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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenatal_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Prenatal care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenatal_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antenatal_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antenatal_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Antenatal care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antenatal_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other family members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_drug_and_alcohol_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_drug_and_alcohol_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Role of drug and alcohol use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_drug_and_alcohol_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_puberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_puberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Early puberty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_puberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Lack of contraception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Sexual abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Dating violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Socioeconomic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Childhood environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Media influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstinence_only_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstinence_only_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Abstinence only education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstinence_only_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Developing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevalence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevalence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sub-Saharan Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teenage_fatherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teenage_fatherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Teenage fatherhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teenage_fatherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intersection_of_society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intersection_of_society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Intersection of society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intersection_of_society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Intersection of society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Intersection_of_society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Born_to_teenage_mothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Born_to_teenage_mothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Born to teenage mothers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Born_to_teenage_mothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Teenage pregnancy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حمل المراهقات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمل المراهقات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="কৈশোৰ গৰ্ভাৱস্থা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৈশোৰ গৰ্ভাৱস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embaranzu_adolescente" title="Embaranzu adolescente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Embaranzu adolescente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="কিশোরী গর্ভাবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিশোরী গর্ভাবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embar%C3%A0s_adolescent" title="Embaràs adolescent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embaràs adolescent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_bili_puli" title="Bi bili puli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bi bili puli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutterschaft_Minderj%C3%A4hriger" title="Mutterschaft Minderjähriger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mutterschaft Minderjähriger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarazo_adolescente" title="Embarazo adolescente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embarazo adolescente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بارداری نوجوانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بارداری نوجوانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossesse_de_l%27adolescente" title="Grossesse de l'adolescente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grossesse de l'adolescente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarazo_adolescente" title="Embarazo adolescente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Embarazo adolescente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դեռահասային հղիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեռահասային հղիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinejd%C5%BEerska_trudno%C4%87a" title="Tinejdžerska trudnoća – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tinejdžerska trudnoća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ime_ime_n%27oge_uto" title="Ime ime n'oge uto – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ime ime n'oge uto" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehamilan_remaja" title="Kehamilan remaja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehamilan remaja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukukhulelwa_kwentsha" title="Ukukhulelwa kwentsha – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukukhulelwa kwentsha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="היריון בגיל נעורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היריון בגיל נעורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inda_mu_bangavu" title="Inda mu bangavu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inda mu bangavu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimba_za_utotoni" title="Mimba za utotoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mimba za utotoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusaud%C5%BEu_gr%C5%ABtniec%C4%ABba" title="Pusaudžu grūtniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusaudžu grūtniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngan%E1%B8%8Dung_ghi%27_k%C3%A8n%C3%A8%27" title="Nganḍung ghi' kènè' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nganḍung ghi' kènè'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehamilan_remaja" title="Kehamilan remaja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kehamilan remaja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A3" title="十代の出産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="十代の出産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="କିଶୋରୀ ଗର୍ଭାଧାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କିଶୋରୀ ଗର୍ଭାଧାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erta_homiladorlik" title="Erta homiladorlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erta homiladorlik" 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condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Teenage pregnancy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Teen pregnancy, adolescent pregnancy</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf/page1-220px-Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf/page1-330px-Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf/page1-440px-Preventing_Teen_Pregnancy_in_the_US-CDC_Vital_Signs-April_2011.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1687" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A US government poster on teen pregnancy. Over 1,100 teenagers, mostly aged 18 or 19,<a href="#cite_note-Historic-1">[1]</a> give birth every day in the United States.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> under the age of 20<a href="#cite_note-WHO2004-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum infection">postpartum infection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">Comprehensive sex education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a><a href="#cite_note-Ori2016-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">23 million per year in the developed world, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">Leading cause of death in 15 to 19 year old females, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> under the age of 20. Worldwide, pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">legally considered adults</a> in their country.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2004-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years.<a href="#cite_note-WHO1-5">[5]</a> Pregnancy can occur with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> after the start of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, which can happen before the <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">first menstrual period</a> (menarche).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In healthy, well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy-related issues as older women.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Teenagers are more likely to experience pregnancy complications or <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal death</a> than women aged 20 or older. There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth.<a href="#cite_note-savethechildren-10">[10]</a> For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> factors than with the biological effects of age.<a href="#cite_note-makinson-11">[11]</a> Risks of <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premature_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature labor">premature labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a> are not connected to <a href="/wiki/Biological_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological age">biological age</a> by the time a girl is 16, as they are not observed in births to older teens after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to high-quality <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">prenatal care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Teenage pregnancies are related to <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a>, including lower <a href="/wiki/Educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational">educational</a> levels and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> and is often associated with a <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-14">[14]</a> Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and approximately half are planned.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination, <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_sex_education" title="Comprehensive sex education">educational interventions</a> and access to <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-Ori2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 2023, globally, about 41 females per 1,000 gave birth between the ages of 15 and 19, compared with roughly 65 births per 1,000 in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> From 2015 to 2021, an estimated 14 percent of adolescent girls and young women globally reported giving birth before age 18.