CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace: Conflict of Interest</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> <p align=center style="font-size:28pt; font-family:garamond,serif"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">PoliticalGraveyard.com</span><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a><br> Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace</p> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <p align="center" style="font-size:30pt; font-family:garamond,serif;">Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace: Conflict of Interest<br><span style="font-size:12pt;">Decisionmaking clouded by undisclosed stakeholding</span></p> <table width=100%><tr><td valign="top"> <p>See the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">trouble and disgrace main page</a>, as well as the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/inqa.html">FAQ</a> and the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/privacy.html">Political Graveyard privacy policy</a>, for important explanations and disclaimers.</p> <p><i>in chronological order</i></p> <table align="left" cellpadding=5> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>William Ellerton Alger (1856-1917)</b> — also known as <b>William E. Alger</b> — Born in Boston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/SU-born.html">Suffolk County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1856/09-01.html">September 1, 1856</a>. U.S. Consular Agent in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/HO-consuls.html ">Puerto Cortes</a>, 1891-1902; U.S. Consul in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/HO-consuls.html ">Puerto Cortes</a>, 1902-04; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/HO-consuls.html ">Tegucigalpa</a>, 1904-09; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/LS-consuls.html ">Mazatlan</a>, 1909-16; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/BC-consuls.html ">Fernie</a>, 1917; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GU-consuls.html ">Guatemala City</a>, 1917, died in office 1917; in 1909, he was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">accused</a>, in a petition signed by Americans in Puerto Cortez, of <b>conflict of interest</b>, due to his marriage to a Honduran woman, the sister of a provincial governor, owning lands and cattle due to his marriage, and raising children in Honduras; the State Department <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">investigated</a> these accusations. Died in Guatemala City, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GU-died.html">Guatemala</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1917/03-09.html">March 9, 1917</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/60.html">60 years, 189 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Anne Langdon 'Annie' (Lodge) Alger and William Rounseville Alger; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1888/">1888</a> to Lucille Violantte DeLeon; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1896/">1896</a> to Mucia Paz.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Robert Wodrow Archbald (1848-1926)</b> — also known as <b>Robert W. Archbald</b> — of Scranton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/LC-lived.html">Lackawanna County</a>, Pa. Born in Carbondale, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/LC-born.html">Lackawanna County</a>, Pa., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1848/09-10.html">September 10, 1848</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; common pleas court judge in Pennsylvania, 1884-88; district judge in Pennsylvania, 1888-1901; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/ofc/usdjud.html">U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Pennsylvania</a>, 1901-11; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-ct-apps.html">Judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit</a>, 1911-13; removed 1913. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Impeached</a> by the U.S. House of Representatives in 1912 on <b>conflict of interest</b> charges; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a> (<a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">removed from office</a>) by the U.S. Senate on four articles of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">impeachment</a>. Died, from a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart attack</a>, in Martha's Vineyard, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/DU-died.html">Dukes County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1926/08-19.html">August 19, 1926</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/77.html">77 years, 343 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/LC-buried.html#cms01819">Dunmore Cemetery</a>, Dunmore, Pa. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of James Archbald and Augusta (Frothingham) Archbald; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1875/01-21.html">January 21, 1875</a>, to Elizabeth Baldwin Cannon.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=57&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">federal judicial profile</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/131700257">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/6730649419/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/440/10.02.jpg" width=70 height=83 border=0 alt="Edward E. McCall"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Edward Everett McCall (1863-1924)</b> — also known as <b>Edward E. McCall</b> — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in Albany, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/AL-born.html">Albany County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1863/01-06.html">January 6, 1863</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/nysc.html">Justice of New York Supreme Court</a> 1st District, 1903-13; resigned 1913; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html">mayor of New York City, N.Y.</a>, 1913; chair, New York State Public Service Commission, 1913-15; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">removed from office</a> in November, 1915, because he <b>owned stock</b> in a company under commission jurisdiction; president, New Jersey <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/insurance.html">Life Insurance</a> Company, 1916. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/pneumonia.html">pneumonia</a>, in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1924/03-12.html">March 12, 1924</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/61.html">61 years, 66 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Presumably named for:</i> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/everett.html#682.37.80">Edward Everett</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of John McCall and Katherine McCall; brother of John A. McCall; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1886/">1886</a> to Ella Frances Gaynor.