CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Brett Kavanaugh - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ca93b603-11ee-4f24-9287-07165d926349","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Brett_Kavanaugh","wgTitle":"Brett Kavanaugh","wgCurRevisionId":1273241129,"wgRevisionId":1273241129,"wgArticleId":21816987,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use American English from July 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from October 2023","Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024", "All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link is on Wikidata","FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","People appearing on C-SPAN","Brett Kavanaugh","1965 births","Living people","20th-century American lawyers","21st-century American lawyers","American people of Irish descent","Catholics from Maryland","George W. Bush administration personnel","Georgetown Preparatory School alumni","Georgetown University Law Center faculty","Harvard Law School faculty","Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit","Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","People associated with Kirkland \u0026 Ellis", "Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States","Lawyers from Washington, D.C.","Maryland Republicans","Lawyers from Bethesda, Maryland","United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush","United States Department of Justice lawyers","United States federal judges appointed by Donald Trump","White House staff secretaries","Yale College alumni","Yale Law School alumni","Yale Law School faculty","People associated with Munger, Tolles \u0026 Olson","Williams \u0026 Connolly people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Brett_Kavanaugh","wgRelevantArticleId":21816987,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4962244","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/1200px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1459"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/800px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="973"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/640px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="778"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Brett Kavanaugh - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Brett_Kavanaugh rootpage-Brett_Kavanaugh skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brett+Kavanaugh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brett+Kavanaugh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brett+Kavanaugh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brett+Kavanaugh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career_(1990–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career_(1990–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legal career (1990–2006) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_career_(1990–2006)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal career (1990–2006) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_career_(1990–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clerkships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerkships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Clerkships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerkships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ken_Starr_associate_counsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ken_Starr_associate_counsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ken Starr associate counsel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ken_Starr_associate_counsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Private practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalist_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalist_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Federalist Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalist_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._circuit_judge_(2006–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._circuit_judge_(2006–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 U.S. circuit judge (2006–2018) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._circuit_judge_(2006–2018)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. circuit judge (2006–2018) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._circuit_judge_(2006–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affordable_Care_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affordable_Care_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Affordable Care Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affordable_Care_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointments_Clause_and_separation_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointments_Clause_and_separation_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Appointments Clause and separation of powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointments_Clause_and_separation_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Environmental regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterritorial_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Extraterritorial jurisdiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterritorial_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Amendment_and_free_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Amendment_and_free_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 First Amendment and free speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Amendment_and_free_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Amendment_and_civil_liberties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Amendment_and_civil_liberties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Fourth Amendment and civil liberties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Amendment_and_civil_liberties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 National security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Amendment_and_gun_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Amendment_and_gun_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.9 Second Amendment and gun ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Amendment_and_gun_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccine_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.10 Vaccine regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_clerk_hiring_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_clerk_hiring_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Law clerk hiring practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_clerk_hiring_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_philosophy_and_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_philosophy_and_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legal philosophy and approach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_philosophy_and_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_Judiciary_Committee_public_hearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Judiciary_Committee_public_hearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Senate Judiciary Committee public hearings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Judiciary_Committee_public_hearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_assault_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_assault_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sexual assault allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_assault_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christine_Blasey_Ford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christine_Blasey_Ford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Christine Blasey Ford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christine_Blasey_Ford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deborah_Ramirez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deborah_Ramirez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Deborah Ramirez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deborah_Ramirez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Julie_Swetnick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julie_Swetnick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Julie Swetnick </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julie_Swetnick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judy_Munro-Leighton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judy_Munro-Leighton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Judy Munro-Leighton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judy_Munro-Leighton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FBI_investigation_and_ethics_complaints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_investigation_and_ethics_complaints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 FBI investigation and ethics complaints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_investigation_and_ethics_complaints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Justice_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Justice_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 2023 Justice film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Justice_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Senate action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swearing-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swearing-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Swearing-in </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swearing-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court_(2018–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Supreme_Court_(2018–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 U.S. Supreme Court (2018–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court_(2018–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Supreme Court (2018–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court_(2018–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circuit_assignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circuit_assignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Circuit assignment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circuit_assignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Early decisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Capital punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_Trump's_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_Trump's_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 President Trump's taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_Trump's_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Voting rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation_of_college_athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_of_college_athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Compensation of college athletes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation_of_college_athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Assassination plot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_and_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_and_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Teaching and scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_and_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Selected publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brett Kavanaugh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="بريت كافانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريت كافانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Брэт Кавана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брэт Кавана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брет Кавано – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брет Кавано" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="برت کاوانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برت کاوانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%9B_%EC%BA%90%EB%B2%84%EB%85%B8" title="브렛 캐버노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브렛 캐버노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="ברט קוואנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברט קוואנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ბრეტ კავანო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრეტ კავანო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89" title="ब्रेट कॅव्हॅनॉ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रेट कॅव्हॅनॉ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="بريت كافانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بريت كافانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC" title="ブレット・カバノー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブレット・カバノー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Кавано, Бретт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавано, Бретт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="برێت کاڤاناو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برێت کاڤاناو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бретт Кавано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бретт Кавано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81" title="بریٹ کیواناف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریٹ کیواناف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%BA" title="布雷特·卡瓦诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布雷特·卡瓦诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Brett Kavanaugh" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%AB%BE" title="布雷特·卡瓦諾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布雷特·卡瓦諾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4962244#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Brett_Kavanaugh" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Brett_Kavanaugh" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&oldid=1273241129" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Brett_Kavanaugh&id=1273241129&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrett_Kavanaugh">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrett_Kavanaugh">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Brett_Kavanaugh&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4962244" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice since 2018 (born 1965)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Brett Kavanaugh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_(full_length).