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<span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Visiting emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Late Roman York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_of_Roman_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_of_Roman_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rediscovery of Roman York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_of_Roman_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Archaeological remains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_remains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological remains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visible_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Visible remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eboracum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85" title="إبريكوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبريكوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebor%C3%A0cum" title="Eboràcum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eboràcum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburacum" title="Eburacum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eburacum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوراکوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوراکوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboraco" title="Eboraco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eboraco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Эборакум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эборакум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eborakum" title="Eborakum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eborakum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eboracum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85" title="ایبروراکوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایبروراکوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E8%82%AF" title="埃伯拉肯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃伯拉肯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q958954#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eboracum&params=53_57_42_N_01_04_50_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°04′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.96167°N 1.08056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.96167; -1.08056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman city in present-day York, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1736 publication of this name, see <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake_(antiquary)" title="Francis Drake (antiquary)">Francis Drake (antiquary)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Eboracum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg/250px-2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg/375px-2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg/500px-2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1307" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Modern <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Constantine_the_Great,_York" title="Statue of Constantine the Great, York">statue of Constantine the Great</a> outside <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style 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.pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eboracum is located in England"><img alt="Eboracum is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.613%;left:64.794%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Eboracum"><img alt="Eboracum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within England</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Eburacum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eboracum&params=53_57_42_N_01_04_50_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°04′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.96167°N 1.08056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.96167; -1.08056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Fortification and settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Quintus Petillius Cerialis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">71</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Imperial</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Peter_Wenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Peter Wenham">Leslie Peter Wenham</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/100px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/150px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/200px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="234" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Military of ancient Rome">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military of ancient Rome</a> <div style="font-size:70%;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">753 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">AD 476</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structural history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_army_unit_types" title="List of Roman army unit types">Unit types and ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li></ul> 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title="Castra">Castra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">Triumphal arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;"> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible 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title="Limes Mauretaniae">Limes Mauretaniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eboracum</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ɛbɔˈraːkũː]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fort</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Coloniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniae">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital. The site remained occupied after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and ultimately developed into the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> in 211 AD, and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> in 306 AD. </p><p>The first known recorded mention of Eboracum by name is dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 95–104 AD</span>, and is an address containing the settlement's name, <i>Eburaci</i>, on a wooden <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> tablet from the Roman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Roman period, the name was written both <i>Eboracum</i> and <i>Eburacum</i> (in nominative form).<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Eboracum</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> <i>*Eburākon</i>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> tree place".