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scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Groff v. DeJoy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued April 18, 2023<br />Decided June 29, 2023</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Gerald E. Groff v. <a href="/wiki/Louis_DeJoy" title="Louis DeJoy">Louis DeJoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Postmaster_General" class="mw-redirect" title="US Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-174.html">22-174</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">600 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 447 (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_600" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 600">more</a></i>)<div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2022/22-174">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opinion announcement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2022/22-174">Opinion announcement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Groff v. DeJoy</i>, No. 5:19-cv-1879 (<a href="/wiki/E.D._Pa." class="mw-redirect" title="E.D. Pa.">E.D. Pa.</a>, Apr. 6, 2021), aff'd, <i>Groff v. Dejoy</i>, 35 F.4th 162 (<a href="/wiki/3d_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="3d Cir.">3d Cir.</a>, May 25 2022); <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a></i>. granted (Jan. 13, 2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Questions presented</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">(1) Whether this Court should disapprove its more-than-<i>de</i>-<i>minimis</i>-cost test for Title VII religious accommodations stated in <i>Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison</i>, 432 U.S. 63 (1977); and<br />(2) Whether an employer may demonstrate "undue hardship on the conduct of the employer's business" under Title VII by showing that the requested accommodation burdens the employee's co-workers as opposed to the business entity.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Title VII requires an employer that denies a religious accommodation to show that the burden of granting an accommodation would result in substantial increased costs in relation to the conduct of its particular business.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Alito, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Sotomayor, joined by Jackson</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Groff v. DeJoy</b></i>, 600 U.S. 447 (2023), was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> case regarding <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a> and employment accommodations under <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act</a> of 1964. Prior, <i><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines,_Inc._v._Hardison" title="Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison">Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison</a></i> (1977) had established that an employer could deny an employee <a href="/wiki/Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">religious exemptions</a> from work if they could show "<a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a>" in making the accommodation, a vague phrase at the center of <i>Groff</i>. The case was decided unanimously for Groff by the Court. While generally upholding <i>Trans World</i>, the court clarified that increased costs that are more than "<i>de minimis</i>" are not sufficient to demonstrate "undue hardship", and that the onus is on the employer to demonstrate that granting the exemption would incur "substantial increased costs" compared to the normal costs of business. This decision has been widely praised by religious organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerald E. Groff was a <a href="/wiki/Mail_carrier" title="Mail carrier">mail carrier</a>, specifically a <a href="/wiki/Rural_letter_carrier" title="Rural letter carrier">Rural Carrier Associate</a> (RCA), working for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> (USPS) from 2012 until 2019. He is an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christian">Protestant Christian</a> and observes <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbath">Sunday Sabbath</a>. As such, his religion requires him to rest and worship on a Sunday instead of working.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> contracted the USPS to deliver their packages. <a href="/wiki/Quarryville,_Pennsylvania" title="Quarryville, Pennsylvania">Quarryville</a>, Pennsylvania soon became an important hub and started delivering Amazon packages from 2015 onwards. Groff was initially an RCA at the Quarryville post office and informed the USPS of his religious need and his inability to work on Sundays. Accordingly, the USPS moved to accommodate his religious requirements by allowing him not to work on Sunday insofar as he covered the other shifts throughout the week.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in May 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> (MOU) between the USPS and the <a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Letter_Carriers%27_Association" title="National Rural Letter Carriers' Association">National Rural Letter Carriers' Association</a> only allowed the exemption of work on Sunday on two conditions: (1) if the person had applied for leave on that day, and, (2) if the person would have exceeded the limit of 40 hours of work that week on Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MOU did not provide Groff with a religious exemption to working on Sundays and as a result, the USPS again moved to accommodate him by transferring him to a smaller station that did not fulfill Amazon deliveries, the <a href="/wiki/Holtwood,_Pennsylvania" title="Holtwood, Pennsylvania">Holtwood</a> post office.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly to Quarryville, Holtwood also started Sunday Amazon deliveries in March 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmaster</a> at Holtwood offered to allow Groff to pray on Sunday morning before returning to work later in the day, but he declined the offer. In the peak season of 2017, another RCA volunteered to take over his shifts on Sunday, but that worker fell ill, leaving the rest of the RCAs and the postmaster to be additionally burdened to take over delivery on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groff continued to be absent from his scheduled work on Sundays after the 2017 peak season and consequently was punished, so he filed a complaint asking USPS to transfer him to a job that did not require him to work on Sundays. This complaint was promptly denied as no position in the USPS had such an exemption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groff eventually resigned in 2019 and sued the USPS for two reasons, alleging he was "<a href="/wiki/Disparate_treatment" title="Disparate treatment">disparate(ly) treat(ed)</a>" due to his religion and for failure to accommodate his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proceedings_below">Proceedings below</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proceedings below"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groff filed suit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a>, arguing that the USPS discriminated against him.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his first argument, Groff argued that he had direct evidence that the USPS discriminated against him. Nevertheless, the court found the evidence provided by Groff against the USPS to be insufficient. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_burden-shifting" title="McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting"><i>McDonnell Douglass</i> burden shifting test</a> was used, which placed the burden on the plaintiff, Groff, to show that there was a <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> case of <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, which he did. The burden then shifted to the USPS to reason if there was a non-discriminatory reason to do so; the USPS did so by proving the importance of Sunday Amazon delivery due to their poor financial situation. The burden shifted back to the plaintiff to prove a pretext, which he failed to do. Therefore, the court rejected his first argument.