CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Grupo de Acción Republicana - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ca543763-521f-48e9-a90d-7a807bfb0089","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana","wgTitle":"Grupo de Acción Republicana","wgCurRevisionId":1227084073,"wgRevisionId":1227084073,"wgArticleId":76148505,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Republicanism in Spain","Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana","wgRelevantArticleId":76148505,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17633395","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader" ,"ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1078"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="862"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Grupo de Acción Republicana - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana rootpage-Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Grupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Grupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Grupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Grupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Republican_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Republican_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Creation of the Republican Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Republican_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Dictablanda"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Dictablanda""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>"<i>Dictablanda</i>"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Dictablanda"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "<i>Dictablanda</i>" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Dictablanda"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Growth and alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Failure of the conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proclamation of the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Provisional government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provisional government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Military reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_convents_in_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_convents_in_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Burning of convents in May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_convents_in_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation_into_a_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_into_a_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transformation into a party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_into_a_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcendence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transcendence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disclaimer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disclaimer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Disclaimer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disclaimer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grupo de Acción Republicana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_d%27Acci%C3%B3_Republicana" title="Grup d'Acció Republicana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup d'Acció Republicana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" title="Grupo de Acción Republicana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de Acción Republicana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17633395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&oldid=1227084073" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&id=1227084073&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrupo_de_Acci%25C3%25B3n_Republicana"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrupo_de_Acci%25C3%25B3n_Republicana"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17633395" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish political association</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #800080; border-bottom:2px solid #800080; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Grupo de Acción Republicana</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manuel Azaña led the Group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg/170px-President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1931</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Alianza Republicana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #800080;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr />Transformation into the political party <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Acción Republicana (Spanish political party) – Acción Republicana</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Grupo de Acción Republicana</b> (in English: <b>Republican Action Group</b>) —initially called <b>Grupo de Acción Política</b> (Political Action Group) and also known simply as <b>Acción Republicana</b> (Republican Action)— was a Spanish political group that emerged around 1925, during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a>. Its ideology consisted basically in the intention of replacing the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">monarchy of Alfonso XIII</a> with a republican regime, while maintaining a great internal pluralism in other matters. It promoted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a> to unite the different forces of this tendency, and supported on a secondary level the different <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">pronunciamientos</a></i> that tried to put an end to the Dictatorship. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">fall of Primo de Rivera</a>, it participated in the attempts to form a unitary front that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Pact of San Sebastián">Pact of San Sebastián</a>. After the coalition thus formed failed in its attempt to end the monarchy by means of a military <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">pronunciamiento</a></i>, it participated in the <a href="/wiki/Republican%E2%80%93Socialist_Conjunction" title="Republican–Socialist Conjunction">Republican-Socialist Conjunction</a>, a coalition that triumphed in the main cities in the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">municipal elections of April 1931</a>, the result of which produced the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">proclamation of the Second Republic</a>. It formed part of the first <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> presided over by <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a>, in which its representative, the Minister of the Army <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, distinguished himself by promoting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_reforms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military reforms of Manuel Azaña (page does not exist)">various reforms</a>. Finally, at the end of May 1931, it became a political party under the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Acción Republicana</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></div> <p>The political system of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a> had serious defects due to the distortion of the suffrage, the <i><a href="/wiki/Caciquism" title="Caciquism">caciquismo</a></i> and the interference of the king in the political struggle. However, it maintained the multiparty system and public liberties, and the existence of elections kept open a certain possibility of regeneration of the system. This changed with the <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">coup d'état perpetrated by General Primo de Rivera</a>. By liquidating the parliamentary system, he prevented any possibility of its evolution; and he did so with the consent of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198027-28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198027-28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> had long been a weak political movement. Its main representative, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>, had a diffuse structure based on small local parties. However, the political perspicacity of its leader allowed him to realize that it was necessary to undertake a reorganization work to receive the inheritance that the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship</a> was going to leave to the movement. The reaction of the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Spain)" title="Reformist Party (Spain)">Reformist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Melqu%C3%ADades_%C3%81lvarez_(politician)" title="Melquíades Álvarez (politician)">Melquíades Álvarez</a> was very different, as it failed to understand the significance of the political change and simply waited for the return of constitutional normality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198028-30_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198028-30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation">Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican Action Group was born in 1925, when the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> had been in existence for a year and a half. Its first promoters were the pharmacist and professor of Biology <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a> and the lawyer and professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Mart%C3%AD_Jara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Martí Jara (page does not exist)">Enrique Martí Jara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were linked to the <i>Escuela Nueva</i>, a leftist cultural institution, and had been in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> in 1924. In February of that year they announced to the writer that they wanted to form a "grouping, without dogma, of all or the healthiest part of Spanish politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-37_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-37-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began by holding what were called "<i>novenas</i>", that is, meetings of a maximum of nine people to avoid incurring in the crime of illegal meeting established by the Dictatorship. Martí incorporated <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, who had left the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Spain)" title="Reformist Party (Spain)">Reformist Party</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1923 Spanish coup d'état">Primo de Rivera's <i>pronunciamiento</i></a>, to the meetings in Giral's backroom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008235_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008235-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of 1925, they also had the assistance of the writer <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Ramón Pérez de Ayala">Ramón Pérez de Ayala</a>, the criminal lawyer <a href="/wiki/Luis_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_As%C3%BAa" title="Luis Jiménez de Asúa">Luis Jiménez de Asúa</a> and the physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Te%C3%B3filo_Hernando_Ortega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teófilo Hernando Ortega (page does not exist)">Teófilo Hernando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>The writer <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Ramón Pérez de Ayala">Ramón Pérez de Ayala</a> joined the group in 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1925, the group made public its founding manifesto,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the censorship of the Dictatorship prevented it from being published and circulated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been drafted by Azaña. The text expressed "all the rage of our liberal spirit, subjected to tyranny, and all the hope of our Spanish vigor, eager to redeem itself". It called for freedom, which he clearly identified with the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose seemed to be to unite all Republicans, regardless of whether or not they were already members of any other organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198031_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198031-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the group also expressed its desire to be an "embryo party" and called for the collaboration