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<li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rent_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rent_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Rent control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rent_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjacent_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjacent_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Adjacent municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjacent_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Squares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Squares </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Other neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2020 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Top employers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Public art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_and_state_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_and_state_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Federal and state representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_and_state_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 City government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 County government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_public_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_public_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Primary and secondary public education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_public_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_private_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_private_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Primary and secondary private education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_private_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_broadband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_broadband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Television and broadband </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_broadband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Water department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Mass transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Walking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 Intercity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Police department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Fire department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_services_(EMS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_services_(EMS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Emergency medical services (EMS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_services_(EMS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_library_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_library_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Public library services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_library_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities_and_twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities_and_twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sister cities and twin towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities_and_twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cambridge, Massachusetts</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3)" title="كامبريدج (ماساتشوستس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كامبريدج (ماساتشوستس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembric_(Massa%C3%A7usets)" title="Kembric (Massaçusets) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kembric (Massaçusets)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کمبریج، ماساچوست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کمبریج، ماساچوست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C,_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8" title="কেমব্রিজ, ম্যাসাচুসেটস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেমব্রিজ, ম্যাসাচুসেটস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембрыдж (Масачусетс) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кембрыдж (Масачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембрыдж (Масачусэтс) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кембрыдж (Масачусэтс)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кеймбридж (Масачузетс) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кеймбридж (Масачузетс)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(lungsod_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cambridge (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6_(%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B7)" title="Κέιμπριτζ (Μασαχουσέτη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέιμπριτζ (Μασαχουσέτη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembri%C4%9Do_(Masa%C4%89useco)" title="Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kembriĝo (Masaĉuseco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="کمبریج (ماساچوست) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمبریج (ماساچوست)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="کمبريج (ماساچۊست) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کمبريج (ماساچۊست)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9E%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80_(%EB%A7%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%B6%94%EC%84%B8%EC%B8%A0%EC%A3%BC)" title="케임브리지 (매사추세츠주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케임브리지 (매사추세츠주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BB_(%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD)" title="Քեմբրիջ (Մասաչուսեթս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեմբրիջ (Մասաչուսեթս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембридж (Массачусетс) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кембридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27_(%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A1)" title="קיימברידג' (מסצ'וסטס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיימברידג' (מסצ'וסטס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кэмбридж (Массачусетс) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кэмбридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кэмбридж (Массачусетс) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кэмбридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrigia_Massachusettensium" title="Cantabrigia Massachusettensium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cantabrigia Massachusettensium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keimbrid%C5%BEa" title="Keimbridža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Keimbridža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrid%C5%BEas_(JAV)" title="Kembridžas (JAV) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kembridžas (JAV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8)" title="केंब्रिज (मॅसेच्युसेट्स) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केंब्रिज (मॅसेच्युसेट्स)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كامبريدج، ماساتشوستس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8_(%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="ケンブリッジ (マサチューセッツ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケンブリッジ (マサチューセッツ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембридж (Массачусетс) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кембридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_i_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge i Massachusetts – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cambridge i Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембридж (Массачусетс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кембридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембридж (Массачусетс) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кембридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts),_USA" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts), USA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کامبریج، ماساچووسیتس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامبریج، ماساچووسیتس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембриџ (Масачусетс) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кембриџ (Масачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கேம்பிரிஜ், மாசசூசெட்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேம்பிரிஜ், மாசசூசெட்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%97_(%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8)" title="Кембриҗ (АКШ) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кембриҗ (АКШ)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C)" title="เคมบริดจ์ (รัฐแมสซาชูเซตส์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมบริดจ์ (รัฐแมสซาชูเซตส์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%B7_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембриҷ (Массачусетс) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кембриҷ (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Кембридж (Массачусетс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кембридж (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="کیمبرج، میساچوسٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمبرج، میساچوسٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cambridge, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%EF%BC%88%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="剑桥（马萨诸塞州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="剑桥（马萨诸塞州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9,_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A1" title="קעמברידזש, מאסאטשוסעטס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעמברידזש, מאסאטשוסעטס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B_(%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81)" title="劍橋 (麻省) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劍橋 (麻省)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5_(%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="剑桥 (马萨诸塞州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="剑桥 (马萨诸塞州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49111#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&params=42_22_25_N_71_06_38_W_region:US-MA_type:city(118403)">42°22′25″N 71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Massachusetts, United States</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Massachusetts, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive 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.infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cambridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:277px;max-width:277px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg/273px-Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg/410px-Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg/546px-Cambridge-MA-cityhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">City Hall of Cambridge</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Widener_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/149px-Widener_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/224px-Widener_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/298px-Widener_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Widener_Library" title="Widener Library">Widener Library</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stata_Center_(05773p).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg/120px-Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg/180px-Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg/240px-Stata_Center_%2805773p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6526" data-file-height="5389" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Stata Center</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg/134px-Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg/201px-Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg/268px-Sunrise_over_Central_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Central_Square_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Square (Cambridge)">Central Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_River_(Pear_Biter).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg/135px-Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg/203px-Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg/270px-Charles_River_%28Pear_Biter%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2276" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> at night</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cambridge"><img alt="Flag of Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="275" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Cambridge"><img alt="Official seal of Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Seal_of_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="228" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) "Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions""<a href="#cite_note-chcfaq-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Cambridge in Middlesex County, Massachusetts"><img alt="Location of Cambridge in Middlesex County, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg/250px-Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg/375px-Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg/500px-Middlesex_County_Massachusetts_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Cambridge_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="976" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Cambridge in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambridge is located in Greater Boston area"><img alt="Cambridge is located in Greater Boston area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/250px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/375px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/500px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="679" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.788%;left:51.795%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cambridge</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Massachusetts</div>Show map of Greater Boston area</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambridge is located in Massachusetts"><img alt="Cambridge is located in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/250px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/375px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/500px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="478" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.59%;left:64.736%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cambridge</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of Massachusetts</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambridge is located in the United States"><img alt="Cambridge is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.09%;left:89.378%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Cambridge</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Cambridge (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&params=42_22_25_N_71_06_38_W_region:US-MA_type:city(118403)">42°22′25″N 71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions in the United States">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1630</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1636</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data">1846</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council–manager">Council–manager</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._Denise_Simmons" title="E. Denise Simmons">E. Denise Simmons</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Marc C. McGovern</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City manager</th><td class="infobox-data">Yi-An Huang</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.10 sq mi (18.40 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">6.40 sq mi (16.57 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.71 sq mi (1.83 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40 ft (12 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">118,403</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">18,512.04/sq mi (7,147.01/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cantabrigian" title="Cantabrigian">Cantabrigian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ZIP Code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">02138-02142</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_617" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 617">617</a> / <a href="/wiki/Area_code_857" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 857">857</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25-11000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">0617365</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cambridgema.gov">cambridgema.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cambridge (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAYM-brij</a>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County, Massachusetts</a>, United States. It is a suburb in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> metropolitan area, located directly across the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. The city's population as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a> was 118,403, making it the most populous city in the county, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">fourth-largest</a> in Massachusetts behind <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_England_by_population" title="List of cities in New England by population">ninth-most populous</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The city was named in honor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England, which was an important center of the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> theology that was embraced by the town's founders.<a href="#cite_note-degler84-6">[6]</a>: 18  <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university founded in Cambridge in 1636, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), <a href="/wiki/Lesley_University" title="Lesley University">Lesley University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School" title="Hult International Business School">Hult International Business School</a> also are based in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicRanking2-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a>, a women's liberal arts college, was based in Cambridge from its 1879 founding until its assimilation into Harvard in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a>, near MIT in the eastern part of Cambridge, has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" due to the high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> that have emerged there since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital1-8">[8]</a> Founded in December 1630 during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a>, Cambridge was one among the first cities established in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and it went on to play a historic role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In May 1775, approximately 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">American patriots</a> assembled in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Common" title="Cambridge Common">Cambridge Common</a> to begin organizing a military retaliation against <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British troops</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. On July 2, 1775, two weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> formally established the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> commander of it, Washington arrived at Cambridge Common to take command of the Patriot soldiers camped there. Many of these soldiers played a role in supporting Washington's successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>, which trapped garrisoned British troops from moving by land, forcing the British to ultimately abandon Boston. Cambridge Common is thus celebrated as the birthplace of the Continental Army.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts">Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge,_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> takes command of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in Cambridge Square on July 3, 1775; Cambridge is considered the birthplace of the Continental Army, which went on to secure American independence by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg/220px-Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg/330px-Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg/440px-Harvard_Square_Hopkins_Map_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>An 1873 map of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg/220px-Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg/330px-Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg/440px-Cambridge_1873_WardMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>An 1873 map of Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1852_Middlesex_Canal_(Massachusetts)_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg/220px-1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg/330px-1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg/440px-1852_Middlesex_Canal_%28Massachusetts%29_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="3365" /></a><figcaption>An 1852 map of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> highlighting the regional rail lines and course of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Canal" title="Middlesex Canal">Middlesex Canal</a>; Cambridge is near the bottom of the map highlighted in yellow, and West Cambridge, which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington, Massachusetts</a>, highlighted in pink</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonization">Pre-colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> inhabited the area that is now called Cambridge for thousands of years prior to <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a>, most recently under the name Anmoughcawgen, which means 'fishing weir' or 'beaver dam' in <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Natick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> At the time of European contact, the area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Naumkeag_people" title="Naumkeag people">Naumkeag</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket_tribe" title="Pawtucket tribe">Pawtucket</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Massachusett" title="Massachusett">Massachusett</a> to the south, and may have been inhabited by other groups such as the Totant, not well described in later European narratives.