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="footnote about Monmouth not on page cited - google books snippet view suggests maybe pp.14-5 instead, should this text be placed outside of ref tags and cited separately? (April 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The word for "yew" was <i>*ebura</i> in Proto-Celtic (cf. Old Irish <i>ibar</i> "yew-tree", <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">iúr</i> (older <i>iobhar</i>), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">iubhar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">efwr</i> "<a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_frangula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus frangula">alder buckthorn</a>", <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">evor</i> "alder buckthorn"), combined with the proprietive suffix <i>*-āko(n)</i> "having" (cf. Welsh <i>-og</i>, Gaelic <i>-ach</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-DELAMARRE_159_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DELAMARRE_159-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> tree place" (cf. <i>efrog</i> in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <i>eabhrach/iubhrach</i> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish Gaelic</a> and <i>eabhrach/iobhrach</i> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, by which names the city is known in those languages). The name was then <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> by replacing the Celtic neuter nominative ending <i>-on</i> by its Latin equivalent <i>-um</i>, a common use noted also in Gaul and Lusitania (<a href="/wiki/Ebora_Liberalitas_Julia" title="Ebora Liberalitas Julia">Ebora Liberalitas Julia</a>). Various place names, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne" title="Évry, Essonne">Évry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivry-sur-Seine" title="Ivry-sur-Seine">Ivry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivrey" title="Ivrey">Ivrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory,_Jura" title="Ivory, Jura">Ivory</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivrac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivrac (page does not exist)">Ivrac</a> in France would all come from <i>*eburacon / *eburiacon</i>; for example: <a href="/wiki/Ivry-la-Bataille" title="Ivry-la-Bataille">Ivry-la-Bataille</a> (Eure, <i>Ebriaco</i> in 1023–1033), <a href="/wiki/Ivry-le-Temple" title="Ivry-le-Temple">Ivry-le-Temple</a> (<i>Evriacum</i> in 1199),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne" title="Évry, Essonne">Évry</a> (Essonne, <i>Everiaco</i> in 1158).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DELAMARRE_159_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DELAMARRE_159-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schrijver" title="Peter Schrijver">Peter Schrijver</a> has instead counter-argued that "<i>eburos</i> did not mean yew tree" and that the derivation from Latin <i>ebur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>) instead refers to boar's tusks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> began in 43 AD, but advance beyond the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a> did not take place until the early 70s AD. This was because the people in the area, known as the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> by the Romans, became a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>. When Brigantian leadership changed, becoming more hostile to Rome, Roman general <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Quintus Petillius Cerialis</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VIIII_Hispana" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio VIIII Hispana">Ninth Legion</a> north from <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a> across the Humber.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eboracum was founded in 71 AD when Cerialis and the Ninth Legion constructed a military fortress (<i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></i>) on flat ground above the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> near its junction with the <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a>. In the same year, Cerialis was appointed Governor of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall-27_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A legion at full strength at that time numbered some 5,500 men, and provided new trading opportunities for enterprising local people, who doubtless flocked to Eboracum to take advantage of them. As a result, permanent civilian settlement grew up around the fortress especially on its south-east side. Civilians also settled on the opposite side of the Ouse, initially along the main road from Eboracum to the south-west. By the later 2nd century, growth was rapid; streets were laid out, public buildings were erected and private houses spread out over terraces on the steep slopes above the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its foundation the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> of Eboracum was aligned on a north-east/south-east bearing on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a>. It measured 1,600 × 1,360 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement"><i>pedes monetales</i></a> (474 × 403 m)<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and covered an area of 50 acres (200,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard layout of streets running through the <i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></i> is assumed, although some evidence exists for the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_praetoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Via praetoria">via praetoria</a></i>, <i>via decumana</i> and <i>via sagularis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the modern understanding of the fortress defences has come from extensive excavations undertaken by <a href="/wiki/L._P._Wenham" title="L. P. Wenham">L. P. Wenham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The layout of the fortress also followed the standard for a legionary fortress, with wooden buildings inside a square defensive boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defences, originally consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a> <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">ramparts</a> on a green wood foundation, were built by the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Legion">Ninth Legion</a> between 71 and 74 AD. Later these were replaced by a clay mound with a turf front on a new oak foundation, and eventually, wooden battlements were added, which were then replaced by <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> walls and towers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original wooden camp was refurbished by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> in 81, before being completely rebuilt in stone between 107 and 108. The fortress was garrisoned soon afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix" title="Legio VI Victrix">Sixth Legion</a>, possibly as soon as 118.