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2022-17">[17]</a> The adolescent birth rate is higher in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC), compared to higher- income countries. In the developing world, approximately 2.5 million females aged 15 to 19 years old have children each year.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> Another 3.9 million have <a href="/wiki/Abortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortions">abortions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> It is more common in rural than urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-3">[3]</a> In 2021, 13.3 million babies, or about 10 percent of the total worldwide, were born to mothers under 20 years old.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> defines <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a> as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years.<a href="#cite_note-WHO1-5">[5]</a> The mother's age is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception.<a href="#cite_note-Kost-19">[19]</a> Consequently, the statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Kost-19">[19]</a> Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Teenage pregnancy, with conceptions normally involving girls between ages 16 and 19, was far more normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in the 20th century. Among Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. The rates have steadily declined throughout the developed world since that 20th-century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became teenage mothers, and rates have fallen since then.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act</a> of 1996 included the objective of reducing the number of young Black and Latina single mothers on welfare, which became the foundation for teenage pregnancy prevention in the United States and the founding of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, now known as Power to Decide.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty."<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Pregnancy-24">[24]</a> Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutrition as the majority of adolescents tend to come from lower-income households. The risk of maternal death for girls under age 15 in low and middle income countries is higher than for women in their twenties.<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Pregnancy-24">[24]</a> Teenage pregnancy also affects girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects.<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-25">[25]</a> Studies have examined the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teens. Life outcomes for teenage mothers and their children vary. Other factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a>, may be more important than the age of the mother at the birth. Many solutions to counteract the more negative findings have been proposed. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child-care support are more likely to continue their education and get higher paying jobs as they progress with their education.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A holistic approach is required in order to address teenage pregnancy. This means not focusing on changing the behaviour of girls but addressing the underlying reasons of adolescent pregnancy such as poverty, gender inequality, social pressures and coercion. This approach should include "providing age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, investing in girls' education, preventing <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">child marriage</a>, sexual violence and coercion, building gender-equitable societies by empowering girls and engaging men and boys and ensuring adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health information as well as services that welcome them and facilitate their choices".<a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-25">[25]</a> In the United States one third of high school students reported being sexually active. In 2011–2013, 79% of females reported using birth control. Teenage pregnancy puts young women at risk for health issues, economic, social and financial issues.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teenager">Teenager</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teenager">edit</a>]</div> Being a young mother in a first world country can affect one's <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>. Teen mothers are more likely to <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">drop out</a> of <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a> A 2001 study found that women who gave birth during their teens completed <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary-level schooling</a> 10–12% as often and pursued <a href="/wiki/Post-secondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary education">post-secondary education</a> 14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Young motherhood in an <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized country">industrialized country</a> can affect <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. A 2009 study found that teenage girls who are pregnant or are mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, nearly 1 in 4 teen mothers will experience another pregnancy within two years of having their first.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_on_Teen_Pregnancy-33">[33]</a> Pregnancy and giving birth significantly increases the chance that these mothers will become high school dropouts and as many as half have to go on welfare. Many teen parents do not have the intellectual or emotional maturity that is needed to provide for another life.<a href="#cite_note-Day_2009-34">[34]</a> Often, these pregnancies are hidden for months, resulting in a lack of adequate prenatal care and dangerous outcomes for the babies.<a href="#cite_note-Day_2009-34">[34]</a> Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have closely spaced repeat births, include marriage and education. The likelihood decreases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and increases if she gets married.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child">Child</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Child">edit</a>]</div> Early motherhood can affect the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">psychosocial development</a> of the infant. The children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with a low birth weight, predisposing them to many other lifelong conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-2012-36">[36]</a> Children of teen mothers are at higher risk of intellectual, language, and socio-emotional delays.<a href="#cite_note-Day_2009-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disabilities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavioral</a> issues are increased in children born to teen mothers.<a href="#cite_note-aap-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> One study suggested that adolescent mothers are less likely to <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimulate</a> their infant through <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affectionate behaviors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">smiling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">verbal communication</a>, or to be <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (human)">sensitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">accepting</a> toward their needs.<a href="#cite_note-aap-37">[37]</a> Another found that those who had more <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a> were less likely to show <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> toward their children or to rely upon <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Poor <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">academic performance</a> in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with many of the children being held back a grade level, scoring lower on standardized tests, and/or failing to graduate from secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a> Daughters born to adolescent <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parents</a> are more likely to become teen mothers themselves.<a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Furstenberg-40">[40]</a> Sons born to teenage mothers are three times more likely to <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">serve time</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prenatal_care">Prenatal care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prenatal care">edit</a>]</div> Maternal and <a href="/wiki/Prenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal">prenatal</a> health is of particular concern among teens who are pregnant or parenting. The worldwide incidence of <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">low birth weight</a> is higher among adolescent mothers.<a href="#cite_note-makinson-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In a rural hospital in West Bengal, teenage mothers between 15 and 19 years old were more likely to have anemia, preterm delivery, and a baby with a lower birth weight than mothers between 20 and 24 years old.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Research indicates that pregnant teens are less likely to receive <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">prenatal care</a>, often seeking it in the <a href="/wiki/Third_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="Third trimester">third trimester</a>, if at all.<a href="#cite_note-makinson-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a> reports that one-third of pregnant teens receive insufficient prenatal care and that their children are more likely to have health issues in childhood or be <a href="/wiki/Inpatient_care" title="Inpatient care">hospitalized</a> than those born to older women.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the United States, teenage <a href="/wiki/Latinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinas">Latinas</a> who become pregnant face barriers to receiving healthcare because they are the least insured group in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling_2009_19–28-45">[45]</a> Young mothers who are given high-quality maternity care have significantly healthier babies than those who do not. Many of the health-issues associated with teenage mothers appear to result from lack of access to adequate medical care.