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his second argument on failure to <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(religion)" title="Accommodation (religion)">accommodate</a>, the court rejected the argument, saying that the employer does not need to entirely rectify the conflict to accommodate and they do not need to accommodate the request due to Groff's request adding an <a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a> on the company. The court added that satisfying the demands by the petitioner is more than a <i>de minimis</i> burden, as set forth by <i><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines,_Inc._v._Hardison" title="Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison">Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groff appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>, which affirmed the district court's decision by a 2–1 vote, with Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardiman" title="Thomas Hardiman">Thomas Hardiman</a> dissenting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groff then filed a petition for a writ of <i>certiorari</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifteen Republican members of Congress filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief"><i>amicus</i> brief</a> in support of the plaintiff, on September 26, 2022, arguing that the standard set in <i>Hardison</i> for "undue hardship" was irreconcilable with the text and congressional purpose of Title VII,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asking the court to grant <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> and overturn its precedent. </p><p>The Supreme Court granted <i>certiorari</i> on January 13, 2023, and heard oral argument on April 18, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-blog_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court ruled 9–0 for Groff, remanding the case back to the Third Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-blog_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Alito wrote the opinion, Justice Sotomayor filed a concurring opinion which Justice Jackson joined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opinion clarified Title VII's standard of "<a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a>" does not mean <i>de minimis</i>. The ruling states that "undue hardship is very different from <i>de minimis</i>" and that an employer even "showing more than <i>de minimis</i> cost" in providing religious accommodation "does not suffice to establish undue hardship." This ruling places additional onus on the employer to prove that the burden placed on them to accommodate an employee's religious needs is "substantial in the overall context of an employer's business" to deny that employee's religious needs. </p><p>Both parties' elaborations of their test, where Groff argued that lower courts should follow the jurisprudence under the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> (ADA) to compel companies to accommodate an employee's religious exemption from work, and conversely, the United States argued that <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>'s (EEOC) construction of <i>Hardison</i> was "basically correct", were found by the court to be "too far" and were squarely rejected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurring_opinion">Concurring opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concurring opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her 3-page <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinion</a>, Justice Sotomayor wrote that for many years the EEOC had already been interpreting the "undue hardship" to be on the conduct of the company's business. She also added that the court's decision to not overrule the <i>Hardison</i> test for a "significant difficulty or expense standard" test, similar to the one in the ADA, to be the right decision and signalled to Congress to make that decision themselves. Lastly, she clarified that burdens on co-workers may be undue hardship. She explained that animus towards co-workers and things like coordinating voluntary shift swaps are not undue hardship, but clarified that effects on co-workers can still be "undue hardship" to the employer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission_v._Abercrombie_%26_Fitch_Stores" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business#Landmark_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Religion and business">Religion and business § Landmark United States Supreme Court cases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youngisrael.org/homepage-posts/young-israel-praises-supreme-courts-decision-in-groff-v-dejoy/">"Young Israel Praises Supreme Court's Decision in <i>Groff V. DeJoy</i>"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">National Council of Young Israel</a>. July 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Israel+Praises+Supreme+Court%E2%80%99s+Decision+in+Groff+V.+DeJoy&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Young+Israel&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoungisrael.org%2Fhomepage-posts%2Fyoung-israel-praises-supreme-courts-decision-in-groff-v-dejoy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinedo" class="citation web cs1">Pinedo, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/254707/us-bishops-praise-supreme-court-unanimous-groff-v-dejoy-religious-freedom-decision">"U.S. bishops praise Supreme Court's unanimous <i>Groff v. DeJoy</i> religious freedom decision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Word Television Network">Eternal Word Television Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=U.S.+bishops+praise+Supreme+Court%E2%80%99s+unanimous+Groff+v.+DeJoy+religious+freedom+decision&rft.aulast=Pinedo&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F254707%2Fus-bishops-praise-supreme-court-unanimous-groff-v-dejoy-religious-freedom-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/groff-v-dejoy?sort=relevance&q=groff%20v%20dejoy&p=1&tab=keyword&jxs=&type=case&resultsNav=false">"<i>Groff v. DeJoy</i>, Civil Action No. 19-1879"</a>. <i>casetext.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span> – via Casetext Search + Citator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=Groff+v.+DeJoy%2C+Civil+Action+No.+19-1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fgroff-v-dejoy%3Fsort%3Drelevance%26q%3Dgroff%2520v%2520dejoy%26p%3D1%26tab%3Dkeyword%26jxs%3D%26type%3Dcase%26resultsNav%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/groff-v-dejoy-1">"<i>Groff v. Dejoy</i>, 35 F.4th 162"</a>. <i>casetext.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span> – via Casetext Search + Citator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=Groff+v.+Dejoy%2C+35+F.4th+162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fgroff-v-dejoy-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/238753/20220926105438238_22-174%20Amicus%20Brief%20of%20Members%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Senate%20and%20House%20of%20Representatives.pdf">"Brief of Members of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives as <i>Amici Curiae</i> in Support of Petitioner"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SupremeCourt.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SupremeCourt.gov&rft.atitle=Brief+of+Members+of+the+United+States+Senate+and+United+States+House+of+Representatives+as+Amici+Curiae+in+Support+of+Petitioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2FDocketPDF%2F22%2F22-174%2F238753%2F20220926105438238_22-174%2520Amicus%2520Brief%2520of%2520Members%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520Senate%2520and%2520House%2520of%2520Representatives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blog_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blog_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/groff-v-dejoy/">"<i>Groff v. DeJoy</i>"</a>. <i>SCOTUSblog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=Groff+v.+DeJoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2Fcase-files%2Fcases%2Fgroff-v-dejoy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-174.html">"Docket for 22-174"</a>. <i>www.supremecourt.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=Docket+for+22-174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fdocket%2Fdocketfiles%2Fhtml%2Fpublic%2F22-174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroff+v.+DeJoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groff_v._DeJoy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Groff v. 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