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple phases of restructuring and rebuilding within the fortress are recorded. Rebuilding in stone began in the early second century AD under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, but may have taken as long as the start of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> to be completed; a period of over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates suggest that over 48,000 m<sup>3</sup> of stone were required,<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely consisting of <a href="/wiki/Magnesian_Limestone" title="Magnesian Limestone">Magnesian Limestone</a> from the quarries near the Roman settlement of <a href="/wiki/Calcaria" title="Calcaria">Calcaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tadcaster" title="Tadcaster">Tadcaster</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visiting_emperors">Visiting emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visiting emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/170px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/255px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/340px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>A bust of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> from 313 to 324 AD; <a href="/wiki/Musei_Capitolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Musei Capitolini">Musei Capitolini</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence that the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> visited in 122 on his way north to plan his great walled frontier. He either brought, or sent earlier, the Sixth Legion to replace the existing garrison. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> visited Eboracum in 208<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made it his base for campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>. (The fortress wall was probably reconstructed during his stay and at the east angle it is possible to see this work standing almost to full height.) The Imperial court was based in York until at least 211, when Severus died and was succeeded by his sons, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biographer, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, described a scene in which the Emperor utters the final words to his two sons on his death bed: "Agree with each other, make the soldiers rich, and ignore everyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus was cremated in Eboracum shortly after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio described the ceremony: "His body arrayed in military garb was placed upon a pyre, and as a mark of honour the soldiers and his sons ran about it and as for the soldier's gifts, those who had things at hand to offer them put them upon it and his sons applied the fire."<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The location of the cremation was not recorded. A hill to the west of modern York, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severus_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severus Hill (page does not exist)">Severus Hill</a>, is associated by some antiquarians as the site where this cremation took place,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no archaeological investigation has corroborated this claim.) </p><p>In the later 3rd century, the western Empire experienced political and economic turmoil and Britain was for some time ruled by usurpers independent of Rome. It was after crushing the last of these that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius I">Constantius I</a> came to Eboracum and, in 306, became the second Emperor to die there. His son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> was instantly proclaimed as successor by the troops based in the fortress. Although it took Constantine eighteen years to become sole ruler of the Empire, he may have retained an interest in Eboracum and the reconstruction of the south-west front of the fortress with polygonally-fronted interval towers and the two great corner towers, one of which (the <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls#Roman_walls" title="York city walls">Multangular Tower</a>) still survives, is probably his work. In the colonia, Constantine's reign was a time of prosperity and a number of extensive stone town houses of the period have been excavated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, Eboracum was the major military base in the north of Britain and, following the 3rd century division of the province of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, the capital of northern Britain, <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a>. By 237 Eboracum had been made a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>, the highest legal status a Roman city could attain; there were only four coloniae in Britain, and all but Eboracum had been founded for retired soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_31_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_31-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mark of Imperial favour was probably a recognition of Eboracum as the largest town in the north and the capital of Britannia Inferior. At around the same time Eboracum became self-governing, with a council made up of rich locals, including merchants and veteran soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 296 Britannia Inferior was divided into two provinces of equal status with Eboracum becoming the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia Secunda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Mars_(full_length)_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Mars_%28full_length%29_YORYM_1998_26-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mars,_York" title="Statue of Mars, York">Statue of Mars</a> from <a href="/wiki/Blossom_Street" title="Blossom Street">Blossom Street</a> in York</figcaption></figure> <p>As a busy <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> and a provincial capital Eboracum was a <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">cosmopolitan</a> city with residents from throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial evidence for the use of cereal crops and animal husbandry can be found in <i>Eboracum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYorkshire1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A first-century warehouse fire from <a href="/wiki/Coney_Street" title="Coney Street">Coney Street</a>, on the North bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">Ouse</a> and outside the fortress, showed that <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> wheat was the most common cereal grain used at that time, followed by barley.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYorkshire1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were the major sources of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYorkshire1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting scenes, as shown through Romano-British "hunt cups",<sup id="cite_ref-FortressPottery_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortressPottery-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggest hunting was a popular pastime and that diet would be supplemented through the hunting of hare, deer and boar. A variety of food preparation vessels (<a href="/wiki/Mortarium" title="Mortarium">mortaria</a>) have been excavated from the city<sup id="cite_ref-FortressPottery_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FortressPottery-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and large millstones used in the processing of cereals have been found in rural sites outside the colonia at <a href="/wiki/Heslington" title="Heslington">Heslington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire">Stamford Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYorkshire1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the ceremonial use of food; dining scenes are used on <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">tombstones</a> to represent an aspirational image of the deceased in the afterlife, reclining on a couch and being served food and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-DiningStele_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiningStele-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tombstones of Julia Velva, Mantinia Maercia and Aelia Aeliana each depict a dining scene.