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/220px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/330px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg/440px-Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office October 6, 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 30, 2006 – October 6, 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neomi_Rao" title="Neomi Rao">Neomi Rao</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House Staff Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 6, 2003 – May 30, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Raul Yanes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Brett Michael Kavanaugh</div> (1965-02-12) February 12, 1965 (age 60) Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><a href="#cite_note-Republican-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Estes_Kavanaugh" title="Ashley Estes Kavanaugh">Ashley Estes</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2004)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brett Kavanaugh's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg/128px-Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg/192px-Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg/256px-Brett_Kavanaugh_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="115" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Brett_Kavanaugh_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_New_York_v._New_Jersey.ogg" title="File:Brett Kavanaugh delivers the opinion of the Court in New York v. New Jersey.ogg">Brett Kavanaugh's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="232" data-mwtitle="Brett_Kavanaugh_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_New_York_v._New_Jersey.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Brett_Kavanaugh_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_New_York_v._New_Jersey.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Brett_Kavanaugh_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_New_York_v._New_Jersey.ogg/Brett_Kavanaugh_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_New_York_v._New_Jersey.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Brett Kavanaugh delivers the opinion of the Court in <a href="/wiki/New_York_v._New_Jersey_(2023)" title="New York v. New Jersey (2023)">New York v. New Jersey</a> Recorded April 18, 2023</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Brett Michael Kavanaugh (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkævənɔː/</a>; born February 12, 1965) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on July 9, 2018, and has served since October 6, 2018. He was previously a <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_judge" class="mw-redirect" title="United States circuit judge">U.S. circuit judge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> from 2006 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-confirmed-2">[2]</a> Kavanaugh studied history at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he joined the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> fraternity. He then attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, after which he began his career as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> working under Judge <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a>. After Starr left the D.C. Circuit to become the head of the Office of Independent Counsel, Kavanaugh assisted him with investigations concerning President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, including drafting the <a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a> recommending <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Clinton's impeachment</a>. He joined the Bush administration as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House staff secretary</a> and was a central figure in its efforts to identify and confirm judicial nominees.<a href="#cite_note-nominees-3">[3]</a> Bush nominated Kavanaugh to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in 2003. His confirmation hearings were contentious and stalled for three years over charges of partisanship. Kavanaugh was confirmed to the D.C. Circuit in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-confirmed-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-hearings-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-fuel-5">[5]</a> President Trump <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">nominated Kavanaugh</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> on July 9, 2018, to fill the position vacated by Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>. Before his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> confirmation proceedings began, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Blasey_Ford" title="Christine Blasey Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</a> accused Kavanaugh of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually assault">sexually assaulting</a> her in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_20180918-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Three other women also accused Kavanaugh of sexual misconduct, one of whom later recanted her story.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20180924-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-response3-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> None of the accusations were corroborated by eyewitness testimony, and Kavanaugh denied them. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> held a supplemental hearing over the allegations and voted 11–10 along party lines to advance the confirmation to a full Senate vote.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On October 6, the full Senate confirmed Kavanaugh by a vote of 50–48.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt_sworn_in-15">[15]</a> Since the death of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> in 2020, Kavanaugh has come to be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing vote</a> on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNASstudy21-17">[17]</a> He was the target of <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_assassination_plot" title="Brett Kavanaugh assassination plot">an assassination plot</a> in June 2022; the suspect had hoped to disrupt the rulings in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_%26_Pistol_Association,_Inc._v._Bruen" title="New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen">Bruen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2022NYT-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Kavanaugh was born on February 12, 1965, in Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-cnnfastfacts-19">[19]</a> the son of Martha Gamble (née Murphy) and Everett Edward Kavanaugh Jr.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He is of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> descent on both sides of his family. His paternal great-grandfather immigrated to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Roscommon" title="Roscommon">Roscommon, Ireland</a>, in the late 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-auto-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and his maternal Irish lineage goes back to his great-great-grandparents settling in New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-auto-22">[22]</a> Kavanaugh's father was a lawyer and served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Care_Products_Council" title="Personal Care Products Council">Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association</a> for two decades.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimestalwart-24">[24]</a> His mother was a history teacher at <a href="/wiki/H.D._Woodson_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="H.D. Woodson High School">Woodson</a> and <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Technology_High_School" title="McKinley Technology High School">McKinley</a> high schools in Washington in the 1960s and 1970s. She earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> in 1978 and served from 1995 to 2001 as a <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Circuit_Courts" title="Maryland Circuit Courts">Maryland Circuit Court</a> judge in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Kavanaugh was raised in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>. As a teenager, he attended <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Preparatory_School" title="Georgetown Preparatory School">Georgetown Preparatory School</a>, a Jesuit boys' college prep school, where he was two years ahead of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>, with whom he later clerked at the Supreme Court and eventually served with as a Supreme Court justice.<a href="#cite_note-NYT11july18-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He was captain of the school's basketball team and was a wide receiver and <a href="/wiki/Cornerback" title="Cornerback">cornerback</a> on the football team.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Kavanaugh was also friends with classmate <a href="/wiki/Mark_Judge_(writer)" title="Mark Judge (writer)">Mark Judge</a>; both were in the same <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(educational_group)" title="Cohort (educational group)">class</a> with <a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland State Senate">Maryland state senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Madaleno" title="Richard Madaleno">Richard Madaleno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-erinkelly-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-breakssilence-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-kornhaber-33">[33]</a> In his yearbook Kavanaugh called himself a "Renate Alumnius", a reference to a female student at a nearby Catholic school.<a href="#cite_note-NYTkkde-34">[34]</a> After graduating from Georgetown Prep in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-NYTkkde-34">[34]</a> Kavanaugh went to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, as had his paternal grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Several of Kavanaugh's Yale classmates remembered him as a "serious but not showy student" who loved sports, especially basketball.<a href="#cite_note-Richer_Peltz-37">[37]</a> He unsuccessfully tried out for the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball" title="Yale Bulldogs men's basketball">Yale Bulldogs men's basketball</a> team and later played for two years on the <a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">junior varsity team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richer_Peltz-37">[37]</a> He wrote articles about basketball and other sports for the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Richer_Peltz-37">[37]</a> and was a member of the fraternity <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Oct_2_18-39">[39]</a> He graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#North_America" title="Latin honors">cum laude</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-Richer_Peltz-37">[37]</a> Kavanaugh then attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, where he lived in a group house with future judge <a href="/wiki/James_E._Boasberg" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Boasberg">James E. Boasberg</a> and played basketball with professor <a href="/wiki/George_L._Priest" title="George L. Priest">George L. Priest</a>, the sponsor of the school's <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a> and served as a notes editor during his third year. Kavanaugh graduated from Yale Law with a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career_(1990–2006)">Legal career (1990–2006)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Brett_Kavanaugh_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5725" data-file-height="3842" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh (second from left) with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and White House staffers</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerkships">Clerkships</h3></div> Kavanaugh served as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> for Judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_King_Stapleton" title="Walter King Stapleton">Walter King Stapleton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a> from 1990 to 1991.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> During his clerkship, Stapleton wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, in which the Third Circuit upheld many of Pennsylvania's abortion restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> Kavanaugh then clerked for Judge <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kozinski" title="Alex Kozinski">Alex Kozinski</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> from 1991 to 1992. Yale Law professor George Priest recommended Kavanaugh to Kozinski, who was regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Feeder_judge" title="Feeder judge">feeder judge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> Kavanaugh interviewed for a clerkship with <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> during the 1992 term, but was not offered a clerkship.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> After working as a summer associate for the law firm <a href="/wiki/Munger,_Tolles_%26_Olson" title="Munger, Tolles & Olson">Munger, Tolles & Olson</a>, Kavanaugh earned a one-year fellowship with the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a>, from 1992 to 1993.<a href="#cite_note-resume-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He then clerked for Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> from 1993 to 1994,<a href="#cite_note-resume-42">[42]</a> alongside Neil Gorsuch and with future federal judge <a href="/wiki/Gary_Feinerman" title="Gary Feinerman">Gary Feinerman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT11july18-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ken_Starr_associate_counsel">Ken Starr associate counsel</h3></div> After his Supreme Court clerkship, Kavanaugh again worked for Ken Starr until 1997 as an Associate Counsel in the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel</a> with colleagues <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rosenstein" title="Rod Rosenstein">Rod Rosenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT4aug18-45">[45]</a> In that capacity, he reopened an investigation into the 1993 gunshot death of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Foster">Vincent Foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT4aug18-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> After three years, the investigation concluded that Foster had committed suicide. In a September 2018 New York Times <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> history professor <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a> criticized Kavanaugh for having invested federal money and other resources into investigating partisan <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">conspiracy theories</a> surrounding the cause of Foster's death.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After working in private practice in 1997–98, Kavanaugh rejoined Starr as an Associate Counselor in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Nat_Law_Journal_20180713-49">[49]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Swidler_%26_Berlin_v._United_States" title="Swidler & Berlin v. United States">Swidler & Berlin v. United States</a> (1998), Kavanaugh argued his first and only case before the Supreme Court. Arguing for Starr's office, Kavanaugh asked the Court to disregard <a href="/wiki/Attorney%E2%80%93client_privilege" title="Attorney–client privilege">attorney–client privilege</a> in relation to the investigation of Foster's death.