of the various republican and proletarian organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also defended the group's own identity, which did not wish to be confused with the discredited republican parties. It aspired rather to have a moral authority over the existing parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-237_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-237-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not a political party and seemed to have the ambition of becoming a supra-party organization, as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a> would later become. For the time being, membership of the group was perfectly compatible with membership of a public party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198032_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198032-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the manifesto did not reach thirty signatories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some place the creation of the Republican Action Group at that time, the truth is that it was only known as "the group". Little by little it began to be called "political action group"; and then, with capital letters, "Political Action Group". Towards the end of December 1925, it was already called "Republican Action Group". During that year, it had no organization, statutes or quotas, and its informal character was evident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008237_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008237-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, its first public appearance can be considered a failure; the manifesto had few signatories and was not published; and the Political Action Group did not have members, a board of directors or a representative assembly. This situation would continue for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198033-34_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198033-34-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Azaña had a certain initial protagonism —which was always supported by Giral and Martí— he soon lost enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198031_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198031-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_the_Republican_Alliance">Creation of the Republican Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of the Republican Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a></div> <p>Although the group was little more than a mere gathering of professors and writers at the Ateneo, it played a key role in uniting the different currents of republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware of their weakness but jealous of their independence, they established contact with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>. Despite the discredit of the traditional republican parties, the group needed them to break out of their isolation. For his part, Lerroux was also interested in the renown that this group of intellectuals could bring him. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> had to work hard to overcome the reluctance of other members of the group to deal with the radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-239_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-239-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mars%C3%A1" title="Antonio Marsá">Antonio Marsá</a> —a member of the Radical Party also linked to the New School— Giral and Martí organized on February 11, 1926, a joint celebration of the anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic that had a great echo throughout Spain and which meant the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board of this new unitary organization was formed by Lerroux in representation of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Party</a>, the main party of republicanism although it did not have influence in all the territory; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Hilario_Ayuso_Iglesias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Hilario Ayuso Iglesias (page does not exist)">Hilario Ayuso</a> for the Federal Party, a political force following the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi y Margall</a> quite divided; <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republican_Party_(1917)" title="Catalan Republican Party (1917)">Catalan Republican Party</a>, an organization that, after fleetingly affiliating with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International in 1920</a>, had been greatly weakened by the violence that plagued Barcelona between the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindicatos_Libres" title="Sindicatos Libres">Free Trade Unions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Castrovido" title="Roberto Castrovido">Roberto Castrovido</a> for the Republican press, a veteran journalist who had been a deputy in several legislatures; and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, who was appointed to represent the Republican Action Group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-39_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-39-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giral, Martí Jara and Marsá were listed as secretaries. The manifesto of the Alliance, which presented a moderate program, was signed by a good number of intellectuals thanks largely to the work of Giral and Jara's group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200640_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200640-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg/220px-LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg/330px-LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg/440px-LuisAraquist%C3%A1in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Araquist%C3%A1in" title="Luis Araquistáin">Luis Araquistáin</a> was a member of the Group before rejoining the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the beginning of the Alliance was encouraging and its organs were created in numerous provinces, it seems that its activity in successive years was almost limited to commemorating the anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic. As the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Party</a> would later say, the independent intellectuals who were linked to it were generically included in Republican Action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198035_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198035-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a>, the group supported the failed monarchist <i>pronunciamiento</i> of June 24, 1926 known as the <a href="/wiki/1926_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 Spanish coup d'état"><i>Sanjuanada</i></a>. Given the weakness of republicanism, it was considered convenient to collaborate with moderate monarchist sectors opposed to the Dictatorship that would have greater support within the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">armed forces</a>. However, the support of the Alliance for the <a href="/wiki/1929_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Spanish coup d'état">failed <i>pronunciamiento</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez-Guerra_y_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez">Sánchez-Guerra</a> in 1929 caused the most left-wing sector, headed by <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Albornoz" title="Álvaro de Albornoz">Álvaro de Albornoz</a>, to separate from the common front and create the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Party</a> (PRRS) as a reaction to this collaboration with monarchist sectors<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200650-51_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200650-51-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the excessive weight of the Radical Party. It was also abandoned by part of the Federal Party and some intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gregorio Marañón">Gregorio Marañón</a>, Jiménez de Asúa and Pérez de Ayala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PRRS was a clear competitor of Acción Republicana as it was equally to the left of the Radical Party, achieved rapid organizational success against the disjointed local groups of Azaña's grouping, had media that supported it and its leaders were more popular as old republican leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1926 the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> "Dantón" was formed, in which Giral and Martí participated. It belonged to the most "political" sector of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and was in favor of the struggle against the Dictatorship. Other members of the group would ascribe to Freemasonry in one way or another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200648-49_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200648-49-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Dictablanda""><span id=".22Dictablanda.22"></span>"<i>Dictablanda</i>"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Dictablanda""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization">Revitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On February 8, 1930, an assembly of the Madrid group was held for the first time, attended by more than two hundred people. In it, Azañ a was not only confirmed as the group's representative on the National Board of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was also appointed to occupy the new secretariat of Republican Action. This remedied the impossibility of electing representatives due to the political circumstances of the Dictatorship. On this as on other occasions, and in the absence of a national representative body, the Madrid group acted as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-38_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, at a banquet held to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">Republic</a>, Azaña gave an important speech in which he outlined the main points of his future political program: condemnation of both <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, the search for a formula of concord for all Hispanic peoples, the creation of a republican school and social reform. After saying that it was necessary to sweep away "the infectious clericalism of the State" and "the friar demagogy that the moderate liberals of a century ago already found repugnant", he set out his conception of the republic for which he was fighting in a phrase that even today continues to be the subject of different interpretations among the scholars of the time:</p><blockquote><p>The Republic will undoubtedly shelter all Spaniards; to all it will offer justice and liberty; but it will not be a monarchy without a king: it will have to be a republican Republic, thought up by republicans, governed and directed according to the will of republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">fall of the dictator</a> and his replacement by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">General Berenguer</a> revitalized the activity of the group, which until then had operated only within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a>. In March of the same year it issued a manifesto in which it expressed its objective of establishing the Republic and of serving to channel the republicanism that was not active in the existing parties. Not being a political party, the group lacked a hierarchical organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The Republican Action Group operated through a central body constituted in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and bodies constituted in many other cities. It has no president, much less a leader. All its affiliates are equal. Each body delegates to one or more of its members when matters affecting the whole Group are to be dealt with jointly. The most urgent thing is to intensify the propaganda entrusted to each local organization, to perfect the organization, to create it where it does not exist, to keep the censuses up to date, to activate as much as possible the communication of some organizations with others. In all other political matters, including the constitutional problem of the Republic to be established, the Group does not formulate any program nor asks its members to have a common profession, nor hinders them to propagate their personal points of view inside or outside the Group, while maintaining the republican affirmation.