<sup id="cite_ref-DiningStele_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiningStele-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, several inhumation burials from Trentholme Drive contained hen's eggs placed in ceramic urns as grave goods for the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg/220px-Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg/330px-Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg/440px-Plaque_with_Mithraic_scene_YORYM_2007_6125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Mithraic <a href="/wiki/Tauroctony" title="Tauroctony">tauroctony</a> scene from <a href="/wiki/Micklegate" title="Micklegate">Micklegate</a>, evidence of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a> in Eboracum.</figcaption></figure> <p>A range of evidence of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religious beliefs</a> among the people of Eboracum have been found including <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altars</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortune</a>. In terms of number of references, the most popular <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> were the spiritual representation (<a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)"><i>genius</i></a>) of Eboracum and the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of local and regional deities. Evidence showing the worship of eastern deities has also been found during excavations in York. For example, evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a> cult, which was popular among the military, has been found including a sculpture showing Mithras slaying a bull and a dedication to <a href="/wiki/Arimanius" title="Arimanius">Arimanius</a>, the god of evil in the Mithraic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mithraic relief located in Micklegate<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the location of a temple to Mithras right in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the dedication of a temple to <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> God by the Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix" title="Legio VI Victrix">Sixth Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Hieronymianus" title="Claudius Hieronymianus">Claudius Hieronymianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other known deities from the city include: <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_1962_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_1962-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Veteris" title="Veteris">Veteris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_1962_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_1962-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toutatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a>, Chnoubis and the Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></i>. </p><p>There was also a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> community in Eboracum although it is unknown when this was first formed and in archaeological terms there is virtually no record of it. The first evidence of this community is a document noting the attendance of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Eborius" title="Eborius">Eborius</a> of Eboracum at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(314)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (314)">Council of Arles (314)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see</a> at Eboracum was called <i>Eboracensis</i> in Latin and Bishops from the See also attended the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Serdica" title="Council of Serdica">Council of Serdica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ariminum" title="Council of Ariminum">Council of Ariminum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is preserved in the abbreviated form <i>Ebor</i> as the official name of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">archbishop of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_Museum,_York_(Eboracum)_(7685591950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg/220px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg/330px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg/440px-Yorkshire_Museum%2C_York_%28Eboracum%29_%287685591950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Sarcophagus of Julia Fortunata, found in 1887; now in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cemeteries of Roman York follow the major <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman roads</a> out of the settlement; excavations in the Castle Yard (next to <a href="/wiki/Clifford%27s_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford's Tower">Clifford's Tower</a>), beneath the <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">railway station</a>, at Trentholme Drive and the Mount<sup id="cite_ref-textile_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textile-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have located significant evidence of human remains using both <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> burial rites. The cemetery beneath the <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">railway station</a> was subject to excavations in advance of railway works of 1839–41, 1845, and 1870–7.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> were unearthed during this phase of excavations including those of Flavius Bellator<sup id="cite_ref-RIB674_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIB674-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Julia Fortunata.<sup id="cite_ref-RIB687_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIB687-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhumation burial in sarcophagi can often include the body being encased in <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and then in a <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a>. Variations on this combination exist. The gypsum casts, when found undisturbed, frequently retain a cast impression of the deceased in a textile shroud<sup id="cite_ref-textile_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textile-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – surviving examples of both adults and children show a selection of textiles used to wrap the body before interment, but usually plain woven cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-textile_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textile-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high number of sarcophagi from <i>Eboracum</i> has provided a large number of these casts, in some cases with cloth surviving adhered to the gypsum.<sup id="cite_ref-textile_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textile-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two gypsum burials at York have shown evidence for <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and another clear markers of Pistacia spp. (mastic) resin used as part of the funerary rite.