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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sérsic_decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sérsic_decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sérsic decomposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sérsic_decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box-shaped_bulges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box-shaped_bulges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Box-shaped bulges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box-shaped_bulges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kinematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kinematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kinematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kinematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurement_difficulties_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_difficulties_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Measurement difficulties and techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_difficulties_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offset_Tully–Fisher_relation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offset_Tully–Fisher_relation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Offset Tully–Fisher relation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offset_Tully–Fisher_relation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faded_spirals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faded_spirals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Faded spirals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faded_spirals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mergers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disk_growth_via_accretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk_growth_via_accretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Disk growth via accretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disk_growth_via_accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lenticular galaxy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensvormige_sterrestelsel" title="Lensvormige sterrestelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lensvormige sterrestelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="مجرة محدبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجرة محدبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxa_lenticular" title="Galaxa lenticular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaxa lenticular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0m-ki%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-ch%C5%8Dng_g%C3%AEn-h%C3%B4" title="Hàm-kiàⁿ-chōng gîn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàm-kiàⁿ-chōng gîn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінзападобная галактыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лінзападобная галактыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лещовидна галактика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лещовидна галактика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%87asta_galaksija" title="Lećasta galaksija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lećasta galaksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia_lenticular" title="Galàxia lenticular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia lenticular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Co%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1_galaxie" title="Čočková galaxie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čočková galaxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaeth_lensaidd" title="Galaeth lensaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galaeth lensaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linsenf%C3%B6rmige_Galaxie" title="Linsenförmige Galaxie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linsenförmige Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φακοειδής γαλαξίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φακοειδής γαλαξίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_lenticular" title="Galaxia lenticular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia lenticular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensosimila_galaksio" title="Lensosimila galaksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lensosimila galaksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_lentikular" title="Galaxia lentikular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galaxia lentikular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کهکشان عدسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان عدسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_lenticulaire" title="Galaxie lenticulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie lenticulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88%ED%98%95%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="렌즈형은하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="렌즈형은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ոսպնյակաձև գալակտիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոսպնյակաձև գալակտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="लेंसनुमा गैलेक्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेंसनुमा गैलेक्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%87asta_galaktika" title="Lećasta galaktika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lećasta galaktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi_lentikular" title="Galaksi lentikular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galaksi lentikular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia_lenticolare" title="Galassia lenticolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia lenticolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="גלקסיית עדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלקסיית עדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnsef%C3%ABrmeg_Galaxie" title="Lënsefërmeg Galaxie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lënsefërmeg Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%99%C5%A1in%C4%97_galaktika" title="Lęšinė galaktika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lęšinė galaktika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentikul%C3%A1ris_galaxis" title="Lentikuláris galaxis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lentikuláris galaxis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Леќеста галаксија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леќеста галаксија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मसूराकार दीर्घिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मसूराकार दीर्घिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensvormig_sterrenstelsel" title="Lensvormig sterrenstelsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lensvormig sterrenstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E7%8A%B6%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="レンズ状銀河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レンズ状銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseformet_galakse" title="Linseformet galakse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linseformet galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseforma_galakse" title="Linseforma galakse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linseforma galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_lenticulara" title="Galaxia