</p></blockquote><p>Among the 140 signatories, all from the Madrid group, there were twenty-seven professors, sixteen lawyers, thirteen doctors, twelve pharmacists, seven employees, six writers, six professors and five journalists. Intellectuals predominated, therefore, and among them, those of science over those of letters. Several of them, like <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Madrid" title="Ateneo de Madrid">Ateneo de Madrid</a>. Seven of the signatories were <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200657-58_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200657-58-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Giral_1931.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Jos%C3%A9_Giral_1931.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="312" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a> was one of the founders of the Group.</figcaption></figure><p> Different from Azaña's speech was the tone of the manifesto of the <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> group:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-59_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-59-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>In the Republican Action Group of Murcia, there is room for the most diverse tendencies, provided that all of them pursue as a common objective the establishment of the Republic in Spain, keeping among the members, reciprocally, the most exquisite respect for the convictions and feelings of each one, both in the religious and social order (...). All shades of republicanism have a place, from the extreme right to the most radical leftist, always, of course, based on the maintenance of social order. Fortunately, those times in which the concept of Republic was confused or tried to be confused with those of licentiousness, anarchy and the derangement of all the organs of power and authority are long gone.</p></blockquote><p>In March, the Republican Alliance declared itself in favor of the autonomy of the regions. Also at that time, a group of Castilian writers, including Azaña, traveled to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> at the invitation of their Catalan colleagues. The reason was to receive gratitude for the support they had given to the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship</a>. During the visit, Azaña made a speech that was very much to the liking of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalists</a>, as he said that Catalonia had the right to self-government and that, if one day it wanted to "row its own ship", it would have to be allowed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200666_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200666-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was clear support for the possibility of secession. During this period, Acción Republicana was still not a political party, but merely a loose political organization of <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">cadres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198039_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_alliances">Growth and alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growth and alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dictatorship had strengthened republicanism, but it was necessary to coordinate the dispersed existing groups. A first breakthrough was achieved in May, when the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Party</a> signed an agreement creating a coordinating committee which was gradually joined by other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200663-64_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200663-64-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 11 the Alliance began negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers Party</a> (PSOE). Azaña was again a member of the negotiating group. Shortly afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Right" title="Liberal Republican Right">Liberal Republican Right</a> of the former monarchists <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maura" title="Miguel Maura">Miguel Maura</a> joined the agreement. All that was missing was the support of the Catalan nationalists, who distrusted <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Lerroux</a>'s centralism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200665_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200665-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a> and later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Salmer%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Salmerón (page does not exist)">José Salmerón</a> were in charge of building bridges with them. The result was that the Catalan Republican parties agreed to participate in a meeting to be held in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a> on August 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discussions that took place during the meeting of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Pact of San Sebastián">Pact of San Sebastian</a> were difficult, especially with regard to <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>. Azaña was once again the representative of the Republican Action Group, but he arrived late to the meeting and did not participate in the discussions on nationalist aspirations. Finally a vague agreement was reached in favor of autonomy for <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, which had to be extended to the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. A revolutionary committee was also created, presided over by Alcalá-Zamora, of which Azaña was a member representing the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-68_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-68-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Rico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pedro_Rico.JPG/220px-Pedro_Rico.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Pedro_Rico.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rico" title="Pedro Rico">Pedro Rico</a> was in favor of participation in the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">elections</a> and would become mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around this time, the growth of the group, as well as that of the Republican parties, began to be very pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197986_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 28, 1930, a large Republican rally was held in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>'s bullring in front of more than 20,000 people. Azaña spoke on behalf of the Republican Action Group, although the last intervention corresponded to Lerroux in recognition of the strength and seniority of his party. Azaña called to be "men, determined to conquer the rank of citizens or perish in the endeavor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200668-69_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200668-69-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Alcalá-Zamora, both leaders of the Alliance were the main speakers. The success of the rally favored other monarchist politicians to switch to the Republican side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200710_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200710-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of the rally, the Republican Alliance held an assembly the following day in which the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Party</a> was predominant and the Republican Action Group had, at most, 10% of the delegates. The possible participation in the next elections was discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposal was presented which called for abstention in the face of the imminent elections which General Berenguer was planning to call, with the argument that they would serve to strengthen the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198036_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198036-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against it, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rico" title="Pedro Rico">Pedro Rico</a> made a decisive intervention in which he recalled that the Socialists were not going to abstain and argued that abstention would mean the disappearance of the movement if it was permanent, and would mean accepting what was decided by the monarchists if it was temporary. Finally, it was decided that the member parties of the Alliance would sovereignly decide the path to follow. A 31-member national council was also elected, which included thirteen members of the Group. The six-member executive committee was parity, and included Azaña, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorato_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorato de Castro (page does not exist)">Honorato de Castro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that the Alliance deployed its highest level of propaganda, in contrast to the scant activity of the monarchist right wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198037_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_the_conspiracy">Failure of the conspiracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Failure of the conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduardo_Ortega_y_Gasset.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Eduardo_Ortega_y_Gasset.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="Eduardo Ortega y Gasset">Eduardo Ortega y Gasset</a> left the Group before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">proclamation of the Republic</a>, in which he played a leading role.</figcaption></figure> <p>The negotiations between Republicans and Socialists were long and required several meetings between Azaña and Alcalá-Zamora, on the one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Besteiro" title="Julián Besteiro">Julián Besteiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Largo Caballero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Fernando de los Ríos">Fernando de los Ríos</a> on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20078_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20078-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 19 a definitive agreement was reached with the Socialists, who joined the revolutionary committee and undertook to support the planned <i>pronunciamiento</i> with a general strike. Shortly afterwards, the committee decided to call itself a "provisional government" and to make a distribution of ministerial portfolios. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> was given the post of Minister of War,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200677-78_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200677-78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most important in the event that the republic was implemented due to the monarchist predominance in the ranks of the armed forces, the participation of many military personnel in the Dictatorship and the existence of internal conflicts that were difficult to resolve. It seems that it was one of the few portfolios that were assigned by virtue of the presumed technical training of the "minister", since Azaña had made some studies on the military policy of France, had visited the fronts during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> and had elaborated the military paper of the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Spain)" title="Reformist Party (Spain)">Reformist Party</a> in its 1918 congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198041_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198041-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The now "provisional government" was preparing the traditional insurrectionary path.