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The court rejected Kavanaugh's arguments by a vote of 6–3.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Kavanaugh was a principal author of the <a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a>, released in September 1998, on the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>–<a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky" title="Monica Lewinsky">Monica Lewinsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">sex scandal</a>; the report argued on broad grounds for Clinton's impeachment.<a href="#cite_note-NYT4aug18-45">[45]</a> Kavanaugh had urged Starr to ask Clinton sexually graphic questions,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and described Clinton as being involved in "a conspiracy to obstruct justice", having "disgraced his office" and "lied to the American people".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The report provided extensive and explicit descriptions of each of Clinton's sexual encounters with Lewinsky, a level of detail the authors called "essential" to the case against Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-protege-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush,_Card,_Kavanaugh,_and_Rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg/220px-Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg/330px-Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg/440px-Bush%2C_Card%2C_Kavanaugh%2C_and_Rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4442" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh (blue shirt) with President Bush, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Card">Andy Card</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2000, Kavanaugh joined the legal team of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, which was trying to stop <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">the ballot recount in Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> After Bush became president in January 2001, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> hired Kavanaugh as an associate.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> There, Kavanaugh worked on the <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a>, the successful nomination of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>, and the unsuccessful nomination of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Estrada" title="Miguel Estrada">Miguel Estrada</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">Court of Appeals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> Starting in July 2003, he served as Assistant to the President and <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House staff secretary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">[43]</a> succeeding <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> As the staff secretary, Kavanaugh was involved in the president's speechwriting process, helped put together legislation, and worked on drafting and revising executive orders.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He was also responsible for coordinating all documents going to and from the president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_practice">Private practice</h3></div> From 1997 to 1998, Kavanaugh was an associate at the law firm <a href="/wiki/Kirkland_%26_Ellis" title="Kirkland & Ellis">Kirkland & Ellis</a>. Kavanaugh rejoined Kirkland & Ellis in 1999 and eventually became a partner.<a href="#cite_note-Nat_Law_Journal_20180713-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">[43]</a> While there in 2000, he was pro bono counsel of record for relatives of <a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Elián González">Elián González</a>, a six-year-old rescued Cuban boy. After the boy's mother's death at sea, his relatives in the U.S. wanted to keep him from returning to the care of his sole surviving parent, his father in Cuba. Kavanaugh was among a series of lawyers who unsuccessfully sought to stop efforts to repatriate González to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The district court, Circuit Court and Supreme Court all followed precedent, refusing to block the repatriation.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkland-61">[61]</a> Also at Kirkland & Ellis, Kavanaugh authored two <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus briefs</a> to the Supreme Court that supported religious activities and expressions in public places.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkland-61">[61]</a> The first, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe</a> (2000), argued that a student speaker at football games voted for by a majority of students should be treated as private speech in a limited public forum; the second, in <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a>, argued that a Christian Bible instruction program should have the same after-school access to school facilities as other non-curriculum-related student groups.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalist_Society">Federalist Society</h3></div> Kavanaugh has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a> since 1988.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-AG-64">[64]</a> In the administration of George W. Bush, he held a key position that involved judicial appointments. Bush judicial nominees who were Federalist Society members included <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, both appointed to the Supreme Court, and about half the judges appointed to the courts of appeals.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._circuit_judge_(2006–2018)">U.S. circuit judge (2006–2018)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg/220px-Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg/330px-Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg/440px-Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh_Takes_Oath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5601" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh is sworn into the D.C. Circuit by Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> as his wife holds the Bible and President Bush looks on, 2006. Coincidentally, Kavanaugh would be sworn into the U.S. Supreme Court 12 years later as Kennedy's replacement.</figcaption></figure> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> nominated Kavanaugh to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> on July 25, 2003,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> but his nomination stalled in the Senate for nearly three years. Democratic senators accused him of being too partisan, with Senator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> calling him the "<a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a> of Republican politics".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> had rated Kavanaugh "well qualified" (its highest category), but after doing dozens more interviews in 2006, downgraded him to "qualified".<a href="#cite_note-selk-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> recommended he be confirmed on a 10–8 <a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">party-line vote</a> on May 11, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and he was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> on May 26 by a vote of 57–36.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Kavanaugh was sworn in on June 1.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> He was the fourth judge nominated to the D.C. Circuit by Bush and confirmed. Kavanaugh began hearing cases on September 11 and had his formal investiture on September 27.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In July 2007, senators <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> accused Kavanaugh of lying to the Judiciary Committee when he denied being involved in formulating the Bush administration's detention and interrogation policies. In 2002, Kavanaugh had told other White House lawyers that he believed Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy would not approve of denying legal counsel to prisoners detained as enemy combatants.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The issue reemerged in July 2018 after Kavanaugh was nominated to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3></div> On the 14 occasions on which Kavanaugh authored opinions that were considered by the Supreme Court, the Court adopted his position 13 times and reversed his position once. These included cases involving <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulations">environmental regulations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a>, the separation of powers and <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">extraterritorial jurisdiction</a> in human rights abuse cases.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashby-78">[78]</a> He was regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Feeder_judge" title="Feeder judge">feeder judge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4></div> In the October 2017 decision <a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Garza v. Hargan</a>, Kavanaugh joined an unsigned, divided panel of the D.C. Circuit in holding that the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a> does not violate an unaccompanied alien minor's constitutional right to an abortion by requiring that she first be appointed a sponsor before traveling to obtain the abortion, provided "the process of securing a sponsor to whom the minor is released occurs expeditiously".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harv2018-81">[81]</a> Days later, the <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> D.C. Circuit reversed that judgment, with Kavanaugh dissenting.<a href="#cite_note-Harv2018-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In his dissent, he criticized the majority for creating "a new right for unlawful immigrant minors in U.S. government detention to obtain immediate abortion on demand".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The girl then obtained an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Harv2018-81">[81]</a> In 2018, in a follow-up petition from the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>, the U.S. Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Vacated_judgment" title="Vacated judgment">vacated</a> the en banc D.C. Circuit's judgment and the girl's claim was ultimately dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a> and does not serve as precedent.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affordable_Care_Act">Affordable Care Act</h4></div> In November 2011, Kavanaugh dissented when the D.C. Circuit upheld the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA), arguing that the court lacked jurisdiction in the case.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In his dissent, he compared the individual mandate to a tax. After a unanimous panel found that the ACA did not violate the Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sissel_v._United_States_Department_of_Health_%26_Human_Services" title="Sissel v. United States Department of Health & Human Services">Sissel v. United States Department of Health & Human Services</a> (2014), Kavanaugh wrote a long dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In May 2015, he dissented from a decision that denied an en banc rehearing of Priests for Life v. HHS, in which the panel upheld the ACA's <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_mandate" title="Contraceptive mandate">contraceptive mandate</a> accommodations against <a href="/wiki/Priests_for_Life" title="Priests for Life">Priests for Life</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> claims.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zubik_v._Burwell" title="Zubik v. Burwell">Zubik v. Burwell</a> (2016), the Supreme Court vacated the circuit's judgment in a <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision">per curiam decision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointments_Clause_and_separation_of_powers">Appointments Clause and separation of powers</h4></div> In August 2008, Kavanaugh dissented when the D.C. Circuit found that the Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a> did not prevent the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a> from creating a board whose members were not directly removable by the president.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Free_Enterprise_Fund_v._Public_Company_Accounting_Oversight_Board" title="Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board">Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board</a> (2010), the Supreme Court reversed the circuit court's judgment by a vote of 5–4.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2015, Kavanaugh found that those directly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a> (CFPB) could challenge the constitutionality of its design.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In October 2016, he wrote for a divided panel finding that the CFPB's design was unconstitutional, and made the CFPB director removable by the president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In January 2018, the en banc D.C. Circuit reversed that judgment by a vote of 7–3, over Kavanaugh's dissent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_regulation">Environmental regulation</h4></div> In 2013, Kavanaugh issued an <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ#United_States" title="Prerogative writ">extraordinary writ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> requiring the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> to process the license application of the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a>, over the dissent of Judge <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In April 2014, Kavanaugh dissented when the court found that Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> could issue workplace safety citations against <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a> regarding the multiple killings of its workers by <a href="/wiki/Tilikum_(orca)" title="Tilikum (orca)">Tilikum</a>, an orca.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> After Kavanaugh wrote for a divided panel striking down a <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> regulation, the Supreme Court reversed by a vote of 6–2 in EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P. (2014).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Kavanaugh dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc of a unanimous panel opinion upholding the agency's regulation of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and the Supreme Court reversed by a vote of 5–4 in <a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (2014).