lenticulara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galaxia lenticulara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktyka_soczewkowata" title="Galaktyka soczewkowata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galaktyka soczewkowata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia_lenticular" title="Galáxia lenticular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia lenticular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_lenticular%C4%83" title="Galaxie lenticulară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galaxie lenticulară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Линзовидная галактика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линзовидная галактика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lenticular galaxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0o%C5%A1ovkov%C3%A1_galaxia" title="Šošovková galaxia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šošovková galaxia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%8Dasta_galaksija" title="Lečasta galaksija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lečasta galaksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лентикуларна галаксија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лентикуларна галаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentikularna_galaksija" title="Lentikularna galaksija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lentikularna galaksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linssim%C3%A4inen_galaksi" title="Linssimäinen galaksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linssimäinen galaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linsformad_galax" title="Linsformad galax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linsformad galax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ดาราจักรชนิดลูกสะบ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of galaxy between an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"S0s" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/S0_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="S0 (disambiguation)">S0</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngc5866_hst_big.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/260px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/390px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ngc5866_hst_big.png/520px-Ngc5866_hst_big.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/NGC_5866" title="NGC 5866">Spindle Galaxy</a> (NGC 5866), a lenticular galaxy in the <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">constellation Draco</a>. This image shows that lenticular galaxies may retain a considerable amount of dust in their disk. However, there is little to no gas, and thus they are considered deficient in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar matter">interstellar matter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lenticular galaxy</b> (denoted S0) is a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">type of galaxy</a> intermediate between an <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a> (denoted E) and a <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral galaxy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">galaxy morphological classification</a> schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-butaetal2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butaetal2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms. Lenticular galaxies are <a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">disc galaxies</a> that have used up or lost most of their <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar matter">interstellar matter</a> and therefore have very little ongoing <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGraaffetal2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGraaffetal2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies). Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe. Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_structure">Morphology and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_2787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/220px-NGC_2787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/330px-NGC_2787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/440px-NGC_2787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_2787" title="NGC 2787">NGC 2787</a> is an example of a lenticular galaxy with visible dust absorption. While this galaxy has been classified as an S0 galaxy, one can see the difficulty in differentiating among spirals, ellipticals, and lenticulars. Credit: <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png/220px-NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png/330px-NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png/440px-NGC1387_-_hst_10217R850GB475.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_1387" title="NGC 1387">NGC 1387</a> has a large nuclear ring. This galaxy is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fornax_Cluster" title="Fornax Cluster">Fornax Cluster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble-Grid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hubble-Grid.jpg/300px-Hubble-Grid.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hubble-Grid.jpg/450px-Hubble-Grid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hubble-Grid.jpg/600px-Hubble-Grid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Grid showing the location of early-type galaxies (including the lenticular S0 galaxies) relative to the late-type spiral galaxies. The horizontal axis shows the morphological type, primarily dictated by the nature of the spiral arms.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikifigure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikifigure.png/300px-Wikifigure.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikifigure.png/450px-Wikifigure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Wikifigure.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>The percentage of galaxies with a particular axis ratio (minor/major) for a sample of lenticular and spiral galaxies. The inset is a visual representation of the profile of either at the specified minor (b) to major (a) axis ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lenticular galaxies are unique in that they have a visible disk component as well as a prominent bulge component. They have much higher bulge-to-disk ratios than typical spirals and do not have the canonical spiral arm structure of late-type<sup id="cite_ref-latevsearly_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latevsearly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> galaxies, yet may exhibit a central bar.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bulge dominance can be seen in the axis ratio (i.e. the ratio between the observed minor and major axial of a disk galaxy) distribution of a lenticular galaxy sample. The distribution for lenticular galaxies rises steadily in the range 0.25 to 0.85 whereas the distribution for spirals is essentially flat in that same range.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger axial ratios can be explained by observing face-on disk galaxies <i>or</i> by having a sample of spheroidal (bulge-dominated) galaxies. Imagine looking at two disk galaxies edge-on, one with a bulge and one without a bulge. The galaxy with a prominent bulge will have a larger edge-on axial ratio compared to the galaxy without a bulge based on the definition of axial ratio. Thus a sample of disk galaxies with prominent spheroidal components will have more galaxies at larger axial ratios. The fact that the lenticular galaxy distribution rises with increasing observed axial ratio implies that lenticulars are dominated by a central bulge component.