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200710_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200710-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, it maintained contacts with a revolutionary military committee presided over by General <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Queipo de Llano</a> to prepare the <i>pronunciamiento</i>, but it was unsuccessful in its attempt to win the collaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">National Confederation of Labor</a> (CNT), which was planning its own insurrection. This was unleashed between November 17 and 20, was a failure and involved the arrest of numerous anarcho-syndicalist militants. The Republicans finally set December 15 as the day on which their uprising would take place. However, Captain <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Fermín Galán">Galán</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaca_uprising" title="Jaca uprising">prematurely revolted the garrison of Jaca</a> on the 12th, a rebellion that was easily put down after causing some deaths and which concluded with the execution by firing squad of Galán himself and his companion <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Ángel García Hernández">García Hernández</a>. On the 14th most of the members of the revolutionary committee were arrested, the military conspirators did not dare to act and the socialists did not call the general strike in Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200678-80_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200678-80-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the executions of Galán and García, who became martyrs, did much more damage to the Monarchy than the ineffective insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199491_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199491-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña avoided prison by hiding in his father-in-law's house,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he remained isolated for several months and without any contact with his comrades. There is no known activity of the Republican Action Group during this time, with the exception of a meeting of the Madrid group held on February 10, 1931, which ratified –<i>a posteriori</i>— the decision of the Republicans not to participate in the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198042_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198042-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the imprisoned members of the "Provisional Government" continued to conspire from prison, since the Republican movement had not lost popular support. The refusal of the latter to take part in the electoral process finally provoked the resignation of General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Berenguer</a> on February 14, 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-81_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-81-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proclamation_of_the_Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proclamation of the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931 Spanish local elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg/220px-Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg/330px-Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg/440px-Amos-Salvador-Carreras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B3s_Salvador_Rodrig%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez">Amós Salvador</a> took with him to AR a large part of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain,_1880)" title="Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)">Liberal Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The desperation of the regime was evident in the fact that <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> tried to entrust the formation of a new government to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain,_1880)" title="Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Alba_y_Bonifaz" title="Santiago Alba y Bonifaz">Santiago Alba</a>, who had been the object of fierce attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship</a>. The latter, exiled in Paris, refused. The monarch then offered the post to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez-Guerra_y_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez">Sánchez Guerra</a>, who had led a <i><a href="/wiki/1929_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Spanish coup d'état">pronunciamiento</a></i> against <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a>. The veteran <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Spain)" title="Conservative Party (Spain)">conservative</a> politician visited the members of the Republican committee in prison and offered them to participate in the cabinet, but they refused any collaboration with the Monarchy. Finally, the king appointed <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar-Caba%C3%B1as" title="Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas">Admiral Aznar</a> as head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200713_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200713-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit of Sánchez-Guerra to the imprisoned committee was interpreted as a confirmation of the weakness of the regime and the triumph of the Republicans, as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> himself affirmed in an article published in <i>La Tierra</i> on April 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 23, 1931, the imprisoned members of the committee were sentenced to a reduced sentence of six months and one day in prison and released, which was even more damaging to the monarchist government. Aznar first proposed to hold municipal elections on April 12, and Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialists</a> agreed to participate in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primo de Rivera's regime had broken the Conservative and Liberal parties, the mainstays of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a> regime for decades, although the <a href="/wiki/Caciquism" title="Caciquism">caciques</a> still retained their influence in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20074_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20074-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the fall of the Dictatorship had revitalized republicanism, which had been traditionally weak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20077_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20077-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, April 10, Azaña expressed to <i><a href="/wiki/Solidaridad_Obrera_(periodical)" title="Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)">Solidaridad Obrera</a></i> his confidence that the imminent triumph of the <a href="/wiki/Republican%E2%80%93Socialist_Conjunction" title="Republican–Socialist Conjunction">Republican-Socialist Conjunction</a> would provoke a "national uprising" and his skepticism regarding the possibility that the king would resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to assess the presence that Acción Republicana had within the coalition, as only fragmentary data is known. In <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, three of the thirty candidates were from the group: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorato_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorato de Castro (page does not exist)">Honorato de Castro</a>, the doctor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Coca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Coca (page does not exist)">Fernando Coca</a> and the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rico" title="Pedro Rico">Pedro Rico</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> it also occupied three of the twenty-nine candidacies, which were totally successful. However, it had no representation in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> because a local section of the group had not been formed. Its position in <a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a> was stronger because it had inherited almost all the local organization of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Spain,_1880)" title="Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)">Liberal Party</a> due to the passage to its ranks of its leader <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B3s_Salvador_Rodrig%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez">Amós Salvador</a>. Thanks to this it held five of the twenty seats: the professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benigno_Marroyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benigno Marroyo (page does not exist)">Benigno Marroyo</a>, the businessman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernab%C3%A9_Bergasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernabé Bergasa (page does not exist)">Bernabé Bergasa</a>, and the engineers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Herrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Sánchez Herrero (page does not exist)">Manuel Sánchez Herrero</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonifacio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Torralba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonifacio Fernández Torralba (page does not exist)">Bonifacio Fernández Torralba</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amadeo_Navascu%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amadeo Navascués (page does not exist)">Amadeo Navascués</a>. All of them were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198045-47_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198045-47-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">elections</a> gave a clear victory to the Republican-Socialist conjunction in most of the big cities, a triumph that was not compensated by the victory of the monarchists in the rural areas. The Government accepted the result as a plebiscite and did not resort to the use of force. In addition, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">Sanjurjo</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a>, said that he could not guarantee the loyalty of the corps. Faced with the passivity of the government, the revolutionary committee occupied the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_the_Government_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of the Government (Spain) (page does not exist)">Ministry of the Interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">proclaimed the Republic</a> without any kind of transfer of power and without the need for any violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-86_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-86-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of April 14, the committee appeared on the balcony, now transformed into an authentic <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">provisional government</a>. At 11:00 pm, Azaña took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War (Spain)">Ministry of War</a>, confirming in his post the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undersecretary_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undersecretary (Spain) (page does not exist)">Undersecretary</a> General Ruiz Fornells, who was the one who went out to receive him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisional_government">Provisional government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Provisional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_reform">Military reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">Military reform of Manuel Azaña</a></div> <p>The same night of April 14–15, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> sent a telegram to all the garrisons communicating that he was taking charge of the Ministry of the Army, the new name for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War (Spain)">Ministry of War</a>. In his first official act as minister —the end of the captains' course at the Central Shooting School— he gave a speech in which he stated that no military man would be asked about his convictions and announced his intention to reform the Army to turn it into an effective weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-280_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-280-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decree of the Presidency of the government repealed the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jurisdictions" title="Law of Jurisdictions">Law of Jurisdictions</a> of March 23, 1906; it also proceeded to appoint <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">captains general</a> and commanders at the head of the different <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008280_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008280-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican Action Group had only one minister, but Azaña's performance at the head of the Ministry of the Army was one of the most outstanding