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> After Kavanaugh dissented from a <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision">per curiam decision</a> allowing the agency to disregard <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a>, the Supreme Court reversed by a vote of 5–4 in <a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a> (2015).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extraterritorial_jurisdiction">Extraterritorial jurisdiction</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Exxon_Mobil_Corp." title="Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp.">Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp.</a> (2007), Kavanaugh dissented when the circuit court allowed a lawsuit making <a href="/wiki/Accusations_of_ExxonMobil_human_rights_violations_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia">accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia</a> to proceed, arguing that the claims were not <a href="/wiki/Justiciable" class="mw-redirect" title="Justiciable">justiciable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> He dissented again when the circuit court later found that the corporation could be sued under the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Tort_Statute" title="Alien Tort Statute">Alien Tort Statute</a> of 1789.<a href="#cite_note-ashby-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Amendment_and_free_speech">First Amendment and free speech</h4></div> Kavanaugh wrote for unanimous three-judge district courts when they held that the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a> could restrict <a href="/wiki/Soft_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft money">soft money</a> donations to political parties and forbid campaign contributions by foreign citizens.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Supreme Court summarily affirmed both those judgments on direct appeal.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2014, Kavanaugh concurred in the judgment when the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Speech Clause">Free Speech Clause</a> did not forbid the government from requiring meatpackers to include a country of origin label on their products.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In <a href="/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2016)" title="United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2016)">United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC</a> (2016), he dissented when the en banc circuit refused to rehear a rejected challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> rule, writing, "Congress did not clearly authorize the FCC to issue the net neutrality rule."<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_Amendment_and_civil_liberties">Fourth Amendment and civil liberties</h4></div> In November 2010, Kavanaugh dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the circuit found that attaching a <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> tracking device to a vehicle violated the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The Supreme Court then affirmed the circuit's judgment in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In February 2016, Kavanaugh dissented when the en banc circuit refused to rehear police officers' rejected claims of <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> for arresting partygoers in a vacant house.<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the circuit's judgment in <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Wesby" title="District of Columbia v. Wesby">District of Columbia v. Wesby</a> (2018).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a> (2015), Kavanaugh concurred when the circuit court denied an en banc rehearing of its decision to vacate a district court order blocking the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s warrantless bulk collection of telephony metadata,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> writing that the metadata collection was not a search, and even if it were, no <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> would be required because of the government's special need to prevent terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_security">National security</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg/220px-Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg/330px-Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg/440px-Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Tony_Blair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh holds his daughter while greeting British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. </figcaption></figure> In April 2009, Kavanaugh wrote a long concurrence when the court found that detainees at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> had no right to advance notice before being transferred to another country.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kiyemba_v._Bush" title="Kiyemba v. Bush">Kiyemba v. Bush</a> (2010), the Supreme Court vacated that judgment while refusing to review the matter.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In June 2010, Kavanaugh wrote a concurrence in judgment when the en banc D.C. Circuit found that the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory" title="Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory">Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory</a> owners could not bring a <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> suit regarding the government's allegations that they were terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In October 2012, he wrote for a unanimous court when it found that the Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Ex_Post_Facto_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Post Facto Clause">Ex Post Facto Clause</a> made it unlawful for the government to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Salim_Hamdan" title="Salim Hamdan">Salim Hamdan</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a> on charges of <a href="/wiki/Providing_material_support_for_terrorism" title="Providing material support for terrorism">providing material support for terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In August 2010, Kavanaugh wrote a lengthy concurrence when the en banc circuit refused to rehear <a href="/wiki/Ghaleb_Nassar_Al_Bihani" title="Ghaleb Nassar Al Bihani">Ghaleb Nassar Al Bihani</a>'s rejected claims that the international <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">law of war</a> limits the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 2014, he concurred in the judgment when the en banc circuit found that <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Bahlul" title="Ali al-Bahlul">Ali al-Bahlul</a> could be retroactively convicted of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, provided the existing statute already made it a crime "because it does not alter the definition of the crime, the defenses or the punishment".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In October 2016, Kavanaugh wrote the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality opinion">plurality opinion</a> when the en banc circuit found al-Bahlul could be convicted by a military commission even if his offenses are not internationally recognized as war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Meshal_v._Higgenbotham" title="Meshal v. Higgenbotham">Meshal v. Higgenbotham</a> (2016), Kavanaugh concurred when the divided panel threw out a claim by an American that he had been <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a> by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> in a Kenyan black site.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Amendment_and_gun_ownership">Second Amendment and gun ownership</h4></div> In October 2011, Kavanaugh dissented when the circuit court found that a ban on the sale of <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a> was permissible under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a>. This case followed the landmark Supreme Court ruling <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaccine_regulation">Vaccine regulation</h4></div> In March 2012, Kavanaugh wrote the opinion in <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Mercury-Free_Drugs_v._Sebelius" title="Coalition for Mercury-Free Drugs v. Sebelius">Coalition for Mercury-Free Drugs v. Sebelius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> holding that opponents of <a href="/wiki/Thimerosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thimerosal">thimerosal</a>-preserved <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to challenge determinations by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> that vaccines and their components are safe and effective. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> provided the case as an example of the fact that "[e]ven when Kavanaugh rejects a claim, he sometimes uses his discussion of standing to show that he has heard the plaintiff's argument and taken it seriously".<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSblog-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a> wrote, "Kavanaugh's opinion for the court repeatedly went out of its way to show it respected the Coalition for Mercury-Free Drugs's (CoMeD) 'genuine concern' regarding thimerosal", but nevertheless "said the coalition was required to seek a ban through the executive or legislative branches".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_clerk_hiring_practices">Law clerk hiring practices</h3></div> Twenty-five of Kavanaugh's 48 law clerks have been women, and 13 people of color.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20180807-149">[149]</a> Some have been children of other judges and high-profile legal figures, including Clayton Kozinski (son of former federal Judge <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kozinski" title="Alex Kozinski">Alex Kozinski</a>), Porter Wilkinson (daughter of Judge <a href="/wiki/J._Harvie_Wilkinson_III" title="J. Harvie Wilkinson III">J. Harvie Wilkinson III</a>), Philip Alito (son of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Justice Samuel Alito</a>), Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld (daughter of Yale Law professors <a href="/wiki/Amy_Chua" title="Amy Chua">Amy Chua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jed_Rubenfeld" title="Jed Rubenfeld">Jed Rubenfeld</a>), and Emily Chertoff (daughter of former DHS secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a>).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On September 20, 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that two Yale professors had advised female law students at Yale that their physical appearance and femininity could play a role in securing a clerkship with Kavanaugh. Rubenfeld said that Kavanaugh "hires women with a certain look" but did not say what that "look" was.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_20180920-152">[152]</a> Unnamed sources reported that Chua said that female applicants should exude "model-like" femininity and "dress outgoing" in job interviews with Kavanaugh. Responding to the report, Chua denied that Kavanaugh's hiring decisions were affected by female applicants' attractiveness, saying, "Judge Kavanaugh's first and only litmus test in hiring has been excellence."<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_20180920-152">[152]</a> Yale Law School Dean <a href="/wiki/Heather_Gerken" title="Heather Gerken">Heather Gerken</a> announced an investigation of the matter,<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-153">[153]</a> but Yale did not find any cause for sanction. Chua returned to regular teaching in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg/220px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg/330px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg/440px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh and his family with President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on July 9, 2018</figcaption></figure> On July 2, 2018, Kavanaugh was one of four U.S. Court of Appeals judges to receive a personal 45-minute interview by President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as a potential replacement for Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On July 9, Trump nominated Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In his first public speech after the nomination, Kavanaugh said, "No president has ever consulted more widely or talked with more people from more backgrounds to seek input about a Supreme Court nomination."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_philosophy_and_approach">Legal philosophy and approach</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Congressional caucuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A statistical analysis by The Washington Post estimated that Kavanaugh was more conservative than <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> and less conservative than <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Jonathan Turley of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> wrote that among the judges Trump considered, "Kavanaugh has the most robust view of presidential powers and immunities".<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Bennett_2018,_p.24-160">[160]</a> Brian Bennett, writing for Time magazine, cited Kavanaugh's 2009 Minnesota Law Review article defending the president's immunity from prosecution while in office.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Bennett_2018,_p.24-160">[160]</a> In a 2017 speech at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> about former chief justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, Kavanaugh praised Rehnquist's dissents in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, which ruled abortion bans unconstitutional, and <a href="/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia" title="Furman v. Georgia">Furman v. Georgia</a>, which ruled all existing death penalty statutes unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Two law professors evaluated Kavanaugh's appellate court decisions for the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, rating his decisions in four areas: rights of criminal defendants; support for rules regarding stricter enforcement of environmental protection; upholding the rights of labor unions; and siding with those bringing suits alleging discrimination. They found he had the most conservative voting record on the D.C. Circuit in three of those policy areas, and the second-most in the fourth, between 2003 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo2018-09-05-163">[163]</a> During his hearing, Kavanaugh said that he had often said the four greatest moments in Supreme Court history were <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Steel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a>, with Brown the single greatest.