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenticular galaxies are often considered to be a poorly understood transition state between spiral and elliptical galaxies, which results in their intermediate placement on the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">Hubble sequence</a>. This results from lenticulars having both prominent disk and bulge components. The disk component is usually featureless, which precludes a classification system similar to spiral galaxies. As the bulge component is usually spherical, elliptical galaxy classifications are also unsuitable. Lenticular galaxies are thus divided into subclasses based upon either the amount of dust present or the prominence of a central bar. The classes of lenticular galaxies with no bar are S0<sub>1</sub>, S0<sub>2</sub>, and S0<sub>3</sub> where the subscripted numbers indicate the amount of dust absorption in the disk component; the corresponding classes for lenticulars with a central bar are SB0<sub>1</sub>, SB0<sub>2</sub>, and SB0<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sérsic_decomposition"><span id="S.C3.A9rsic_decomposition"></span>Sérsic decomposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sérsic decomposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Surface_brightness" title="Surface brightness">surface brightness</a> profiles of lenticular galaxies are well described by the sum of a <a href="/wiki/Sersic_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sersic profile">Sérsic model</a> for the spheroidal component plus an exponentially declining model (Sérsic index of n ≈ 1) for the disk, and often a third component for the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes there is an observed truncation in the surface brightness profiles of lenticular galaxies at ~ 4 disk scalelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features are consistent with the general structure of spiral galaxies. However, the bulge component of lenticulars is more closely related to elliptical galaxies in terms of morphological classification. This spheroidal region, which dominates the inner structure of lenticular galaxies, has a steeper surface brightness profile (Sérsic index typically ranging from n = 1 to 4)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the disk component. Lenticular galaxy samples are distinguishable from the diskless (excluding small nuclear disks) elliptical galaxy population through analysis of their surface brightness profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bars">Bars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies can possess a central bar structure. While the classification system for normal lenticulars depends on dust content, barred lenticular galaxies are classified by the prominence of the central bar. SB0<sub>1</sub> galaxies have the least defined bar structure and are only classified as having slightly enhanced surface brightness along opposite sides of the central bulge. The prominence of the bar increases with index number, thus SB0<sub>3</sub> galaxies, like the <a href="/wiki/NGC_1460" title="NGC 1460">NGC 1460</a> have very well defined bars that can extend through the transition region between the bulge and disk.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NGC_1460" title="NGC 1460">NGC 1460</a> is actually the galaxy with one of the largest bars seen among lenticular galaxies. Unfortunately, the properties of bars in lenticular galaxies have not been researched in great detail. Understanding these properties, as well as understanding the formation mechanism for bars, would help clarify the formation or evolution history of lenticular galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:787px;max-width:787px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_2787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/201px-NGC_2787.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/302px-NGC_2787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NGC_2787.jpg/402px-NGC_2787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>SB0<sub>1</sub></b> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_2787" title="NGC 2787">NGC 2787</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:341px;max-width:341px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_1533_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NGC_1533_.jpg/339px-NGC_1533_.jpg" decoding="async" width="339" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NGC_1533_.jpg/509px-NGC_1533_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NGC_1533_.jpg/678px-NGC_1533_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>SB0<sub>2</sub></b> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_1533" title="NGC 1533">NGC 1533</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png/235px-NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png/353px-NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png/470px-NGC_1460_-HST10217_18-R850GB475.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>SB0<sub>3</sub></b> (<a href="/wiki/NGC_1460" title="NGC 1460">NGC 1460</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Barred lenticular galaxies by classification</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box-shaped_bulges">Box-shaped bulges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Box-shaped bulges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NGC_1375" title="NGC 1375">NGC 1375</a> and <a href="/wiki/NGC_1175" title="NGC 1175">NGC 1175</a> are examples of lenticular galaxies that have so-called box-shaped bulges. They are classified as SB0 pec. Box-shaped bulges are seen in edge-on galaxies, mostly spiral, but rarely lenticular.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg/220px-Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg/330px-Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg/440px-Hubble_image_of_ESO_381-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Hubble image of <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESO_381-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESO 381-12 (page does not exist)">ESO 381-12</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In many respects the composition of lenticular galaxies is like that of <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical galaxies">ellipticals</a>. For example, they both consist of predominately older, hence redder, stars. All of their stars are thought to be older than about a billion years, in agreement with their offset from the <a href="/wiki/Tully%E2%80%93Fisher_relation" title="Tully–Fisher relation">Tully–Fisher relation</a> (see below). In addition to these general stellar attributes, <a href="/wiki/Globular_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular clusters">globular clusters</a> are found more frequently in lenticular galaxies than in spiral galaxies of similar mass and luminosity. They also have little to no molecular gas (hence the lack of star formation) and no significant hydrogen α or 21-cm emission. Finally, unlike ellipticals, they may still possess significant dust.