of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a>. The new minister had been interested in military matters for years and intended to reform the Army to prepare it to face any foreign enemy. One of his first measures was symbolic: a decree of 22 April 1931 gave all military personnel four days to swear an oath of loyalty to the Republic or leave the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">armed forces</a>. Although few soldiers opted for retirement, more were offended by the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative press spread the rumor that those who did not pledge loyalty to the Republic would be expelled from the Army. In reality, what was actually done was to transfer them to the <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserves</a> with the corresponding salary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994103_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994103-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of greater significance was the decree of 25 April which sought to address the problem of the excess of chiefs and officers that the Army had been suffering from for a long time and which would become known as the Azaña law. The minister's solution was to offer the transfer to the reserve, while maintaining full pay, to all commanders who requested it. More than eight thousand soldiers opted for this retirement. Despite the voluntary nature of the solution, the regulation was controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree stated that, after thirty days, any surplus officer who had not voluntarily opted for the measure could lose his rank without receiving any compensation. Although the threat was never put into practice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many military officers felt pressured by having to make a momentous decision in a short period of time. On the other hand, Republicans who wished to purge the armed forces criticized the fact that the occasion was not used to get rid of commanders disaffected with the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-90_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-90-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña did not know how to win over important military men either. In April it was reported that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_the_Government_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of the Government (Spain) (page does not exist)">Minister of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maura" title="Miguel Maura">Miguel Maura</a>, had suggested that he appoint <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">General Franco</a> as <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Commissariat_of_Spain_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Commissariat of Spain in Morocco (page does not exist)">High Commissioner in Morocco</a>. However, the minister preferred to opt for <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">General Sanjurjo</a> for the post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994101_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994101-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other controversial measures were the suppression of the rank of lieutenant general<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994106_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994106-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of the captaincies general. In general, Azaña's policy was reformist and not revolutionary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200690_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200690-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the way it was carried out hurt the sensibilities of the military. Even those who shared the opinion that there was a surplus of personnel felt uncomfortable with such a drastic reduction of the officer corps. Moreover, the minister tended to be advised by military officers who sympathized with the Republic rather than by military officers of higher rank and prestige, which annoyed the majority of the officer corps. This group of collaborators, which included Commanders <a href="/wiki/Juan_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Saravia" title="Juan Hernández Saravia">Hernández Saravia</a> and Menéndez López, was known disparagingly as the "black cabinet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994102_and_107_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994102_and_107-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uneasiness in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> was accentuated by the "campaign of responsibilities". This was an issue that had been going on since before the establishment of the Dictatorship, but the Provisional Government added events that took place during the governments of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer">Berenguer</a>. With the death of the former, the latter was the propitiatory victim. On April 17, Berenguer was arrested; on April 21, General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Mola</a> was arrested for his performance as <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Security_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Security (Spain) (page does not exist)">Director General of Security</a>. Although not many were affected and the campaign helped to maintain the Republican popular fervor, in the long run it took a heavy toll by creating the image of a vengeful Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-105_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-105-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_convents_in_May">Burning of convents in May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burning of convents in May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">Burning of convents in Spain (1931)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlericalism</a> of the Republicans was to provoke events that were to be of great importance. On Sunday, May 10, incidents occurred on the occasion of a monarchist meeting. Republican sympathizers confronted the monarchists and many of them tried to storm the headquarters of the monarchist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Guardia Civil</a> prevented the attack, but at the cost of causing the death of two of the aggressors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-92_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-92-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_the_Government_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of the Government (Spain) (page does not exist)">Minister of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maura" title="Miguel Maura">Miguel Maura</a>, received reports that extremist members of the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Madrid" title="Ateneo de Madrid">Ateneo</a> were distributing lists of churches they wanted to burn the following day. Despite a request from Maura, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>, who was a director of the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Madrid" title="Ateneo de Madrid">Ateneo</a>, refused to talk to the radicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199561-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 11th there was an organized <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">burning of convents</a> in the capital. Some Republican sympathizers —among them <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Rivas_Cherif" title="Cipriano Rivas Cherif">Cipriano Rivas Cherif</a>, Azaña's brother-in-law and member of the Republican Action Group— celebrated the event and the provisional government remained passive. In fact, within the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a> there was a strong debate on the matter. Maura proposed using the Civil Guard to put an end to arson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-93_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-93-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Azaña led a strong opposition to such a measure<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199561-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went so far as to affirm that all the convents in Madrid were not worth the life of a Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199579_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199579-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minister of the Army threatened to resign if the forces of order caused a single wounded person. After long hesitations, the Government opted to declare a state of war<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bring the army into the streets to restore order,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199561-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which put an end to the fires in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 12th, the assaults spread to other towns in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levante</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Malaga</a>. Only on the 15th did the arsonists cease their activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hundred buildings had been affected, and in several towns, the friars and nuns had abandoned their convents in fear of the anticlerical explosion. The consequences would be very negative for the image of the new regime. In the words of President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> "they created enemies he did not have; they broke the compact solidity of his seat; they stained his credit until then diaphanous and unlimited". The note of protest that <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Vidal_y_Barraquer" title="Francisco Vidal y Barraquer">Cardinal Vidal y Barraquer</a> sent to the President on the 17th was along the same lines: "facts of this nature... diminish the confidence that a large sector of Catholics had inspired in the discreet action of the Government in many of its first dispositions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later, the Council of Ministers debated the possibility of expelling the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus</a> from Spain. Azaña, together with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">socialist radicals</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Albornoz" title="Álvaro de Albornoz">Álvaro de Albornoz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a> and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Fernando de los Ríos">Fernando de los Ríos</a>, was in favor of proceeding with the expulsion at that moment, with the argument of not having to do it later, pressured by new assaults on convents. Despite his opinion, the measure was not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformation_into_a_party">Transformation into a party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transformation into a party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg/220px-Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg/330px-Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg/440px-Clara_Campoamor-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clara_Campoamor" title="Clara Campoamor">Clara Campoamor</a> was the only woman who formed part of the national council of the new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a> party.