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Many pregnant teens are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Illnesses_related_to_poor_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Illnesses related to poor nutrition">nutritional deficiencies</a> from poor <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">eating habits</a> common in adolescence, including attempts to <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">lose weight</a> through <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">dieting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">skipping meals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_faddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Food faddism">food faddism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snacking</a>, and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Inadequate <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">nutrition during pregnancy</a> is an even more marked problem among teenagers in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> result in the deaths of an estimated 70,000 teen girls in developing countries each year. Young mothers and their babies are also at greater risk of contracting <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-savethechildren-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as high for girls aged 15–19 than for women aged 20–24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged 10–14 than for women aged 20–24. Illegal abortion also holds many risks for teenage girls in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-subsahara-50">[50]</a> Risks for medical complications are greater for girls aged under 15, as an underdeveloped <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a> can lead to difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. Obstructed labour is normally dealt with by <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized nations</a>. In developing regions where medical services might be unavailable, it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">obstetric fistula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-savethechildren-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-unfpa.org-25">[25]</a> For mothers who are older than fifteen, age is not a risk factor, and poor outcomes are associated more with socioeconomic factors rather than with biology.<a href="#cite_note-makinson-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antenatal_care">Antenatal care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antenatal care">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, UNICEF noted that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">84 percent of pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 attended at least one antenatal care visit as compared to 88 percent of all women and girls aged 15-49. Fewer adolescent girls received skilled delivery care as compared to all women and girls (77 to 84 percent). Additionally, fewer adolescent girls received postnatal care for themselves as compared to all women and girls (66 percent vs 69 percent).<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF_dec22-51">[51]</a></blockquote> The agency noted regional disparities, noting that in West and Central Africa, "48 percent of newborns to adolescent mothers had a postnatal contact as compared to 52 percent of newborns to all mothers".<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF_dec22-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> The lifetime <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> caused by teenage pregnancy in different countries varies, from 1% to 30% of the annual GDP, with 30% being the figure in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA-52">[52]</a> In the United States, teenage pregnancy costs taxpayers between $9.4 and $28 billion in 2016, due to factors such as foster care and lost tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-HHS-53">[53]</a> A 2014 study estimated that an increase in economic productivity from ending teenage pregnancy in Brazil and India would be worth $3.5 billion and $7.7 billion respectively.<a href="#cite_note-UNFPA-52">[52]</a> Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child support, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete high school reduces career opportunities for many young women.<a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a> One study found that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverished</a> at the time of giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A 2002 study found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers sought <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare (financial aid)">social assistance</a> within the first five years of their child's life.<a href="#cite_note-natcamp-30">[30]</a> A 1999 study of 100 teenaged mothers in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> found that only 11% received a <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, while the remaining 89% were <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Most British teenage mothers live in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribution.<a href="#cite_note-dfes-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young woman's <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-subsahara-50">[50]</a> Countries where <a href="/wiki/Teenage_marriage" title="Teenage marriage">teenage marriages</a> are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than in cities.<a href="#cite_note-escap-58">[58]</a> Many teenagers are not taught about methods of birth control and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex before they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do not have any cognition of the central facts of sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_incentive" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic incentive">Economic incentives</a> also influence the decision to have children. In societies where children are set to work at an early age, it is economically attractive to have many children.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such as many developed countries, young age at first <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">intercourse</a> and lack of use of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> methods (or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use; the use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem) may be factors in teen pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-toosoon-62">[62]</a> Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned.<a href="#cite_note-toosoon-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-psi-63">[63]</a> Many Western countries have instituted <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> programs, the main objective of which is to reduce unplanned pregnancies and <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STIs</a>. Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-guttmacher2-64">[64]</a> Teenage pregnancies are common among <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> because they marry earlier.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_family_members">Other family members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other family members">edit</a>]</div> Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that the younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> and more likely to accept <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">human sexual behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parenting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">non-marital</a> and early births, in addition to being more susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(psychology)" title="Recklessness (psychology)">high-risk behaviors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> If the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit the children, they have an increased probability of getting pregnant themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-67">[67]</a> Once an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A 2011 study in Norway found that the probability of a younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from 1:5 to 2:5 if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a></div> In most countries, most males experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-GImen-70">[70]</a> Males in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-GImen-70">[70]</a> In a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn't really want to do".<a href="#cite_note-kaiser-71">[71]</a> Several polls have indicated <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex.<a href="#cite_note-pollingdata-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday-73">[73]</a> The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_drug_and_alcohol_use">Role of drug and alcohol use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Role of drug and alcohol use">edit</a>]</div> Inhibition-reducing <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex. <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">Correlation does not imply causation</a>. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">"ecstasy"</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamines</a>. The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, of which a well-known effect is the significant reduction of <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> – it appears that teenage <a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">opioid</a> <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">users</a> have significantly reduced rates of conception compared to their peers who do not use opioids, and peers who do use <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">"ecstasy"</a>, cannabis, and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaiser-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Besharov-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_puberty">Early puberty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early puberty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">Precocious puberty</a></div> Girls who mature early (precocious puberty) are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age, which in turn puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_contraception">Lack of contraception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lack of contraception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></div> Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information.<a href="#cite_note-pollingdata-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-britsexed-78">[78]</a> Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the UK set a target to halve the under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy (TPS) was established to achieve this. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media. <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudices</a> are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, often affect choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the US, according to the 2002 <a href="/wiki/National_Survey_of_Family_Growth" title="National Survey of Family Growth">National Survey of Family Growth</a>, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives (18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44).