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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>By State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African Americans living in the Southern United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_Southerners" title="Special:EditPage/Black Southerners">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Black+Southerners%22">"Black Southerners"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Black+Southerners%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Black+Southerners%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Black+Southerners%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Black+Southerners%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Black+Southerners%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Black Southerners</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png/220px-Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png/330px-Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png/440px-Southern_counties_with_40_percent_African-American_population_in_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Southern counties that were at least 40% Black or African American in the 2000 Census.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">11,054,127 (1980)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">20,595,194 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,156,497</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,996,697</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,554,297</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,441,530</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,364,474</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,424,132</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,820,891</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,228,973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,772,874<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,946,932<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,908,287<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">320,704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">502,913</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></th><td class="infobox-data">424,716</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="infobox-data">237,780</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">307,819</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">64,285</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo (spirituality)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbones" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbones">Redbones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black Southerners</b> are <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> region with the largest <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/220px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/330px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg/440px-Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of Emancipation Day (Juneteenth) in 1900, in Texas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_(page_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg/220px-Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg/330px-Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg/440px-Photographs_from_the_Puckett_Collection-_African_American_Children_in_the_Southern_United_States_-_DPLA_-_7cc16a3b947ee1c1b0758ad8ccaba625_%28page_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>African American children in the South</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite a total of 6 million Blacks migrating from the South to cities in <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">the North and West</a> from 1916 to 1970, the majority of the Black population remains concentrated in the Southern states. In addition, since the 1970s, numerous Black Americans have migrated to the South from other U.S. regions in a reverse <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a>, but they tend to be educated and to settle in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Southerners strongly contributed to the cultural blend of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">foods</a>, art, music (see <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>) that characterize Southern culture today. </p><p>African slaves were sent to the South during the slave trade. Slavery in the United States was primarily located in the American South. By 1850, about 3.2 million African slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. Black slaves in the South faced arbitrary power abuses from <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Civil War, more than 4 million black slaves worked in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> had the largest slave population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are large black communities in urban cities in the South such as <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Southerners are more likely to identify as a Southerner and claim Southern identity than their counterpart <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Alabama" title="History of slavery in Alabama">History of slavery in Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">History of slavery in Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)">History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Kentucky" title="History of slavery in Kentucky">History of slavery in Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">History of slavery in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Maryland" title="History of slavery in Maryland">History of slavery in Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">History of slavery in Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina" title="History of slavery in North Carolina">History of slavery in North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma" title="History of slavery in Oklahoma">History of slavery in Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina" title="History of slavery in South Carolina">History of slavery in South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">History of slavery in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia" title="History of slavery in West Virginia">History of slavery in West Virginia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/220px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/330px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/440px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>Black cotton pickers in the southern United States, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Africans in the South dates to 1619, when a ship headed toward San Juan, Mexico was intercepted by two <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> ships. The pirates expected to steal precious metals like gold and silver, but they found that the ship held 350 black Africans from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cuanza_River" title="Cuanza River">Kwanza River</a> in north central <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The pirates took 60 of the best and healthiest slaves to the English colony of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> with the hopes of selling them to the manpower-deprived city. The settlers of Jamestown purchased 32 slaves (17 men and 15 women), with the hopes that slave labor would help expand the colony. These slaves and their descendants worked wherever they were needed up until 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1619 and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in 1775, hundreds of thousands of black Africans were sold into slavery and imported into the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>African Americans played an important role in America's independence war against Great Britain. After suffering from ongoing oppression, they saw independence as an opportunity to break free from slavery and end unfair treatment. During the war, Blacks fought for whichever side they thought would have the best chance of granting them their freedom. It is estimated that 20,000 African Americans joined the British cause, which promised freedom to enslaved people, as Black Loyalists. Around 9,000 African Americans became Black Patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In state navies, some African Americans served as captains: <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> had significant numbers of Black captains.