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The contact period introduced a number of European infectious diseases which would decimate native populations in <a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic" title="Virgin soil epidemic">virgin soil epidemics</a>, leaving the area uncontested upon the arrival of large groups of English settlers in 1630. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century_and_colonialism">17th century and colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century and colonialism">edit</a>]</div> In December 1630, the site of present-day Cambridge was chosen for settlement because it was safely upriver from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>, making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. The city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">Thomas Dudley</a>, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a>, and his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a>. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-abbott1880-14">[14]</a> Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as Newe Towne by 1632, and as Newtowne by 1638.<a href="#cite_note-abbott1880-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-public-15">[15]</a> Located at the first convenient <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> crossing west of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Newtowne was one of several towns, including Boston, <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorchester, Massachusetts">Dorchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a>, founded by the 700 original <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> under Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>. Its first preacher was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hooker" title="Thomas Hooker">Thomas Hooker</a>, who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a> The original village site is now within <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">marketplace</a> where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled) remains within a small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets. In 1636, Newe College, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> after benefactor <a href="/wiki/John_Harvard_(clergyman)" title="John Harvard (clergyman)">John Harvard</a>, was founded as <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">North America's first institution of higher learning</a>. Its initial purpose was training <a href="/wiki/Minister_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister (religion)">ministers</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>, Newtowne was chosen for the site of the college by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Great and General Court</a>, then the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shepard_(minister)" title="Thomas Shepard (minister)">Thomas Shepard</a>. In May 1638,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the settlement's name was changed to Cambridge in honor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1639, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> purchased the land that became present-day Cambridge from the Naumkeag <a href="/wiki/Squaw_Sachem_of_Mistick" title="Squaw Sachem of Mistick">Squaw Sachem of Mistick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a> with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a>) in 1688,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Cambridge Farms (now <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>) in 1712<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a> or 1713,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and Little or South Cambridge (now <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a>)<a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a> and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington</a>) in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a> In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Newtowne's ministers, Hooker and Shepard, the college's <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunster" title="Henry Dunster">first president</a>, the college's major benefactor, and the first schoolmaster <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eaton" title="Nathaniel Eaton">Nathaniel Eaton</a> were all Cambridge alumni, as was the colony's governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Agreement" title="Cambridge Agreement">Cambridge Agreement</a>, after the university.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> In 1650, Governor Thomas Dudley signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from Boston, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">colony</a>'s capital. By the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, most residents lived near the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Common" title="Cambridge Common">Common</a> and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglican</a> "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown", present-day <a href="/wiki/Brattle_Street_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Brattle Street (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Brattle Street</a>, which is still known as <a href="/wiki/Tory_Row" title="Tory Row">Tory Row</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_and_Revolutionary_War">18th century and Revolutionary War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century and Revolutionary War">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginian</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Philadelphia</a>, took command of the force of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> soldiers camped on <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Common" title="Cambridge Common">Cambridge Common</a> on July 3, 1775, which is now considered the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a> On January 24, 1776, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> arrived with an <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">artillery train</a> captured from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>, which allowed Washington to force the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">evacuate Boston</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> estates in Cambridge were confiscated after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_and_industrialization">19th century and industrialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century and industrialization">edit</a>]</div> Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly with the construction of <a href="/wiki/West_Boston_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="West Boston Bridge">West Boston Bridge</a> in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, making it no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">Boston Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxbury, Massachusetts">Roxbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a> to cross the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Canal" title="Middlesex Canal">Middlesex Canal</a>. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts. In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous <a href="/wiki/Fireside_poets" title="Fireside poets">Fireside poets</a>, named because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The Fireside poets, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a>, were highly popular and influential in this era. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">turnpikes</a> were built: the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_and_Concord_Turnpike" title="Cambridge and Concord Turnpike">Cambridge and Concord Turnpike</a> (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Turnpike_(Massachusetts)" title="Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)">Middlesex Turnpike</a> (Hampshire St. and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(metropolitan_Boston)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)">Massachusetts Ave.</a> northwest of <a href="/wiki/Porter_Square" title="Porter Square">Porter Square</a>), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_%26_Maine_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston & Maine Railroad">Boston & Maine Railroad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191196-29">[26]</a> leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> from the formerly rural parts of <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a>. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-13">[13]</a> The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around that time. Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character, featuring <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburban</a> development along the turnpikes and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport, and Mid-Cambridge estates and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The arrival of the railroad in North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(metropolitan_Boston)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)">Massachusetts Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concord_Avenue_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord Avenue (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Concord Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alewife_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Alewife Brook">Alewife Brook</a>; the ice-cutting industry launched by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Tudor" title="Frederic Tudor">Frederic Tudor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Pond,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts">Fresh Pond</a>; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries. For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the city's largest employer was the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Glass_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Glass Company">New England Glass Company</a>, founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Libbey" title="Edward Libbey">Edward Drummond Libbey</a> moved all production to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, where it continues today under the name <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a>. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors, and the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a> has a large collection. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> in Boston and the Sandwich Glass Museum on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> also house several pieces. In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ginn" title="Edwin Ginn">Edwin Ginn</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Ginn_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginn and Company">Ginn and Company</a>, built the <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Press" title="Athenaeum Press">Athenaeum Press</a> Building for his publishing textbook empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> By 1920, Cambridge was one of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>'s main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was <a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_Ink_Company" title="Carter's Ink Company">Carter's Ink Company</a>, whose neon sign long adorned the Charles River and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the Athenaeum Press. Confectionery and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included Kennedy Biscuit Factory, later part of <a href="/wiki/Nabisco" title="Nabisco">Nabisco</a> and originator of the <a href="/wiki/Fig_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig Newton">Fig Newton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Necco" title="Necco">Necco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Brands">Squirrel Brands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> George Close Company (1861–1930s),<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Page_%26_Shaw" title="Page & Shaw">Page & Shaw</a>, Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco),<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Chew" title="Charleston Chew">Charleston Chew</a>, and now part of <a href="/wiki/Tootsie_Roll_Industries" title="Tootsie Roll Industries">Tootsie Roll Industries</a>),<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of <a href="/wiki/Junior_Mints" title="Junior Mints">Junior Mints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Daddy_(candy)" title="Sugar Daddy (candy)">Sugar Daddies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Mamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugar Mamas (page does not exist)">Sugar Mamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Babies_(candy)" title="Sugar Babies (candy)">Sugar Babies</a>, now part of Tootsie Roll Industries).<a href="#cite_note-Welch-35">[32]</a> Main Street was nicknamed "Confectioner's Row".<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Brands">Cambridge Brands</a> subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street.<a href="#cite_note-Welch-35">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blake_and_Knowles_Steam_Pump_Company_National_Register_District" title="Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District">Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company</a> (1886), the <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Boiler_and_Tank_Company" title="Kendall Boiler and Tank Company">Kendall Boiler and Tank Company</a> (1880, now in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford, Massachusetts</a>), and the New England Glass Company (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge. In 1935, the Cambridge Housing Authority and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> demolished an <a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">integrated</a> low-income <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> neighborhood with African Americans and European immigrants. In its place, it built the whites-only "Newtowne Court" <a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">public housing development</a> and the adjoining, blacks-only "Washington Elms" project in 1940; the city required segregation in its other public housing projects as well.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> As industry in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> began to decline during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, which had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When Radcliffe College was established in 1879, the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s move from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to Cambridge in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States. After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. In Cambridge Highlands, the technology company <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek, & Newman</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">the first network router</a> in 1969 and hosted the invention of computer-to-computer email in 1971. The 1980s brought a wave of high technology startups. Those selling advanced <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> were overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Cambridge-based <a href="/wiki/VisiCorp" title="VisiCorp">VisiCorp</a> made the first <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> software for personal computers, <a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a>, and helped propel the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> to consumer success. It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge-based <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Development">Lotus Development</a>, maker of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> (which was, in turn, replaced in by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>). The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a software hub through the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com boom">dot-com boom</a> and today hosts offices of such technology companies as Google, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>. The Square also now houses the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Akamai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamai">Akamai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when <a href="/wiki/Biogen" title="Biogen">Biogen</a> opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute, a Harvard spinoff, to abandon <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> and Boston for Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and <a href="/wiki/Genzyme" title="Genzyme">Genzyme</a>; laboratories for <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Teva Pharmaceutical Industries">Teva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals" title="Alnylam Pharmaceuticals">Alnylam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironwood_Pharmaceuticals" title="Ironwood Pharmaceuticals">Ironwood</a>, Catabasis, <a href="/wiki/Moderna_Therapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderna Therapeutics">Moderna Therapeutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editas_Medicine" title="Editas Medicine">Editas Medicine</a>; support companies such as <a href="/wiki/Cytel" title="Cytel">Cytel</a>; and many smaller companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rent_control">Rent control</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rent control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_Massachusetts#Cambridge_decisions" title="Rent control in Massachusetts">Rent control in Massachusetts § Cambridge decisions</a></div> During the era of <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_Massachusetts" title="Rent control in Massachusetts">rent control in Massachusetts</a>, at least 20 percent of all rent controlled apartments in Cambridge housed the rich.<a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a> The vast majority housed middle- and high-income earners.<a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a> In an independent study conducted of 2/3 of the rent controlled apartments in Cambridge in 1988, 246 were households headed by doctors, 298 by lawyers, 265 by architects, 259 by professors, and 220 by engineers. There were 2,650 with students, including 1,503 with graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a> Those who lived in rent controlled apartments included <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Abrams" title="Ruth Abrams">Ruth Abrams</a>, a Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Reeves" title="Kenneth Reeves">Kenneth Reeves</a>, the mayor of Cambridge at the time rent control was repealed in Massachusetts, was living in the same rent controlled apartment he lived in as a Harvard student in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-lease-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-move-43">[40]</a></li></ul> The end of rent control in 1994 had <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_Massachusetts#Impact_on_Cambridge" title="Rent control in Massachusetts">numerous effects on the city</a>. Within four years of repealing the law, Cambridge, where "the city's form of rent control was unusually strict," saw new housing and construction increase by 50%, and the tax revenue from construction permits tripled.<a href="#cite_note-lease-44">[41]</a> Property values in Cambridge increased by about $7.8 billion in the decade following the repeal.<a href="#cite_note-lost-45">[42]</a> Roughly a quarter of this increase, $1.8 billion ($3 billion in 2024 dollars), was due to the repeal of rent control.<a href="#cite_note-lost-45">[42]</a> Close to 40% of all Cambridge properties were under rent control when it was repealed.<a href="#cite_note-lost-45">[42]</a> Their property values appreciated faster than non-rent controlled properties, as did the properties around them.<a href="#cite_note-palmer-46">[43]</a> By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most costly housing markets in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing bubble">United States housing bubble</a> in 2008 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Cambridge has been a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary city</a> since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg/220px-Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg/330px-Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg/440px-Charles_River_Cambridge_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A winter view of Cambridge and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Weld_Boathouse" title="Weld Boathouse">Weld Boathouse</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> in the foreground</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, Cambridge has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18 km2), 6.4 square miles (17 km2) of which is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (9.82%) of which is water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjacent_municipalities">Adjacent municipalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjacent municipalities">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by: <ul><li>the city of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to the south and east (across the Charles River)</li> <li>the city of <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> to the north</li> <li>the town of <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington</a> to the northwest</li> <li>the town of <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a> and</li> <li>the city of <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a> to the west</li></ul> The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods, which are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)" title="Red Line (MBTA)">MBTA Red Line</a>. Some of the main squares, <a href="/wiki/Inman_Square" title="Inman Square">Inman</a>, Porter, and to a lesser extent, Harvard and <a href="/wiki/Lechmere_Square" title="Lechmere Square">Lechmere</a>, are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Somerville)" title="Union Square (Somerville)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davis_Square" title="Davis Square">Davis Squares</a>. Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a <a href="/wiki/American_and_Canadian_Water_Landmark" title="American and Canadian Water Landmark">2009 listed American Water Landmark</a> located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_(Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Brook (Middlesex County, Massachusetts)">Stony Brook</a> watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Massachusetts" title="Weston, Massachusetts">Weston</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Cambridge, Massachusetts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squares">Squares</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Squares">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares",<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">squares</a>. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a>, formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street, has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", owing to its high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurial</a> <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-ups</a> and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital2-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Technology_Square_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Technology Square (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Technology Square</a> is an office and laboratory building cluster in this neighborhood. Just over the <a href="/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge" title="Longfellow Bridge">Longfellow Bridge</a> from Boston, at the eastern end of the MIT campus, it is served by the <a href="/wiki/Kendall_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendall (MBTA station)">Kendall/MIT</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">MBTA</a> Red Line subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are located in the Square. <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a> houses some of the biggest technological companies of the world, including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Biotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotech">biotech</a> industry has developed in this area. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Innovation_Center" title="Cambridge Innovation Center">Cambridge Innovation Center</a>, a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but not actually in Kendall Square. <a href="/wiki/Central_Square_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Square (Cambridge)">Central Square</a> is formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[49]</a>: 1  Containing a variety of ethnic restaurants, it was economically depressed as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby <a href="/wiki/University_Park_at_MIT" title="University Park at MIT">University Park at MIT</a>), and continues to grow more costly.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> It is served by the <a href="/wiki/Central_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central (MBTA station)">Central Station</a> stop on the MBTA Red Line subway.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[49]</a>: 1–2  Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridgeport">Cambridgeport</a> is south of Central Square, and bordered by MIT, the Charles River, Massachusetts Avenue, and River Street.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Harvard Square is formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, Dunster Street, and JFK Street.<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[52]</a> This is the primary site of Harvard University and a major Cambridge shopping area.<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[52]</a> It is served by a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard (MBTA station)">Red Line station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short <a href="/wiki/Harvard_bus_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard bus tunnel">tunnel</a>—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> A short distance away from the square lies the Cambridge Common, while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Baldwin, in honor of the first Black principal of Cambridge public schools, Maria L. Baldwin. It was renamed "Baldwin" in 2021, and so some know the area better by its former name, Agassiz, after the famed scientist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Porter Square is about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> It includes part of the city of Somerville<a href="#cite_note-:2-62">[59]</a> and is served by the <a href="/wiki/Porter_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter (MBTA station)">Porter Square Station</a>, a complex housing a Red Line stop and a <a href="/wiki/Fitchburg_Line" title="Fitchburg Line">Fitchburg Line</a> <a href="/wiki/MBTA_commuter_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="MBTA commuter rail">commuter rail</a> stop.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Lesley University's University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.<a href="#cite_note-:2-62">[59]</a> Inman Square is at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in mid-Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[61]</a> It is home to restaurants, bars, music venues, and boutiques.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> streetlights, benches, and bus stops were added to the streets in the 2000s, and a new city park was installed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lechmere Square is at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is served by <a href="/wiki/Lechmere_station" title="Lechmere station">Lechmere station</a> on the MBTA <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)" title="Green Line (MBTA)">Green Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_neighborhoods">Other neighborhoods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> The City of Cambridge officially recognizes 13 neighborhoods, which are as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridge,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="East Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts">East Cambridge</a> (Area 1) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railroad" title="Grand Junction Railroad">Grand Junction Railroad</a> tracks. It includes the <a href="/wiki/NorthPoint_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="NorthPoint (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">NorthPoint</a> development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT Campus</a> (<a href="/wiki/MIT_Campus_(Area_2),_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge">Area 2</a>) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington-Harrington" title="Wellington-Harrington">Wellington-Harrington</a> (Area 3) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Port,_Cambridge" title="The Port, Cambridge">The Port</a>, formerly known as Area 4, is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port", formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan. The port is usually the busier part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridgeport">Cambridgeport</a> (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Cambridge" title="Mid-Cambridge">Mid-Cambridge</a> (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Cambridge" title="Riverside, Cambridge">Riverside</a> (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast", is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Baldwin, Cambridge, Massachusetts">Baldwin</a> (Area 8) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Nine" title="Neighborhood Nine">Neighborhood Nine</a> or Radcliffe (formerly called Peabody, until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Brattle area/<a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge_(neighborhood)" title="West Cambridge (neighborhood)">West Cambridge</a> (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and Watertown, on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as Tory Row) and Huron Village.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="North Cambridge, Massachusetts">North Cambridge</a> (Area 11) is bordered on the north by Arlington and Somerville, on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by Somerville.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Highlands" title="Cambridge Highlands">Cambridge Highlands</a> (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by Belmont.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill,_Cambridge" title="Strawberry Hill, Cambridge">Strawberry Hill</a> (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by Watertown, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Watertown-Cambridge_Greenway" class="mw-redirect" title="Watertown-Cambridge Greenway">Watertown-Cambridge Greenway</a> (formerly railroad tracks).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallery">Gallery</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:90%;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambridge skyline in November 2016"><img alt="Panorama of Cambridge skyline in November 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg/900px-Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg/1350px-Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg/1800px-Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="19800" data-file-height="3960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_skyline_November_2016_panorama.jpg" title="File:Cambridge skyline November 2016 panorama.jpg"> </a></div>Cambridge skyline in November 2016</div></div></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Areas of Cambridge</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Square"><img alt="Central Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg/199px-Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg/299px-Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg/399px-Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="483" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge" title="Central Square, Cambridge">Central Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_square_2009j.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvard Square"><img alt="Harvard Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Harvard_square_2009j.JPG/325px-Harvard_square_2009j.JPG" decoding="async" width="217" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Harvard_square_2009j.JPG/487px-Harvard_square_2009j.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Harvard_square_2009j.JPG/649px-Harvard_square_2009j.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2148" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inman Square"><img alt="Inman Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg/350px-Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg/525px-Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg/700px-Cambridge_MA_Inman_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="1548" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inman_Square" title="Inman Square">Inman Square</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger</a> classification, Cambridge has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">hot-summer humid continental climate</a> (Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters, that can appear in the southern end of New England's interior. Abundant rain falls on the city (and in the winter often as snow); it has no dry season. The average January temperature is 26.6 °F (−3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined seasons.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cambridge, 1991–2020 simulated normals (16 ft elevation) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.2 (4.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.6 (14.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.5 (19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6 (28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (27.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.9 (15.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (3.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1 (14.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.5 (19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7 (6.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.1 (10.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (−6.4) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.7 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0 (17.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (−2.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2 (5.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.72 (94) </td> <td style="background: #63FF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.74 (95) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.52 (115) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.37 (111) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.66 (93) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.38 (111) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.46 (88) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.72 (94) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.92 (100) </td> <td style="background: #4AFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.78 (121) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.05 (103) </td> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.97 (126) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.29 (1,251) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (−7.5) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (−4.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3 (13.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (−3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.1 (4.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: PRISM Climate Group<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NCEI</a>(Precipitation)<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1764</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,115</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,453</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,323</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+41.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,072</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+84.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,409</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,215</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+80.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+71.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">39,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+52.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,669</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,028</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,886</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,839</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">109,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">113,643</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,879</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,740</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">107,716</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">100,361</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95,322</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,355</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">105,162</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">118,403</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">118,488</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"> Source: <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> records and <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-2010_Census-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-1990_Census-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-1980_Census-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-1950_Census-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-1920_Census-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-1890_Census-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-1870_Census-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-1860_Census-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-1850_Census-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColonialPop-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Source: <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-83">[80]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge,_MA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2020_Cambridge%2C_MA.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Cambridge, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Multiracial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Native American/Other</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial composition</th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2020_QF-84">[81]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-census-85">[82]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-pop-86">[83]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-pop-86">[83]</a></th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-pop-86">[83]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>61.7%</td> <td>66.6%</td> <td>75.3%</td> <td>91.1%</td> <td>95.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—Non-Hispanic</td> <td>57.5%</td> <td>62.1%</td> <td>71.6%</td> <td>89.7%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-87">[84]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>10.6%</td> <td>11.7%</td> <td>13.5%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>8.8%</td> <td>7.6%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>1.9%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-87">[84]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>18.3%</td> <td>15.1%</td> <td>8.4%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2020 census">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Cambridge, Massachusetts – Racial and ethnic composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) </th> <th>Pop 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-88">[85]</a> </th> <th>Pop 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-89">[86]</a> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-90">[87]</a> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>65,425 </td> <td>65,259 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">65,553 </td> <td>64.55% </td> <td>62.06% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">55.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>11,627 </td> <td>11,589 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">12,016 </td> <td>11.47% </td> <td>11.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">10.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>213 </td> <td>159 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">154 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>11,984 </td> <td>15,818 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">22,628 </td> <td>11.82% </td> <td>15.04% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">19.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>71 </td> <td>31 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">49 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>713 </td> <td>575 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">993 </td> <td>0.70% </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>3,867 </td> <td>3,757 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6,272 </td> <td>3.82% </td> <td>3.57% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>7,455 </td> <td>7,974 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">10,738 </td> <td>7.36% </td> <td>7.58% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">9.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>101,355 </td> <td>105,162 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">118,403 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> As of the census<a href="#cite_note-GR2-91">[88]</a> of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 inhabitants per square mile (6,314.7/km2). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,839.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 11.70% <a href="/wiki/Black_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (U.S. Census)">Black</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">African American</a>, 0.20% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 15.10% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a> (3.7% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Asian Indian</a>, 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean</a>, 1.0% <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a>), 0.01% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 2.10% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics in the United States">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race (1.6% <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a>, 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominican</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Colombian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian American">Colombian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran American">Salvadoran</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniard</a>). <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Non-Hispanic Whites</a> were 62.1% of the population in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-census-85">[82]</a> down from 89.7% in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-pop-86">[83]</a> An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a <a href="/wiki/Cantabrigian" title="Cantabrigian">Cantabrigian</a>. In 2010, there were 44,032 households, out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76. In the city, the population was spread out, with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. The <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a> for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively as of a 2007 estimate<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a>). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge".<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Cambridge enjoys the highest possible <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">bond credit rating</a>, AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> ancestry; 7.2% were of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a>, 6.9% <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a>, 5.5% <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> and 5.3% <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> ancestry. 