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the arrival of the Republic, the Republican Action Group had been limited to being a platform of support for <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Lerroux</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Party</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a>. The transition to the Republic, which was its objective, had been achieved quickly and without the group's protagonism. Having achieved the objective of regime change, the group, which was constantly receiving new members, had to decide whether to dissolve or organize itself as a political party. In favor of the first option was the fact that there were already two more solid republican parties, the Radical and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist</a>. In favor of the second, the clear determination maintained by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a> in favor of the independence of the group. In the event of restructuring, it should not only choose leaders —which meant a substantial change with respect to its previous trajectory— but should also opt for a political program, abandoning the lack of definition of which the <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> group had spoken. After consulting the other groups in Spain, on May 19 the Madrid group met under the initial presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a>, who handed it over to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>. Those gathered decided that the group should "constitute itself as a party with a left-wing orientation". To this end, they elected a provisional national council in charge of preparing the first national assembly of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008284-285_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008284-285-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198051-52_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198051-52-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provisional council was composed of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rico" title="Pedro Rico">Pedro Rico</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Serrano_Batanero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Serrano Batanero (page does not exist)">José Serrano Batanero</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mart%C3%ADnez_Risco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Martínez Risco (page does not exist)">Manuel Martínez Risco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Royo_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Royo Gómez (page does not exist)">José Royo Gómez</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorato_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorato de Castro (page does not exist)">Honorato de Castro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lito_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pinilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipólito Rodríguez Pinilla (page does not exist)">Hipólito Rodríguez Pinilla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cl%C3%A9rigo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Fernández Clérigo (page does not exist)">Luis Fernández Clérigo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Doporto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Doporto (page does not exist)">Luis Doporto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Campoamor" title="Clara Campoamor">Clara Campoamor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B3s_Salvador_Rodrig%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez">Amós Salvador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198052_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198052-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national assembly was held on May 26 and 27 in Madrid and its debates were chaired by Azaña.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Acción Republicana</a> party defined itself as a left-wing party and proclaimed the following objectives: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>, municipal autonomy, legal recognition of the regions, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, reduction of the army, <a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">tax deduction</a> for labor, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a> taxes on <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">laicism</a> of the State, <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of religious orders, <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">State monopoly</a> of education, recognition of the social function of property, approval of divorce, social assistance and <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>. The program was very similar to that of the Radical Socialist Party, although it omitted any reference to <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality of the sexes</a> and had less rhetoric concerning popular control of the state apparatus. In the new national council there was a woman: <a href="/wiki/Clara_Campoamor" title="Clara Campoamor">Clara Campoamor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-96_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-96-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who however soon left the party.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also expressed the will to demand the responsibility of the governments of the Monarchy and of the Monarchy itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008286_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008286-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commitment to the Republican Alliance was maintained and the intention to collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialists</a> was reaffirmed. Consequently, it pronounced itself in favor of maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Republican%E2%80%93Socialist_Conjunction" title="Republican–Socialist Conjunction">Republican-Socialist Conjunction</a> with a view to the elections to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes" title="Constituent Cortes">constituent Cortes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcendence">Transcendence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transcendence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican Action Group was not an important political force during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> himself later said that it was no more than "an <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Madrid" title="Ateneo de Madrid">Ateneo</a> gathering, made up of professors and writers". Its main contribution during this period was to serve as a unifying and revitalizing force for the fragmented and discredited Republican opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Alliance" title="Republican Alliance">Republican Alliance</a> he supported the various civil-military conspiracies that were plotted against the Dictatorship, but he played a clearly subordinate role to openly monarchist or "constitutionalist" politicians who carried the weight of his organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200641_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200641-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">fall of the dictator</a> that led the Group to begin to act with its own personality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> considers that it was a group led by intellectuals and professionals younger than those of the old republican parties, and that it proposed a more "radical and leftist" republic than the one advocated by the old <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199542_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199542-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">proclamation of the Republic</a> and the entry into the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">provisional government</a> revealed Azaña as one of the most outstanding ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">military reform</a> was highly praised at the time by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199560_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199560-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the resistance of the Minister of the Army to the Government's combating the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">burning of convents in May</a> had a decisive influence on the passive posture of the executive and led to the destruction of ecclesiastical patrimony. The event would end up having disastrous consequences for the Republic, as the then head of government <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Alcalá-Zamora</a> later wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Hugh Thomas</a> assesses the event saying that "evidently a stain had fallen on the record of the Republic",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199579_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199579-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the aforementioned Payne describes the behavior of the Government as "spasmodic", not knowing how to adopt prudent measures at the beginning and then overreacting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199562_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199562-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Group would give rise to a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a> party which, although small in size, played an important role in the coalition governments of the <a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">first two years</a> of the new regime<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197994_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197994-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended up being the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Republican Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197992-93_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197992-93-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Acción Republicana</a> has been considered an elite group composed of qualified intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197998_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197998-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its main contributions to Spanish politics was that of its undisputed leader, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>, who would become president first of the government and later of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197986_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His authority within the political formation gave it great cohesion despite the internal ideological diversity, which strengthened the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197998_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197998-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action (Spain)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the opinion of a sector of historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Avil%C3%A9s_Farr%C3%A9" title="Juan Avilés Farré">Juan Avilés Farré</a>, these words of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> announced a conception that would be shared by many left-wing republicans according to which only the republicans had the right to govern the Republic, regardless of what the vote of the citizens decided (Avilés Farré, 2006, p. 58). However, Azaña's biographer <a href="/wiki/Santos_Juli%C3%A1" title="Santos Juliá">Santos Juliá</a> makes a more conjunctural interpretation of the comment. He considers that Azaña intended to put an end to the triple concertation that had been forming in which the Republicans were flanked by monarchists on their right and by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">socialists</a> on their left. According to Juliá, later statements by Azaña would go in this direction of denying the enlargement of the political front by the right if the incorporation to it was not accompanied by an explicit profession of republican faith (Juliá, 2008, pp. 262–263). On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Moa" title="Pío Moa">Pío Moa</a>, a best-selling writer of popular history books, considers that this speech by Azaña reflects a key and permanent idea in his political thought, and describes it as Jacobin and antidemocratic (Moa, 2003, p. 50).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a>'s position of categorical opposition to the use of the Civil Guard to prevent the arsonists from acting has been later commented in books of memoirs by at least three of the attendants to the meeting of the Council of Ministers (Avilés Farré, 2006, p. 93, note 10). The then Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maura" title="Miguel Maura">Miguel Maura</a> relates in his book <i>Así cayó Alfonso XIII</i>... (How Alfonso XIII fell), among other things, the following:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>—"So 'kindling fires' it is! You are a fool", —I replied—. "Either you let me unleash the strength onto the streets, or all the convents in Madrid will burn, one after another". <br /> —"That's out of the question", —exclaimed Azaña—. "The lives of all the convents in Madrid aren't worth a single Republican's life".<br />(...)