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Common_Space" title="Judicial Common Space">Judicial Common Space</a> scores, a score based on the ideology scores of the home state senators and the president who nominated the judge to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal bench">federal bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> was the only justice more conservative than Kavanaugh. By this metric, Kavanaugh's <a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">confirmation</a> shifted the court to the right.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Had <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s nominee <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> been confirmed in 2016, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> would have become the median <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing vote</a> when Kennedy retired. However, since <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> was replaced by another conservative (Gorsuch), it was expected that Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> would become the median swing vote on the Supreme Court upon Kavanaugh's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_Judiciary_Committee_public_hearings">Senate Judiciary Committee public hearings</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> scheduled three or four days of public hearings on Kavanaugh's nomination, commencing on September 4, 2018. The hearings were delayed at the onset by objections from the Democratic members about the absence of records of Kavanaugh's time in the George W. Bush administration. The Democrats also complained that 42,000 pages of documents had been received only the night before the first day of hearings.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Republicans asserted that the volume of documents available on Kavanaugh equaled that of the previous five nominees to the court; the Democrats responded that only 15% of the documents they had requested about Kavanaugh had been provided. Numerous motions by the Democrats to adjourn or suspend the hearings were ruled out of order by Chairman <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a>, who argued that Kavanaugh had written over 300 legal opinions available for review. The first day's session closed after statements from each senator and the nominee, with question-and-answer periods to begin the next day.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> During the first round of questions from senators on September 5, 2018, Kavanaugh held to his earlier stated position that he would not express an opinion on matters that might come before the Court. He thus refused to promise to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">recuse</a> himself from any case, including any that might involve Trump. He also declined to comment on coverage of preexisting healthcare conditions, semiautomatic rifle possession, Roe v. Wade, or the president's power to self-pardon. He expounded at length on various Constitutional amendments, <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a> (the role of legal precedent in shaping subsequent judicial rulings), and the president's power to dismiss federal employees. As in the previous session, there were frequent outbursts of protest in the audience, requiring security intervention and removal, as well as repeated procedural objections by Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The committee's third day of hearings began with a furor over the release of emails by Kavanaugh related to concern about potential racial profiling in security screenings. The day continued with Kavanaugh's attempts to articulate his jurisprudence, including refusing to answer direct questions about matters he called hypothetical.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a> had tendered Kavanaugh written questions about any knowledge of inappropriate behavior on the part of judge <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kozinski" title="Alex Kozinski">Alex Kozinski</a>, for whom Kavanaugh had clerked, including his circulations of sexually explicit emails via his "Easy Rider Gag List". According to <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>, though Coons had asked him to review his emails from Kozinski, Kavanaugh replied, "I do not remember".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> During his testimony, Kavanaugh said that Kozinski's 2017 exposure as an alleged prolific sexual harasser was a surprising "gut punch". The Guardian reported that their sources disputed Kavanaugh's account because Kozinski's alleged behavior was reportedly widely known among those in the judicial system and its exposure culminated in his abrupt resignation from the bench.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The committee released a 2003 email in which Kavanaugh said, "I am not sure that all legal scholars refer to [Roe v. Wade] as the settled law of the land at the Supreme Court level since Court can always overrule its precedent, and three current justices on the Court would do so."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Kavanaugh stressed that he was commenting on the views of legal scholars at the time, not his own views, and noted that the case had been reaffirmed on a number of occasions since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> indicated that Kavanaugh's statement did not contradict his personal assurance to her that Roe is settled law.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Kavanaugh noted that <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a> (1992), which reaffirmed Roe v. Wade, was "precedent on precedent". According to Kavanaugh, Casey is a key decision about when the Court's precedent may be overturned.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> On September 27, the committee held an additional day of public hearings to discuss allegations that Kavanaugh engaged in sexual misconduct while in high school. The only witnesses were Kavanaugh and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Blasey_Ford" title="Christine Blasey Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</a>, his accuser.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Republican members of the committee did not question Ford directly; questioning on their behalf was done by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Mitchell" title="Rachel Mitchell">Rachel Mitchell</a>, a career prosecutor from Maricopa County, Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Grassley cut her questioning short, after which the Republican members of the committee questioned him themselves.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Alternating with their questions, Democratic members of the committee questioned Ford and Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Ford repeated and expanded upon her earlier allegations, saying that Kavanaugh and his friend <a href="/wiki/Mark_Judge_(writer)" title="Mark Judge (writer)">Mark Judge</a>, both "visibly drunk", had locked her into a bedroom, where Kavanaugh groped her and tried to take off her clothes while Judge watched. She said she "believed he was going to rape me" and feared for her life when he held his hand over her mouth. In his opening statement, Kavanaugh claimed the accusations were a "political hit" by <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing activists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, saying he faced retaliation "on behalf of the Clintons" for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hill_20180927-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vice_20180927-184">[184]</a> Leland Keyser, Ford's friend who Ford said was present during the alleged attack, has denied that it took place, and questioned certain aspects of the story. Keyser also stated she felt pressured by people to support Ford's story, something she told the FBI about.<a href="#cite_note-:3-185">[185]</a> In response to his testimony, more than 2,400 law professors signed a letter saying that the Senate should not confirm him because "he did not display the impartiality and judicial temperament requisite to sit on the highest court of our land."<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_assault_allegations">Sexual assault allegations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christine_Blasey_Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</h4></div> In early July 2018, Kavanaugh's name was on a shortlist of nominees for the Supreme Court. <a href="/wiki/Christine_Blasey_Ford" title="Christine Blasey Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</a>, a psychology professor at <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_University" title="Palo Alto University">Palo Alto University</a>, contacted a <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> tipline and her U.S. Representative, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Eshoo" title="Anna Eshoo">Anna Eshoo</a>, with accusations that Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her when they were in high school.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[187]</a> On July 30, 2018, Ford wrote to Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> to inform her of her accusation against Kavanaugh,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> requesting that it be kept confidential.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> After a September 12 report in <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Feinstein confirmed that a complaint had been made against Kavanaugh by a woman who had requested not to be identified. Feinstein said that the woman had claimed that, when they were both in high school, Kavanaugh had tried to force himself on her while she was being physically restrained.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The same day, Feinstein said she had forwarded the woman's accusation to federal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-feinstein-investigations-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNBC-Kavanaugh-denies-194">[194]</a> On September 16, Ford publicized her allegations and claimed Kavanaugh had sexually assaulted her when she was 15 and he was 17.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20180916-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> She said that in the early 1980s, Kavanaugh and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Judge_(writer)" title="Mark Judge (writer)">Mark Judge</a>, one of Kavanaugh's friends from Georgetown Prep, corralled her in a bedroom at a house party in Maryland and turned up the music playing in the room. According to Ford, Kavanaugh pinned her to the bed, groped her, ground against her, tried to pull off her clothes, and covered her mouth with his hand when she tried to scream.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Ford said she was afraid that Kavanaugh might inadvertently kill her during the attack,<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost_20180916-198">[198]</a> and believed he was going to rape her.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Ford stated that she escaped when Judge jumped on the bed, knocking them all to the floor.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20180916-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Kavanaugh issued the following statement through the White House: "I categorically and unequivocally deny this allegation. I did not do this back in high school or at any time."<a href="#cite_note-CNBC-Kavanaugh-denies-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-feinstein-investigations-193">[193]</a> Republicans criticized the decision to withhold "a vague, anonymous accusation for months" before releasing it on the "eve of [Kavanaugh's] confirmation" as an attempt to delay his confirmation hearings.<a href="#cite_note-fox_news_65_women-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-nat_rev_kavanaugh_character-202">[202]</a> Kavanaugh released a statement on the evening before his and Ford's scheduled testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee. He said that due to the serious nature of the allegations, both he and Ford deserved to be heard. He also stated, "I am innocent of this charge."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> On September 19, the Senate Judiciary Committee invited Kavanaugh and Ford to testify about the allegation. Kavanaugh agreed to testify on September 19.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Ford requested that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> investigate the matter first, but Judiciary Committee chair <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> declined the request, and gave Ford a deadline of September 21 to inform the committee whether she intended to testify. He added that Ford was welcome to appear before the committee privately or publicly.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On September 20, Ford's attorney opened negotiations with the committee to reschedule the hearing under "terms that are fair and which ensure her safety".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> A bipartisan Judiciary Committee panel and Ford's representatives agreed to a hearing after September 24.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Ford stated that Leland Ingham Keyser, a lifelong friend, was present at the party where the alleged assault took place. On September 22, Keyser stated through her attorney that she did not know Kavanaugh and had no memory of the party or a sexual assault. The attorney did confirm that Keyser was a friend of Ford's,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and Keyser told The Washington Post that she believed Ford's allegation.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-dickerson-210">[210]</a> On October 4, 2018, the White House announced that it had found no corroboration of Ford's allegation after reviewing the FBI's latest probe into Kavanaugh's past.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Her attorneys tweeted, "Those directing the FBI investigation were not interested in seeking the truth."<a href="#cite_note-230am-212">[212]</a> In September 2019, New York Times reporters <a href="/wiki/Kate_Kelly_(journalist)" title="Kate Kelly (journalist)">Kate Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Pogrebin" title="Robin Pogrebin">Robin Pogrebin</a> published The Education of Brett Kavanaugh: An Investigation. They reported that Keyser "thought the whole setup Ford described ... sounded wrong", and that she "challenged Ford's accuracy", quoting Keyser as saying, "I don't have any confidence in the story".<a href="#cite_note-NYTinvestigation-213">[213]</a> According to The Washington Post, the book revealed that "Keyser also said she spoke with many people who 'wanted me to remember something different'—suggesting that there was pressure on her to toe the line [against Kavanaugh]".<a href="#cite_note-WaPoKeyser2019-214">[214]</a> Keyser felt she was being pressured to alter her story via veiled threats of exposing her "addictive tendencies".