<sup id="cite_ref-bmbook_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinematics">Kinematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kinematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_difficulties_and_techniques">Measurement difficulties and techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Measurement difficulties and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potw1328a.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Potw1328a.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Potw1328a.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Potw1328a.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Potw1328a.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Potw1328a.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Potw1328a.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_4866" title="NGC 4866">NGC 4866</a> is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Virgo.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Lenticular galaxies share kinematic properties with both spiral and elliptical galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-MoranDynamicDistinction_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoranDynamicDistinction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the significant bulge and disk nature of lenticulars. The bulge component is similar to elliptical galaxies in that it is pressure supported by a central <a href="/wiki/Velocity_dispersion" title="Velocity dispersion">velocity dispersion</a>. This situation is analogous to a balloon, where the motions of the air particles (stars in a bulge's case) are dominated by random motions. However, the kinematics of lenticular galaxies are dominated by the rotationally supported disk. Rotation support implies the average circular motion of stars in the disk is responsible for the stability of the galaxy. Thus, kinematics are often used to distinguish lenticular galaxies from elliptical galaxies. Determining the distinction between elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies often relies on the measurements of velocity dispersion (σ), rotational velocity (v), and ellipticity (ε).<sup id="cite_ref-MoranDynamicDistinction_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoranDynamicDistinction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to differentiate between lenticulars and ellipticals, one typically looks at the v/σ ratio for a fixed ε. For example, a rough criterion for distinguishing between lenticular and elliptical galaxies is that elliptical galaxies have v/σ < 0.5 for ε = 0.3.<sup id="cite_ref-MoranDynamicDistinction_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoranDynamicDistinction-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivation behind this criterion is that lenticular galaxies do have prominent bulge and disk components whereas elliptical galaxies have no disk structure. Thus, lenticulars have much larger v/σ ratios than ellipticals due to their non-negligible rotational velocities (due to the disk component) in addition to not having as prominent of a bulge component compared to elliptical galaxies. However, this approach using a single ratio for each galaxy is problematic due to the dependence of the v/σ ratio on the radius out to which it is measured in some early-type galaxies. For example, the ES galaxies that bridge the E and S0 galaxies, with their intermediate-scale disks, have a high v/σ ratio at intermediate radii that then drops to a low ratio at large radii.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kinematics of disk galaxies are usually determined by <a href="/wiki/H-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="H-alpha">Hα</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">21-cm</a> emission lines, which are typically not present in lenticular galaxies due to their general lack of cool gas.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus kinematic information and rough mass estimates for lenticular galaxies often comes from stellar absorption lines, which are less reliable than emission line measurements. There is also a considerable amount of difficulty in deriving accurate rotational velocities for lenticular galaxies. This is a combined effect from lenticulars having difficult inclination measurements, projection effects in the bulge-disk interface region, and the random motions of stars affecting the true rotational velocities.<sup id="cite_ref-FornaxKin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FornaxKin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects make kinematic measurements of lenticular galaxies considerably more difficult compared to normal disk galaxies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offset_Tully–Fisher_relation"><span id="Offset_Tully.E2.80.93Fisher_relation"></span>Offset Tully–Fisher relation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Offset Tully–Fisher relation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OffsetTF.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/OffsetTF.png/300px-OffsetTF.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/OffsetTF.png/450px-OffsetTF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/OffsetTF.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>This plot illustrates the Tully–Fisher relation for a spiral galaxy sample (black) as well as a lenticular galaxy sample (blue).<sup id="cite_ref-TFS0galaxies_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFS0galaxies-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can see how the best-fit line for spiral galaxies differs from the best-fit line for lenticular galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-SpiralScalingRelations_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpiralScalingRelations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The kinematic connection between spiral and lenticular galaxies is most clear when analyzing the Tully–Fisher relation for spiral and lenticular samples. If lenticular galaxies are an evolved stage of spiral galaxies then they should have a similar Tully–Fisher relation with spirals, but with an offset in the luminosity / absolute magnitude axis. This would result from brighter, redder stars dominating the stellar populations of lenticulars. An example of this effect can be seen in the adjacent plot.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can clearly see that the best-fit lines for the spiral galaxy data and the lenticular galaxy have the same slope (and thus follow the same Tully–Fisher relation), but are offset by ΔI ≈ 1.5. This implies that lenticular galaxies were once spiral galaxies but are now dominated by old, red stars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_theories">Formation theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formation theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphology and kinematics of lenticular galaxies each, to a degree, suggest a mode of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy formation">galaxy formation</a>. Their disk-like, possibly dusty, appearance suggests they come from faded <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral galaxies">spiral galaxies</a>, whose arm features disappeared. However, some lenticular galaxies are more luminous than spiral galaxies, which suggests that they are not merely the faded remnants of spiral galaxies. Lenticular galaxies might result from a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">galaxy merger</a>, which increase the total stellar mass and might give the newly merged galaxy a disk-like, arm-less appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it