<br />— "Nothing is happening in Barcelona and Valencia today. You'll see tomorrow whether something happens or not" —I warned them—. "Besides, it's quite simple to deal with those scoundrels Indalecio saw. If you just give the order for the Civil Guard to go to the streets, I guarantee you that in ten minutes, not a single one of them will remain". <br />—"I've said I'm strongly opposed to it", —threatened Azaña—, "and I won't continue a minute longer in the government if there's a single person injured in Madrid because of this stupidity". (Maura, 1995, pp. 251–252). </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The President of the provisional government, <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a>, recounts the events as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>... Azaña exploded in fury and threatened that if that other force, hated according to him by the people, was sent, he would immediately leave the government and appeal to the Republican parties for resistance. (...) Azaña's furious attitude, with the riot and crime already in the streets, posed the most heinous and shameful crisis on record, as well as the most difficult. (...) While Azaña's culpability in the spread of the fires is evident, it would be absurd, arbitrary, and injurious to attribute to him prior agreement with the arsonist criminals, not even to suggest that without prior arrangement with them, he deliberately proposed to decisively aid their devastation. (Alcalá-Zamora, 1998, pp. 219–222) </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The then Minister of Communications, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Diego Martínez Barrio</a>, uses the following words in his memoirs:  </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Maura insisted on his purpose. The president hesitated. Then Azaña uttered the words attributed to several ministers: "It is preferable for some buildings to burn than for a Republican to die". The agreement reached was the one forced upon all governments that feel weak: to wait. From that moment on, we no longer directed the events; they directed us. (Martínez Barrio, 1983, p. 37) </p> </blockquote> </div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Campoamor" title="Clara Campoamor">Clara Campoamor</a> herself explained some years later that she had belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a> group since 1929 but that, when it became a party, she had opted for the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical</a>. Clara Campoamor, <i>El voto femenino y yo</i>, Sevilla, Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer, 2001 (1st ed, 1936), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8479210826" title="Special:BookSources/8479210826">8479210826</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198027-28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198027-28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198028-30-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198028-30_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 28-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-37-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200636-37_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008235-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008235_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifiesto_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana">Manifiesto de Acción Republicana</a> (in Spanish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198031-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198031_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198031_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-237-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008236-237_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 236-237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198032-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198032_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008237-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008237_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198033-34-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198033-34_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 33-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-239-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008238-239_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 238-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-39-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200637-39_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 37-39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200640-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200640_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198035-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198035_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200650-51-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200650-51_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200656_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-40_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200648-49-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200648-49_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 48-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-38-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-38_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200657-58-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200657-58_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 57-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-59-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200658-59_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 58-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200666-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200666_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198039-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198039_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200663-64-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200663-64_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 63-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200665-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200665_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-68-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200667-68_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 67-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197986-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197986_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197986_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspin1979">Espin 1979</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200668-69-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200668-69_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200710-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200710_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200710_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200673-75_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 73-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198036-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198036_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198037-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198037_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20078-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20078_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200677-78-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200677-78_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 77-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198041-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198041_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200678-80-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200678-80_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 78-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199491-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199491_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198042-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198042_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-81-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200680-81_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 80-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200713-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200713_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008278_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20074-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20074_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova20077-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova20077_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198045-47-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198045-47_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 45-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-86-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200682-86_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 82-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-280-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008279-280_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 279-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008280-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008280_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200688-89_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 88-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994103-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994103_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-90-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200689-90_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 89-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994101-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994101_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994106-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994106_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200690-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200690_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994102_and_107-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994102_and_107_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 102 and 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-105-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1994104-105_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1994">Preston 1994</a>, p. 104-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-92-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-92_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199561-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199561_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne 1995</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-93-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200691-93_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 91-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199579-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199579_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199579_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1995">Thomas 1995</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200693_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasanova200725-26_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasanova2007">Casanova 2007</a>, p. 25-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008284-285-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008284-285_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 284-285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198051-52-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198051-52_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspín198052-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspín198052_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspín1980">Espín 1980</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008285_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-96-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200694-96_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 94-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008286-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuliá2008286_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuliá2008">Juliá 2008</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200641-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré200641_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006">Avilés Farré 