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British regular army</a> had some fears that, if armed, Black men would start <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a>. Trying to placate southern planters, the British used African Americans as laborers, <a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">skilled workers</a>, foragers and spies. <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dunmore" title="Earl of Dunmore">Lord Dunmore</a>, the royal governor of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, was determined to maintain British rule in the southern colonies and promised to free those enslaved men of rebel owners who fought for him. On November 7, 1775, he issued a proclamation: "I do hereby further declare all indented servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining His Majesty's Troops." By December 1775, the British army had 300 enslaved men wearing a military uniform. Sewn on the breast of the uniform was the inscription "Liberty to Slaves". These enslaved men were designated as "<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Regiment">Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment</a>." Except for those Black men who joined the Ethiopian Regiment, only a few Black men, such as <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Burr" title="Seymour Burr">Seymour Burr</a>, served in the British army while the fighting was concentrated in the North. It was not until the final months of the war, when manpower was low, that loyalists used Black men to fight for Britain in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, when threatened by Patriot forces, the British filled gaps in their troops with African Americans. In October 1779, about 200 <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a> soldiers assisted the British in successfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">defending Savannah</a> against a joint <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and rebel American attack.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dunmore's Black soldiers aroused fear among some Patriots. The Ethiopian unit was used most frequently in the South, where the Black population was oppressed to the breaking point.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a response to expressions of fear posed by armed Black men, in December 1775, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> wrote a letter to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee III</a>, stating that success in the war would come to whatever side could arm Black men the fastest; therefore, he suggested a policy to execute any of the slaves who would attempt to gain freedom by joining the British effort.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington issued orders to the recruiters to reenlist the free Black men who had already served in the army; he worried that some of these soldiers might cross over to the British side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_War_to_Civil_War">Revolutionary War to Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War to Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Patriots who served the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> found that the postwar military held few rewards for them, as it was much reduced in size, and the Southern states had banned all enslaved men from their militias. North Carolina was among the states that allowed <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> to serve in their militias and bear arms until the 1830s. In 1792, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> formally excluded African Americans from military service, allowing only "free able-bodied white male citizens" to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the time of the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free Black</a> men could vote in five of the thirteen states, including North Carolina. That demonstrated that they were considered citizens not only of their states but of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although southern state legislatures maintained the institution of slavery, numerous slaveholders, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>, were inspired by revolutionary ideals to free the people they had enslaved. In addition, in this period, Methodist, Baptist and Quaker preachers also urged <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>. The proportion of free Black people in the Upper South increased markedly, from less than 1 percent of all Black people to more than 10 percent, even as the number of enslaved people was increasing overall.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of the number of free Black people in the United States were concentrated in the Upper South.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Delaware, nearly 75 percent of Black people were free by 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also a result of a changing economy, as many planters had been converting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed commodity crops, with less need for intensive labor. </p><p>After that period, few enslaved people were granted freedom. A modern mechanical cotton gin was invented by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a> in 1793 and patented in 1794. Whitney's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. The invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short-staple cotton profitable, and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> was developed for this product. This drove up the demand for slave labor in that developing area, causing more than one million slaves to be transported to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17_09_024_jarrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/17_09_024_jarrell.jpg/220px-17_09_024_jarrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/17_09_024_jarrell.jpg/330px-17_09_024_jarrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/17_09_024_jarrell.jpg/440px-17_09_024_jarrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4502" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Cotton gin at <a href="/wiki/Jarrell_Plantation" title="Jarrell Plantation">Jarrell Plantation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin, cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Eli Whitney's gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable business, creating many fortunes in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">Antebellum South</a>. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a> became major shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. </p><p>The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. As a result, the region became even more dependent on slave <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations</a>, with agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of the cotton gin led to an increased demand for slaves in the South, reversing the economic decline that had occurred in the region during the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cotton gin thus "transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its inadvertent effect on American slavery, and on its ensuring that the South's economy developed in the direction of plantation-based agriculture (while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere, such as in the North), the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WarCause_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarCause-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Jim_Crow_era">Civil War and Jim Crow era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War and Jim Crow era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>During the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">runaway slaves</a> from the South joined the fight on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free</a> and enslaved Blacks were used for manual labor, but the issue of whether to arm them, and under what terms, became a major source of debate within the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">President's Cabinet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_War_Department" title="Confederate States War Department">C.S. War Department staff</a>. In general, newspapers, politicians, and army leaders alike were hostile to any efforts to arm Blacks. The war's desperate circumstances meant that the Confederacy changed its policy in the last month of the war; in March 1865, a small program attempted to recruit, train, and arm Blacks, but no significant numbers were ever raised or recruited, and those that were never saw combat. </p><p>The Civil War led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery across the country; the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a>, which states that all people born in the United States are American citizens; and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a>, which prohibits the federal government and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, the process of making the newly freed slaves into US citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by these three new constitutional amendments, angered many southern Whites, who were highly opposed to granting Blacks citizenship and the right to vote. The 14th and 15th amendments were both nullified in 1883. White southerners, who had been forced to free their slaves, feared that Black involvement in politics would lead to "Negro supremacy" (Black majority rule); in reality, Blacks never controlled the south politically.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For roughly 100 years after the end of the Civil War, Black Americans, especially in the South, suffered from racial oppression in the form of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, passed in the late 19th and early 20th century, required racial segregation in the states that had maintained slavery until 1865. Fully in place from 1910 onwards, Jim Crow laws reinstated white supremacy and contributed to the loss of the citizenship and voting rights that Blacks had worked so hard to gain. These laws were based on "separate but equal" clauses, which legally mandated the racial separation of Blacks from Whites in public places like schools, bathrooms, and transportation. Blacks usually received inferior accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segregation determined which hospitals people were born in, which schools children could attend, and even dictated which graveyards people were buried in. Blacks and Whites were also held to different legal standards, with two criminal justice systems in existence to maintain the separation of law and expectation. In instances of law breaking, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, often working in tandem with law enforcement officers, would engage in racial terrorism against Blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Migration_and_Civil_Rights_Movement">Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/220px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/330px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg/440px-1943_Colored_Waiting_Room_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> was commonplace in the South until the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, two major events changed the lives of Black Southerners: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. </p><p>The first Great Migration began during World War I and continued until 1940, with the second wave hitting its high point during World War II and the post-World War II economic boom, which lasted until 1970. During both migrations, five million Blacks left their homes in the South for <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western states</a> to find work in private and public sectors of the economy. They also wanted to leave the racial segregation, lynching, bigotry, violence, and disenfranchisement in the South behind. Upon arriving in the North and West, however, Black migrants unsurprisingly faced widespread racial discrimination there as well, being perceived as competitors for jobs and housing and blamed for lowering the property values of white residents. Despite this, conditions in the North and Western U.S. were still ahead of the South at that time; blacks in those areas had the right to vote, could send their children to better schools, and were paid more for skilled and unskilled labor.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In reference to why so many Blacks stayed in the South for so long, Jimmie Lewis Franklin points out that while <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> values and prolonged discrimination may have inspired the continuous migration of Blacks from the South in search of a better life, many choose to stay not due to a submission to racism, but out of the basic human desire to remain in an established home.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The migration also empowered the growing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against ending <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a> and Jim Crow laws in the South. A big part of the civil rights movement was <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>. Organizations were formed around the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>. More often than not, the reasoning behind the nonviolence was religion, and the belief that everyone should be treated with love. It was also thought that violent protests would never gain the needed momentum, despite the fact that anti-racism protests were often disbanded with <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States#Civil_Rights_Movement_era" title="Police brutality in the United States">intense police violence</a>. These nonviolent protestors were also inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>. Leaders of the nonviolent protest movement like <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> were backed by religious morals and the ideals of Gandhi. These ideals, paired with the minds of civil rights leaders, drove the movement. </p><p>School segregation was finally declared unconstitutional in 1954 by the Supreme Court ruling of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown vs The Board of Education</a>. In this ruling, the Supreme Court overruled the "separate but equal" ruling of <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy vs Ferguson</a></i> in 1896, concluding that this was far from the reality.