<sup id="cite_ref-GypsumBurials_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GypsumBurials-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These resins had been traded to <i>Eboracum</i> from the Mediterranean and eastern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, or southern Arabia, the latter known as the "Frankincense Kingdom" in antiquity<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the northernmost confirmed use of aromatic resins in mortuary contexts during the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-GypsumBurials_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GypsumBurials-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An excavation in advance of building work underneath the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a> in 2010 located a male skeleton with significant <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> to suggest that he may have died as a <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> in Eboracum.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> presence at Eboracum was the driving force behind early developments in its <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. In these early stages, Eboracum operated as a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshops</a> growing up outside the fortress to supply the needs of the 5,000 troops <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisoned</a> there. Production included military pottery until the mid-3rd century, military tile <a href="/wiki/Kilns" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilns">kilns</a> have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Aldwark_(York)" title="Aldwark (York)">Aldwark</a>-<a href="/wiki/Peasholme_Green" title="Peasholme Green">Peasholme Green</a> area, glassworking at <a href="/wiki/Coppergate" title="Coppergate">Coppergate</a>, metalworks and leatherworks producing military equipment in <a href="/wiki/Tanner_Row" title="Tanner Row">Tanner Row</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_31_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_31-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> period, Eboracum was the major manufacturing centre for <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a>. Known as <i>gagates</i> in Latin, it was used from the early 3rd century as material for jewellery<sup id="cite_ref-Jet1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was exported from here throughout Britain and into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples found in York take the form of rings, bracelets, necklaces, and pendants depicting married couples and the <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are fewer than 25 jet pendants in the Roman world,<sup id="cite_ref-Jet2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which six are known from Eboracum. These are housed in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg/220px-Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg/330px-Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg/440px-Yorkshire_Museum_-_skeleton_of_a_wealthy_woman_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4826" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>During construction of the York to <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough Railway Bridge">Scarborough Railway Bridge</a> in 1901, workmen discovered a large stone coffin, close to the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a>. Inside was a <a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">skeleton</a>, accompanied by an array of unusual and expensive objects. This chance find represents one of the most significant discoveries ever made from Roman York.</figcaption></figure> <p>The true paths of all original <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman roads</a> leading out of Eboracum are not known,<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although eleven have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The known roads include <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a> leading North-West from the city through <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_York" title="Clifton, York">Clifton</a> towards the site of <i>Cataractonium</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catterick</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cade%27s_Road" title="Cade's Road">Cade's Road</a> Towards <i>Petuaria</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire">Brough</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ermine_Street" title="Ermine Street">Ermine Street</a> towards <i>Lindum</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum1_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A road bypassing the south wall of the fortress, between the fortress and the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> has not been formally planned, although its path is conjectured to run beneath the <a href="/wiki/York_Museum_Gardens" title="York Museum Gardens">York Museum Gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum1_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Foss" title="River Foss">River Foss</a> provided important access points for the importation of heavy goods. The existence of two possible wharves on the east bank of the River Foss<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support this idea. A large deposit of grain, in a timber structure beneath modern-day Coney Street, on the north-east bank of the River Ouse<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_York2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_York2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the existence of storehouses for moving goods via the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Roman_York">Late Roman York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Late Roman York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">decline</a> of Roman Britain in early fifth century AD led to significant social and economic changes all over Britain. Whilst the latest datable inscription referencing <i>Eboracum</i> dates from 237 AD, the continuation of the settlement after this time is certain.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYork5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYork5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building work in the city continued in the fourth century under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Count_Theodosius" title="Count Theodosius">Count Theodosius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYork5_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYork5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locally produced <a href="/wiki/Crambeck_Ware" title="Crambeck Ware">Crambeck Ware</a> pottery<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrives in <i>Eboracum</i> in the fourth century—the most famous form being intricately decorated buff-yellow "parchment ware" painted with bright shades of red. The effect of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>'s religious policy allowed the greater development of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>—a bishop of York named "Eborius" is attested here and several artifacts decorated with <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">chi-rho</a> symbols are known.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYork5_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYork5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a small bone plaque from an inhumation grave bore the phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">SOROR AVE VIVAS IN DEO</i></span> ("Hail sister may you live in God").