<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deborah_Ramirez">Deborah Ramirez</h4></div> On September 23, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ronan_Farrow" title="Ronan Farrow">Ronan Farrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Jane Mayer</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> published an article with another sexual assault allegation against Kavanaugh. Deborah Ramirez, who attended Yale University with Kavanaugh, alleged he <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure_in_the_United_States" title="Indecent exposure in the United States">exposed himself</a> to her and thrust his penis against her face after they had both been drinking at a college party during the 1983–84 academic year. Kavanaugh said, "This alleged event from 35 years ago did not happen."<a href="#cite_note-Farrow-216">[216]</a> The New Yorker spoke to four classmates, three identified as eyewitnesses but all denied witnessing the event.<a href="#cite_note-Farrow-216">[216]</a> The New York Times interviewed several dozen of Ramirez's classmates in an attempt to corroborate her story, and could find no firsthand witnesses to the alleged assault, but several classmates recalled that they had heard about it in the subsequent days and believed Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> According to The New York Times, "Ramirez herself told the press and friends that, initially, she was not absolutely certain it was Kavanaugh who assaulted her, but after corresponding with friends who had secondhand knowledge of the incident, and taking time to refresh her recollection, stated that she was certain Kavanaugh was her assailant."<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The Washington Post analyzed Ramirez's allegation and concluded, "Ramirez's accusation has the dual distinction of having more potential corroboration and less actual corroboration than Ford's".<a href="#cite_note-WaPoRamirez-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Julie_Swetnick">Julie Swetnick</h4></div> Attorney <a href="/wiki/Michael_Avenatti" title="Michael Avenatti">Michael Avenatti</a> tweeted on September 23, 2018, that he represented a woman who had "credible information" about Kavanaugh and Judge. Avenatti said his client would be willing to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> On September 26, Avenatti revealed the woman to be Julie Swetnick, a former government employee. In a sworn statement, Swetnick described attending "well over ten house parties in the Washington, D.C. area during the years 1981–1983 where Mark Judge and Brett Kavanaugh were present". She described witnessing efforts by Mark Judge and Brett Kavanaugh to cause girls to become inebriated so they could be gang raped. Kavanaugh called her allegations "ridiculous" and Avenatti's allegation as a whole a "farce".<a href="#cite_note-response3-10">[10]</a> The Wall Street Journal reported that it had contacted "dozens" of her former classmates and colleagues but failed to reach anyone with knowledge of her allegations and that none of her friends had come forward publicly to support her claims.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In an interview with NBC News, Swetnick clarified that she did not personally witness Kavanaugh or Judge spike any drinks, and accused Avenatti of twisting her words. She further clarified that she did not personally witness efforts by Kavanaugh or Judge to cause girls to become inebriated so they could be gang raped. Swetnick provided NBC News with the names of friends who attended the parties, but none could corroborate her claims, while some said they did not know her.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc_2018-10-01-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Grassley referred Swetnick and Avenatti to the Justice Department for criminal investigation regarding claims that they engaged in "conspiracy, false statements and obstruction of Congress".<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judy_Munro-Leighton">Judy Munro-Leighton</h4></div> On September 19, Judy Munro-Leighton accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault in an anonymous letter signed "<a href="/wiki/Jane_Doe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Doe">Jane Doe</a>", which was addressed to Grassley but mailed to Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>. On September 26, the Senate committee interrogated Kavanaugh about this accusation. Kavanaugh called the accusation "ridiculous".<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-11">[11]</a> On November 1, Munro-Leighton talked to committee staff members. During the conversation she changed her story, denying that she had penned the anonymous letter and saying she had contacted Congress as "a ploy" to "get attention".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> On November 2, Grassley announced Munro-Leighton's identity, and described her accusations as fabricated.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-11">[11]</a> She was referred to the Department of Justice and FBI for making false accusations and <a href="/wiki/Obstructing_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructing justice">obstructing justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FBI_investigation_and_ethics_complaints">FBI investigation and ethics complaints</h4></div> At the conclusion of the hearing, the Republican leadership of the committee indicated that they planned to hold a committee vote on the nomination the next day, September 28, with a procedural vote on the Senate floor on September 29.<a href="#cite_note-ABA-228">[228]</a> On September 28, the committee voted along party lines to advance the nomination to the full Senate; Senator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a>'s vote in support was conditioned on delaying the vote in the full Senate for a week to allow the FBI to investigate Ford's claims. Later, Senators <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> also said they would not vote to confirm without an FBI investigation.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> On this request from the Judiciary Committee, Trump ordered a "supplemental investigation to update Judge Kavanaugh's file", to be limited in scope and completed within a week.<a href="#cite_note-trumporders-230">[230]</a> The report was transmitted to the White House on October 3 and from there to the Senate on October 4, where senators were permitted to review the report one at a time in secrecy. On October 5, the Judiciary Committee reported that it found "no corroboration of the allegations" against Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> said the Senate would vote on the confirmation on October 6.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Democrats called the FBI investigation incomplete, a "farce", a "sham" and "a horrific cover-up" that omitted key witnesses at the White House's direction.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> According to The Washington Post, the White House stopped the FBI from investigating possible falsehoods in Kavanaugh's testimony to Congress about his drinking habits during his youth.<a href="#cite_note-230am-212">[212]</a> Eighty-three ethics complaints were brought against Kavanaugh regarding his conduct during his Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Chief Justice Roberts appointed a special federal panel of judges to investigate them. In December 2018, the panel dismissed all the complaints, calling them "serious" but deciding that lower court judges have no authority to investigate Supreme Court justices.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Justice_film">2023 Justice film</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Doug_Liman" title="Doug Liman">Doug Liman</a>'s 2023 documentary <a href="/wiki/Justice_(2023_film)" title="Justice (2023 film)">Justice</a> recounts the sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh, including the testimony of Ford and Ramirez. It features a never-before-heard audio recording made by <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Public_Service" title="Partnership for Public Service">Partnership for Public Service</a> president and CEO <a href="/wiki/Max_Stier" title="Max Stier">Max Stier</a>, a Yale colleague of Kavanaugh's, that corroborates Ramirez's charges and suggests that Kavanaugh violated another unnamed woman. Stier says that he witnessed Kavanaugh with his pants down with a group of rowdy soccer players forcing a drunk female freshman to hold Kavanaugh's penis. Stier also says that he had heard from classmates about Ramirez's similar encounter with Kavanaugh, which she personally describes in the film.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The documentary also highlights the narratives Kavanaugh advanced to sway public opinion and gain Republicans' support, arguing that Kavanaugh and his team were aware of Ford's and Ramirez's charges before they became public and preemptively countered them by planting alternate narratives with friends and acquaintances.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_action">Senate action</h3></div> On October 5, the Senate voted 51–49 to invoke <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a>, advancing the nomination to a final floor vote expected on October 6. This was enabled through the application of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">nuclear option</a>", or a simple majority vote, rather than the historical three-fifths <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> in place before April 2017.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The vote was along party lines, with the exception of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> voting yes and Republican <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> voting no.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> On October 6, the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court by a 50–48 vote.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> One senator, Republican <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a>, who supported the nomination, was absent during the vote due to his attendance at his daughter's wedding that day, and Murkowski voted "present" despite her opposition so that their votes would cancel out and the balance of the vote would be retained—a rarely used traditional courtesy known as a "<a href="/wiki/Pair_(parliamentary_convention)" title="Pair (parliamentary convention)">pair between senators</a>".<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> All Republicans except Daines and Murkowski voted to confirm Kavanaugh, and all Democrats except <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> voted not to.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Kavanaugh's confirmation vote was historically close. The only Supreme Court confirmation that was closer was the vote on <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a>, nominated by President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> in 1881. Matthews was confirmed by a single vote, 24–23; no other justice has been confirmed by a single vote.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In percentage terms, Kavanaugh's vote was even closer than Matthews's. Matthews received 51.06% of the vote to Kavanaugh's 51.02%.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swearing-in">Swearing-in</h3></div> Kavanaugh was sworn in as the 114th justice of the Supreme Court on the evening of October 6, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The Constitutional Oath was administered by Chief Justice Roberts and the Judicial Oath was administered by Kennedy, whom Kavanaugh succeeded on the Court. This private ceremony was followed by a public ceremony at the White House on October 8.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_sworn_in-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Upon joining the Court, Kavanaugh became the first Supreme Court justice to hire an all-female team of law clerks.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Supreme_Court_(2018–present)">U.S. Supreme Court (2018–present)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh being sworn in to succeed Anthony Kennedy as an associate justice on October 8, 2018</figcaption></figure> Kavanaugh began his tenure as Supreme Court justice on October 9, 2018, hearing arguments for <a href="/wiki/Stokeling_v._United_States" title="Stokeling v. United States">Stokeling v. United States</a> and United States v. Stitt.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circuit_assignment">Circuit assignment</h3></div> In November 2020, Kavanaugh was reassigned to both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">Eighth Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> He had previously been assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">Seventh Circuit</a>, which covers federal courts in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-CircuitAssignments-256">[256]</a> Circuit justices are principally responsible for responding to emergency requests (for example, applications for emergency stays of executions)<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> that arise from the circuit's jurisdiction, either by the assigned justice alone or else by the justice's referring them to the full Court for review. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_decisions">Early decisions</h3></div> Kavanaugh wrote his first Supreme Court opinion on January 8, 2019, in Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., a unanimous decision reversing an appeals court opinion that had allowed a court to decide whether an issue in a contract between a dental equipment manufacturer and distributor should be decided by arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> On February 27, Kavanaugh joined Roberts and the court's liberal justices in <a href="/wiki/Garza_v._Idaho" title="Garza v. Idaho">Garza v. Idaho</a>, a case in which the Court held that the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a>'s presumption of prejudice resulting from ineffective assistance of counsel applies to situations in which an attorney declines to file an appeal because an appeal waiver was signed as part of a plea agreement.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion_2">Abortion</h3></div> In December 2018, as a swing vote, Kavanaugh joined Roberts and the Court's four more liberal justices to decline to hear cases brought by Louisiana and Kansas, which sought to block women from choosing to receive Medicaid-funded medical care from <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> clinics. Two lower appeals courts had ruled that the federal law creating Medicaid protects patients' rights to choose any provider which is "qualified to perform" the needed services.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In February 2019, Kavanaugh joined three of his conservative colleagues in voting to reject a stay of a Louisiana law to restrict abortion.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> He issued his own dissenting opinion.