has been proposed<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they grew their disks via (gas and minor merger) accretion events. It had previously been suggested that the evolution of luminous lenticular galaxies may be closely linked to that of elliptical galaxies, whereas fainter lenticulars might be more closely associated with ram-pressure stripped spiral galaxies,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this latter <a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy#Galaxy_harassment" title="Interacting galaxy">galaxy harassment</a> scenario has since been queried due to the existence<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of extremely isolated, low-luminosity lenticular galaxies such as <a href="/wiki/LEDA_2108986" title="LEDA 2108986">LEDA 2108986</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faded_spirals">Faded spirals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Faded spirals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absence of gas, presence of dust, lack of recent star formation, and rotational support are all attributes one might expect of a spiral galaxy which had used up all of its gas in the formation of stars.<sup id="cite_ref-BMReview_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMReview-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This possibility is further enhanced by the existence of gas poor, or <a href="/wiki/Anemic_galaxy" title="Anemic galaxy">"anemic", spiral galaxies</a>. If the spiral pattern then dissipated the resulting galaxy would be similar to many lenticulars.<sup id="cite_ref-Elmegreen_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmegreen-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moore et al. also document that tidal harassment – the gravitational effects from other, near-by galaxies – could aid this process in dense regions.<sup id="cite_ref-MLK98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLK98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clearest support for this theory, however, is their adherence to slightly shifted version of Tully–Fisher relation, discussed above. </p><p>A 2012 paper that suggests a new classification system, first proposed by the Canadian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Sidney_van_den_Bergh" title="Sidney van den Bergh">Sidney van den Bergh</a>, for lenticular and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">dwarf spheroidal galaxies</a> (S0a-S0b-S0c-dSph) that parallels the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_sequence" title="Hubble sequence">Hubble sequence</a> for spirals and irregulars (Sa-Sb-Sc-Im) reinforces this idea showing how the spiral–irregular sequence is very similar to this new one for lenticulars and dwarf ellipticals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bender2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bender2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mergers">Mergers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mergers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/220px-Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/330px-Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg/440px-Messier_85_Hubble_WikiSky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_85" title="Messier 85">Messier 85</a> is a merged galaxy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The analyses of Burstein<sup id="cite_ref-DM05_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DM05-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sandage<sup id="cite_ref-Sandage05_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandage05-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that lenticular galaxies typically have surface brightness much greater than other spiral classes. It is also thought that lenticular galaxies exhibit a larger bulge-to-disk ratio than spiral galaxies and this may be inconsistent with simple fading from a spiral.<sup id="cite_ref-Dressler80_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dressler80-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CZ2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CZ2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If S0s were formed by mergers of other spirals these observations would be fitting and it would also account for the increased frequency of globular clusters. It should be mentioned, however, that advanced models of the central bulge which include both a general Sersic profile and bar indicate a smaller bulge,<sup id="cite_ref-LSB05_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSB05-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus a lessened inconsistency. Mergers are also unable to account for the offset from the Tully–Fisher relation without assuming that the merged galaxies were quite different from those we see today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disk_growth_via_accretion">Disk growth via accretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disk growth via accretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of disks in, at least some, lenticular galaxies via the accretion of gas, and small galaxies, around a pre-existing spheroidal structure was first suggested as an explanation to match the high-redshift compact massive spheroidal-shaped galaxies with the equally compact massive bulges seen in nearby massive lenticular galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a "downsizing" scenario, bigger lenticular galaxies may have been built first – in a younger universe when more gas was available – and the lower-mass galaxies may have been slower to attract their disk-building material, as in the case of the isolated early-type galaxy <a href="/wiki/LEDA_2108986" title="LEDA 2108986">LEDA 2108986</a>. Within galaxy clusters, <a href="/wiki/Ram_pressure" title="Ram pressure">ram-pressure stripping</a> removes gas and prevents the accretion of new gas that might be capable of furthering the development of the disk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_Galaxy" title="Cartwheel Galaxy">Cartwheel Galaxy</a>, lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Sculptor_(constellation)" title="Sculptor (constellation)">Sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_2787" title="NGC 2787">NGC 2787</a>, a barred lenticular galaxy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3115" title="NGC 3115">NGC 3115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_3632" title="NGC 3632">NGC 3632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_4608" title="NGC 4608">NGC 4608</a>, a barred lenticular galaxy about 56 million light years away in Virgo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_5866" title="NGC 5866">NGC 5866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_1533" title="NGC 1533">NGC 1533</a> is a prototypical lenticular galaxy in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorado" title="Dorado">Dorado</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_greedy_giant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 1222 contains three compact regions.[32]"><img alt="NGC 1222 contains three compact regions.[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A_greedy_giant.jpg/120px-A_greedy_giant.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A_greedy_giant.jpg/180px-A_greedy_giant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A_greedy_giant.jpg/240px-A_greedy_giant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_1222" title="NGC 1222">NGC 1222</a> contains three compact regions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_(29092024214).