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1954 Supreme Court ruling came about after 13 parents took to the courts to end racial segregation when their students were not admitted into the white school in their neighborhood. At that time, segregation was still a huge part of southern life. It was everywhere: restaurants, restrooms, and water fountains, to name a few examples.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a> was the first African American student to attend the University of Mississippi. On October 1, 1962, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a>, the governor of Mississippi, withheld Meredith's ability to register, and he was convicted of civil contempt. He complied and faced no major charges, but had he refused to halt his interference, he would have been arrested and ordered to pay a fine of $10,000 per day. However, a <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a> ensued when Meredith arrived on campus, and President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was forced to send the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard" title="National Guard">National Guard</a> to Oxford, Mississippi, where two people were killed and 200 were injured. The next year, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, the governor of Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">symbolically stood in the front door of the University of Alabama</a> to protest the admittance of two black students, <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Malone">Vivian Malone</a>, in an attempt to keep them from enrolling in the university. Reporters were invited to witness this protest during his reelection campaign, in which <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a>, stated that Wallace was unauthorized to do so, and he eventually stepped down.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> (1955–1956), the Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> (1964), the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> (1965), and the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr</a>. The Montgomery Improvement Association was formed in 1955 with Martin Luther King Jr. as its president after <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> was arrested for sitting in the white section of a public city bus. The Association organized carpooling for Blacks as well as weekly prayer groups. In 1956, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> was a major event in the civil rights movement, and it brought King to national attention as the leader of this protest. He stressed the importance of nonviolence in gaining the respect of the oppressor. The Montgomery bus boycott helped birth organizations that were embedded in nonviolence. They were the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written by black Southerners, such as King's famous 1963 "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>". Most civil rights landmarks can be found in the South. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> is located in the Sweet Auburn district, as is the <a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a>, location of Martin and <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>'s gravesites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Great_Migration">New Great Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Great Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s ended Jim Crow laws across the South and other areas of the United States. A third migration appears to be underway, this time with <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">African Americans from the North and West moving back to the South</a> in record numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South and elsewhere in the U.S., the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality. According to a 2003 report by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville-Davidson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> at number six.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between Blacks and Whites, relative to the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Great Migration is not evenly distributed throughout the South. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, and so forth. North Carolina's <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area" title="Charlotte metropolitan area">Charlotte metro</a> area in particular, is a hot spot for African American migrants in the US. Between 1975 and 1980, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a> saw a net gain of 2,725 African Americans in the area. This number continued to rise as between 1985 and 1990 as the area had a net gain of 7,497 African Americans, and from 1995 to 2000 the net gain was 23,313 African Americans. </p><p>This rise in net gain points to Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, and Houston being a growing hot spots for the migrants of The New Great Migration. The percentage of Black Americans who live in the South has been increasing since 1990, and the biggest gains have been in the region's large urban areas, according to census data. The Black population of metro Atlanta more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, surpassing 2 million in the most recent census. The Black population also more than doubled in metro Charlotte while Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth both saw their Black populations surpass 1 million for the first time. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio;<sup id="cite_ref-expressnews.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expressnews.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary destinations are states that have the most job opportunities, especially <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Other southern states, including <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, have seen little net growth in the African American population from return migration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture of the Southern United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png/220px-Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png/330px-Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png/440px-Beyonc%C3%A9_at_The_Lion_King_European_Premiere_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Beyoncé is a black singer from Houston, Texas of African-American and Louisiana Creole ancestry. Her African-American father <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Knowles" title="Mathew Knowles">Mathew Knowles</a> is from Alabama and her Louisiana Creole mother <a href="/wiki/Tina_Knowles" title="Tina Knowles">Tina Knowles</a> has roots in Louisiana.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a>, a genre of music, originated from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_songs" title="Sorrow songs">sorrow songs</a></i> that slaves would sing. Blues originated in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, mostly in cities like <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Blues often consist of a sole singer with an instrument, usually a guitar, expressing their emotions. Blues music generally comes from the inspiration of love, sex, betrayal, poverty, bad luck, and lifestyles that are less than ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> music originated in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in the 1910s. Blacks and Whites made music that would mix cultures and aspects of European and African music. Jazz was created as a different type of Blues music. Blues was considered to be reflective of lower class status, while jazz was more stylized. <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> were famous jazz musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, a new type of music called <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> emerged onto the scene. Funk is a type of music that brings soul and energy. It is significantly well known for the use of the electric bass guitar to create songs that are long and enable people to dance. <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> was a notable funk musician. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> was notorious for blending funk and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> together to create a successful and popular genre of music that stemmed from old jazz and <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rap_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap music">Rap music</a> originated from the pent-up anger of the civil rights movement.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest inspiration for rap music is soul music. Rap music and hip-hop music are often interchangeable. Hip-hop, however, covers a wider variety of topics and stems from a different type of energy. In the 1990s, a new form of rap called <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> emerged. Soon, there were rap rivalries between the East coast and the West Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, many Blacks perform and listen to <a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern hip hop</a>. Southern cities with their own hip hop scene are <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable black Southern hip hop musician is <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>, from New Orleans. He has won Grammy Awards and has sold millions of albums. Notable Southern hip hop musicians include <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.I." title="T.I.">T.I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flo_Rida" title="Flo Rida">Flo Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_Boy" title="Rich Boy">Rich Boy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Ross" title="Rick Ross">Rick Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)" title="Scarface (rapper)">Scarface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Jeezy" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Jeezy">Young Jeezy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> originated from Blacks and Whites who created soulful and deep energy through music that also includes dance. The combination of music from Black and White cultures created a blend of Protestant hymns and African styles, two popular sectors of music that could harmoniously coexist. Black gospel musicians started creating their own trends by creating duos and choirs and competing worldwide in traveling singing groups. Eventually, this led to the combination of White and Black gospel groups; however, they remained distinctly separate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> is popular among African Americans in the South. <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans rhythm and blues</a> is often performed by black musicians from New Orleans. A notable black R&B singer from the South is <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>. She often pays homage to her Southern culture in her music and music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of black people in the South are <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Civil War, there was a great divide in religion in the south. Blacks were split between the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a>. They would barely be found in historically white churches. By 1906, the National Baptist Convention accounted for over 61% of the Black Christian community. From 1890 till 1906, the population of Black churchgoers increased by one million. </p><p>Reverend <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was one of the most prominent African-American ministers in the South, leading a Baptist church in Atlanta. </p><p>Numerous other Christian denominations and other religions have entered the South with new migrants and immigrants. There has been exceeding growth of religions in the South. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> religions have been introduced into large Southern cities. In 1999, more than 1 out of 5 people identified as being part of a religion other than a Protestant sect. African Americans made up 39% of those persons affiliated with other religions. </p><p>In 2000, the city of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> had 10,000 Buddhists, 12,000 Hindus, and 30,000 Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Louisiana, some Black Southerners perform <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a>. Slaves brought their Voodoo religion to Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> from <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine of the Southern United States</a></div> <p>The south is known for many foods, many of which contain African American influences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, a botanist from Missouri, made many discoveries regarding the peanut. The United Peanut Associations of America reached out to Carver to discuss Carver's many advances using the peanut. Carver gave a discussion regarding the peanut and all the things that can be done with a peanut.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><u><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Popular southern dishes:</a></u> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SweetPotatoPie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/220px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/330px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SweetPotatoPie.jpg/440px-SweetPotatoPie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Sweet potato pie</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sweet:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_mud_pie" title="Mississippi mud pie">Mississippi Mud Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_cobbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach cobbler">Peach Cobbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon pie">Moon Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet potato pie</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_pie,_November_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg/220px-Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg/330px-Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg/440px-Pecan_pie%2C_November_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Pecan pie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG/220px-Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG/330px-Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG/440px-Hoppin-john-bowl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Hoppin' John</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Savory:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">Cornbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_pork" title="Pulled pork">Pulled pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambalaya" title="Jambalaya">Jambalaya</a> (Louisiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviled_egg" title="Deviled egg">Deviled eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">Fried Chicken</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbo</a> (Louisiana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppin%27_John" title="Hoppin' John">Hoppin' John</a> (South Carolina)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professionalism_and_jobs">Professionalism and jobs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Professionalism and jobs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The African American job market has significantly changed in the last fifty years. Previously, almost all African Americans were impoverished. The poverty rate has significantly declined since then. Today, more than 40% of African Americans consider themselves to be in the middle class. They previously had low-paying manual jobs such as sharecroppers, laborers, or any other jobs that Whites wouldn't work. A majority of African American women worked as servants, and they were paid even less than men. Fifty years ago, 6 out of 10 African American women worked as servants. Today, African Americans are one of the fastest growing entrepreneurial groups in the United States. Over half of the black population in America works a white-collar job. The income gap between Blacks and Whites has been cut by about a third. Although the gap is still there, two-parent Black families earn 13% less than two-parent White families.