<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in the layout of both the fort and <i>colonia</i> occurred in the late fourth century AD, suggested as representing a social change in the domestic lives of the military garrison here whereby they might have lived in smaller family groups with wives, children or other civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-RomanYork5_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanYork5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery_of_Roman_York">Rediscovery of Roman York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rediscovery of Roman York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rediscovery and modern understanding of Eboracum began in the 17th century. Several prominent figures have been involved in this process. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lister" title="Martin Lister">Martin Lister</a> was the first to recognise that the <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls#Roman_walls" title="York city walls">Multangular Tower</a> was Roman in date in a 1683 paper with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Horsley_(antiquarian)" title="John Horsley (antiquarian)">John Horsley</a>'s 1732 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Britannia Romana</i></span>, or "The Roman Antiquities of Britain", included a chapter on Roman York and at least partly informed <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake_(antiquary)" title="Francis Drake (antiquary)">Francis Drake</a>'s 1736 <i>Eboracum</i><sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the first book of its kind on Roman York. Drake also published accounts in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rev. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wellbeloved" title="Charles Wellbeloved">Charles Wellbeloved</a> was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Philosophical_Society" title="Yorkshire Philosophical Society">Yorkshire Philosophical Society</a> and a curator of the antiquities in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a> until his death in 1858. He published a systematic account of Roman York titled <i>Eboracum or York under the Romans</i> in 1842,<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including first hand records of discoveries during excavations in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hargrove" title="William Hargrove">William Hargrove</a> brought many new discoveries to the attention of the public through published articles in his newspaper the <i>Herald</i> and the <i>Courant</i><sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published a series of guides with references to casual finds. </p><p>The first large-scale excavations were undertaken by S. Miller from <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow University">Glasgow University</a> in the 1920s<sup id="cite_ref-RCHME_Eboracum2_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCHME_Eboracum2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a focus on the defences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_remains">Archaeological remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Archaeological remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial physical remains have been excavated in York in the last two centuries<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">city walls</a>, the legionary bath-house and headquarters building, civilian houses, workshops, storehouses and cemeteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_remains">Visible remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Visible remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Remains of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a> building, at the north side of the Principia are visible in the <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>. A column found during excavations and a modern statue of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> are located outside.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The multangular tower of <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">York city walls</a> is a multi-period structure based on the south-west corner tower of the Roman Legionary Fortress. It is within the <a href="/wiki/York_Museum_Gardens" title="York Museum Gardens">York Museum Gardens</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Bath,_York" title="Roman Bath, York">Roman Bath</a> pub and museum (<a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_Square" title="St Sampson's Square">St Sampson's Square</a>) displays remains of the military bath-house.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A fragment of foundations of the western curtain wall is visible through a glass floor in a cafe near <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls#Bars" title="York city walls">Bootham bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A large number of Roman finds are now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YORKMUS_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YORKMUS-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/York_Museum_Gardens" title="York Museum Gardens">York Museum Gardens</a> have Roman <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> on open display.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">History of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_New_York_City" title="Seal of New York City">Seal of New York City</a> which is inscribed <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sigillum Civitatis Novi Eboraci</i></span></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllason-Jones1996" class="citation book cs1">Allason-Jones, Lindsay (1996). <i>Roman Jet in the Yorkshire Museum</i>. York: Yorkshire Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905807171" title="Special:BookSources/9780905807171"><bdi>9780905807171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Jet+in+the+Yorkshire+Museum&rft.place=York&rft.pub=Yorkshire+Museum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780905807171&rft.aulast=Allason-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baines_(1774%E2%80%931848)" title="Edward Baines (1774–1848)">Baines, Edward</a>, ed. (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historydirector02baingoog"><i>History, directory & gazetteer, of the county of York, Vol. II</i></a>. Leeds: Leeds Mercury Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+directory+%26+gazetteer%2C+of+the+county+of+York%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pub=Leeds+Mercury+Office&rft.date=1823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorydirector02baingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingwood1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood, R.G.</a>, ed. (1965). <i>Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Vol I</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Inscriptions+of+Britain%2C+Vol+I&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1736" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake_(antiquary)" title="Francis Drake (antiquary)">Drake, Francis</a> (1736). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125011569627/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>Eboracum or the History and Antiquities of the City of York</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/03016196">03016196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eboracum+or+the+History+and+Antiquities+of+the+City+of+York&rft.date=1736&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F03016196&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125011569627%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom1981" class="citation book cs1">Groom, N. (1981). <i>Frankincense and Myrrh: a Study of the Arabian Incense Trade</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582764767" title="Special:BookSources/9780582764767"><bdi>9780582764767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankincense+and+Myrrh%3A+a+Study+of+the+Arabian+Incense+Trade&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780582764767&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1996" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard (1996) [1996]. <i>English Heritage: Book of York</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/B.T.Batsford_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="B.T.Batsford Ltd">B.T.Batsford Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-7720-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-7720-2"><bdi>0-7134-7720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Heritage%3A+Book+of+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=B.T.Batsford+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7134-7720-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley1985" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, Elizabeth (1985). <i>Roman Life at the Yorkshire Museum</i>. The Yorkshire Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905807-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-905807-02-2"><bdi>0-905807-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Life+at+the+Yorkshire+Museum&rft.pub=The+Yorkshire+Museum&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-905807-02-2&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNègre1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nègre, Ernest (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC"><i>Toponymie générale de la France</i></a> (in French). Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600028837" title="Special:BookSources/9782600028837"><bdi>9782600028837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponymie+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+la+France&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9782600028837&rft.aulast=N%C3%A8gre&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsNpi7IVulEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttaway2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ottaway" title="Patrick Ottaway">Ottaway, Patrick</a> (2013). <i>Roman Yorkshire: People, Culture and Landscape</i>. Pickering: Blackthorn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906259334" title="Special:BookSources/9781906259334"><bdi>9781906259334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Yorkshire%3A+People%2C+Culture+and+Landscape&rft.place=Pickering&rft.pub=Blackthorn+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781906259334&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttaway2004" class="citation book cs1">Ottaway, Patrick (2004). <i>Roman York</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2916-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2916-7"><bdi>0-7524-2916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+York&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7524-2916-7&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRCHME1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Historical_Monuments_of_England" title="Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England">RCHME</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol1"><i>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 1, Eburacum, Roman York (Royal Commission on Historical Monuments England)</i></a> – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inventory+of+the+Historical+Monuments+in+City+of+York%2C+Volume+1%2C+Eburacum%2C+Roman+York+%28Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments+England%29&rft.date=1962&rft.au=RCHME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Frchme%2Fyork%2Fvol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wellbeloved, c. 1852 (1st edition). <i>A descriptive account of the antiquities in the grounds and in the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1988" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Ronald (1988). <i>The illustrated portrait of York</i> (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-3468-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-3468-7"><bdi>0-7090-3468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrated+portrait+of+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+Limited&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7090-3468-7&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hall-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, p. 27; the wholly fictitious king <i>Ebraucus</i> (derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> spelling of the place name, <i>(Cair) Ebrauc</i>), ruling in the days of biblical <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, was an invention of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DELAMARRE_159-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DELAMARRE_159_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DELAMARRE_159_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Xavier Delamarre</a>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise</i></span></i>, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNègre1990">Nègre 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC&dq=Ivry+Ernest+N%C3%A8gre&pg=PA213">213</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNègre1990">Nègre 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsNpi7IVulEC&dq=Evry+Ernest+N%C3%A8gre&pg=PA212">212</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Schrijver2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Schrijver (2015). "The meaning of Celtic *eburos". In G. Oudaer; G. Hily; H. le Bihan (eds.). <i>Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+Celtic+%2Aeburos&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9langes+en+l%27honneur+de+Pierre-Yves+Lambert&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Peter+Schrijver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willis35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willis35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis1988">Willis 1988</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-27-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall-27_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_York4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttaway2004">Ottaway 2004</a>, pp. 34–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1961" class="citation journal cs1">Wenham, L. P. (1961). "Excavations and discoveries adjoining the south-west wall of the Roman legionary fortress in Feasegate, York, 1955–57". <i>Yorkshire Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">329–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Excavations+and+discoveries+adjoining+the+south-west+wall+of+the+Roman+legionary+fortress+in+Feasegate%2C+York%2C+1955%E2%80%9357&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1962" class="citation journal cs1">Wenham, L. P. (1962). "Excavations and discoveries within the Legionary Fortress in Davygate, York, 1955–58". <i>Yorkshire Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">507–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Excavations+and+discoveries+within+the+Legionary+Fortress+in+Davygate%2C+York%2C+1955%E2%80%9358&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenham, L. P. 1965 'The South-West defences of the Fortress of Eboracum' in Jarrett, M. G. and Dobson, B. (eds.) <i>Britain and Rome</i>. pp. 1–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis1988">Willis 1988</a>, pp. 19–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverfield1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Haverfield" title="Francis J. Haverfield">Haverfield, Francis John</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eburācum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ebur%C4%81cum">"Eburācum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). p. 844.