stv2040</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+Field+Galaxies&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1798-%3C%2Fspan%3E1810&rft.date=2014-05-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1405.4523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MNRAS.454.1798K&rft.au=Anatoly+Klypin&rft.au=Igor+Karachentsev&rft.au=Dmitry+Makarov&rft.au=Olga+Nasonova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstv2040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_galaxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten" title="Astronomische Nachrichten">Astronomische Nachrichten</a>, "On the Emptiness of Voids", <i>K.-H. Schmidt; Petra Böhm; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Els%C3%A4sser" title="Hans Elsässer">Hans Elsässer</a>;</i> vol. 318, no. 2, p. 81, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AN....318...81S/abstract">1997AN....318...81S</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology", <i>David J. Adams and others</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005AJ....130.2647V-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2005AJ....130.2647V_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2005AJ....130.2647V_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPieter_G._van_Dokkum2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pieter G. van Dokkum (27 June 2005). "The Recent and Continuing Assembly of Field Ellipticals by Red Mergers". <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>130</b> (6) (published December 2005): <span class="nowrap">2647–</span>2665. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506661">astro-ph/0506661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130.2647V">2005AJ....130.2647V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497593">10.1086/497593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250814170">250814170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Recent+and+Continuing+Assembly+of+Field+Ellipticals+by+Red+Mergers&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2647-%3C%2Fspan%3E2665&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0506661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250814170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F497593&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AJ....130.2647V&rft.au=Pieter+G.+van+Dokkum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1979A&A....74..235M-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979A&A....74..235M_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJürgen_Materne1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jürgen Materne (April 1979). "The structure of nearby groups of galaxies – Quantitative membership probabilities". <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a></i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979A&A....74..235M">1979A&A....74..235M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+nearby+groups+of+galaxies+%E2%80%93+Quantitative+membership+probabilities&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979A%26A....74..235M&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Materne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceDaily-2015-06-11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpaceDaily-2015-06-11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Lonely_galaxy_lost_in_space_999.html">"Lonely galaxy lost in space"</a>. Space Daily. 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lonely+galaxy+lost+in+space&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FLonely_galaxy_lost_in_space_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NED-NGC6503-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NED-NGC6503_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=45429&objname=7&img_stamp=YES&hconst=73.0&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1">"NGC 6503"</a>. NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGC+6503&rft.pub=NASA%2FIPAC+Extragalactic+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fned.ipac.caltech.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fobjsearch%3Fsearch_type%3DObj_id%26objid%3D45429%26objname%3D7%26img_stamp%3DYES%26hconst%3D73.0%26omegam%3D0.27%26omegav%3D0.73%26corr_z%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMBAD-NGC6503-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMBAD-NGC6503_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+6503">"NGC 6503"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIMBAD&rft.atitle=NGC+6503&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-basic%3FIdent%3DNGC%2B6503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1998ApJ...498..106M-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1998ApJ...498..106M_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiero_MadauLucia_PozzettiMark_Dickinson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Piero Madau; Lucia Pozzetti; Mark Dickinson (1998). "The Star Formation History of Field Galaxies". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>498</b> (1) (published May 1998): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9708220">astro-ph/9708220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...498..106M">1998ApJ...498..106M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F305523">10.1086/305523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:499769">499769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Star+Formation+History+of+Field+Galaxies&rft.volume=498&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9708220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A499769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F305523&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ApJ...498..106M&rft.au=Piero+Madau&rft.au=Lucia+Pozzetti&rft.au=Mark+Dickinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AField+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Lenticular galaxy">Lenticular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barred lenticular galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbarred lenticular galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_galaxy" title="Anemic galaxy">anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculent_spiral_galaxy" title="Flocculent spiral galaxy">flocculent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_design_spiral_galaxy" title="Grand design spiral galaxy">grand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_spiral_galaxy" title="Intermediate spiral galaxy">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_spiral" title="Magellanic spiral">Magellanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_spiral_galaxy" title="Unbarred spiral galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elliptical_galaxy" title="Dwarf elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Common_dwarf_galaxy_types" title="Dwarf galaxy">irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">spheroidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spiral_galaxy" title="Dwarf spiral galaxy">spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">Elliptical galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-cD_galaxy" title="Type-cD galaxy">cD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_galaxy" title="Irregular galaxy">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_irregular_galaxy" title="Barred irregular galaxy">barred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy" title="Peculiar galaxy">Peculiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_galaxy" title="Ring galaxy">Ring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar-ring_galaxy" title="Polar-ring galaxy">Polar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_massive_object" title="Central massive object">Central massive object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_disc" title="Galactic disc">Disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Halo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_corona" title="Galactic corona">corona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">Galactic plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_ridge" title="Galactic ridge">Galactic ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogalaxy" title="Protogalaxy">Protogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_arms" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramassive_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramassive black hole">Ultramassive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_Lacertae_object" title="BL Lacertae object">BL Lacertae object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-ionization_nuclear_emission-line_region" title="Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region">LINER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_dot_(galaxy)" title="Little red dot (galaxy)">Little Red Dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_galaxies" title="Markarian galaxies">Markarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_galaxy" title="Radio galaxy">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-shaped_radio_galaxy" title="X-shaped radio galaxy">X-shaped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRAGN" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAGN">DRAGN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet#Relativistic_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Relativistic jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Energetic galaxies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha_emitter" title="Lyman-alpha emitter">Lyman-alpha emitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-break_galaxy" title="Lyman-break galaxy">Lyman-break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ULIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ULIRG">ULIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="HLIRG">HLIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ELIRG">ELIRG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">Starburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Blue_compact_dwarf_galaxies" title="Dwarf galaxy">blue compact dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_galaxy" title="Pea galaxy">pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_blue_galaxy" title="Faint blue galaxy">faint blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot,_dust-obscured_galaxy" title="Hot, dust-obscured galaxy">Hot dust-obscured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_galaxy" title="Green bean galaxy">Green bean galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp" title="Hanny's Voorwerp">Hanny's Voorwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet galaxy">Wolf-Rayet galaxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Low activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_surface_brightness_galaxy" title="Low surface brightness galaxy">Low surface brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy" title="Ultra diffuse galaxy">Ultra diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nugget" title="Red nugget">Red nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nugget" title="Blue Nugget">Blue Nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_disk" title="Dead disk">Dead disk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">Galactic tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_group" title="Galaxy group">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_cluster_galaxy" title="Brightest cluster galaxy">Brightest cluster galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_galaxy_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil galaxy group">fossil group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy" title="Interacting galaxy">Interacting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy collision">collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_cannibalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic cannibalism">cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy" title="Jellyfish galaxy">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Stellar_streams" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">Voids and supervoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">void galaxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_galaxies" title="Lists of galaxies">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxies" title="List of galaxies">Galaxies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_objects_named_after_people#Galaxies" title="List of astronomical objects named after people">Galaxies named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_galaxies" title="List of largest galaxies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_galaxies" title="List of nearest galaxies">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar-ring_galaxies" title="List of polar-ring galaxies">Polar-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ring_galaxies" title="List of ring galaxies">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spiral_galaxies" title="List of spiral galaxies">Spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="List of galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group#List_of_LQGs" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">List of the most distant astronomical objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Starburst galaxies">Starburst galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster#List_of_superclusters" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">Voids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">Galactic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic magnetic fields">Galactic magnetic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_orientation" title="Galactic orientation">Galactic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_quadrant" title="Galactic quadrant">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">Galaxy color–magnitude diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">Galaxy rotation curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity#Population_IIIstars" title="Metallicity">Population III stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_X_(galaxy)" title="Galaxy X (galaxy)">Galaxy X (galaxy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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