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_suburbs">Black suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Black suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the second Great Migration ended in 1970, many Black people have moved back to the South. This is largely due to improved race relations and an improvement of the economy in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary destinations are states such as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans began moving to the suburbs seeking out safer and more comfortable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a common misconception that much of the African American population lives in ghettos in high-rise, government-provided housing, when in reality, over 33% live in the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both White and Black families live in suburbia, the neighborhoods seemingly are very separated. Many of the middle class African American families live in all Black suburbia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African American middle class continues to grow, with more than 40% of the Black middle class population owning a home.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last 25 years, for example, the population of <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County, Maryland</a>, where suburban housing was developed near <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>, became majority African American. By 2006 it was the wealthiest majority-black county in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>, African Americans continue to move to more distant areas. <a href="/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland" title="Charles County, Maryland">Charles County, Maryland</a> has become the next destination for middle-class black migrants from Washington and other areas; by 2002, the students in the school system were majority black. Charles County has the fastest-growing black population of any large county in the nation except the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Randallstown,_Maryland" title="Randallstown, Maryland">Randallstown</a> near Baltimore has also become a majority-black suburb. Other major majority-black suburbs include <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer, AL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida" title="Miami Gardens, Florida">Miami Gardens, FL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pine_Hills,_Florida" title="Pine Hills, Florida">Pine Hills, FL</a>; <a href="/wiki/College_Park,_Georgia" title="College Park, Georgia">College Park, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/East_Point,_Georgia" title="East Point, Georgia">East Point, GA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Illinois" title="Harvey, Illinois">Harvey, IL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matteson,_Illinois" title="Matteson, Illinois">Matteson, IL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maywood,_Illinois" title="Maywood, Illinois">Maywood, IL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana" title="Merrillville, Indiana">Merrillville, IN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eastpointe,_Michigan" title="Eastpointe, Michigan">Eastpointe, MI</a>; <a href="/wiki/Inkster,_Michigan" title="Inkster, Michigan">Inkster, MI</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park, MI</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield, MI</a>; <a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange, NJ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington, NJ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange, NJ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="Plainfield, New Jersey">Plainfield, NJ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willingboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Willingboro Township, New Jersey">Willingboro, NJ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York" title="Hempstead (village), New York">Hempstead, NY</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, New York">Mount Vernon, NY</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson, MO</a>; <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park,_Ohio" title="Forest Park, Ohio">Forest Park, OH</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darby,_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby, PA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rankin,_Pennsylvania" title="Rankin, Pennsylvania">Rankin, PA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania">Wilkinsburg, PA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yeadon,_Pennsylvania" title="Yeadon, Pennsylvania">Yeadon, PA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Converse,_Texas" title="Converse, Texas">Converse, TX</a>; <a href="/wiki/DeSoto,_Texas" title="DeSoto, Texas">Desoto, TX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Heights,_Texas" title="Glenn Heights, Texas">Glenn Heights, TX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Texas" title="Lancaster, Texas">Lancaster, TX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City, TX</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_city">By city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">African Americans in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Washington, D.C.">African Americans in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">History of African Americans in Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">History of African Americans in Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">History of African Americans in San Antonio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_State">By State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">African Americans in Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">African Americans in Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Delaware">African Americans in Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">African Americans in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">African Americans in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">African Americans in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">African Americans in Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">African Americans in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">African Americans in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">African Americans in Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">African Americans in South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">African Americans in Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Texas">African Americans in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">African Americans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">African Americans in West Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Southerners&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/profiles/02000US3-south-region/">"Census