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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Afghanistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Afghanistan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Afghanistan">Terrorism in Afghanistan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG/220px-Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG/330px-Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG/440px-Police_car_from_Afghanistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Police">Afghan Police</a> Car.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crime</b> in <b>Afghanistan</b> is present in various forms, and includes the following: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">contract killings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black marketeering</a>, and ordinary <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a> such as theft and assault. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opium_cultivation">Opium cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Opium cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium poppy cultivation</a> and drug trafficking have important role in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">economic</a> situation of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> for last twenty-five years.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War#Soviet_withdrawal" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, opium poppy cultivation increased in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> commanders taxed opium poppy cultivation, even directly participated in illicit drug trade for military financing.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> condemned cultivation of narcotic substances, requirements of money encouraged toleration and taxation of drug cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FCCASCI84_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCCASCI84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Afghanistan produced a peak of over 4,581 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> of raw and refined opium.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FCCASCI84_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCCASCI84-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to increasing international pressure from states having consumer population of Afghan drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Taliban banned opium poppy cultivation in late 2000, but allowed the opium trade to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the ban, opium poppy cultivation was reduced to 185 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This little production of opium continued in areas under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_Islamic_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan">United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP104_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in 2001, cultivation and trafficking of opium has increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-WPE4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPE4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the country regional militia commanders, criminal organizations and corrupt <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">government</a> officials have engaged in drug trafficking as a source of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some anti-government groups make profit from the drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFGHANISTAN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these factors, drug trafficking increases political instability in the nation,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFGHANISTAN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a threat to the country's weak internal security and embryonic democratic government.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP97_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afghanistan is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFGHANISTAN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2001, Afghanistan was the source of 87% of the world's illicit opium.<sup id="cite_ref-IDGP97_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDGP97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from opium produced in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAFGHANISTAN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Costa" title="Antonio Maria Costa">Antonio Maria Costa</a> "drugs are now a clear and present danger" in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a survey in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer. This was as a result of a ban on opium production by the Afghan government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_illegal_markets">Other illegal markets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other illegal markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime's</a> report in April 2023 highlights that analyses of the connection between Afghanistan's illicit economy and conflict have been narrowly focused on the opium economy and its by-products, while ignoring the diversified nature of the country's illegal markets, which includes sectors like <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">illegal mining</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">wildlife trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">ephedra</a> economy as a key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">crystal meth</a> is also a contentious issue with varying opinions on its significance, though UN agencies tend to downplay its relevance, and some independent analysts suggest that it is unlikely to replace the higher quality South East Asian meth. These various sectors are crucial to the crime-conflict nexus in Afghanistan and require greater attention.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_conditions">Social conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> among a large portion of the population and rudimentary basic services are major factors behind crime.<sup id="cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of crime include <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> as well as kidnappings and assault.<sup id="cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> have occurred in the country in response to various political and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kabul">Kabul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kabul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the downfall of the Taliban, the crime rate has significantly increased in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EU33_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armed robberies are regularly reported in the western districts of Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-EU33_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between March 2002 and January 2003, 48 cases of homicide, 80 cases of theft and 12 cases of kidnappings were reported within Kabul municipal boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-WPE4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPE4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EU33_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">Terrorist</a> attacks, including <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shootings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombings</a>, have occurred many times since the <a href="/wiki/2001_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a>. They are carried out <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">by the Taliban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Afghanistan" title="Alcohol in Afghanistan">Alcohol in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Corruption in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Law enforcement in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Afghanistan" title="Law of Afghanistan">Law of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IDGP97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP97_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP97_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee_V._Barton2007" class="citation book cs1">Lee V. Barton (2007). <i>Illegal Drugs and Governmental Policies</i>. Nova Publishers. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-351-9"><bdi>978-1-60021-351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+Drugs+and+Governmental+Policies&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-351-9&rft.au=Lee+V.+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDGP104-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDGP104_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_V._Barton2007" class="citation book cs1">Lee V. Barton (2007). <i>Illegal Drugs and Governmental Policies</i>. Nova Publishers. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-351-9"><bdi>978-1-60021-351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+Drugs+and+Governmental+Policies&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-351-9&rft.au=Lee+V.+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCCASCI84-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FCCASCI84_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FCCASCI84_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Oliker,_Thomas_S._Szayna2003" class="citation book cs1">Olga Oliker, Thomas S. Szayna (2003). <i>Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications</i>. Rand Corporation. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3260-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3260-7"><bdi>0-8330-3260-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faultlines+of+Conflict+in+Central+Asia+and+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Implications&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8330-3260-7&rft.au=Olga+Oliker%2C+Thomas+S.+Szayna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPE4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPE4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPE4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilip_K._Das,_Michael_Palmiotto2006" class="citation book cs1">Dilip K. Das, Michael Palmiotto (2006). <i>World Police Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94251-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94251-9"><bdi>0-415-94251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Police+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-94251-9&rft.au=Dilip+K.+Das%2C+Michael+Palmiotto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAFGHANISTAN-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAAFGHANISTAN_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">"CIA World Factbook - Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=CIA+World+Factbook+-+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/unisnar869.html">Record Opium Cultivation in Afghanistan Is a Threat to Central Asia and CIS Countries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128143609/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf">"Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Opium+Survey+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2Fresearch%2FAFG07_ExSum_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/afghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un">"Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Afghan+opium+poppy+cultivation+plunges+by+95+percent+under+Taliban%3A+UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F5%2Fafghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143232">"Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey | UN News"</a>. <i>news.un.org</i>. 2023-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.un.org&rft.atitle=Opium+cultivation+declines+by+95+per+cent+in+Afghanistan%3A+UN+survey+%7C+UN+News&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2023%2F11%2F1143232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Armed-conflict-and-Organized-Crime-The-case-of-Afghanistan-GI-TOC-April-2023.pdf">"Armed conflict and Organized Crime: The case of Afghanistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</i>. 20 Apr 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.atitle=Armed+conflict+and+Organized+Crime%3A+The+case+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F04%2FArmed-conflict-and-Organized-Crime-The-case-of-Afghanistan-GI-TOC-April-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USSTATEAFGHANISTAN_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205903/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1056.html">"Consular Information Sheet: Afghanistan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1056.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consular+Information+Sheet%3A+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcis_pa_tw%2Fcis%2Fcis_1056.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrime+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Consular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Consular Affairs">Bureau of Consular Affairs</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU33-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU33_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU33_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU33_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_O_N_Moser2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Moser" title="Caroline Moser">Caroline O N Moser</a> (2004). <i>Environment & Urbanization</i>. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crime_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Crime in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crime_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crime in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crime_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crime in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bahrain" title="Crime in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bhutan" title="Crime in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cambodia" title="Crime in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Cyprus" title="Crime in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Israel" title="Crime in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Jordan" title="Crime in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_North_Korea" title="Crime in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Korea" title="Crime in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kuwait" title="Crime in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Laos" title="Crime in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Maldives" title="Crime in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Myanmar" title="Crime in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Oman" title="Crime in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Qatar" title="Crime in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Crime in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vietnam" title="Crime in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Yemen" title="Crime in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Crime in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Macau" title="Crime in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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