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Image source:</i> Library of Congress</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>William H. Reynolds (1868-1931)</b> — of Long Beach, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NA-lived.html">Nassau County</a>, Long Island, N.Y. Born in Brooklyn, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/KI-born.html">Kings County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1868/02-29.html">February 29, 1868</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/construction.html">Builder</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/realestate.html">real estate developer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/stsen.html">New York state senate</a> 3rd District, 1894-95; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> by a grand jury in August 1917 for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/perjury.html">perjury</a>, over his 1912 expert testimony on the value of land sought by the city for a park; the grand jury alleged that he <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/perjury.html">falsely denied</a> any <b>personal interest</b> in the realty company which owned the property; also <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> in October 1917, with three others, for conspiracy <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/fraud.html">defraud</a> the city of $500,000 by inflating the appraisal; the indictments were dismissed in May 1920 over the prosecutor's delay of the trial; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/longbeach.html#2">village president of Long Beach, New York</a>, 1921-22; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/longbeach.html">mayor of Long Beach, N.Y.</a>, 1922-24; removed 1924; defeated, 1925; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> on May 1, 1924, along with the Long Beach city treasurer, for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/embezzlement.html">misappropriating</a> city funds in connection with a bond issue; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">tried</a> in June 1924, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to six months in the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">county jail</a>, and automatically <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">removed from office</a> as mayor; released pending appeal; the Appellate Division reversed the conviction in June 1925 and ordered a new trial; the indictment was dismissed in June 1927. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/english.html">English</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/scotch-irish.html">Scotch-Irish</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/elks.html">Elks</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Died, from <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart disease</a>, in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1931/10-13.html">October 13, 1931</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/63.html">63 years, 0 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/KI-buried.html#cms00142">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>, Brooklyn, N.Y. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of William Reynolds and Margaret (McChesney) Reynolds; married to Elise Guerrier.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>John Charles Doerfer (1904-1992)</b> — also known as <b>John C. Doerfer</b> — of West Allis, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/MI-lived.html">Milwaukee County</a>, Wis.; Miami, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/DA-lived.html">Miami-Dade County</a>, Fla.; Boston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/SU-lived.html">Suffolk County</a>, Mass. Born in Milwaukee, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WI/MI-born.html">Milwaukee County</a>, Wis., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1904/11-30.html">November 30, 1904</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; member, Federal Communications Commission, 1953-60; chair, Federal Communications Commission, 1957-60; in 1960, he spent a week-long Florida vacation on the yacht <i>Lazy Girl</i>, owned by his friend George B. Storer, president of Storer Broadcasting; as a result, he was accused of <b>conflict of interest</b> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">forced to resign</a>. Died in Boston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/SU-died.html">Suffolk County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1992/06-05.html">June 5, 1992</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/87.html">87 years, 188 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Married to Ida Page.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John C. Doerfer">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Thomas Francis Johnson (1909-1988)</b> — also known as <b>Thomas F. Johnson</b> — of Snow Hill, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/WO-lived.html">Worcester County</a>, Md. Born in Snow Hill, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/WO-born.html">Worcester County</a>, Md., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1909/06-26.html">June 26, 1909</a>. Democrat. Delegate to Democratic National Convention from Maryland, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1936/MD.html">1936</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1940/MD.html">1940</a> (alternate); member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/ofc/stsen.html">Maryland state senate</a>, 1939-50; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Maryland</a> 1st District, 1959-63; defeated, 1950. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/episcopalian.html">Episcopalian</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Convicted</a> of conspiracy and <b>conflict of interest</b>, 1968. Died in Seaford, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DE/SU-died.html">Sussex County</a>, Del., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1988/02-01.html">February 1, 1988</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/78.html">78 years, 220 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/WO-buried.html#cms03318">All Hallows Cemetery</a>, Snow Hill, Md. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000176">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=406072">Govtrack.us page</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>William T. Hiering</b> — of Toms River, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/OC-lived.html">Ocean County</a>, N.J. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/landtitle.html">Land title agent</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/asmbly.html">New Jersey state house of assembly</a> from Ocean County, 1960-65; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/stsen.html">New Jersey state senate</a>, 1966-71 (District 5 1966-67, District 4-A 1968-71); delegate to Republican National Convention from New Jersey, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1968/NJ.html">1968</a>; Sponsor of a proposed state constitutional amendment in 1969 which would have stripped the state's title to hundreds of square miles of tidelands; summoned for an <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">inquiry</a> by a legislative commission into possible <b>conflict of interest</b> because he might personally benefit from this change; he denied having any financial interest in tidal land properties. The amendment, strongly opposed by Gov. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hughes.html#722.38.94">Richard J. Hughes</a>, was withdrawn a few days later. Still living as of 1971. </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Hulan Edwin Jack (1906-1986)</b> — also known as <b>Hulan E. Jack</b> — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/ST-born.html">St. Lucia</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1906/12-29.html">December 29, 1906</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/papermaking.html">Paper box manufacturer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly.html">New York state assembly</a>, 1941-53, 1968-72 (New York County 17th District 1941-44, New York County 14th District 1945-53, 70th District 1968-72); defeated in primary, 1972; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html#3">borough president of Manhattan, New York</a>, 1954-61; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1956/NY.html">1956</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> in 1960 on <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charges</a> of conspiracy to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/obstruction.html">obstruct justice</a> and violation of the City Charter, over <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">acceptance of $4,400</a> from a real estate developer; the indictment was dismissed, but then reinstated on appeal; a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">trial</a>, in June and July 1960, resulted in a hung jury; at a second <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">trial</a> was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a>; his <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentence</a> was suspended, but he was automatically <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">removed from office</a> as Borough President; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> in 1970 on federal <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charges</a> of conspiracy and <b>conflict of interest</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">tried</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a>, and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to three months in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">prison</a>, and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">fined</a> $5,000. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/catholic.html">Catholic</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-beta-sigma.html">Phi Beta Sigma</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/elks.html">Elks</a>. Died, in St. Luke's <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1986/12-19.html">December 19, 1986</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/79.html">79 years, 355 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Married to Almira Wilkinson.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Bertram L. Podell (1925-2005)</b> — of Brooklyn, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/KI-lived.html">Kings County</a>, N.Y.; Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in New York, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1925/index.html">1925</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly.html">New York state assembly</a>, 1955-67 (Kings County 21st District 1955-65, 53rd District 1966, 44th District 1967); <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New York</a> 13th District, 1968-75; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charged</a> in 1974 with conspiracy, the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">solicitation</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">acceptance of bribes</a>, criminal <b>conflict of interest</b>, and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/perjury.html">perjury</a>; on the tenth day of his <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">trial</a>, he <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">pleaded guilty</a> to conspiracy and <b>conflict of interest</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to six months in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">prison</a>; the prosecutor was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gilmour-givhan.html#097.38.57">Rudolph W. Giuliani</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jewish.html">Jewish</a>. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/kidney.html">kidney failure</a>, at Lenox Hill <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2005/08-17.html">August 17, 2005</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/80.html">about 80 years</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Married to Bernice Posen.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000399">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=408792">Govtrack.us page</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Robert Lee Fulton Sikes (1906-1994)</b> — also known as <b>Robert L. F. Sikes</b> — of Crestview, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/OK-lived.html">Okaloosa County</a>, Fla. Born in Isabella, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/WO-born.html">Worth County</a>, Ga., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1906/06-03.html">June 3, 1906</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">Newspaper publisher</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/ofc/sthse.html">Florida state house of representatives</a>, 1937-40; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Florida</a>, 1941-44, 1945-79 (3rd District 1941-44, 1945-63, 1st District 1963-79); resigned 1944; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Florida, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1956/FL.html">1956</a> (delegation chair). <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/vfw.html">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-legion.html">American Legion</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/nra.html">National Rifle Association</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/knights-templar.html">Knights Templar</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/shriners.html">Shriners</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/grotto.html">Grotto</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/knights-pythias.html">Knights of Pythias</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/moose.html">Moose</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/kiwanis.html">Kiwanis</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/mil-ord-world-wars.html">Military Order of the World Wars</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-kappa-phi.html">Phi Kappa Phi</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/sigma-delta-chi.html">Sigma Delta Chi</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-zeta.html">Alpha Zeta</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-gamma-rho.html">Alpha Gamma Rho</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/elks.html">Elks</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Reprimanded</a> by the House of Representatives in 1976 over <b>conflicts of interest</b>. Died while suffering from <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/dementia.html">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1994/09-28.html">September 28, 1994</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/88.html">88 years, 117 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/OK-buried.html#cms05617">Liveoak Park Memorial Cemetery</a>, Crestview, Fla. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Benjamin Franklin Sikes and Clara Ophelia (Ford) Sikes; married to Inez Tyner.