profile: South Region"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+profile%3A+South+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F02000US3-south-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/profiles/04000US12-florida/">"Census profile: Florida"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+profile%3A+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F04000US12-florida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/profiles/04000US24-maryland/">"Census profile: Maryland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+profile%3A+Maryland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F04000US24-maryland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/profiles/04000US48-texas/">"Census profile: Texas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+profile%3A+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fprofiles%2F04000US48-texas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/10/21/black-adults-in-the-u-s-south-more-likely-than-those-in-other-regions-to-attend-a-black-congregation/">"Black adults in the U.S. South more likely than those in other regions to attend a Black congregation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+adults+in+the+U.S.+South+more+likely+than+those+in+other+regions+to+attend+a+Black+congregation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2021%2F10%2F21%2Fblack-adults-in-the-u-s-south-more-likely-than-those-in-other-regions-to-attend-a-black-congregation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoles" class="citation book cs1">Boles, John B. <i>Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (New Perspectives on the South)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Southerners%2C+1619-1869+%28New+Perspectives+on+the+South%29&rft.aulast=Boles&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sisson, Patrick. (July 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.curbed.com/2018/7/31/17632092/black-chicago-neighborhood-great-migration">How a 'reverse Great Migration' is reshaping U.S. cities</a>. <i>Curbed</i>. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/ushistory/chapter/african-americans-in-the-antebellum-united-states/">"African Americans in the Antebellum United States"</a>. 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+Antebellum+United+States&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu%2Fushistory%2Fchapter%2Fafrican-americans-in-the-antebellum-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2956.html">"Antebellum slavery - PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Antebellum+slavery+-+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart4%2F4p2956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/slavery-in-the-american-south">"Slavery in the American South"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+American+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crf-usa.org%2Fblack-history-month%2Fslavery-in-the-american-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/encyclopedia/slavery-in-the-united-states/">Slavery in the United States</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/amp/articles/which-u-s-states-had-the-most-slaves-at-the-start-of-the-civil-war.html">Which U.S. States Had The Most Slaves At The Start Of The Civil War?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazierTettey-Fio2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, John W.; Tettey-Fio, Eugene (2006). <i>Race, ethnicity, and place in a changing America</i>. Binghamton, NY: Global Academic Publ. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586842642" title="Special:BookSources/9781586842642"><bdi>9781586842642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+ethnicity%2C+and+place+in+a+changing+America&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+NY&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Global+Academic+Publ&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781586842642&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Tettey-Fio%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diverseeducation.com/demographics/african-american/article/15081307/survey-many-blacks-proud-to-be-southerners-despite-regions-racist-history">Survey: Many Blacks Proud to be Southerners, Despite Region’s Racist History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSloan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Ashley B.; Sloan, Melissa M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/489261/pdf">"Race as Region, Region as Race: How Black and White Southerners Understand Their Regional Identities"</a>. <i>Southern Cultures</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 72–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscu.2012.0042">10.1353/scu.2012.0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143022245">143022245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Cultures&rft.atitle=Race+as+Region%2C+Region+as+Race%3A+How+Black+and+White+Southerners+Understand+Their+Regional+Identities&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=72-95&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fscu.2012.0042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143022245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ashley+B.&rft.au=Sloan%2C+Melissa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F489261%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossInabinet2021" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Christina L.; Inabinet, Brandon (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Black+Southerners+are+more+likely+to+identify+as+a+Southerner&pg=PT160"><i>Reconstructing Southern Rhetoric</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496836168" title="Special:BookSources/9781496836168"><bdi>9781496836168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Southern+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2021-11&rft.isbn=9781496836168&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Christina+L.&rft.au=Inabinet%2C+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUNOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBlack%2BSoutherners%2Bare%2Bmore%2Blikely%2Bto%2Bidentify%2Bas%2Ba%2BSoutherner%26pg%3DPT160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashaw2017" class="citation web cs1">Hashaw, Tim (21 Jan 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202205901/https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm">"U.S. News & World Report"</a>. <i>US News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.aulast=Hashaw&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F070121%2F29african.