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PGC 83677 image obtained as part of the Coma Cluster Survey[33]"><img alt="PGC 83677 image obtained as part of the Coma Cluster Survey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg/120px-Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg/180px-Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg/240px-Hubble_Finds_a_Lenticular_Galaxy_Standing_Out_in_the_Crowd_%2829092024214%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/PGC_83677" class="mw-redirect" title="PGC 83677">PGC 83677</a> image obtained as part of the <a href="/wiki/Coma_Cluster" title="Coma Cluster">Coma Cluster</a> Survey<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Busy_bees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lenticular galaxy NGC 5308 is located just under 100 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major.[34]"><img alt="Lenticular galaxy NGC 5308 is located just under 100 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major.[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Busy_bees.jpg/120px-Busy_bees.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Busy_bees.jpg/180px-Busy_bees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Busy_bees.jpg/240px-Busy_bees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4038" data-file-height="4038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lenticular galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_5308" title="NGC 5308">NGC 5308</a> is located just under 100 million light-years away in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 4111 is a lenticular galaxy, lying about 50 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.[35]"><img alt="NGC 4111 is a lenticular galaxy, lying about 50 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg/120px-Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg/180px-Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg/240px-Elegance_conceals_an_eventful_past.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_4111" title="NGC 4111">NGC 4111</a> is a lenticular galaxy, lying about 50 million light-years away in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici" title="Canes Venatici">Canes Venatici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mrk 820 is a lenticular galaxy classified as type S0 on the Hubble Tuning Fork.[36]"><img alt="Mrk 820 is a lenticular galaxy classified as type S0 on the Hubble Tuning Fork.[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg/120px-At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg/180px-At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg/240px-At_the_centre_of_the_tuning_fork_Mrk_820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrk_820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrk 820 (page does not exist)">Mrk 820</a> is a lenticular galaxy classified as type S0 on the Hubble Tuning Fork.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_fascinating_core.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Messier 84 is a lenticular galaxy also known for its supernovae.[37]"><img alt="Messier 84 is a lenticular galaxy also known for its supernovae.[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_fascinating_core.jpg/113px-A_fascinating_core.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_fascinating_core.jpg/170px-A_fascinating_core.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_fascinating_core.jpg/226px-A_fascinating_core.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Messier_84" title="Messier 84">Messier 84</a> is a lenticular galaxy also known for its supernovae.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NGC 6861 is a lenticular galaxy discovered in 1826 by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop.[38]"><img alt="NGC 6861 is a lenticular galaxy discovered in 1826 by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop.[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg/120px-The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg/180px-The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg/240px-The_third_way_of_galaxies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NGC_6861" title="NGC 6861">NGC 6861</a> is a lenticular galaxy discovered in 1826 by the Scottish astronomer <a href="/wiki/James_Dunlop" title="James Dunlop">James Dunlop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartwheel Galaxy"><img alt="Cartwheel Galaxy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg/120px-Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg/180px-Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg/240px-Cartwheel_Galaxy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_Galaxy" title="Cartwheel Galaxy">Cartwheel Galaxy</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolate_rotator_galaxy" title="Prolate rotator galaxy">Spindle galaxy</a> – Class of galaxy that is cigar shaped and rotates around its long axis</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lenticular_galaxies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lenticular galaxies">Lenticular galaxies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-latevsearly-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latevsearly_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galaxies to the left side of the Hubble classification scheme are sometimes referred to as "early-type", while those to the right are "late-type".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenticular_galaxy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-butaetal2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-butaetal2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._J._ButaH._G._Corwin,_Jr.S._C._Odewahn2007s" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fascinating+core&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1522a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALenticular+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1502a/">"The third way of galaxies"</a>. <i>www.spacetelescope.org</i>. ESA/Hubble<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spacetelescope.org&rft.atitle=The+third+way+of+galaxies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fpotw1502a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALenticular+galaxy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galaxy" title="Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galaxy" title="Template talk:Galaxy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galaxies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lenticular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barred lenticular galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbarred lenticular galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_galaxy" title="Anemic galaxy">anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculent_spiral_galaxy" title="Flocculent spiral galaxy">flocculent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_design_spiral_galaxy" title="Grand design spiral galaxy">grand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_spiral_galaxy" title="Intermediate spiral galaxy">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_spiral" title="Magellanic spiral">Magellanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_spiral_galaxy" title="Unbarred spiral galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elliptical_galaxy" title="Dwarf elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Common_dwarf_galaxy_types" title="Dwarf galaxy">irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">spheroidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spiral_galaxy" title="Dwarf spiral galaxy">spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">Elliptical galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-cD_galaxy" title="Type-cD galaxy">cD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_galaxy" title="Irregular galaxy">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_irregular_galaxy" title="Barred irregular galaxy">barred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy" title="Peculiar galaxy">Peculiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_galaxy" title="Ring galaxy">Ring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar-ring_galaxy" title="Polar-ring galaxy">Polar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_massive_object" title="Central massive object">Central massive object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_disc" title="Galactic disc">Disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Halo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_corona" title="Galactic corona">corona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">Galactic plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_ridge" title="Galactic ridge">Galactic ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogalaxy" title="Protogalaxy">Protogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_arms" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramassive_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramassive black hole">Ultramassive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-ionization_nuclear_emission-line_region" title="Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region">LINER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_galaxies" title="Markarian galaxies">Markarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_Lacertae_object" title="BL Lacertae object">BL Lacertae object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_galaxy" title="Radio galaxy">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-shaped_radio_galaxy" title="X-shaped radio galaxy">X-shaped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRAGN" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAGN">DRAGN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet#Relativistic_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Relativistic jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Energetic galaxies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha_emitter" title="Lyman-alpha emitter">Lyman-alpha emitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-break_galaxy" title="Lyman-break galaxy">Lyman-break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ULIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ULIRG">ULIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="HLIRG">HLIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ELIRG">ELIRG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">Starburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Blue_compact_dwarf_galaxies" title="Dwarf galaxy">blue compact dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_galaxy" title="Pea galaxy">pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_blue_galaxy" title="Faint blue galaxy">faint blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot,_dust-obscured_galaxy" title="Hot, dust-obscured galaxy">Hot dust-obscured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_galaxy" title="Green bean galaxy">Green bean galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp" title="Hanny's Voorwerp">Hanny's Voorwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet galaxy">Wolf-Rayet galaxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Low activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_surface_brightness_galaxy" title="Low surface brightness galaxy">Low surface brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy" title="Ultra diffuse galaxy">Ultra diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nugget" title="Red nugget">Red nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nugget" title="Blue Nugget">Blue Nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_disk" title="Dead disk">Dead disk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_galaxy" title="Field galaxy">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">Galactic tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_group" title="Galaxy group">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_cluster_galaxy" title="Brightest cluster galaxy">Brightest cluster galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_galaxy_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil galaxy group">fossil group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy" title="Interacting galaxy">Interacting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy collision">collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_cannibalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic cannibalism">cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy" title="Jellyfish galaxy">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Stellar_streams" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">Voids and supervoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">void galaxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_galaxies" title="Lists of galaxies">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxies" title="List of galaxies">Galaxies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_objects_named_after_people#Galaxies" title="List of astronomical objects named after people">Galaxies named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_galaxies" title="List of largest galaxies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_galaxies" title="List of nearest galaxies">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar-ring_galaxies" title="List of polar-ring galaxies">Polar-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ring_galaxies" title="List of ring galaxies">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spiral_galaxies" title="List of spiral galaxies">Spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="List of galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group#List_of_LQGs" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">List of the most distant astronomical objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Starburst galaxies">Starburst galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster#List_of_superclusters" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">Voids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">Galactic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic magnetic fields">Galactic magnetic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_orientation" title="Galactic orientation">Galactic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_quadrant" title="Galactic quadrant">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">Galaxy color–magnitude diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">Galaxy rotation curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity#Population_IIIstars" title="Metallicity">Population III stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_X_(galaxy)" title="Galaxy X (galaxy)">Galaxy X 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