69.4% spoke only English at home, while 6.9% spoke Spanish, 3.2% <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Chinese</a> or Mandarin, 3.0% <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, 2.9% <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a>, 2.3% French, 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and 1.0% Italian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Income">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income">List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income</a></div> Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Rank </th> <th>ZIP Code (ZCTA) </th> <th>Per capita income </th> <th>Median household income </th> <th>Median family income </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Number of households </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>02142 </td> <td>$67,525 </td> <td>$100,114 </td> <td>$150,774 </td> <td>2,838 </td> <td>1,385 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>02138 </td> <td>$52,592 </td> <td>$75,446 </td> <td>$120,564 </td> <td>35,554 </td> <td>13,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>02140 </td> <td>$50,856 </td> <td>$75,446 </td> <td>$120,564 </td> <td>18,164 </td> <td>8,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Cambridge </td> <td>$47,448 </td> <td>$72,529 </td> <td>$93,460 </td> <td>105,737 </td> <td>44,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Middlesex County </td> <td>$42,861 </td> <td>$82,090 </td> <td>$104,032 </td> <td>1,522,533 </td> <td>581,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>02139 </td> <td>$42,235 </td> <td>$71,745 </td> <td>$93,220 </td> <td>36,015 </td> <td>14,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>02141 </td> <td>$39,241 </td> <td>$64,326 </td> <td>$76,276 </td> <td>13,126 </td> <td>6,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Massachusetts </td> <td>$35,763 </td> <td>$66,866 </td> <td>$84,900 </td> <td>6,605,058 </td> <td>2,530,147 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>$28,155 </td> <td>$53,046 </td> <td>$64,719 </td> <td>311,536,594 </td> <td>115,610,216 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cambridge_Skyline.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cambridge_Skyline.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cambridge_Skyline.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a>, the center of Cambridge's <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotech</a> economy as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a></figcaption></figure> Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and MIT together employ about 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-2008top25-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-2015top25-100">[97]</a> As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a>, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), <a href="/wiki/General_Radio" title="General Radio">General Radio</a> (later GenRad), <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Development_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Development Corporation">Lotus Development Corporation</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thinking_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking Machines">Thinking Machines</a>. In 1996, Polaroid, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Little" title="Arthur D. Little">Arthur D. Little</a>, and Lotus were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as <a href="/wiki/Genzyme" title="Genzyme">Genzyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogen_Idec" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogen Idec">Biogen Idec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluebird_bio" title="Bluebird bio">bluebird bio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Pharmaceuticals">Millennium Pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> and Novartis<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge. Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shire_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire plc">Shire</a>, and Pfizer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in Kendall Square and East Cambridge, which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in University Park at MIT, a new development in another former manufacturing area.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_–_Bayesian_Ventures-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe_–_Founding-104">[101]</a> None of the high technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 Akamai and <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a> were.<a href="#cite_note-2008top25-99">[96]</a> Google,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philips_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Research">Philips Research</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring <a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a>-based analytic database management company, <a href="/wiki/Vertica" title="Vertica">Vertica</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Also around that time, e-commerce giants <a href="/wiki/Staples_Inc." title="Staples Inc.">Staples</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> and Amazon.com<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And <a href="/wiki/LabCentral" title="LabCentral">LabCentral</a> provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Institute_of_Land_Policy" title="Lincoln Institute of Land Policy">Lincoln Institute of Land Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 2011, Cambridge launched its <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur_Walk_of_Fame" title="Entrepreneur Walk of Fame">Entrepreneur Walk of Fame</a> initiative, recognizing people who have made contributions to innovation in global business.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In 2021, Cambridge was one of approximately 27 US cities to receive a AAA rating from each of the three major US credit rating agencies, <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Global_Ratings" title="S&P Global Ratings">Standard & Poor's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a>. 2021 marked the 22nd consecutive year that Cambridge had retained this distinction.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_employers">Top employers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Top employers">edit</a>]</div> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city's ten largest employers are:<a href="#cite_note-2015top25-100">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Employer </th> <th># of employees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> </td> <td>12,565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td>9,311 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>City of Cambridge </td> <td>3,256 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda Pharmaceuticals</a> </td> <td>3,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biogen" title="Biogen">Biogen</a> </td> <td>2,421 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novartis.com/our-science/novartis-institutes-biomedical-research">Novartis Inst. For Biomedical Research</a> </td> <td>2,267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Innovation_Center" title="Cambridge Innovation Center">Cambridge Innovation Center</a> </td> <td>2,267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Health_Alliance" title="Cambridge Health Alliance">Cambridge Health Alliance</a> </td> <td>1,806 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Hospital" title="Mount Auburn Hospital">Mt. Auburn Hospital</a> </td> <td>1,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a> <a href="/wiki/Genzyme" title="Genzyme">Genzyme</a> </td> <td>1,782 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fogg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fogg.jpg/220px-Fogg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fogg.jpg/330px-Fogg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fogg.jpg/440px-Fogg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Art Museum">Harvard Art Museum</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Busch-Reisinger_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Busch-Reisinger Museum">Busch-Reisinger Museum</a>, a collection of Germanic art, the <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Art Museum">Fogg Art Museum</a>, a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Sackler Museum">Arthur M. Sackler Museum</a>, a collection of Middle East and Asian art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Harvard Museum of Natural History">Harvard Museum of Natural History</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">Glass Flowers</a> collection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center" title="List Visual Arts Center">List Visual Arts Center</a>, MIT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Museum" title="MIT Museum">MIT Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a>, Harvard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic Museum">Semitic Museum</a>, Harvard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art">Public art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public art">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property, managed by the Cambridge Arts Council,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Community_Art_Center_(Massachusetts)" title="Community Art Center (Massachusetts)">Community Art Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> and the Harvard<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> and MIT<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> during winter celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge" title="Central Square, Cambridge">Central</a> Squares and at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival,<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/If_This_House_Could_Talk" title="If This House Could Talk">If This House Could Talk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> a neighborhood art and history event. Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers,<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> city administrators, private organizations and business groups.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The Cambridge public library contains four <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> murals completed in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Montminy" title="Tracy Montminy">Elizabeth Tracy Montminy</a>: Religion, Fine Arts, History of Books and Paper, and The Development of the Printing Press.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longfellow_National_Historic_Site,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Longfellow_National_Historic_Site%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wfm_stata_center.jpg/220px-Wfm_stata_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wfm_stata_center.jpg/330px-Wfm_stata_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wfm_stata_center.jpg/440px-Wfm_stata_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Stata Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simmons_Hall,_MIT,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Simmons_Hall%2C_MIT%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Simmons Hall</a> at MIT</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT. Notable historic buildings in the city include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Registered_Historic_Places_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts">List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray_House" title="Asa Gray House">Asa Gray House</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Hall,_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Hall, Harvard University">Austin Hall, Harvard University</a> (1882–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall">Cambridge City Hall</a> (1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library" title="Cambridge Public Library">Cambridge Public Library</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Christ Church, Cambridge</a> (1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper-Frost-Austin_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper-Frost-Austin House">Cooper-Frost-Austin House</a> (1689–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Elmwood (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Elmwood House</a> (1767), residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">president of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">First Church of Christ, Scientist</a> (1924–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Parish_in_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Parish in Cambridge">The First Parish in Cambridge</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Epworth_United_Methodist_Church" title="Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church">Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church</a> (1891–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon_Building" title="Harvard Lampoon Building">Harvard Lampoon Building</a> (1909)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hooper-Lee-Nichols_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooper-Lee-Nichols House">Hooper-Lee-Nichols House</a> (1685–1850)</li> <li>Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (1759), former home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and headquarters of George Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memorial_Church_of_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Memorial Church of Harvard University">The Memorial Church of Harvard University</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall,_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Hall, Harvard University">Memorial Hall, Harvard University</a> (1870–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County_Courthouse_(Massachusetts)" title="Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)">Middlesex County Courthouse</a> (1814–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Rowhouse_(40%E2%80%9348_Pearl_Street,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Urban Rowhouse (40–48 Pearl Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Urban Rowhouse</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_house" title="Spite house">O'Reilly Spite House</a> (1908), built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land<a href="#cite_note-existing-123">[120]</a></li></ul> Contemporary architecture: <ul><li>Arthur M. Sackler Museum at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, one of the few buildings in the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">James Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Baker_House" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Baker House</a> dormitory at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> by Finnish architect <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a>, one of only two Aalto buildings in the U.S.</li> <li>Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons by <a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a> with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts" title="Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts">Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts</a> at Harvard, the only <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> building in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Design Research Building">Design Research Building</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_and_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Thompson and Associates">Benjamin Thompson and Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Science_Center" title="Harvard Science Center">Harvard Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke Center">Holyoke Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Terrace" title="Peabody Terrace">Peabody Terrace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> architect and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Harvard Graduate School of Design</a> Dean <a href="/wiki/Josep_Llu%C3%ADs_Sert" title="Josep Lluís Sert">Josep Lluís Sert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Harvard Art Museums</a>, renovation and major expansion of Fogg Museum building, completed in 2014 by <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Chapel" title="MIT Chapel">MIT Chapel</a> by Eero Saarinen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>, two buildings by <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_undergraduate_dormitories#Simmons_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT undergraduate dormitories">Simmons Hall</a> at MIT by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Holl" title="Steven Holl">Steven Holl</a></li> <li>Stata Center, home to the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, the Department of Linguistics, and the Department of Philosophy by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_East_(nightclub)" title="The Middle East (nightclub)">The Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_Passim" title="Club Passim">Club Passim</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Plough_and_Stars" title="The Plough and Stars">The Plough and Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard_Lounge" title="Lizard Lounge">The Lizard Lounge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nameless_Coffeehouse" title="Nameless Coffeehouse">Nameless Coffeehouse</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg/220px-Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg/330px-Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg/440px-Alewife_Brook_Reservation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alewife_Brook_Reservation" title="Alewife Brook Reservation">Alewife Brook Reservation</a></figcaption></figure> Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Yard" title="Harvard Yard">Harvard Yard</a>, Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Pond_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Fresh Pond</a> Reservation, partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because of its landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country) and <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a>. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> It is also an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) in the Greater Boston area. Fresh Pond Reservation is the largest open green space in Cambridge with 162 acres (656,000 m2) of land around a 155-acre (627,000 m2) <a href="/wiki/Kettle_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle hole">kettle hole</a> lake. This land includes a 2.25-mile walking trail around the reservoir and a public nine-hole golf course.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Public parkland includes the esplanade along the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>, which mirrors its <a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade" title="Charles River Esplanade">Boston counterpart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Common" title="Cambridge Common">Cambridge Common</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danehy_Park" title="Danehy Park">Danehy Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alewife_Brook_Reservation" title="Alewife Brook Reservation">Alewife Brook Reservation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_and_state_representation">Federal and state representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Federal and state representation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 24, 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Number of voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36,319 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">48.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,616 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>Unaffiliated </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36,183 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">48.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FED105; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">131 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">74,616 </th> <th style="text-align:center;">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th</a> U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a>, who replaced now-Senator <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district special election, 2013">2013 special election</a>; the 7th is represented by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Ayanna Pressley</a>, elected in 2018. The state's senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senator</a> is Democrat <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Democrat <a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Maura Healey</a>, elected in 2022. Cambridge is represented in six districts in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston).<a href="#cite_note-cambridgeGIS-127">[124]</a> The city is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_2nd_Middlesex_district" title="Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Middlesex district">2nd Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_Middlesex_and_Suffolk_district" title="Massachusetts Senate's Middlesex and Suffolk district">Middlesex and Suffolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_1st_Suffolk_and_Middlesex_district" title="Massachusetts Senate's 1st Suffolk and Middlesex district">1st Suffolk and Middlesex</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-Acts2011-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> From 1860 to 1880, Republicans <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a> each won Cambridge, Grant doing so by margins of over 20 points in both of his campaigns. Following that, from 1884 to 1892, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> won Cambridge in all three of his presidential campaigns, by less than ten points each time. Then from 1896 to 1924, Cambridge became something of a swing city with a slight Republican lean. Republican candidates carried the city in five of the eight presidential elections during that time, with five of the elections resulting in either a plurality or a margin of victory of fewer than ten points. In modern times, however, Cambridge has been a stronghold of the Democratic Party. In the last 23 presidential elections, dating back to the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, Democratic presidential candidates have won Cambridge with every Democratic nominee since Massachusetts native <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> receiving at least 70% of the vote, except for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1976 and 1980. Since 1928, the only Republican nominee to come within ten points of carrying Cambridge is <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> in his 1956 reelection bid. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presidential election results<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2024 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">2024</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">87.6% 40,371 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">8.6% 3,948 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">91.7% 50,233 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">6.4% 3,519 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">87.9% 46,563 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">6.3% 3,323 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">86.0% 43,515 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">10.8% 5,476 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">87.8% 40,876 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">10.1% 4,697 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">84.8% 35,886 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">12.6% 5,338 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">72.1% 28,846 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">12.9% 5,166 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">78.9% 30,043 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">13.1% 4,990 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">74.7% 30,737 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">14.2% 5,847 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">77.0% 32,027 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">21.1% 8,770 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">76.2% 32,582 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">23.4% 10,007 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">60.8% 24,337 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">19.9% 7,952 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">68.7% 29,052 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">24.6% 10,424 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">74.0% 30,486 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">25.4% 10,464 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">76.8% 29,386 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">17.9% 6,840 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">83.6% 36,009 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">13.4% 5,764 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">70.3% 34,029 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">28.3% 13,691 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">49.7% 25,240 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">48.3% 24,538 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">56.2% 31,668 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">41.8% 23,526 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">62.6% 33,501 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">32.1% 17,149 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">58.4% 27,629 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">36.2% 17,149 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">58.8% 30,412 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">38.6% 19,967 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">55.9% 25,917 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">33.4% 15,495 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">60.9% 24,585 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">35.0% 14,121 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">60.9% 25,794 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">37.0% 15,662 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">37.2% 11,321 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">49.5% 15,048 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">38.6% 10,808 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">58.2% 16,289 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">55.6% 7,999 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">42.8% 6,149 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">48.7% 6,665 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">24.5% 3,360 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">43.5% 5,562 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">51.6% 6,595 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">48.7% 6,769 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">48.3% 6,706 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">46.2% 5,249 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">50.3% 5,717 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">25.6% 2,868 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">64.8% 7,247 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">53.6% 5,996 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">44.2% 4,945 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">51.4% 4,832 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">46.1% 4,330 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;"><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">47.8% 4,040 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">40.6% 3,430 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">43.5% 3,293 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">55.9% 4,227 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">49.1% 3,531 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">50.9% 3,654 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">34.8% 1,753 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">65.2% 3,289 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">39.2% 1,982 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">60.8% 3,079 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">38.0% 1,693 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">62.0% 2,760 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0ff;">24.6% 888 </td> <td style="background:#fff3f3;">50.0% 1,805 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_government">City government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: City government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg/220px-CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg/330px-CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg/440px-CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="City Hall (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Cambridge City Hall</a> in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> Cambridge has a city government led by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts">mayor</a> and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">proportional representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity. Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under the direction of the city manager. The city council and its members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Yi-An Huang is the City Manager as of September 6, 2022, succeeding Owen O'Riordan (now the Deputy City Manager) who briefly served as the Acting City Manager after Louis DePasquale resigned on July 5, 2022, after six years in office.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Councillor </th> <th>In office since </th></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Burhan Azeem </td> <td>Jan. 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marc_C._McGovern" title="Marc C. McGovern">Marc C. McGovern</a>** </td> <td>Jan. 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Patty Nolan </td> <td>Jan. 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Joan Pickett </td> <td>Jan. 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumbul_Siddiqui" title="Sumbul Siddiqui">Sumbul Siddiqui</a>** </td> <td>Jan. 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._Denise_Simmons" title="E. Denise Simmons">E. Denise Simmons</a>* </td> <td>Jan. 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Jivan Sobrinho-Wheeler </td> <td>Jan. 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Paul Toner </td> <td>Jan. 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>At-large </td> <td>Ayesha Wilson </td> <td>Jan. 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> * = current mayor ** = former mayor On March 8, 2021, Cambridge City Council voted to recognize <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamorous</a> domestic partnerships, becoming the second city in the United States following neighboring Somerville, which had done so in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_government">County government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: County government">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge was a <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a>, along with Lowell, until the abolition of executive county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a> and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a>. Third District Court has shifted operations to <a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a>, and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg/220px-MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg/330px-MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg/440px-MIT_Main_Campus_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of part of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s main campus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunster_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dunster_House.jpg/220px-Dunster_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dunster_House.jpg/330px-Dunster_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dunster_House.jpg/440px-Dunster_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunster_House" title="Dunster House">Dunster House</a>, one of 12 undergraduate dormitories at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_of_Culinary_Arts" title="Cambridge School of Culinary Arts">Cambridge School of Culinary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School" title="Hult International Business School">Hult International Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_University" title="Lesley University">Lesley University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longy_School_of_Music_of_Bard_College" title="Longy School of Music of Bard College">Longy School of Music of Bard College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> At least 258 of the world's total 962 Nobel Prize winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_College" title="Cambridge College">Cambridge College</a> is named for Cambridge and was based in Cambridge until 2017, when it consolidated to a new headquarters in neighboring Boston. The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, one of the nation's oldest <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a> founded in 1780, is based in Cambridge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_public_education">Primary and secondary public education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary public education">edit</a>]</div> The city's schools constitute the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_School_District" title="Cambridge Public School District">Cambridge Public School District</a>. Schools include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amigos_School" title="Amigos School">Amigos School</a></li> <li>Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)</li> <li>Cambridgeport School</li> <li>Fletcher-Maynard Academy</li> <li>Graham and Parks Alternative School</li> <li>Haggerty School</li> <li>Kennedy-Longfellow School</li> <li>King Open School</li> <li>Martin Luther King Jr. School</li> <li>Morse School (a <a href="/wiki/Core_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Core Knowledge Foundation">Core Knowledge</a> school)</li> <li>Peabody School</li> <li>Tobin School (a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori school">Montessori school</a>)</li></ul> Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:<a href="#cite_note-SchoolList-166">[163]</a> <ul><li>Amigos School</li> <li>Cambridge Street Upper School</li> <li>Putnam Avenue Upper School</li> <li>Rindge Avenue Upper School</li> <li>Vassal Lane Upper School</li></ul> Cambridge has three district public high school programs, including <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Rindge_and_Latin_School" title="Cambridge Rindge and Latin School">Cambridge Rindge and Latin School</a> (CRLS).<a href="#cite_note-SchoolsataGlance-167">[164]</a> Other public charter schools include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Banneker_Charter_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Banneker Charter School (page does not exist)">Benjamin Banneker Charter School</a>, which serves grades K–6;<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Community_Charter_School_of_Cambridge" title="Community Charter School of Cambridge">Community Charter School of Cambridge</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Hill Academy">Prospect Hill Academy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a> whose upper school is in Central Square though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_private_education">Primary and secondary private education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary private education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Public_Library,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-Cambridge_Public_Library%2C_Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The portion of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library" title="Cambridge Public Library">Cambridge Public Library</a> built in 1888</figcaption></figure> Cambridge also has several private schools, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Archdiocesan_Choir_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Archdiocesan Choir School">Boston Archdiocesan Choir School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Browne_%26_Nichols_School" title="Buckingham Browne & Nichols School">Buckingham Browne & Nichols School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Montessori_school" title="Cambridge Montessori school">Cambridge Montessori school</a></li> <li>Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Friends</a> School</li> <li>Fayerweather Street School<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Boston" title="International School of Boston">International School of Boston</a> (formerly École Bilingue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matignon_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Matignon High School">Matignon High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Hill_School" title="Shady Hill School">Shady Hill School</a></li> <li>St. Peter School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston" title="Media in Boston">Media in Boston</a></div> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston metropolitan area">Metro Boston area</a>, the city's primary network-affiliated television stations are <a href="/wiki/WBTS-CD" title="WBTS-CD">WBTS-CD</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/WCVB-TV" title="WCVB-TV">WCVB-TV</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), and <a href="/wiki/WFXT" title="WFXT">WFXT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>). There are several additional local stations that are accessible over the air without the need of cable, etc. access. The city also is served by <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/WGBX-TV" title="WGBX-TV">WGBX-TV</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member stations, with WGBH being the flagship station of the statewide <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH Educational Foundation</a> network. Several TV services provide different portions of Cambridge with <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a> broadcasts and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> including <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">AT&T U-verse/DIRECTV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comcast_Xfinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Comcast Xfinity">Comcast/Xfinity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">DISH Network.</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is served by a single online newspaper, Cambridge Day. The last physical newspaper in the city, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Chronicle" title="Cambridge Chronicle">Cambridge Chronicle</a>, ceased publication in 2022 and today only cross-posts regional stories from other Gannett properties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge is home to the following radio stations, including both commercially licensed and student-run stations: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Callsign" class="mw-redirect" title="Callsign">Callsign</a></th> <th>Frequency</th> <th>City/town</th> <th>Licensee</th> <th>Format </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WHRB" title="WHRB">WHRB</a></td> <td align="right">95.3 FM</td> <td>Cambridge (Harvard)</td> <td>Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Variety_(US_radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety (US radio)">Musical variety</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WJIB" title="WJIB">WJIB</a></td> <td align="right">740 AM/101.3 FM</td> <td>Cambridge</td> <td>Bob Bittner Broadcasting</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adult_standards" title="Adult standards">Adult standards</a>/Pop </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WMBR" title="WMBR">WMBR</a></td> <td align="right">88.1 FM</td> <td>Cambridge (MIT)</td> <td>Technology Broadcasting Corporation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/College_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="College radio">College radio</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_broadband">Television and broadband</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Television and broadband">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the XFinity cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="List of tallest buildings in Cambridge, Massachusetts">List of tallest buildings in Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cable television service is provided by XFINITY (Comcast Communications).<a href="#cite_note-MassUtilities-175">[172]</a></li> <li>Parts of Cambridge are served by a <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> systems loop for industrial organizations that also cover Boston.</li> <li>Electric service and natural gas are both provided by <a href="/wiki/Eversource_Energy" title="Eversource Energy">Eversource Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MassUtilities-175">[172]</a></li> <li>Landline telecommunications service are provided by Harvard University,<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> and Verizon Communications. All phones in Cambridge are inter-connected to central office locations in the metropolitan area.</li> <li>The city maintains its own <a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">Public, educational, and government access</a> (PEG) known as Cambridge Community Television (CCTV).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_department">Water department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Water department">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge obtains water from <a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbs Brook">Hobbs Brook</a> (in Lincoln and Waltham) and <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Brook (Boston)">Stony Brook</a> (Waltham and Weston), as well as an emergency connection to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority" title="Massachusetts Water Resources Authority">Massachusetts Water Resources Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The city owns over 1,200 acres (486 ha) of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Pond_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Fresh Pond</a> in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet (54 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> at the Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont). The water is then redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> A new water treatment plant opened in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> In October 2016, the city announced that, owing to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <ul><li>Sewer service is available in Cambridge. The city is inter-connected with the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority" title="Massachusetts Water Resources Authority">Massachusetts Water Resources Authority</a> (MWRA)'s sewage network with <a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_Waste_Water_Treatment_Plant" title="Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant">sewage treatment plant</a> in the Boston Harbor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boston_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston transportation">Boston transportation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg/220px-Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg/330px-Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg/440px-Harvard_Square_at_Peabody_Street_and_Mass_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(metropolitan_Boston)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)">Massachusetts Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a></figcaption></figure> Cambridge is served by several major roads, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2" title="Massachusetts Route 2">Route 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_16" title="Massachusetts Route 16">Route 16</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_28" title="Massachusetts Route 28">Route 28</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a> does not pass through Cambridge but is accessible by an exit in nearby <a href="/wiki/Allston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Allston, Massachusetts">Allston</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts">U.S. Route 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_93" title="Interstate 93">Interstate 93</a> provide additional access at the eastern end of Cambridge via Leverett Circle in Boston. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2A" title="Massachusetts Route 2A">Route 2A</a> runs the length of the city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, eight of which are open to motorized road traffic, including the <a href="/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge" title="Longfellow Bridge">Longfellow Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Bridge" title="Harvard Bridge">Harvard Bridge</a>. Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(metropolitan_Boston)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)">Massachusetts Avenue</a> between <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge" title="Central Square, Cambridge">Central Square</a> or Hampshire Street between <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inman_Square" title="Inman Square">Inman Square</a>. On October 25, 2022, Cambridge City Council voted 8–1 to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Parking_mandates" title="Parking mandates">parking minimums</a> from the city code, citing declining car ownership, with the aim of promoting housing construction.