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> CNBC reported that "Kavanaugh agreed [with three conservative justices], but wrote separately that he would be open to reconsidering the legality of the law if the dire warnings from abortion rights groups materialized."<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The Supreme Court decided this case, <a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services L. L. C. v. Russo</a>, on June 29, 2020, striking down Louisiana's requirement for abortion providers to hold hospital admitting privileges. Kavanaugh dissented.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> In September 2021, by a 5–4 vote, the Court <a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Jackson#Supreme_Court" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson">declined an emergency petition to temporarily block enforcement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Heartbeat_Act" title="Texas Heartbeat Act">Texas Heartbeat Act</a>, which bans nearly all abortions after six weeks of pregnancy. Kavanaugh was in the majority, joined by Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, and Barrett.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In June 2022, in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>, Kavanaugh joined the same four justices in voting to completely overturn <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Kavanaugh later wrote the opinion of the court in <a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a>, ruling that AHM could not sue to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>'s approval of the abortion pill <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> without demonstrating that the drug's availability had caused them personal harm.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_punishment">Capital punishment</h3></div> Also in February, Kavanaugh was part of the majority in decisions relating to the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a>. On February 7, 2019, he was part of the majority in a 5–4 decision rejecting a Muslim prisoner's request to delay his execution in order to have an imam present.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> On February 19, 2019, Kavanaugh joined Roberts and the Court's four liberal justices in a 6–3 decision blocking the execution of a man with an "intellectual disability" in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In January 2022, he voted with the majority in a 5–4 decision to allow an execution to proceed in Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In 2023 Kavanaugh wrote the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Goertz" title="Reed v. Goertz">Reed v. Goertz</a>, ruling that Texas death row inmate <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Reed" title="Rodney Reed">Rodney Reed</a> could seek DNA testing on evidence in his case despite the state's statute of limitations on such testing.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3></div> On June 15, 2020, in <a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a>, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that the workplace nondiscrimination protections in Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> should be interpreted as protecting people on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Kavanaugh wrote a dissent in which he argued that sexual orientation discrimination has always been understood as distinct from sex discrimination. He conceded that sexual orientation discrimination "may, as a very literal matter, entail making a distinction based on sex"; nonetheless, he said, "to fire one employee because she is a woman and another employee because he is gay implicates two distinct societal concerns, reveals two distinct biases, imposes two distinct harms, and falls within two distinct statutory prohibitions." He said that any change to the relevant law ought to be made by Congress, not by judges; and that "both the rule of law and democratic accountability badly suffer when a court adopts a hidden or obscure interpretation of the law, and not its ordinary meaning."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Kavanaugh's dissent did not discuss gender identity or use the word "transgender", although transgender rights were at issue in the case. In a footnote, he wrote that his analysis "on the basis of sexual orientation would apply in much the same way to discrimination on the basis of gender identity."<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In October 2020, Kavanaugh agreed with the justices in an "apparently unanimous" decision to deny an appeal brought by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Davis" title="Kim Davis">Kim Davis</a>, a county clerk who refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> In 2021, Kavanaugh joined the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Fulton_v._City_of_Philadelphia" title="Fulton v. City of Philadelphia">Fulton v. City of Philadelphia</a>, ruling in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> adoption and social service agency that had been denied funding by the City of Philadelphia because it does not place children for adoption with same-sex couples; the ruling also declined to overturn <a href="/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" title="Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a>, "an important precedent limiting First Amendment protections for religious practices".<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> The same month, Kavanaugh was among the six justices who rejected the appeal of a Washington State florist, whom lower courts had ruled violated non-discrimination laws by refusing to sell floral arrangements to a same-sex couple based on her religious beliefs against same-sex marriage, leaving the lower courts' judgments in place.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> In November 2021, Kavanaugh voted with the majority of justices in a 6–3 decision to decline to hear an appeal from <a href="/wiki/Mercy_San_Juan_Medical_Center" title="Mercy San Juan Medical Center">Mercy San Juan Medical Center</a>, a hospital affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, which had sought to deny a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> to a transgender patient on religious grounds.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch dissented; because four votes are required to hear an appeal, the vote to reject the appeal left in place a lower court ruling in the patient's favor.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_Trump's_taxes">President Trump's taxes</h3></div> In July 2020, in <a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Vance" title="Trump v. Vance">Trump v. Vance</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in two 7–2 decisions that the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan District Attorney">Manhattan district attorney</a> could access Trump's tax records, but that the issue of whether Congress could access the same records needed to be processed through the lower courts. Kavanaugh joined Roberts, Gorsuch, and the court's four Democratic appointees in the majority;<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Justices Thomas and Alito dissented.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The rulings mean that the Manhattan DA will have access to the records while Congress does not, pending the outcome of the case in lower courts.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_rights">Voting rights</h3></div> Eight days before the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> Kavanaugh concurred that absentee votes properly cast in Wisconsin but received after November 3 must be discarded, joining the Court's conservatives in a ruling that requires deferral to state officials on elections.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> On October 19, Kavanaugh voted to grant a request for a stay that would have prevented ballots sent before Election Day but delivered within three days after it from being counted. The Court was split 4–4, so the ruling by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a> requiring all votes to be counted stood, but the case may be reheard.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Kavanaugh sided with Roberts and three liberal justices in a 5–3 majority to allow voting extension in North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation_of_college_athletes">Compensation of college athletes</h3></div> In his concurrence in <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association_v._Alston" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston">National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston</a> in June 2021, in which the Court ruled unanimously that college sports were not exempt from <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> law, Kavanaugh called the NCAA "a massive money-raising enterprise on the backs of student athletes who are not fairly compensated." No one else, he said, could "not ... pay workers a fair market rate on the theory that their product is defined by not paying their workers a fair market rate." He said there were "serious questions" about other rules on compensation.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_plot">Assassination plot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_assassination_plot" title="Brett Kavanaugh assassination plot">Brett Kavanaugh assassination plot</a></div> In the early morning of June 8, 2022, Nicholas John Roske traveled from California to Kavanaugh's home in Maryland with plans to break into the home, murder Kavanaugh, and commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-2022NYT-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> After seeing two <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshal">U.S. marshals</a> outside Kavanaugh's home, Roske turned himself in by calling <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a>. He said his attempt to murder Kavanaugh stemmed from dissatisfaction with the Supreme Court's leaked draft opinion in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>, as well as the potential for the Court to loosen gun control laws under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a>. Roske was armed with a pistol, two magazines and ammunition, pepper spray, zip ties, a hammer, a screwdriver, a nail punch, a crowbar, a pistol light, duct tape, and other items. He has been charged with attempted murder.<a href="#cite_note-2022NYT-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_and_scholarship">Teaching and scholarship</h2></div> Kavanaugh taught full-term courses on separation of powers at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> from 2008 to 2015, on the Supreme Court at Harvard Law School between 2014 and 2018, on National Security and Foreign Relations Law at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> in 2011, and on Constitutional Interpretation at Georgetown University Law Center in 2007. He was named the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Williston" title="Samuel Williston">Samuel Williston</a> Lecturer on Law at Harvard Law School in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In 2008, Kavanaugh was hired as a visiting professor by <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, then the dean of Harvard Law School. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, he was generous with his time and accessible, and quickly became a student favorite. He often dined in Cambridge with students and offered references and career advice.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Kavanaugh received high evaluations from his students, including <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> After the allegations of sexual misconduct against him, Harvard Law School graduates[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] petitioned Harvard to rescind Kavanaugh's position as a lecturer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Shortly thereafter, Kavanaugh voluntarily withdrew from teaching at Harvard for the 2019 winter semester.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> In the summer of 2019, he joined the faculty of George Mason University's <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School" title="Antonin Scalia Law School">Antonin Scalia Law School</a> as a visiting professor, co-teaching a summer course in <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>, England, on the origins and creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> In 2009, Kavanaugh wrote an article for the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Law_Review" title="Minnesota Law Review">Minnesota Law Review</a> in which he argued that Congress should exempt U.S. presidents from civil lawsuits while in office<a href="#cite_note-mlr-298">[298]</a> because, among other things, such lawsuits could be "time-consuming and distracting" for the president and would thus "ill serve the public interest, especially in times of financial or national security crisis".<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_2018-06-29-299">[299]</a> Kavanaugh argued that if a president "does something dastardly", they may be impeached by the House of Representatives, convicted by the Senate, and criminally prosecuted after leaving office.<a href="#cite_note-mlr-298">[298]</a> He asserted that the U.S. would have been better off if President Clinton could have "focused on Osama bin Laden without being distracted by the Paula Jones sexual harassment case and its criminal investigation offshoots".<a href="#cite_note-mlr-298">[298]</a> This article garnered attention in 2018 when Kavanaugh was nominated to the Supreme Court by Trump, whose 2016 presidential campaign was at the time the subject of a federal probe by <a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Special Counsel Robert Mueller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_2018-06-29-299">[299]</a> When reviewing a book on <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">statutory interpretation</a> by Second Circuit chief judge <a href="/wiki/Robert_Katzmann" title="Robert Katzmann">Robert Katzmann</a>, Kavanaugh observed that judges often cannot agree on a statute if its text is ambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-katzmannreview-300">[300]</a> To remedy this, he encouraged judges to first seek the "best reading" of the statute, through "interpreting the words of the statute" as well as the context of the statute as a whole, and only then apply other interpretive techniques that may justify an interpretation that differs from the "best meaning", such as <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_avoidance" title="Constitutional avoidance">constitutional avoidance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_history" title="Legislative history">legislative history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-katzmannreview-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/220px-The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/330px-The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/440px-The_Kavanaugh_family_with_George_W._Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5340" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>The Kavanaugh family with President Bush</figcaption></figure> Kavanaugh and <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Estes_Kavanaugh" title="Ashley Estes Kavanaugh">Ashley Estes</a>, the personal secretary to former President George W. Bush,<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-301">[301]</a> married in 2004; the couple have two daughters.