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebur%C4%81cum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=844&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Haverfield&rft.aufirst=Francis+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_York5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttaway2004">Ottaway 2004</a>, pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England54930" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=54930&resourceID=19191">"Calcaria Roman Town (54930)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Calcaria+Roman+Town+%2854930%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D54930%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_York3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_York3_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttaway2004">Ottaway 2004</a>, pp. 79–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio, Cassius. <i>Historia Romana</i> 76.15.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1823">Baines 1823</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historydirector02baingoog/page/n34/mode/2up">15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_31-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_31_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_31_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartley1985">Hartley 1985</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartley1985">Hartley 1985</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomanYorkshire1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomanYorkshire1_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOttaway2013">Ottaway 2013</a>, pp. 137–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FortressPottery-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FortressPottery_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FortressPottery_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, J. 1993. <i>Roman Pottery from the Fortress</i> (Archaeology of York 16/7). York: York Archaeological Trust</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiningStele-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiningStele_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiningStele_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, P (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roman+remains+hidden+for+the+past+105+years+are+revealed+again%2C+as+works+nears+completion+on+new+cafe+in+York&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.au=Laycock%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F13410255.Roman_remains_hidden_for_the_past_105_years_are_revealed_again__as_works_nears_completion_on_new_cafe_in_York%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YORKMUS-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YORKMUS_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk/collections/collections-highlights/archaeology/">"Collections Highlights: Archaeology"</a>. York Museums Trust. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections+Highlights%3A+Archaeology&rft.pub=York+Museums+Trust&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fcollections-highlights%2Farchaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEboracum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eboracum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104092911/http://www.visityork.org/York-Roman-Bath-Public-House/details/?dms=13&venue=1500315">Archived</a> 4 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eboracum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surviving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford#Early_history" title="Chelmsford">Caesaromagus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Dobunnorum" title="Corinium Dobunnorum">Corinium Dobunnorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durnovaria" title="Durnovaria">Durnovaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durovernum_Cantiacorum" title="Durovernum Cantiacorum">Durovernum Cantiacorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glevum" title="Glevum">Glevum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Dumnoniorum" title="Isca Dumnoniorum">Isca Dumnoniorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactodurum" title="Lactodurum">Lactodurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Towcester" title="Towcester">Towcester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moridunum_(Carmarthen)" title="Moridunum (Carmarthen)">Moridunum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Noviomagus Reginorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brough,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire">Brough</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratae_Corieltauvorum" title="Ratae Corieltauvorum">Ratae Corieltauvorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Belgarum" title="Venta Belgarum">Venta Belgarum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Viroconium Cornoviorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wroxeter" title="Wroxeter">Wroxeter</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchester" title="Alchester">Alchester</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wendlebury" title="Wendlebury">Wendlebury</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannaventa" title="Bannaventa">Bannaventa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Calleva Atrebatum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunetio" title="Cunetio">Cunetio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>)</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain" title="List of Roman place names in Britain">List of Roman place names in Britain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman visitor sites in the UK</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/150px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/200px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Archaeological_remains">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Geographic <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958954#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-21T02:31:13Z","dateModified":"2025-01-18T03:33:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/2009-04-13_ConstantineTheGreat_York.jpg","headline":"archaeological site and Roman provincial capital on the site of York, England"}</script> </body> </html>