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_transit">Mass transit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Mass transit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform,_August_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg/220px-MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg/330px-MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg/440px-MBTA_Central_Station_Outbound_Platform%2C_August_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_station_(MBTA)" title="Central station (MBTA)">Central station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)" title="Red Line (MBTA)">MBTA Red Line</a> in Cambridge</figcaption></figure> Cambridge is served by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Porter_station" title="Porter station">Porter station</a> on the regional <a href="/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail" title="MBTA Commuter Rail">Commuter Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lechmere_station" title="Lechmere station">Lechmere station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)" title="Green Line (MBTA)">Green Line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alewife_station" title="Alewife station">Alewife</a>, Porter, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_station" title="Harvard station">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_station_(MBTA)" title="Central station (MBTA)">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kendall/MIT_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)">Kendall Square/MIT</a> stations on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)" title="Red Line (MBTA)">Red Line</a>. Alewife station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The Harvard bus tunnel under <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912 and served trackless trolleys, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Greater_Boston" title="Trolleybuses in Greater Boston">MBTA trolleybus system</a> continued to use it until their conversion to diesel in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s. Both <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_station_(Somerville)" title="Union Square station (Somerville)">Union Square station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)" title="Green Line (MBTA)">Green Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_College_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community College (MBTA station)">Community College station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)" title="Orange Line (MBTA)">Orange Line</a> are located just outside of Cambridge. Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in the city, in addition to the municipal government itself.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling">Cycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> Cambridge has several <a href="/wiki/Bike_path" title="Bike path">bike paths</a>, including one along the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Linear_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Linear Park">Linear Park</a> connecting the <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Bikeway" title="Minuteman Bikeway">Minuteman Bikeway</a> at Alewife with the <a href="/wiki/Somerville_Community_Path" title="Somerville Community Path">Somerville Community Path</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Watertown_Branch_Railroad" title="Watertown Branch Railroad">connection to Watertown</a> opened in 2022. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicycling_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycling Magazine">Bicycling Magazine</a> in 2006 rated <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling,<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> but it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> and was called "Boston's great hope" by the magazine. Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walking">Walking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Walking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge,_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg/220px-Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg/330px-Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg/440px-Weeks_Footbridge_Cambridge%2C_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks_Bridge" title="John W. Weeks Bridge">Weeks Bridge</a> provides a pedestrian-only connection between Boston's <a href="/wiki/Allston-Brighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Allston-Brighton">Allston-Brighton</a> neighborhood and Cambridge over the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>.</figcaption></figure> Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, among U.S. cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters" title="List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters">highest percentage of commuters who walked to work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercity">Intercity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Intercity">edit</a>]</div> The Boston intercity bus and train stations at <a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">South Station</a> in Boston, and <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a>, both of which are accessible by subway. The Fitchburg Line rail service from Porter Square connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(MBTA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alewife (MBTA station)">Alewife Station</a> (Cambridge) and New York City.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_department">Police department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Police department">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Police_Department_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)">Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)</a></div> In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Police" title="Massachusetts State Police">Massachusetts State Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Owing, however, to proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Police_Department" title="Harvard University Police Department">Harvard University Police Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">MIT Police Department</a>, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Fire department">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg/220px-Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg/330px-Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg/440px-Cambridge_Engine_2_Ladder_3_firehouse_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge Fire Department's Engine 2, Paramedic Squad 2, Ladder 3 firehouse</figcaption></figure> The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and three paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Acting Chief is Thomas F. Cahill Jr.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_medical_services_(EMS)">Emergency medical services (EMS)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Emergency medical services (EMS)">edit</a>]</div> The city of Cambridge receives <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> from PRO EMS, a privately contracted ambulance service.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_library_services">Public library services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Public library services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library" title="Cambridge Public Library">Cambridge Public Library</a></div> Further educational services are provided at the Cambridge Public Library. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Rindge" title="Frederick H. Rindge">Frederick H. Rindge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities_and_twin_towns">Sister cities and twin towns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sister cities and twin towns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States</a></div> Cambridge's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> with active relationships are:<a href="#cite_note-sister_cities-202">[199]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, Portugal (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, Italy (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki">Tsukuba</a>, Japan (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Las_Flores,_Chalatenango" class="mw-redirect" title="San José Las Flores, Chalatenango">San José Las Flores</a>, El Salvador (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>, Ireland (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a>, Haiti (2014)</li></ul> </div> Cambridge has ten additional inactive sister city relationships:<a href="#cite_note-sister_cities-202">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, Italy (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Italy (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Oeste" title="Santo Domingo Oeste">Santo Domingo Oeste</a>, Dominican Republic (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="London Borough of Southwark">Southwark</a>, England (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yuseong_District" title="Yuseong District">Yuseong (Daejeon)</a>, Korea (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian (Beijing)</a>, China (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, Cuba (2005)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a> in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chcfaq-1"><a href="#cite_ref-chcfaq_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_Historical_Commission" class="citation web cs1">Cambridge Historical Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/aboutchc/faqpage">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. City of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913122932/http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/aboutchc/faqpage">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=City+of+Cambridge&rft.au=Cambridge+Historical+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2Fhistoric%2Faboutchc%2Ffaqpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2024" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Marc (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgeday.com/2024/01/01/simmons-and-mcgovern-return-as-mayoral-team-after-cambridge-inaugural-is-disrupted-by-protest/">"Simmons and McGovern return as mayoral team after Cambridge inaugural is disrupted by protest"</a>. Cambridge Day.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Day&rft.atitle=Simmons+and+McGovern+return+as+mayoral+team+after+Cambridge+inaugural+is+disrupted+by+protest&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeday.com%2F2024%2F01%2F01%2Fsimmons-and-mcgovern-return-as-mayoral-team-after-cambridge-inaugural-is-disrupted-by-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528021656/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_25.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Cambridge">"Cambridge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FCambridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cambridgecitymassachusetts,US/PST045219">"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="USDOC">USDOC</a>. Population, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+QuickFacts%3A+United+States&rft.pages=Population%2C+2020&rft.pub=USDOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fcambridgecitymassachusetts%2CUS%2FPST045219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-degler84-6"><a href="#cite_ref-degler84_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegler1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Neumann_Degler" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Neumann Degler">Degler, Carl Neumann</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NebLe1ueuGQC&q=cambridge+university+puritans+newtowne&pg=PA18">Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That Shaped Modern America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131985-3"><bdi>978-0-06-131985-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215200851/https://books.google.com/books?id=NebLe1ueuGQC&q=cambridge+university+puritans+newtowne&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Our+Pasts%3A+The+Forces+That+Shaped+Modern+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-131985-3&rft.aulast=Degler&rft.aufirst=Carl+Neumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNebLe1ueuGQC%26q%3Dcambridge%2Buniversity%2Bpuritans%2Bnewtowne%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcademicRanking2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-AcademicRanking2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only">"World Reputation Rankings"</a>. Times Higher Education. April 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+Reputation+Rankings&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2016%2Freputation-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank_label%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Frank_only&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">title missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeMAWorldInnovationCapital1_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/">"Kendall Square Initiative"</a>. MIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117064252/https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kendall+Square+Initiative&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkendallsquare.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/washington-takes-command-of-continental-army">"July 3, 1775: George Washington takes command of Continental Army"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220171517/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/washington-takes-command-of-continental-army">Archived</a> February 20, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History.com </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/cambridge/">"Cambridge"</a>, George Washington's Mount Vernon website </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycambridge.org/articles/you-live-in-anmoughcawgen/">"You live in Anmoughcawgen"</a>. History Cambridge. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Cambridge&rft.atitle=You+live+in+Anmoughcawgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycambridge.org%2Farticles%2Fyou-live-in-anmoughcawgen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1837" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100693021">A description of New England; or, The observations, and discoveries of Captain Iohn Smith (admirall of that country) in the north of America, in the year of our Lord 1614; with the successe of sixe ships, that went the next yeare 1615; and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre: with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords; whither this present yeare, 1616, eight voluntary ships are gone to make further tryall</a>. Washington: P. Force. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215200851/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100693021">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2023. 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Edward (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&q=newetowne&pg=PA316">"Cambridge"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Drake" title="Samuel Adams Drake">Drake, Samuel Adams</a> (ed.). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Vol. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambridge&rft.btitle=History+of+Middlesex+County%2C+Massachusetts&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=305-16&rft.pub=Estes+and+Lauriat&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGolOAyd9RMC%26q%3Dnewetowne%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-public-15"><a href="#cite_ref-public_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ordered+That+Newtowne+shall+henceforward+be+called%22&pg=RA1-PA298">Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes</a>. Boston: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1889. p. 298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215200852/https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ordered+That+Newtowne+shall+henceforward+be+called%22&pg=RA1-PA298">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved December 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Custody+and+Condition+of+the+Public+Records+of+Parishes&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Secretary+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyYWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Ordered%2BThat%2BNewtowne%2Bshall%2Bhenceforward%2Bbe%2Bcalled%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Gilman1896" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Gilman, ed. (1896). The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=This+month+in+Harvard+history&rft.date=2002-05-02&rft.au=Harvard+News+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2002%2F05.02%2F02-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988">. (This source gives May 12, 1638, as the date of the name change; others say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Historic Guide to Cambridge (Second ed.). 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Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281925%29.&rft.date=1925-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40701&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1921" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40699">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1921)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40699">2452/40699</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519002635/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40699">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281921%29.&rft.date=1921-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40699&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1917" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40695">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1917)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40695">2452/40695</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519023528/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40695">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281917%29.&rft.date=1917-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40695&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1913" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40691">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1913)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40691">2452/40691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727092619/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40691">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281913%29.&rft.date=1913-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40691&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1909" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40687">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1909)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40687">2452/40687</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519063903/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40687">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281909%29.&rft.date=1909-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40687&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1905" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40683">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1905)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40683">2452/40683</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519085154/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40683">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281905%29.&rft.date=1905-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40683&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1901" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40679">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1901)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40679">2452/40679</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519115809/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40679">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281901%29.&rft.date=1901-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40679&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1897" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40675">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1897)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40675">2452/40675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519044218/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40675">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281897%29.&rft.date=1897-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40675&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1893" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40671">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1893)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40671">2452/40671</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519060752/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40671">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281893%29.&rft.date=1893-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40671&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1889" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40667">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1889)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40667">2452/40667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519044205/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40667">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281889%29.&rft.date=1889-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40667&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt.1885" class="citation web cs1">Court., Massachusetts. General (December 30, 1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40663">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1885)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40663">2452/40663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519072452/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40663">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281885%29.&rft.date=1885-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40663&rft.aulast=Court.&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts.+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1881" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40659">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1881)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40659">2452/40659</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519072507/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40659">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281881%29.&rft.date=1881-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40659&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1877" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40655">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1877)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40655">2452/40655</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519002844/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40655">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020 – via archives.lib.state.ma.