<a href="#cite_note-trusell&Wynn-81">[81]</a> More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended.<a href="#cite_note-speidel-82">[82]</a> Over half of <a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">unintended pregnancies</a> were to women not using <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>,<a href="#cite_note-trusell&Wynn-81">[81]</a> most of the rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use.<a href="#cite_note-speidel-82">[82]</a> 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996 <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)" title="Seventeen (American magazine)">Seventeen</a> magazine poll admitted to having had <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">unprotected sex</a> with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 <a href="/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" title="Parade (magazine)">PARADE</a> poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.<a href="#cite_note-pollingdata-72">[72]</a> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/National_Longitudinal_Study_of_Adolescent_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health">National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health</a> surveyed 1,027 students in the US in grades 7–12 to compare the use of contraceptives among Whites, Blacks, and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a>. 36.2% of Hispanics said they never used contraception during intercourse, compared to 23.3% of Black teens and 17.0% of White teens who did not use contraceptives during intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling_2009_19–28-45">[45]</a> In a 2012 US study, over 1,000 females were surveyed to find out factors contributing to not using contraception. Of those surveyed, almost half had been involved in unprotected sex within the previous three months. These women gave three main reasons for not using contraceptives: trouble obtaining birth control (the most frequent reason), lack of intention to have sex, and the misconception that they "could not get pregnant".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In a 2011 study for the <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a>, researchers found that from a comparative perspective, however, teenage pregnancy rates in the US are less nuanced than one might initially assume. "Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across [Sweden, France, Canada, Great Britain, and the US], the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less, and possibly less-effective, contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers."<a href="#cite_note-DJE-84">[84]</a> Thus, the cause for the discrepancy between rich nations can be traced largely to contraceptive-based issues. Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a 2007 study found that the rate of contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inexperienced adolescents may use <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> incorrectly, forget to take <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">oral contraceptives</a>, or fail to use the contraceptives they had previously chosen. <a href="/wiki/Pearl_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl index">Contraceptive failure rates</a> are higher for teenagers, particularly poor ones, than for older users.<a href="#cite_note-Besharov-75">[75]</a> Long-acting contraceptives such as <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">intrauterine devices</a>, subcutaneous <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">contraceptive implants</a>, and contraceptive injections (such as <a href="/wiki/Depo-Provera" class="mw-redirect" title="Depo-Provera">Depo-Provera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">combined injectable contraceptive</a>), which prevent pregnancy for months or years at a time, are more effective in women who have trouble remembering to take pills or using barrier methods consistently. According to Encyclopedia of Women's Health, published in 2004, there has been an increased effort to provide contraception to adolescents via family planning services and school-based health, such as HIV prevention education.<a href="#cite_note-Teen_Pregnancy-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse">Sexual abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sexual abuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div> Studies from South Africa have found that 11–20% of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape. About 60% of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary. The Guttmacher Institute found that 60% of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males, who on average were six years their senior.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2003, one in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood sexual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 70% of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls. By contrast, 25% of women who did not give birth as teens were molested.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In some countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is not considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the maturity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual sex with an adult. In those countries, sex with a minor is therefore considered <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>. In most European countries, by contrast, once an adolescent has reached the age of consent, he or she can legally have sexual relations with adults because it is held that in general (although certain limitations may still apply), reaching the age of consent enables a juvenile to consent to sex with any partner who has also reached that age. Therefore, the definition of statutory rape is limited to sex with a person under the minimum age of consent. What constitutes statutory rape ultimately differs by jurisdiction (see <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_violence">Dating violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dating violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dating_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating abuse">Dating abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teen_dating_violence" title="Teen dating violence">Teen dating violence</a></div> Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relationships at the time of their conceiving.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> They have also reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and controlling behaviors on part of their boyfriends. Girls under age 18 are twice as likely to be beaten by their child's father than women over age 18. A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experienced adolescent domestic violence. Similar results have been found in studies in the US. A Washington State study found 70% of teenage mothers had been beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control sabotage">birth control sabotage</a> within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage. In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls without children, 62% of girls aged 11–15 and 56% of girls aged 16–19 reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreover, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyfriend attempted to sabotage their efforts to use birth control.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_factors">Socioeconomic factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic factors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Child_Mother.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Child_Mother.jpg/220px-The_Child_Mother.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Child_Mother.jpg/330px-The_Child_Mother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Child_Mother.jpg/440px-The_Child_Mother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>A young poverty-stricken girl clutches her child. <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a> illustration from Street Arabs and Gutter Snipes by George Carter Needham, Boston, 1884.</figcaption></figure> Teenage pregnancy has been defined predominantly within the research field and among social agencies as a social problem. <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a> is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Besharov-75">[75]</a> Economically poor countries such as <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries such as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-globalis-95">[95]</a> In the UK in 2001, around half of all pregnancies to those under 18 were concentrated among the 30% most deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 2001, the teenage birth rate in the well-off <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central regions</a> is only 3.3 per 1,000, while in the poorer <a href="/wiki/Mezzogiorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzogiorno">Mezzogiorno</a> it is 10.0 per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a> Similarly, in the US in 2001, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Mike_A._Males" title="Mike A. Males">Mike A. Males</a> noted that teenage birth rates closely mapped poverty rates in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>:<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>County </th> <th>Poverty rate </th> <th>Birth rate* </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin County</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare County</a> (Caucasians) </td> <td>18% </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare County</a> (Hispanics) </td> <td>40% </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> * per 1,000 women aged 15–19 Teen pregnancy cost the US over $9.1 billion in 2004, including $1.9 billion for health care, $2.3 billion for child welfare, $2.1 billion for incarceration, and $2.9 billion in lower tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> There is little evidence to support the common belief that teenage mothers become pregnant to get benefits, welfare, and council housing. Most knew little about housing or financial aid before they got pregnant, and what they thought they knew often turned out to be wrong.<a href="#cite_note-psi-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_environment">Childhood environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Childhood environment">edit</a>]</div> Girls exposed to abuse, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A 2001 study suggested that boys raised by mothers who experienced physical abuse, or who experienced domestic violence directly, were more likely to be involved in a teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A 2003 study found that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early sexual activity. The lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were present throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still about five times more likely in the US and three times more likely in New Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Low <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A girl is more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sister gave birth in her teens.