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2015" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Gary B. (2015). Gray, Edward G.; Kamensky, Jane (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution</i> (Oxford University Press paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190257767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190257767"><bdi>978-0190257767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=Oxford+University+Press+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190257767&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanning, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanning, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBayMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo (2013). <i>Freedom: on My Mind</i>. Bostan: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%3A+on+My+Mind&rft.place=Bostan&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.Martin%27s&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Bay%2C+Mia&rft.au=Martin%2C+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2014" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Joyce Lee (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46syptKcoUUC&pg=PT116"><i>Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300142761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300142761"><bdi>978-0300142761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%27s+War%3A+A+New+England+Slave+Boy+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0300142761&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46syptKcoUUC%26pg%3DPT116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanning, 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=52"><i>Abraham Lincoln's Speech on the Dred Scott Decision, June 26, 1857</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020908182323/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=52">Archived</a> September 8, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Kolchin_1993_pp._77-78_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kolchin (1993), <i>American Slavery,</i> pp. 77–78, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolchin (1993), <i>American Slavery,</i> p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolchin (1993), <i>American Slavery,</i> p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamner, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24411">teachinghistory.org</a>, "The Disaster of Innovation", retrieved July 11, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson,_Parke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pierson, Parke (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/seeds-of-conflict.htm">"Seeds of conflict"</a>. <i>America's Civil War</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Seeds+of+conflict&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2009-09&rft.au=Pierson%2C+Parke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fseeds-of-conflict.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, Robert (September 1, 2009). "A Turn of the Crank Started the Civil War." <i>Mechanical Engineering</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_N._Jeremy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, N. Jeremy (July 2009). "Making Cotton King". <i>World Trade</i>. <b>22</b> (7): 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Trade&rft.atitle=Making+Cotton+King&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2009-07&rft.au=Smith%2C+N.+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_O._Woods2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robert O. Woods (December 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/how-the-cotton-gin-started-the-civil-war">"How the Cotton Gin Started the Civil War"</a>. <i>The American Society of Mechanical Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.atitle=How+the+Cotton+Gin+Started+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.au=Robert+O.+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Ftopics-resources%2Fcontent%2Fhow-the-cotton-gin-started-the-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill,_Paco2008" class="citation journal cs1">Underhill, Paco (2008). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Culture%2C+and+Religion+in+the+American+South&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.7&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Beyoncé: At Work, On Screen, and Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyonc%C3%A9%3A+At+Work%2C+On+Screen%2C+and+Online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/10/21/black-adults-in-the-u-s-south-more-likely-than-those-in-other-regions-to-attend-a-black-congregation/">"Black adults in the U.S. South more likely than those in other regions to attend a Black congregation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+adults+in+the+U.S.+South+more+likely+than+those+in+other+regions+to+attend+a+Black+congregation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2021%2F10%2F21%2Fblack-adults-in-the-u-s-south-more-likely-than-those-in-other-regions-to-attend-a-black-congregation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh" class="citation web cs1">Mackintosh, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/george-washington-carver-and-peanut">"George Washington Carver and the Peanut"</a>. <i>American Heritage</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=George+Washington+Carver+and+the+Peanut&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fgeorge-washington-carver-and-peanut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2014/07/28/the-top-10-southern-foods-our-picks/">"The Top 10 Southern Foods Our Picks"</a>. <i>interexchange.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interexchange.org&rft.atitle=The+Top+10+Southern+Foods+Our+Picks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interexchange.org%2Farticles%2Fcareer-training-usa%2F2014%2F07%2F28%2Fthe-top-10-southern-foods-our-picks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstrom1998" class="citation web cs1">Thernstrom, Abigale (March 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/black-progress-how-far-weve-come-and-how-far-we-have-to-go/">"Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go"</a>. <i>brookings.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Black+Progress%3A+How+far+we%27ve+come%2C+and+how+far+we+have+to+go&rft.date=1998-03-01&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Abigale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fblack-progress-how-far-weve-come-and-how-far-we-have-to-go%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashin" class="citation web cs1">Cashin, Sheryll D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2843&context=clr">"Middle-Class Black Suburbs and the State of Integration: A Post-Integrationist Vision for Metropolitan America"</a>. <i>Cornell Law Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Middle-Class+Black+Suburbs+and+the+State+of+Integration%3A+A+Post-Integrationist+Vision+for+Metropolitan+America&rft.aulast=Cashin&rft.aufirst=Sheryll+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2843%26context%3Dclr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Frey (May 2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-great-migration-black-americans-return-to-the-south-1965-2000/">The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-to the present</a>". <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. brookings.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolnay" class="citation web cs1">Tolnay, Stewart E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/chinspring14/files/2014/02/Black-Migration.pdf">"The African American "Great Migration" and Beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+African+American+%22Great+Migration%22+and+Beyond&rft.aulast=Tolnay&rft.aufirst=Stewart+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacaulay.cuny.edu%2Feportfolios%2Fchinspring14%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F02%2FBlack-Migration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Southerners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-153305126.html">"America's wealthiest black county. (Prince George's County, Maryland)"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia</i>. Accessed March 1, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/02/AR2007100200975.html">"Charles County Schools Are Now Majority Black"</a>, <i>Washington Post</i>, July 10, 2002. Accessed March 1, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_African_American_majority_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with African American majority populations">List of U.S. cities with African American majority populations</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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