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+manual+for+the+use+of+the+General+Court+%281877%29.&rft.date=1877-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2452%2F40655&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Massachusetts+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.state.ma.us%2Fhandle%2F2452%2F40655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourt1873" class="citation web cs1">Court, Massachusetts General (December 30, 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40651">"A manual for the use of the General Court (1873)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2452%2F40651">2452/40651</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519074943/https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/40651">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. 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Retrieved July 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Will+Recognize+Polyamorous+Partnerships+and+Other+Domestic+Arrangements+With+More+Than+2+Adults&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2021%2F03%2F10%2Fcambridge-will-recognize-polyamorous-partnerships-and-other-domestic-arrangements-with-more-than-2-adults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2008" class="citation news cs1">Moskowitz, Eric (February 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/14/court_move_a_hassle_for_commuters/">"Court move a hassle for commuters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604033229/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/14/court_move_a_hassle_for_commuters/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2009. <q>In a little more than a month, Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J. Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day – the clerical staff, lawyers, judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Court+move+a+hassle+for+commuters&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2008%2F02%2F14%2Fcourt_move_a_hassle_for_commuters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitrose2009" class="citation news cs1">Breitrose, Charlie (July 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513192408/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good#axzz3b53SkwbD">"Cambridge's Middlesex Jail, courts may be shuttered for good"</a>. Wicked Local News: Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good">the original</a> on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2009. <q>The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos. 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Retrieved April 3, 2013. <q>Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge. The City of Cambridge has approached other operators, more than once, about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge, but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan; however, City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Consumers%27+Council&rft.atitle=Cable+Television+in+the+City+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2Fconsumercouncil%2Fcambridgecableinformation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dtc-lp/competition-division/cable-tv-division/municipal-info/cable-television-licenses.html">"Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops">the original</a> on December 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+H-5%2C+SP+Brighton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2F%3FpageID%3Deopsterminal%26L%3D5%26L0%3DHome%26L1%3DLaw%2BEnforcement%2B%2526%2BCriminal%2BJustice%26L2%3DLaw%2BEnforcement%26L3%3DState%2BPolice%2BTroops%26L4%3DTroop%2BH%26sid%3DEeops%26b%3Dterminalcontent%26f%3Dmsp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5%26csid%3DEeops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093602/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops">"Station H-4, SP Boston"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops">the original</a> on December 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+H-4%2C+SP+Boston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2F%3FpageID%3Deopsterminal%26L%3D5%26L0%3DHome%26L1%3DLaw%2BEnforcement%2B%2526%2BCriminal%2BJustice%26L2%3DLaw%2BEnforcement%26L3%3DState%2BPolice%2BTroops%26L4%3DTroop%2BH%26sid%3DEeops%26b%3Dterminalcontent%26f%3Dmsp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4%26csid%3DEeops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230427/https://www.cambridgema.gov/cfd/aboutus.aspx">"City of Cambridge Fire Department: About Us"</a>. cambridgema.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/cfd/aboutus.aspx">the original</a> on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Cambridge+Fire+Department%3A+About+Us&rft.pub=cambridgema.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2Fcfd%2Faboutus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060355/https://proems.com/">"PRO EMS"</a>. Proems.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proems.com/">the original</a> on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proems.com&rft.atitle=PRO+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproems.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sister_cities-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sister_cities_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sister_cities_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgema.gov/Departments/peacecommission/SisterCitiesSummary">"Sister Cities Overview – City of Cambridge, MA"</a>. City of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519014648/https://www.cambridgema.gov/Departments/peacecommission/SisterCitiesSummary">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+Overview+%E2%80%93+City+of+Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=City+of+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2FDepartments%2Fpeacecommission%2FSisterCitiesSummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts">Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Cambridge_(3.)">"Cambridge (3.)" </a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 732</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambridge+%283.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=732&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)">"Cambridge (Massachusetts)" </a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 95–96</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambridge+%28Massachusetts%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=95-96&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1879" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Drake, Samuel Adams, ed. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA506">History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County</a>. Vol. 2 (L-W). Estes and Lauriat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Middlesex+County%2C+Massachusetts%3A+Containing+Carefully+Prepared+Histories+of+Every+City+and+Town+in+the+County&rft.pub=Estes+and+Lauriat&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGolOAyd9RMC%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QGolOAyd9RMC">Cambridge article</a> by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.</li></ul></li> <li>Eliot, Samuel Atkins. A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Tribune" title="The Cambridge Tribune">The Cambridge Tribune</a>, 1913.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiestand" class="citation journal cs1">Hiestand, Emily. "Watershed: An Excursion in Four Parts". <a href="/wiki/The_Georgia_Review" title="The Georgia Review">The Georgia Review</a> (Spring 1998). <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>: 7–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgia+Review&rft.atitle=Watershed%3A+An+Excursion+in+Four+Parts&rft.issue=Spring+1998&rft.pages=7-28&rft.aulast=Hiestand&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Paige, Lucius. History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/The_Riverside_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Riverside Press">The Riverside Press</a>, 1877.</li> <li>Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53012-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53012-0">0-262-53012-0</a>.</li> <li>Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53013-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53013-9">0-262-53013-9</a>.</li> <li>Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53014-7">0-262-53014-7</a>.</li> <li>Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53032-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53032-5">0-262-53032-5</a>.</li> <li>Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53078-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53078-3">0-262-53078-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2009" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Jill (April 2009). Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19591-1"><bdi>978-0-262-19591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fresh+Pond%3A+The+History+of+a+Cambridge+Landscape&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009-04&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19591-1&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaburg2001" class="citation book cs1">Seaburg, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7_oCS782-8C">Cambridge on the Charles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica, Massachusetts</a>: Anne Miniver Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9625794-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9625794-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9625794-9-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215200853/https://books.google.com/books?id=c7_oCS782-8C">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+on+the+Charles&rft.place=Billerica%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Anne+Miniver+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9625794-9-3&rft.aulast=Seaburg&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7_oCS782-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambridge%2C+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text 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data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgema.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1933745">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theinnovationtrail.org/">The Innovation Trail</a> – History of invention in Cambridge and Boston</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cambridge,_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Cambridge, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambridge, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cambridge,_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Square,_Cambridge" title="Central Square, Cambridge">Central Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inman_Square" title="Inman Square">Inman Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Square" title="Kendall Square">Kendall Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechmere_Square" title="Lechmere Square">Lechmere Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Square" title="Porter Square">Porter Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridge,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="East Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts">East Cambridge</a> (Area 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Campus_(Area_2),_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge, Massachusetts">MIT Campus</a> (Area 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington-Harrington" title="Wellington-Harrington">Wellington-Harrington</a> (Area 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Port,_Cambridge" title="The Port, Cambridge">The Port</a> (Area 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeport,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridgeport, Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridgeport</a> (Area 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Cambridge" title="Mid-Cambridge">Mid-Cambridge</a> (Area 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Cambridge" title="Riverside, Cambridge">Riverside</a> (Area 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts">Agassiz</a> (Area 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Nine" title="Neighborhood Nine">Neighborhood Nine</a> (Area 9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Cambridge_(neighborhood)" title="West Cambridge (neighborhood)">West Cambridge</a> (Area 10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="North Cambridge, Massachusetts">North Cambridge</a> (Area 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Highlands" title="Cambridge Highlands">Cambridge Highlands</a> (Area 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill,_Cambridge" title="Strawberry Hill, Cambridge">Strawberry Hill</a> (Area 13)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_School_District" title="Cambridge Public School District">Cambridge PSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amigos_School" title="Amigos School">Amigos School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Rindge_and_Latin_School" title="Cambridge Rindge and Latin School">Rindge and Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Charter_School_of_Cambridge" title="Community Charter School of Cambridge">Community Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Academy_Charter_School" title="Prospect Hill Academy Charter School">Prospect Hill Academy Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Browne_%26_Nichols_School" title="Buckingham Browne & Nichols School">Buckingham Browne & Nichols School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Choir_School" title="St. Paul's Choir School">St. Paul's Choir School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_University" title="Template:Harvard University">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:MIT">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_University" title="Lesley University">Lesley University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Public_Library" title="Cambridge Public Library">Cambridge Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Cambridge,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Book_Store" title="Harvard Book Store">Harvard Book Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MBTA_bus_routes" title="List of MBTA bus routes">Bus routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)" title="Green Line (MBTA)">MBTA Green Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lechmere_station" title="Lechmere station">Lechmere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)" title="Red Line (MBTA)">MBTA Red Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alewife_station" title="Alewife station">Alewife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_station_(MBTA)" title="Central station (MBTA)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_station" title="Harvard station">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_station" title="Porter station">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall/MIT_station" title="Kendall/MIT station">Kendall/MIT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2" title="Massachusetts Route 2">MA-2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2A" title="Massachusetts Route 2A">MA-2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_16" title="Massachusetts Route 16">MA-16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_28" title="Massachusetts Route 28">MA-28</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_60" title="Massachusetts Route 60">MA-60</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_3_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 3 in Massachusetts">US-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Region_of_Greater_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Boston" title="Template:Greater Boston"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Boston" title="Template talk:Greater Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Region_of_Greater_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belknap_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Belknap County, New Hampshire">Belknap, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol County, Rhode Island">Bristol, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Hillsborough County, New Hampshire">Hillsborough, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Kent County, Rhode Island">Kent, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack County, New Hampshire">Merrimack, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport County, Rhode Island">Newport, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence County, Rhode Island">Providence, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Rockingham County, New Hampshire">Rockingham, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafford_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Strafford County, New Hampshire">Strafford, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 100k-250k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 25k-100k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry,_Rhode_Island" title="Coventry, Rhode Island">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island" title="Cranston, Rhode Island">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Dartmouth, Massachusetts">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire" title="Derry, New Hampshire">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire" title="Dover, New Hampshire">Dover (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracut,_Massachusetts" title="Dracut, Massachusetts">Dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Massachusetts" title="Marshfield, Massachusetts">Marshfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack, New Hampshire">Merrimack (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts" title="Milford, Massachusetts">Milford (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts" title="North Andover, Massachusetts">North Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Attleboro,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="North Attleboro, Massachusetts">North Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="North Kingstown, Rhode Island">North Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="North Providence, Rhode Island">North Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Massachusetts" title="Norwood, Massachusetts">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_Hampshire" title="Rochester, New Hampshire">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_Hampshire" title="Salem, New Hampshire">Salem (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugus,_Massachusetts" title="Saugus, Massachusetts">Saugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="South Kingstown, Rhode Island">South Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoughton,_Massachusetts" title="Stoughton, Massachusetts">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts" title="Tewksbury, Massachusetts">Tewksbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Massachusetts" title="Wakefield, Massachusetts">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts" title="Wellesley, Massachusetts">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="West Warwick, Rhode Island">West Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 10k-25k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington,_Massachusetts" title="Abington, Massachusetts">Abington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acushnet,_Massachusetts" title="Acushnet, Massachusetts">Acushnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Massachusetts" title="Ashland, Massachusetts">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol,_Massachusetts" title="Athol, Massachusetts">Athol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Massachusetts" title="Auburn, Massachusetts">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrington,_Rhode_Island" title="Barrington, Rhode Island">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Bedford, Massachusetts">Bedford (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_New_Hampshire" title="Bedford, New Hampshire">Bedford (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Massachusetts" title="Bellingham, Massachusetts">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrillville,_Rhode_Island" title="Burrillville, Rhode Island">Burrillville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carver,_Massachusetts" title="Carver, Massachusetts">Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Falls,_Rhode_Island" title="Central Falls, Rhode Island">Central Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Massachusetts" title="Charlton, Massachusetts">Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts" title="Clinton, Massachusetts">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley,_Massachusetts" title="Dudley, Massachusetts">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duxbury,_Massachusetts" title="Duxbury, Massachusetts">Duxbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="East Bridgewater, Massachusetts">East Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island" title="East Greenwich, Rhode Island">East Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Massachusetts" title="Easton, Massachusetts">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairhaven,_Massachusetts" title="Fairhaven, Massachusetts">Fairhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffstown,_New_Hampshire" title="Goffstown, New Hampshire">Goffstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_Massachusetts" title="Grafton, Massachusetts">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts" title="Groton, Massachusetts">Groton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Hampshire" title="Hampton, New Hampshire">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Massachusetts" title="Hanover, Massachusetts">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanson,_Massachusetts" title="Hanson, Massachusetts">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbrook,_Massachusetts" title="Holbrook, Massachusetts">Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden,_Massachusetts" title="Holden, Massachusetts">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holliston,_Massachusetts" title="Holliston, Massachusetts">Holliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooksett,_New_Hampshire" title="Hooksett, New Hampshire">Hooksett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Massachusetts" title="Hopkinton, Massachusetts">Hopkinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Massachusetts" title="Hudson, Massachusetts">Hudson (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_Hampshire" title="Hudson, New Hampshire">Hudson (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull,_Massachusetts" title="Hull, Massachusetts">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Massachusetts" title="Kingston, Massachusetts">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconia,_New_Hampshire" title="Laconia, New Hampshire">Laconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Massachusetts" title="Lakeville, Massachusetts">Lakeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester,_Massachusetts" title="Leicester, Massachusetts">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Rhode_Island" title="Lincoln, Rhode Island">Lincoln (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londonderry,_New_Hampshire" title="Londonderry, New Hampshire">Londonderry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Massachusetts" title="Lunenburg, Massachusetts">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnfield,_Massachusetts" title="Lynnfield, Massachusetts">Lynnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Massachusetts" title="Mansfield, Massachusetts">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard,_Massachusetts" title="Maynard, Massachusetts">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medfield,_Massachusetts" title="Medfield, Massachusetts">Medfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway,_Massachusetts" title="Medway, Massachusetts">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleborough,_Massachusetts" title="Middleborough, Massachusetts">Middleborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_New_Hampshire" title="Milford, New Hampshire">Milford (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbury,_Massachusetts" title="Millbury, Massachusetts">Millbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett,_Rhode_Island" title="Narragansett, Rhode Island">Narragansett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northborough,_Massachusetts" title="Northborough, Massachusetts">Northborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Northbridge, Massachusetts">Northbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Reading,_Massachusetts" title="North Reading, Massachusetts">North Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="North Smithfield, Rhode Island">North Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton,_Massachusetts" title="Norton, Massachusetts">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwell,_Massachusetts" title="Norwell, Massachusetts">Norwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Massachusetts" title="Oxford, Massachusetts">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_New_Hampshire" title="Pelham, New Hampshire">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Massachusetts" title="Pembroke, Massachusetts">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperell,_Massachusetts" title="Pepperell, Massachusetts">Pepperell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond,_New_Hampshire" title="Raymond, New Hampshire">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynham,_Massachusetts" title="Raynham, Massachusetts">Raynham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts" title="Rehoboth, Massachusetts">Rehoboth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland,_Massachusetts" title="Rockland, Massachusetts">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Rhode_Island" title="Scituate, Rhode Island">Scituate (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seekonk,_Massachusetts" title="Seekonk, Massachusetts">Seekonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Massachusetts" title="Sharon, Massachusetts">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="Smithfield, Rhode Island">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts" title="Somerset, Massachusetts">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somersworth,_New_Hampshire" title="Somersworth, New Hampshire">Somersworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts" title="Stoneham, Massachusetts">Stoneham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Massachusetts" title="Spencer, Massachusetts">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Massachusetts" title="Sudbury, Massachusetts">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampscott,_Massachusetts" title="Swampscott, Massachusetts">Swampscott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Massachusetts" title="Swansea, Massachusetts">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island" title="Tiverton, Rhode Island">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyngsborough,_Massachusetts" title="Tyngsborough, Massachusetts">Tyngsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole,_Massachusetts" title="Walpole, Massachusetts">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Massachusetts" title="Wareham, Massachusetts">Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland,_Massachusetts" title="Wayland, Massachusetts">Wayland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster,_Massachusetts" title="Webster, Massachusetts">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westborough,_Massachusetts" title="Westborough, Massachusetts">Westborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island" title="Westerly, Rhode Island">Westerly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Massachusetts" title="Weston, Massachusetts">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts" title="Westport, Massachusetts">Westport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Massachusetts" title="Westwood, Massachusetts">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman,_Massachusetts" title="Whitman, Massachusetts">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Massachusetts" title="Wilmington, Massachusetts">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchendon,_Massachusetts" title="Winchendon, Massachusetts">Winchendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts" title="Winchester, Massachusetts">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windham,_New_Hampshire" title="Windham, New Hampshire">Windham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrentham,_Massachusetts" title="Wrentham, Massachusetts">Wrentham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Sub-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> proper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Middlesex County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Middlesex County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middlesex County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County, Massachusetts</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="910" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Massachusetts">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashby,_Massachusetts" title="Ashby, Massachusetts">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Massachusetts" title="Ashland, Massachusetts">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayer,_Massachusetts" title="Ayer, Massachusetts">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Bedford, Massachusetts">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Boxborough, Massachusetts">Boxborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Massachusetts" title="Carlisle, Massachusetts">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracut,_Massachusetts" title="Dracut, Massachusetts">Dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstable,_Massachusetts" title="Dunstable, Massachusetts">Dunstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts" title="Groton, Massachusetts">Groton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holliston,_Massachusetts" title="Holliston, Massachusetts">Holliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Massachusetts" title="Hopkinton, Massachusetts">Hopkinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Massachusetts" title="Hudson, Massachusetts">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton,_Massachusetts" title="Littleton, Massachusetts">Littleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard,_Massachusetts" title="Maynard, Massachusetts">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Reading,_Massachusetts" title="North Reading, Massachusetts">North Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperell,_Massachusetts" title="Pepperell, Massachusetts">Pepperell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherborn,_Massachusetts" title="Sherborn, Massachusetts">Sherborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Massachusetts" title="Shirley, Massachusetts">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts" title="Stoneham, Massachusetts">Stoneham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stow,_Massachusetts" title="Stow, Massachusetts">Stow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Massachusetts" title="Sudbury, Massachusetts">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts" title="Tewksbury, Massachusetts">Tewksbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend,_Massachusetts" title="Townsend, Massachusetts">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyngsborough,_Massachusetts" title="Tyngsborough, Massachusetts">Tyngsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Massachusetts" title="Wakefield, Massachusetts">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland,_Massachusetts" title="Wayland, Massachusetts">Wayland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Massachusetts" title="Weston, Massachusetts">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Massachusetts" title="Wilmington, Massachusetts">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts" title="Winchester, Massachusetts">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Massachusetts" title="List of census-designated places in Massachusetts">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Ayer (CDP), Massachusetts">Ayer (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochituate,_Massachusetts" title="Cochituate, Massachusetts">Cochituate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devens,_Massachusetts" title="Devens, Massachusetts">Devens</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pepperell,_Massachusetts" title="East Pepperell, Massachusetts">East Pepperell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Groton (CDP), Massachusetts">Groton (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Air_Force_Base" title="Hanscom Air Force Base">Hanscom AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinton_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Hopkinton (CDP), Massachusetts">Hopkinton (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Hudson (CDP), Massachusetts">Hudson (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Common,_Massachusetts" title="Littleton Common, Massachusetts">Littleton Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperell_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Pepperell (CDP), Massachusetts">Pepperell (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinehurst,_Massachusetts" title="Pinehurst, Massachusetts">Pinehurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Shirley (CDP), Massachusetts">Shirley (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_(CDP),_Massachusetts" title="Townsend (CDP), Massachusetts">Townsend (CDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Concord,_Massachusetts" title="West Concord, Massachusetts">West Concord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Other villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auburndale,_Massachusetts" title="Auburndale, Massachusetts">Auburndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts" title="Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts">Chestnut Hill</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lexington,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="East Lexington, Massachusetts">East Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felchville,_Massachusetts" title="Felchville, Massachusetts">Felchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge_Village,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forge Village, Massachusetts">Forge Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleasondale,_Massachusetts" title="Gleasondale, Massachusetts">Gleasondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Massachusetts#Neighborhoods" title="Wakefield, Massachusetts">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graniteville_Historic_District_(Westford,_Massachusetts)" title="Graniteville Historic District (Westford, Massachusetts)">Graniteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Highlands,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts">Melrose Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabnasset,_Massachusetts" title="Nabnasset, Massachusetts">Nabnasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Centre,_Massachusetts" title="Newton Centre, Massachusetts">Newton Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Highlands,_Massachusetts" title="Newton Highlands, Massachusetts">Newton Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Lower_Falls" title="Newton Lower Falls">Newton Lower Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Upper_Falls" title="Newton Upper Falls">Newton Upper Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonville,_Massachusetts" title="Newtonville, Massachusetts">Newtonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonantum,_Massachusetts" title="Nonantum, Massachusetts">Nonantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="North Billerica, Massachusetts">North Billerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="North Chelmsford, Massachusetts">North Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingryville,_Massachusetts" title="Pingryville, Massachusetts">Pingryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxonville,_Massachusetts" title="Saxonville, Massachusetts">Saxonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompsonville,_Massachusetts" title="Thompsonville, Massachusetts">Thompsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waban,_Massachusetts" title="Waban, Massachusetts">Waban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Newton,_Massachusetts" title="West Newton, Massachusetts">West Newton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#00008F;color:#ffffff;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Massachusetts (state)">Massachusetts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts" title="Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts" title="Outline of Massachusetts">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Massachusetts-related_articles" title="Index of Massachusetts-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_England" title="Template:New England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_England" title="Template talk:New England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_in_New_England" title="Autumn in New England">Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_England" title="Climate of New England">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_England" title="Culture of New England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_England" title="Demographics of New England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_England" title="Economy of New England">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_England" title="Elections in New England">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_England" title="Flag of New England">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England#Geography" title="New England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_England" title="Geology of New England">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_New_England" title="Prehistory of New England">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_New_England" title="List of place names of Native American origin in New England">Place names of Native-American origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_England" title="Politics of New England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_England" title="Sports in New England">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_population_in_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by population in New England">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_England" title="Transportation in New England">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Passenger rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">MBTA</a> (MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CapeFLYER" class="mw-redirect" title="CapeFLYER">CapeFLYER</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> (CT, MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a> (CT, MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)">Downeaster</a> (ME, NH, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a> (CT, MA, NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_East" title="Shore Line East">Shore Line East</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Line" title="Hartford Line">Hartford Line</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Flyer_(Amtrak_train)" title="Valley Flyer (Amtrak train)">Valley Flyer</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Hartford_Line" title="Amtrak Hartford Line">Amtrak Hartford Line</a> (CT, MA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Major <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_(east)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 84 (east)">I-84</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_89" title="Interstate 89">I-89</a> (NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 90 in Massachusetts">I-90 (Mass Pike)</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">I-91</a> (CT, MA, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_93" title="Interstate 93">I-93</a> (MA, NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a> (CT, RI, MA, NH, ME)</li> <li>defunct: <a href="/wiki/New_England_road_marking_system" title="New England road marking system">New England road marking system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport" title="Bradley International Airport">Bradley</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy_Burlington_International_Airport" title="Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport">Burlington</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="T. F. Green Airport">T. F. Green</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Boston_Regional_Airport" title="Manchester–Boston Regional Airport">Manchester–Boston</a> (NH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed_New_Haven_Airport" title="Tweed New Haven Airport">New Haven</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_International_Jetport" title="Portland International Jetport">Portland</a> (ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Regional_Airport" title="Worcester Regional Airport">Worcester</a> (MA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/32px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/48px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/64px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_England" title="Portal:New England">New England portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_England" title="Category:New England">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New England">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> major urban regions</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>-<a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie%E2%80%93Newburgh%E2%80%93Middletown_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area">Poughkeepsie–Newburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">city 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_metropolitan_area" title="Salisbury metropolitan area">Salisbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington–Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">city</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hartford" title="Greater Hartford">Hartford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Providence metropolitan area">Providence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport" title="Greater Bridgeport">Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">city 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">city 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Danbury" title="Greater Danbury">Danbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Haven" title="Greater New Haven">New Haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Maine" title="Portland metropolitan area, Maine">Portland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston–Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Bridgeport–Stamford–New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford%E2%80%93Springfield" title="Hartford–Springfield">Hartford–Springfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeastern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_US" title="Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_US" title="Template talk:Northeast US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeastern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Culture" title="Northeastern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Geography" title="Northeastern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Elections" title="Northeastern United States">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#History" title="Northeastern United States">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Template:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Template talk:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">County seats of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts" title="Edgartown, Massachusetts">Edgartown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49111#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146568069">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205363/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhhDP64FHgX3cJ4k3qQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009352-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061258">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951255z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951255z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134104&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6068406">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562086305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ff1b74fd-054b-4136-b948-bb88fe55d93f">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074501062">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045468">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&oldid=1259435147">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge,_Massachusetts&oldid=1259435147</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1630_establishments_in_the_Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Category:1630 establishments in the 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