<a href="#cite_note-Furstenberg-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-67">[67]</a> A majority of respondents in a 1988 <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies</a> survey attributed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy to a breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">communication</a> between parents and child and also to inadequate <a href="/wiki/Parental_supervision" title="Parental supervision">parental supervision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pollingdata-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a> youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as teenagers. The National Casey Alumni Study, which surveyed foster care alumni from 23 communities across the US, found the birth rate for girls in foster care was more than double the rate of their peers outside the foster care system. A University of Chicago study of youth transitioning out of foster care in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin found that nearly half of the females had been pregnant by age 19. The Utah Department of Human Services found that girls who had left the foster care system between 1999 and 2004 had a birth rate nearly three times the rate for girls in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_influence">Media influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media influence">edit</a>]</div> A 2006 study found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were more likely to engage in sexual activity themselves.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, "teens exposed to the most sexual content on TV are twice as likely as teens watching less of this material to become pregnant before they reach age 20".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and access to <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> appear to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[108]</a> It is unclear which type of intervention is most effective.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[108]</a> In the US free access to a <a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">long acting form of reversible birth control</a> along with education decreased the rates of teen pregnancies by around 80% and the rate of abortions by more than 75%.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Currently there are four federal programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy: Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP), Personal Responsibility Education Program (PREP), Title V Sexual Risk Avoidance Education, and Sexual Risk Avoidance Education.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The Dutch approach to preventing teenage pregnancy has often been seen as a model by other countries. The curriculum focuses on values, attitudes, communication and negotiation skills, as well as biological aspects of reproduction. The media has encouraged open dialogue and the health-care system guarantees confidentiality and a non-judgmental approach.<a href="#cite_note-dutchmodel-111">[111]</a> In the United States 2016, 39 states and the District of Columbia out of the 50 states required some form of sex education of HIV education.<a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_HIV_Education-112">[112]</a> Out of these 39 states and the District of Columbia, 17 states require that the sexual education provided be medically accurate, and 3 states prohibit a program from promoting sexual education in a religious way. These three states include California, Colorado, and Louisiana. 19 of those 39 states stress the importance of only having sex when in a committed marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_HIV_Education-112">[112]</a> From this data, 11 states currently have no requirement for sexual education for any years of schooling, meaning these 11 states may have no sexual education at all. This could mean these states are allowed to teach sexual education in any way they would like, including in medically inaccurate ways. This point is also valid for those 22 states that do not require sexual education to be medically accurate. Comprehensive sexual education has been proven to work to reduce the risk of teen pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-Sexuality_Education-113">[113]</a> Without a nationwide mandate for medically accurate programs, teenagers in the United States are at risk for missing out on valuable information that can protect them. It is unfair to expect teenagers to make educated decisions about sex that can lead to teen pregnancy when they have never been properly educated about the issue. A program developed by experts in public health and sexual education titled National Sexuality Education Standards, is a valuable resource that describes what the minimum requirements of sexual education should be across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Sexuality_Education-113">[113]</a> Giving teenagers the tools that are outlined in that roadmap would have positive effects, as it gives teenagers the resources to make educated decisions. Currently, there is not a national implementation of this program in the United States. Teen pregnancy can be reduced by sex education, as a 2022 study in 55 US <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> showed. The study used federal funded sex education programs as a proxy for sex education, but provided no details about funding levels, the number of students reached, or the amount of time spent on sex education. The reduction of teenage births, not pregnancy, was significant, with a 3% reduction, indicating that an increase in funding, education, or reach could decrease teenage pregnancy even further.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Although 3% sounds like a small number, given a teenage girl population of 10 million females aged 15–19 in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[115]</a> and ~190,000 teenage births per year, a 3% reduction would translate to about 6,000 prevented teenage births per year when extrapolated to the whole nation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstinence_only_education">Abstinence only education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Abstinence only education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg/220px-No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg/330px-No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg/440px-No_Sex_Signage_in_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A notice in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, promoting abstinence for the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> Some schools provide <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">abstinence-only sex education</a>. Evidence does not support the effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education.<a href="#cite_note-Obs07-116">[116]</a> It has been found to be ineffective in decreasing <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> risk in the developed world,<a href="#cite_note-Underhill2007-117">[117]</a> and does not decrease rates of <a href="/wiki/Unplanned_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unplanned pregnancy">unplanned pregnancy</a> when compared to comprehensive sex education.<a href="#cite_note-Obs07-116">[116]</a> It does not decrease the sexual activity rates of students, when compared to students who undertake comprehensive sexual education classes.<a href="#cite_note-Kohler08-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistance">Assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Assistance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nurse-Family_Partnership" title="Nurse-Family Partnership">Nurse-Family Partnership</a> (NFP) is a non-profit organization operating in the United States and the UK designed to serve the needs of young mothers who may have special needs in their first pregnancy. Each mother served is partnered with a registered nurse early in her pregnancy and receives ongoing nurse home visits that continue through her child's second birthday. NFP intervention has been associated with improvements in maternal health, child health, and economic security.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Québec</a>'s Institut national de santé publique (INSPQ) began implementing adjustments to the Protocole de contraception du Québec (Québec Contraception Protocol). The new protocol allows <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurses</a> to prescribe hormonal birth control, an IUD or emergency birth control to women, as long as they comply with prescribed standards in the Prescription infirmière: Guide explicatif conjoint, and are properly trained in providing contraceptives. In 2020, Québec will offer online training to registered nurses, provided by the Ordre des infirmières et infirmiers du Québec (OIIQ). Nurses that do not have training in the areas of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections may have to take additional online courses provided by the INSPQ.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png/330px-CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png/495px-CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/CDC_Teenager_Sex_Stats_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>US statistics in April 2015</figcaption></figure> In the US, one policy initiative that has been used to increase rates of contraceptive use is <a href="/wiki/Title_X" title="Title X">Title X</a>. Title X of the <a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Services_and_Population_Research_Act_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970">Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/91/572">91–572</a>) provides family planning services for those who do not qualify for <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> by distributing "funding to a network of public, private, and nonprofit entities [to provide] services on a sliding scale based on income."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Studies indicate that, internationally, success in reducing teen pregnancy rates is directly correlated with the kind of access that Title X provides: "What appears crucial to success is that adolescents know where they can go to obtain information and services, can get there easily and are assured of receiving confidential, nonjudgmental care, and that these services and contraceptive supplies are free or cost very little."