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199542-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199542_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne 1995</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199560-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199560_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne 1995</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199562-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199562_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne 1995</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197994-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197994_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspin1979">Espin 1979</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197992-93-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197992-93_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspin1979">Espin 1979</a>, p. 92-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspin197998-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197998_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspin197998_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspin1979">Espin 1979</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avilés Farré, Juan (2006). <i>La Izquierda burguesa y la tragedia de la II República</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid. pp. 36–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788445128817" title="Special:BookSources/9788445128817"><bdi>9788445128817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Izquierda+burguesa+y+la+tragedia+de+la+II+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=36-96&rft.pub=Comunidad+de+Madrid&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788445128817&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casanova, Julián (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-vCwqwu8AMC&q=Historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+8.+Rep%C3%BAblica+y+guerra+civil"><i>Historia de España 8. República y guerra civil</i></a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>: Editorial Crítica / Marcial Pons. pp. 4–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-878-0"><bdi>978-84-8432-878-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a+8.+Rep%C3%BAblica+y+guerra+civil&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=4-26&rft.pub=Editorial+Cr%C3%ADtica+%2F+Marcial+Pons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-878-0&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-vCwqwu8AMC%26q%3DHistoria%2Bde%2BEspa%25C3%25B1a%2B8.%2BRep%25C3%25BAblica%2By%2Bguerra%2Bcivil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspin1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Espin, Eduardo (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3262846">"Acción Republicana y la estabilidad gubernamental en el sistema de partidos de la II República"</a>. <i>Revista de derecho político</i> (in Spanish) (3): 85–108. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-7562">0210-7562</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+derecho+pol%C3%ADtico&rft.atitle=Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana+y+la+estabilidad+gubernamental+en+el+sistema+de+partidos+de+la+II+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=85-108&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0210-7562&rft.aulast=Espin&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D3262846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspín1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (1980). <i>Azaña en el poder. El partido de Acción Republicana</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. pp. 27–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7476-033-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7476-033-X"><bdi>84-7476-033-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aza%C3%B1a+en+el+poder.+El+partido+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=27-52&rft.pub=Centro+de+Investigaciones+Sociol%C3%B3gicas&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=84-7476-033-X&rft.aulast=Esp%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliá2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juliá, Santos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mq3VqfqlH2oC&q=Vida+y+tiempo+de+Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a"><i>Vida y tiempo de Manuel Azaña (1880–1940)</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Taurus. pp. 235–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-306-0696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-306-0696-2"><bdi>978-84-306-0696-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vida+y+tiempo+de+Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a+%281880%E2%80%931940%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=235-286&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-306-0696-2&rft.aulast=Juli%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmq3VqfqlH2oC%26q%3DVida%2By%2Btiempo%2Bde%2BManuel%2BAza%25C3%25B1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoa2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moa, Pío (2003). <i>Los mitos de la Guerra Civil</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-9734-093-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-9734-093-0"><bdi>84-9734-093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+mitos+de+la+Guerra+Civil&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=La+Esfera+de+los+Libros&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-9734-093-0&rft.aulast=Moa&rft.aufirst=P%C3%ADo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWs-ylblZ1YC&q=La+primera+democracia+espa%C3%B1ola"><i>La primera democracia española</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós. pp. 42–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-493-0128-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-493-0128-9"><bdi>84-493-0128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+primera+democracia+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=42-62&rft.pub=Ediciones+Paid%C3%B3s&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-493-0128-9&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWs-ylblZ1YC%26q%3DLa%2Bprimera%2Bdemocracia%2Bespa%25C3%25B1ola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Preston, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gr0x68RBh_UC&q=Franco+caudillo+de+Espa%C3%B1a"><i>Franco, "caudillo de España"</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Grijalbo. pp. 91–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-253-2498-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-253-2498-X"><bdi>84-253-2498-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%2C+%22caudillo+de+Espa%C3%B1a%22&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=91-107&rft.pub=Editorial+Grijalbo&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=84-253-2498-X&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgr0x68RBh_UC%26q%3DFranco%2Bcaudillo%2Bde%2BEspa%25C3%25B1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Hugh (1995). <i>La Guerra Civil Española</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Grijalbo Mondadori. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-253-2767-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-253-2767-9"><bdi>84-253-2767-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guerra+Civil+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Grijalbo+Mondadori&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-253-2767-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcalá-Zamora1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alcalá-Zamora, Niceto (1998). <i>Memorias</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta. pp. 219–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-08-02608-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-08-02608-9"><bdi>84-08-02608-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorias&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=219-222&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=84-08-02608-9&rft.aulast=Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora&rft.aufirst=Niceto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Barrio1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Barrio, Diego (1983). <i>Memorias</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-320-5690-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-320-5690-1"><bdi>84-320-5690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorias&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-320-5690-1&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Barrio&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaura1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maura, Miguel (1995). <i>Así cayó Alfonso XIII...</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 251–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-344-1130-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-344-1130-X"><bdi>84-344-1130-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As%C3%AD+cay%C3%B3+Alfonso+XIII...&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-344-1130-X&rft.aulast=Maura&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrupo+de+Acci%C3%B3n+Republicana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grupo de Acción Republicana"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Grupo de Acción Republicana</span></a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifiesto_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Manifiesto de Acción Republicana">Manifiesto de Acción Republicana</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disclaimer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><small>The quotations included in note 2 are from primary sources whose content is not yet in the public domain and is protected by copyright law. They have been included for informational purposes in accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S</a>. law. Users must take this into account in order not to make improper use of these texts in accordance with the legislation applicable in their place of residence.</small></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana&oldid=1227084073">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acción_Republicana&oldid=1227084073</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Category:Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Category:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 June 2024, at 16:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-msqtn","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.884","walltime":"1.179","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9250,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":70825,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13439,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":96073,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 933.577 1 -total"," 32.55% 303.881 108 Template:Sfn"," 16.45% 153.612 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.97% 139.800 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 14.34% 133.904 11 Template:Cite_book"," 13.21% 123.363 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.29% 58.758 118 Template:Main_other"," 6.02% 56.236 1 Template:Hlist"," 4.97% 46.430 1 Template:ISBN"," 4.75% 44.338 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.510","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7058272,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlcalá-Zamora1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvilés_Farré2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasanova2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspín1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuliá2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez_Barrio1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaura1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoa2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 108,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2v8f2","timestamp":"20241130003354","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Grupo de Acci\u00f3n Republicana","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17633395","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17633395","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-02-21T03:39:46Z","dateModified":"2024-06-03T16:14:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/President_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg","headline":"Spanish political association"}</script> </body> </html>