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000406">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=409900">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/025/000210392">NNDB dossier</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Joshua Eilberg (1921-2004)</b> — of Philadelphia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/PH-lived.html">Philadelphia County</a>, Pa. Born in Philadelphia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/PH-born.html">Philadelphia County</a>, Pa., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1921/02-12.html">February 12, 1921</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/ofc/sthse.html">Pennsylvania state house of representatives</a>, 1952-66; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Pennsylvania, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1960/PA.html">1960</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1964/PA.html">1964</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/PA.html">1968</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania</a> 4th District, 1967-79; defeated, 1978. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jewish.html">Jewish</a>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/bnai-brith.html">B'nai B'rith</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aba.html">American Bar Association</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-jud-soc.html">American Judicature Society</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-legion.html">American Legion</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/vfw.html">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jewish-war-vets.html">Jewish War Veterans</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/disabled-am-vets.html">Disabled American Veterans</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/knights-pythias.html">Knights of Pythias</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Pleaded guilty</a> in federal court to <b>conflict of interest</b> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charges</a>, February 1979; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to five years <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">probation</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">fined</a> $10,000. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/parkinsons.html">Parkinson's disease</a>, in Philadelphia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/PH-died.html">Philadelphia County</a>, Pa., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2004/03-24.html">March 24, 2004</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/83.html">83 years, 41 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/MO-buried.html#cms06879">Montefiore Cemetery</a>, Jenkintown, Pa. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000096">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=403787">Govtrack.us page</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>John Michael Murphy (1926-2015)</b> — also known as <b>John M. Murphy</b> — of Staten Island, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/RI-lived.html">Richmond County</a>, N.Y. Born in Staten Island, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/RI-born.html">Richmond County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1926/08-03.html">August 3, 1926</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during World War II; served in the U.S. Army during the Korean conflict; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New York</a>, 1963-81 (16th District 1963-73, 17th District 1973-81); defeated, 1960 (15th District), 1980 (17th District); delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1964/NY.html">1964</a>; Parliamentarian, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/officers.html">1968</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/catholic.html">Catholic</a>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-legion.html">American Legion</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/vfw.html">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/knights-columbus.html">Knights of Columbus</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Implicated</a> in the Abscam sting, in which FBI agents impersonating Arab businessmen offered <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">bribes</a> to political figures; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> June 18 and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a> December 3, 1980, of conspiracy, <b>conflict of interest</b>, and accepting an <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">illegal gratuity</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to three years in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">prison</a> and fined $20,000; paroled in 1985. Died in Staten Island, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/RI-died.html">Richmond County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2015/05-25.html">May 25, 2015</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/88.html">88 years, 295 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Cross-reference:</i> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vincente-vliet.html#690.14.39">Eric N. Vitaliano</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001098">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=408062">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/519/000059342">NNDB dossier</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Harrison Arlington Williams Jr. (1919-2001)</b> — also known as <b>Harrison A. Williams</b>; <b>Pete Williams</b> — of Westfield, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/UN-lived.html">Union County</a>, N.J.; Bedminster, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/SO-lived.html">Somerset County</a>, N.J. Born in Plainfield, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/UN-born.html">Union County</a>, N.J., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1919/12-10.html">December 10, 1919</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/asmbly.html">New Jersey state house of assembly</a>, 1951; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from New Jersey</a> 6th District, 1953-57; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from New Jersey</a>, 1959-82; resigned 1982; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New Jersey, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1964/NJ.html">1964</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/NJ.html">1968</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1980/NJ.html">1980</a>. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/elks.html">Elks</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/ams-dem-action.html">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Implicated</a> in the Abscam sting, in which FBI agents impersonating Arab businessmen offered <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">bribes</a> to political figures; allegedly accepted an 18% interest in a titanium mine; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> on October 30, 1980; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">convicted</a> on May 1, 1981, of nine counts of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">bribery</a>, conspiracy, receiving an <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/bribery.html">unlawful gratuity</a>, <b>conflict of interest</b>, and interstate travel in aid of racketeering; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">resigned</a> his seat March 11, 1982, when it appeared that the Senate would vote to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">expel</a> him; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">sentenced</a> to three years in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">prison</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">fined</a> $50,000; released in 1986. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/cancer.html">cancer</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart ailments</a>, in St. Clare's <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Denville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/MR-died.html">Morris County</a>, N.J., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2001/11-17.html">November 17, 2001</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/81.html">81 years, 342 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Cross-reference:</i> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stubblefield-styles.html#773.54.04">Gerry E. Studds</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000502">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=411659">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/609/000059432">NNDB dossier</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>James Patrick Moran Jr. (b. 1945)</b> — also known as <b>James P. Moran, Jr.</b>; <b>Jim Moran</b> — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ax-lived.html">Alexandria</a>, Va. Born in Buffalo, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ER-born.html">Erie County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1945/05-16.html">May 16, 1945</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/alexandria.html">Mayor of Alexandria, Va.</a>, 1985-91; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Virginia</a> 8th District, 1991-; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Virginia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/VA.html">1996</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2000/VA.html">2000</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2004/VA.html">2004</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2008/VA.html">2008</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/catholic.html">Catholic</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/irish.html">Irish</a> ancestry. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">Pleaded no contest</a> to a misdemeanor <b>conflict of interest</b> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charge</a> and was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">forced to resign</a> as vice mayor of Alexandria, in June 1984. Still living as of 2014. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Brother of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/moran.html#995.23.58">Brian Joseph Moran</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000933">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400283">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/065/000039945">NNDB dossier</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Charles Quackenbush (b. 1954)</b> — also known as <b>Chuck Quackenbush</b> — Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1954/index.html">1954</a>. Republican. Member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/asmbly.html">California state assembly</a> 22nd District, 1986-94; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/insco.html">California insurance commissioner</a>, 1995-2000; resigned 2000; news media in 2000 reported that he had received large <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/campaign-finance.html">campaign contributions</a> from the insurance companies <b>his office regulated</b>; rather than fine companies who underpaid claims following the 1994 Northridge earthquake, he persuaded them to donate to an "educational fund" which promoted his own political ambitions; under <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">threat of impeachment</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">recall</a>, he <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">resigned</a>, and left office in July 2000. Still living as of 2000. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck Quackenbush">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Eddie Alberto Perez (born c.1957)</b> — also known as <b>Eddie A. Perez</b> — of Hartford, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/HA-lived.html">Hartford County</a>, Conn. Born in Corozal, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PR/CZ-born.html">Corozal Municipio</a>, Puerto Rico, about 1957. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/ofc/hartford.html">Mayor of Hartford, Conn.</a>, 2001-08; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Connecticut, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2004/CT.html">2004</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">investigated</a> in 2007 over possible <b>conflict of interest</b> in hiring a city contractor for renovations at his home. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/catholic.html">Catholic</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/hispanic.html">Hispanic</a> ancestry. Still living as of 2008. </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"><span style="font-size:20pt;"> <span style="font-family:garamond,serif"> <i>"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."</i></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt;">Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</span></td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <br clear="all"> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a></b> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:8pt;"> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are <b>incomplete</b>; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is <b>not</b> guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The official URL for this page is: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/conflict-of-interest.html">https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/conflict-of-interest.html</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html">alphabetical index of politicians</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Copyright notices:</b> (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm">Feist v. Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute <b>fair use</b> under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Site information:</b> The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by <b>Lawrence Kestenbaum</b>, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is <b>The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106.</b> — This site is hosted by <b><a href="https://www.hdl.com">HDL</a></b>. — The Political Graveyard opened on <b>July 1, 1996</b>; the last full revision was done on <b>March 8, 2023</b>. </span></td></tr> </table> <hr> <table align="center" cellpadding=5><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif" width=88 height=31></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/politicalgraveyard" target="_TOP" title="The Political Graveyard"><img src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png" width="120" height="84" style="border: 0px;" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/polgraveyard"> <img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" border=0 alt="Follow polgraveyard on Twitter"/></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=thepoliticalg-20&path=subst/home/home.html"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" border=0 alt="[Amazon.com]" align="center"></a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html>