<a href="#cite_note-DJE-84">[84]</a> In addressing high rates of unplanned teen pregnancies, scholars agree that the problem must be confronted from both the biological and cultural contexts. In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">US Department of Health and Human Services</a> approved $155 million in new funding for comprehensive sex education programs designed to prevent teenage pregnancy. The money is being awarded "to states, non-profit organizations, school districts, universities and others. These grants will support the replication of teen pregnancy prevention programs that have been shown to be effective through rigorous research as well as the testing of new, innovative approaches to combating teen pregnancy."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Of the total of $150 million, $55 million is funded by <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> through the Personal Responsibility Education Program, which requires states receiving funding to incorporate lessons about both abstinence and contraception. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Developing countries">edit</a>]</div> In the developing world, programs of reproductive health aimed at teenagers are often small scale and not centrally coordinated, although some countries such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools.<a href="#cite_note-escap-58">[58]</a> Non-governmental agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Stopes International">Marie Stopes International</a> provide contraceptive advice for young women worldwide. Laws against <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> have reduced but not eliminated the practice. Improved female <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and educational prospects have led to an increase in the age at first birth in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> A team of researchers and educators in California have published a list of "best practices" in the prevention of teen pregnancy, which includes, in addition to the previously mentioned concepts, working to "instill a belief in a successful future", male involvement in the prevention process, and designing interventions that are culturally relevant.<a href="#cite_note-joe-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_teenage_pregnancy" title="Prevalence of teenage pregnancy">Prevalence of teenage pregnancy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Adolescent_birth_rate_in_women_aged_10-19_years%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The adolescent birth rate in women aged 10–19 years, 2016<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19,. when the pregnancy ends, is generally used.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2003, worldwide teenage pregnancy rates ranged from 143 per 1,000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1,000 in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncbi-126">[126]</a> In the US in 2013, 82% of pregnancies in those between 15 and 19 were unplanned.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> in 2001, the US, the UK and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> had the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> had the lowest.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a>, "In every region of the world – including high-income countries – girls who are poor, poorly educated or living in rural areas are at greater risk of becoming pregnant than those who are wealthier, well-educated or urban. This is true on a global level, as well: 95 percent of the world's births to adolescents (aged 15–19) take place in developing countries. Every year, some 3 million girls in this age bracket resort to <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe abortions</a>, risking their lives and health."<a href="#cite_note-Adolescent_Pregnancy-24">[24]</a> In a 2001 <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the UK and the US, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the UK and the US, approximately 25% of 15-year-olds and 50% of 17-year-olds have had sex.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a> In 2004, approximately 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world had a child each year. Estimates were that 20–60% of these pregnancies in developing countries are mistimed or unwanted.<a href="#cite_note-Teen_Pregnancy-86">[86]</a> In 2022, UNICEF reported that from 2000 to 2022, "the global adolescent birth rate for the age group 10–14 has declined by over 50 percent, from 3.3 to 1.6 per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 10–14", and "for the age group 15–19 has declined by over 30 percent, from 65 to 43 births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15–19".<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2022-17">[17]</a> UNICEF noted that these declines were "tied to improvements in almost all regional rates".<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2022-17">[17]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women aged under 20 worldwide, with more than 90% in developing countries. <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> are the leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> among women aged 15–19 in such areas.<a href="#cite_note-savethechildren-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa">edit</a>]</div> The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world is in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, where women tend to marry at an early age.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi-126">[126]</a> In 2023, in Western and Central Africa, and Eastern and Southern Africa, over 25% of adolescent girls and young women gave birth before age 18. In these regions, this amounts to an estimated 11 million young women.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in 1999, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth to a child before the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-subsahara-50">[50]</a> A 2018 study found that socio-cultural factors, economic factors, environmental factors, individual factors, and health service-related factors were responsible for the high rates of teenage pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> sometimes results in adolescent pregnancy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> regions where the rate is much higher than it is in <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> areas. In 2008, teen pregnancy in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was high, with 62 pregnant teens out of every 1,000 women.<a href="#cite_note-Teen_pregnancies_higher_in_India_than_even_UK,_US-131">[131]</a> India is fast approaching to be the most populous country in the world by 2050 and increasing teenage pregnancy, an important factor for the population rise, is likely to aggravate the problems.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> The rates of early marriage and pregnancy in some Asian countries are high. In the 2000s, the rates decreased sharply in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> although it remains relatively high in Indonesia. In the industrialized Asian nations <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_South_Korea" title="Teenage pregnancy in South Korea">such as South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, teenage birth rates remain among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-escap-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_Australia" title="Teenage pregnancy in Australia">Teenage pregnancy in Australia</a></div> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> among teenage women in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was 11.9 births per 1,000 women.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, rather than any decrease in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> The overall trend in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> since 1970 has been a decreasing <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a>, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Most continental <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> countries have very low teenage birth rates. This is varyingly attributed to good <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> and high levels of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> use (in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">traditional values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigmatization</a> (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) or both (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-14">[14]</a> On the other hand, the teen birth rate is very high in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. In 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Romania had a birth rate of 34 per 1,000 women aged 15–19.<a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-137">[137]</a> The teen birth rate of these two countries is even higher than that of underdeveloped countries like <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-137">[137]</a> Many of the teen births occur in <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_and_sexual_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom">Teenage pregnancy and sexual health in the United Kingdom</a></div> The teen pregnancy rate in England and Wales was 23.3 per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] There were 5,740 pregnancies in girls aged under 18 in the three months to June 2014, data from the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> shows. This compares with 6,279 in the same period in 2013 and 7,083 for the June quarter the year before that. Historically, the UK has had one of the highest teenage pregnancy and abortion rates in Western Europe. There are no comparable rates for conceptions across Europe, but the under-18 birth rate suggests England is closing the gap. The under-18 birth rate in 2012 in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> was 9.2, compared with an <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> average of 6.9. However, the UK birth rate has fallen by almost a third (32.3%) since 2004 compared with a fall of 15.6% in the EU. In 2004, the UK rate was 13.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–17 compared with an EU average rate of 7.7. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United States">Teenage pregnancy in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg/290px-US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg/435px-US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg/580px-US_Teen_Pregnancy_Rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>The US teen pregnancy rate 15 to 19 year olds, per 1,000, 1973 to 2011, including Black, Hispanic, and White populations<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2001, the teenage birth rate in the US was the highest in the developed world, and the teenage abortion rate is also high.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2005, 57% of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The US teenage pregnancy rate was at a high in the 1950s and has decreased since then, although there has been an increase in births out of wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The teenage pregnancy rate decreased significantly in the 1990s. This decline was across all racial groups. Teenagers of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> descent retain a higher rate of teen pregnancy, in comparison to that of <a href="/wiki/European-American" class="mw-redirect" title="European-American">European-Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-American">Asian-Americans</a>. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a> attributed about 25% of the decline to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">abstinence</a> and 75% to the effective use of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraceptives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 2006, the US teen birth rate rose for the first time in fourteen years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 2010, it reached a historic low: 34.3 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19.<a href="#cite_note-Historic-1">[1]</a> In 2017, the birth rate for girls ages 15–19 was 18.8 per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Given a teenage girl population of 10 million females, aged 15–19, in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[115]</a> this would translate to ~190,000 births per year. In 2009, the Latina teenage pregnancy rate was 75% higher than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling_2009_19–28-45">[45]</a> In 2012, the states with the highest teenage birthrates were <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. In 2012, the states with the lowest teenage birthrate were <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Between 1992 and 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> teenage birth rate steadily declined for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens.<a href="#cite_note-teenpregna-146">[146]</a> It dropped from 20.1 per 1,000 women in 2000, to 8.4 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In Canada, the stability of familial structure significantly influences the risk of teenage pregnancy. In a 2018 study, experiencing one or more episodes of poverty before the age of 13 made young Canadian girls 75% to 90% more vulnerable to teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teenage_fatherhood">Teenage fatherhood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Teenage fatherhood">edit</a>]</div> In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage girl. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipitate the marriage, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">shotgun wedding</a>. In countries such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-escap-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a> In the US and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the father of their children.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40% are cohabitating as a couple, and 10% are married.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Teenage parents are frequently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathers do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with the child. US surveys tend to under-report the prevalence of teen fatherhood.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In many cases, "teenage father" may be a misnomer. Studies in the 1990s found that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the US are fathered by adult men aged over 20.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 1995, the Guttmacher Institute reported that over 40% of mothers aged 15–17 had sexual partners three to five years older, and almost one in five had partners six or more years older.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A 1990 study of births to California teens reported that the younger the mother, the greater the age gap with her male partner.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the UK in 2005, in 72% of jointly registered births to women aged under 20, the father is over 20, with almost 1 in 4 being over 25.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intersection_of_society_and_culture">Intersection of society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Intersection of society and culture">edit</a>]</div> Teenage pregnancy remains a significant social and cultural issue in many countries around the world. While the rate of teenage pregnancies has declined in recent decades, it continues to be a cause for concern, both from a health perspective and in terms of its impact on the lives of young people.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-157">[157]</a> The causes of teenage pregnancy are complex and multi-faceted, reflecting the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In many cultures, there is a lack of comprehensive sexual education, which contributes to a lack of understanding about contraception and sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-About_Teen_Pregnancy_{{!}}_CDC-159">[159]</a> There is also a cultural stigma attached to discussing sexual health and relationships, which makes it difficult for young people to access the information and support they need.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and limited opportunities for education and employment can also contribute to the high rate of teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> These factors can make it difficult for young people to make informed choices about their sexual health and can limit their ability to access contraception and other forms of protection.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The effects of some of the teenage they get pregnancy can be far-reaching and long-lasting. Pregnant teenagers are at increased risk of health problems, including complications during pregnancy and childbirth, and are more likely to experience poverty and limited opportunities later in life.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-157">[157]</a> Their children are also more likely to experience health and developmental problems, and to grow up in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Despite these challenges, there are many programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy and supporting young people who become pregnant. These efforts include comprehensive sex education programs, access to contraception and family planning services, and support for young mothers.<a href="#cite_note-About_Teen_Pregnancy_{{!}}_CDC-159">[159]</a> In conclusion, teenage pregnancy is a complex issue that reflects the interplay between individual behavior, societal norms and cultural attitudes. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, access to healthcare, and support for young people.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> By working together, we can help to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy and improve the lives of young people and their families.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Some politicians condemn pregnancy in unmarried teenagers as a drain on taxpayers, if the mothers and children receive welfare payments and social housing from the government.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, singer <a href="/wiki/Terry_Tate_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Tate (singer)">Terry Tate</a>, a former teacher and graduate from Seton Hall University used his knowledge of issues concerning young students at his school which included teenage pregnancy to compose the song, "<a href="/wiki/Babies_Having_Babies" title="Babies Having Babies">Babies Having Babies</a>".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Radio stations became involved in trying to get the message across.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> It ended up being a national hit on the Billboard<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and Cash Box charts in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lynn_Spears" title="Jamie Lynn Spears">Jamie Lynn Spears</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Barrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia Barrino">Fantasia Barrino</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisha_Castle-Hughes" title="Keisha Castle-Hughes">Keisha Castle-Hughes</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toya_Johnson" title="Toya Johnson">Toya Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Martin_(actress)" title="Alex Martin (actress)">Alex Martin</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard of Vinzgouw</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Born_to_teenage_mothers">Born to teenage mothers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Born to teenage mothers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaire</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, was born to a 17-year-old mother as the result of a teenage pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was born to a 19-year-old mother.<a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, world renowned guitarist, born to a 16-year-old mother.<a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena Gomez</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Hawke" title="Ethan Hawke">Ethan Hawke</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Plato" title="Dana Plato">Dana Plato</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">Precocious puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_school" title="Pregnancy school">Pregnancy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion" title="Reproductive coercion">Reproductive coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+in+the+Entertainment+Industry&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft.aulast=Frasier&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97WJCgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA249%26dq%3Dplato%2Bstrain%2B%252217%2Byear%2Bold%2522%26hl%3Den%26source%3Dnewbks_fb%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dplato%2520strain%2520%252217%2520year%2520old%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107775510.036">"HENRY VII"</a>, Little Arthur's History of England, Cambridge University Press, pp. 256–265, 2014-12-11, retrieved 2024-11-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Little+Arthur%27s+History+of+England&rft.atitle=HENRY+VII&rft.pages=256-265&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107775510.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2001" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Bruce (2001). "Adolescent Pregnancy". In Alex Gitterman (ed.). Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11396-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adolescent+Pregnancy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Social+Work+Practice+with+Vulnerable+and+Resilient+Populations&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11396-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2007" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wN-nXmH4FooC">Teenage Pregnancy and Reproductive Health</a>. RCOG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904752-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904752-38-7"><bdi>978-1-904752-38-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teenage+Pregnancy+and+Reproductive+Health&rft.pub=RCOG&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904752-38-7&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwN-nXmH4FooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheckland1999" class="citation book cs1">Checkland, David and James Wong (1999). Teen Pregnancy and Parenting: Social and Ethical Issues. Toronto, Canada; Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4215-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-4215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teen+Pregnancy+and+Parenting%3A+Social+and+Ethical+Issues&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada%3B+Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4215-6&rft.aulast=Checkland&rft.aufirst=David+and+James+Wong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash1989" class="citation book cs1">Dash, Leon (1989). When Children want Children: The Urban Crisis of Teenage Childbearing (1st Illinois paperback ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07123-2"><bdi>978-0-252-07123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Children+want+Children%3A+The+Urban+Crisis+of+Teenage+Childbearing&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.edition=1st+Illinois+paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07123-2&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1998" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Pamela I. (1998). Latina Adolescent Childbearing in East Los Angeles. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72093-0"><bdi>978-0-292-72093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latina+Adolescent+Childbearing+in+East+Los+Angeles&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72093-0&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Pamela+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Elaine Bell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notourkindofgirl00kapl">Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08736-1"><bdi>978-0-520-08736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Our+Kind+of+Girl%3A+Unraveling+the+Myths+of+Black+Teenage+Motherhood&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08736-1&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Elaine+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotourkindofgirl00kapl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1996" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Irving B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childreninjeopar00harr">Children in Jeopardy: Can We Break the Cycle of Poverty?</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale Child Study Center: Distributed by Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06892-4"><bdi>978-0-300-06892-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+in+Jeopardy%3A+Can+We+Break+the+Cycle+of+Poverty%3F&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+Child+Study+Center%3A+Distributed+by+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06892-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Irving+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildreninjeopar00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuker1996" class="citation book cs1">Luker, Kristin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dubiousconceptio00luke">Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-21702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-21702-7"><bdi>978-0-674-21702-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubious+Conceptions%3A+The+Politics+of+Teenage+Pregnancy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-21702-7&rft.aulast=Luker&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdubiousconceptio00luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode2007" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, Deborah L. (2007). "Politics and Pregnancy: Adolescent Mothers and Public Policy". In Nancy Ehrenreich (ed.). The Reproductive Rights Reader. New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2230-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-2230-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Pregnancy%3A+Adolescent+Mothers+and+Public+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Reproductive+Rights+Reader&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2230-5&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Seitz, Victoria (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childrenfamilies00zigl">"Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting"</a>. In Edward Zigler; Sharon Lynn Kagan; Nancy Wilson Hall (eds.). Children, Families, and Government: Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24219-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24219-6"><bdi>978-0-521-24219-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adolescent+Pregnancy+and+Parenting&rft.btitle=Children%2C+Families%2C+and+Government%3A+Preparing+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24219-6&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrenfamilies00zigl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Helena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/girlsonstandhowc00silv">Girls on the Stand: How Courts Fail Pregnant Minors</a>. New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4031-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-4031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+on+the+Stand%3A+How+Courts+Fail+Pregnant+Minors&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4031-6&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgirlsonstandhowc00silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeenage+pregnancy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teenage_pregnancy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535691" class="extiw" title="d:Q535691">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1996441980">QA43.5</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z33">Z33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z35.6">Z35.6</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=650">650</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011253">D011253</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Teenage pregnancy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Teenage+pregnancy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Teenage+pregnancy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy">WHO fact sheet on adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/53566">Teenage pregnancies and obstetric outcome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss2/">Teen Pregnancy</a>, a special issue from the Journal of Applied Research on Children (2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_health_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/12px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/18px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/24px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="412" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_reproductive_health" title="Template:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_reproductive_health" title="Template talk:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_reproductive_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human reproductive health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Justice">Reproductive Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity#Genital_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Genital integrity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" title="Circumcision controversies">Circumcision controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Childfreeness</a>/<a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_spacing" title="Birth spacing">Birth spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm theft">Sperm theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth Control">Contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection" title="Intracytoplasmic sperm injection">ICSI</a></li> <li>Gamete Cryopreservation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation" title="Oocyte cryopreservation">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_cryopreservation" title="Semen cryopreservation">Sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">Sperm bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_health" title="Men's health">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvovaginal_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulvovaginal health">vulvovaginal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_sexual_risk_behaviors" title="Self-report sexual risk behaviors">self-report sexual risk behaviors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_options_counseling" title="Pregnancy options counseling">Options counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_patients%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant patients' rights">Pregnant patients' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teenage pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precocious_puberty_and_pregnancy" title="Category:Precocious puberty and pregnancy">Precocious puberty and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Genitourinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">Disorders of sex development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic" title="Sexual health clinic">clinic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraception_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Contraception in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Pakistan" title="Family planning in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom">teen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_the_United_States" title="Family planning in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage pregnancy in the United States">teen pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">birth control</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms" title="History of condoms">History of condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></li> <li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bonus" title="Baby bonus">baby bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_tax" title="Bachelor tax">bachelor tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">child benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_childlessness" title="Tax on childlessness">tax on childlessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Age of consent in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Age of consent in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Age of consent in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Age of consent in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Age of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Age of consent in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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