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> They live in <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Section_Five,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase Section Five, Maryland">Chevy Chase Section Five, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT15july18-40">[40]</a> Kavanaugh ran the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> in 2010 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> His bibs bore non-qualifying numbers, assigned for a charity or a "guest" rather than an age-based time qualifier.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> He also has completed many shorter races, from 5 km to 10 miles.<a href="#cite_note-NR-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Kavanaugh is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-301">[301]</a> and serves as a regular <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lector</a> at the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Washington, D.C. He has helped serve meals to the homeless as part of church programs, and has tutored at the Washington Jesuit Academy, a Catholic private school in the District of Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> At his May 2006 confirmation hearing to the District of Columbia Circuit, he stated that he was a registered Republican.<a href="#cite_note-Republican-1">[1]</a> In 2018, Kavanaugh's reported salary was $220,600 as a federal judge and $27,000 as a lecturer at Harvard Law School.<a href="#cite_note-TimeMoney-308">[308]</a> In 2022, Kavanaugh's home was the site of <a href="/wiki/2022_abortion_rights_protests_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 abortion rights protests in the United States">protests</a> following the leak of a draft majority opinion for the Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2></div> <dl><dt>Articles and book reviews</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7241&context=ylj">"Note: Defense Presence and Participation: A Procedural Minimum for Batson v. Kentucky Hearings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a>. 99: 187–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F796727">10.2307/796727</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/796727">796727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Note%3A+Defense+Presence+and+Participation%3A+A+Procedural+Minimum+for+Batson+v.+Kentucky+Hearings&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F796727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F796727%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7241%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1997–1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (1997–1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/BrettMKavanaughThePreside.pdf">"The President and the Independent Counsel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Georgetown_Law_Journal" title="The Georgetown Law Journal">The Georgetown Law Journal</a>. 86: 2133–2178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgetown+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+President+and+the+Independent+Counsel&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2133-%3C%2Fspan%3E2178&rft.date=1997%2F1998&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FBrettMKavanaughThePreside.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Kavanaugh_MLR.pdf">"Separation of Powers During the Forty-Fourth Presidency and Beyond"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Law_Review" title="Minnesota Law Review">Minnesota Law Review</a>. 93: 1454–1484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Powers+During+the+Forty-Fourth+Presidency+and+Beyond&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1454-%3C%2Fspan%3E1484&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotalawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F01%2FKavanaugh_MLR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> A video of the lecture is available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/watch-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-s-2008-speech-at-university-of-minnesota/488057311">Star Tribune</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4554&context=ndlr">"Our Anchor for 225 Years and Counting: The Enduring Significance of the Precise Text of the Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_Review" title="Notre Dame Law Review">Notre Dame Law Review</a>. 89: 1907–1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Our+Anchor+for+225+Years+and+Counting%3A+The+Enduring+Significance+of+the+Precise+Text+of+the+Constitution&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1907-%3C%2Fspan%3E1928&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4554%26context%3Dndlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2118-2163-Online.pdf">"Fixing Statutory Interpretation. Book Review: Judging Statutes. By Robert A. Katzmann. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. 2014. Pp. xi, 171. $24.95"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 129: 2118–2163. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44072361">44072361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Fixing+Statutory+Interpretation.+Book+Review%3A+Judging+Statutes.+By+Robert+A.+Katzmann.+New+York%2C+N.Y.%3A+Oxford+University+Press.+2014.+Pp.+xi%2C+171.+%2424.95.&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2118-%3C%2Fspan%3E2163&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44072361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2F2118-2163-Online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kavanaugh, Brett (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.marquette.edu/assets/marquette-lawyers/pdf/marquette-lawyer/2016-fall/2016-fall-p08.pdf">"One Government, Three Branches, Five Controversies: Separation of Powers Under Presidents Bush and Obama"</a> (PDF). Marquette Lawyer. 2016 (Fall): 9–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marquette+Lawyer&rft.atitle=One+Government%2C+Three+Branches%2C+Five+Controversies%3A+Separation+of+Powers+Under+Presidents+Bush+and+Obama&rft.volume=2016+%28Fall%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.marquette.edu%2Fassets%2Fmarquette-lawyers%2Fpdf%2Fmarquette-lawyer%2F2016-fall%2F2016-fall-p08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2017" class="citation web cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (November 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/congress-and-president-wartime">"Congress and the President in Wartime: A review of David Barron's Waging War: The Clash Between Presidents and Congress, 1776 to ISIS (Simon & Schuster, 2016)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawfare_(website)" title="Lawfare (website)">Lawfare</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121113153/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/congress-and-president-wartime">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawfare&rft.atitle=Congress+and+the+President+in+Wartime%3A+A+review+of+David+Barron%27s+Waging+War%3A+The+Clash+Between+Presidents+and+Congress%2C+1776+to+ISIS+%28Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+2016%29.&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawfaremedia.org%2Fcongress-and-president-wartime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Op-eds</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (February 26, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/02/26/first-let-congress-do-its-job/10b7fdfd-5a53-44fe-bed5-ac9dfc4ef048/">"First Let Congress Do Its Job"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A27. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=First+Let+Congress+Do+Its+Job&rft.pages=A27&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1999%2F02%2F26%2Ffirst-let-congress-do-its-job%2F10b7fdfd-5a53-44fe-bed5-ac9dfc4ef048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (July 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/07/01/we-all-supported-kenneth-starr/baa7d6c1-be3d-4217-baee-8a025e87dc34/">"We All Supported Kenneth Starr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121093625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/07/01/we-all-supported-kenneth-starr/baa7d6c1-be3d-4217-baee-8a025e87dc34/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=We+All+Supported+Kenneth+Starr&rft.pages=A28&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1999%2F07%2F01%2Fwe-all-supported-kenneth-starr%2Fbaa7d6c1-be3d-4217-baee-8a025e87dc34%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaughBittmanWisenberg1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett; Bittman, Robert J.; <a href="/wiki/Solomon_L._Wisenberg" title="Solomon L. Wisenberg">Wisenberg, Solomon L.</a> (November 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/15/023r-111599-idx.html">"To Us, Starr Is an American Hero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121111742/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-11/15/023r-111599-idx.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+Us%2C+Starr+Is+an+American+Hero&rft.pages=A23&rft.date=1999-11-15&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Bittman%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Wisenberg%2C+Solomon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2FWPcap%2F1999-11%2F15%2F023r-111599-idx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (August 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/01/books/l-starr-report-739197.html">"Letter to the Editor: Starr Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 2 (Section 7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121094726/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/01/books/l-starr-report-739197.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor%3A+Starr+Report&rft.pages=2+%28Section+7%29&rft.date=1999-08-01&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F08%2F01%2Fbooks%2Fl-starr-report-739197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaughBittman1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett; Bittman, Robert J. (August 31, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/08/31/indictment-of-an-ex-president/d35ee73b-5d51-4c40-8e24-0636183da235/">"Indictment of an Ex-President?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106055244/https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Brett-Kavanaugh-Indictment-of-an-Ex-President-Washington-Post-1999.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Indictment+of+an+Ex-President%3F&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=1999-08-31&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Bittman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1999%2F08%2F31%2Findictment-of-an-ex-president%2Fd35ee73b-5d51-4c40-8e24-0636183da235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh1999" class="citation news cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (September 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB938365458335869648">"Are Hawaiians Indians? The Justice Department Thinks So"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. p. A35. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Are+Hawaiians+Indians%3F+The+Justice+Department+Thinks+So&rft.pages=A35&rft.date=1999-09-27&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB938365458335869648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Speeches and symposia</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaughTylerEasterbrookLettow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett; Tyler, Amanda L.; <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Easterbrook">Easterbrook, Frank H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Lettow" title="Charles F. Lettow">Lettow, Charles F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reena_Raggi" title="Reena Raggi">Raggi, Reena</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sutton" title="Jeffrey Sutton">Sutton, Jeffrey S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diane_Wood" title="Diane Wood">Wood, Diane P.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/80-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-1889.pdf">"A Dialogue with Federal Judges on the Role of History in Interpretation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_International_Law_Review" title="The George Washington International Law Review">The George Washington International Law Review</a>. 80: 1889–1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+George+Washington+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=A+Dialogue+with+Federal+Judges+on+the+Role+of+History+in+Interpretation&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1889-%3C%2Fspan%3E1922&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Tyler%2C+Amanda+L.&rft.au=Easterbrook%2C+Frank+H.&rft.au=Lettow%2C+Charles+F.&rft.au=Raggi%2C+Reena&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Diane+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwlr.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2F80-Geo.-Wash.-L.-Rev.-1889.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4554&context=ndlr">"The Courts and the Administrative State (2013 Sumner Canary Memorial Lecture)"</a>. Case Western Reserve Law Review. 64 (3): 711–731.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Courts+and+the+Administrative+State+%282013+Sumner+Canary+Memorial+Lecture%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E711-%3C%2Fspan%3E731&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4554%26context%3Dndlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> A video of the lecture is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJRwdcRE7fg">YouTube</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4733&context=ndlr">"Keynote Address: Two Challenges for the Judge as Umpire: Statutory Ambiguity and Constitutional Exceptions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_Review" title="Notre Dame Law Review">Notre Dame Law Review</a>. 92: 1907–1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Keynote+Address%3A+Two+Challenges+for+the+Judge+as+Umpire%3A+Statutory+Ambiguity+and+Constitutional+Exceptions&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1907-%3C%2Fspan%3E1920&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4733%26context%3Dndlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3383&context=lawreview">"The Judge as Umpire: Ten Principles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_Law_Review" title="Catholic University Law Review">Catholic University Law Review</a>. 65: 683–692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Judge+as+Umpire%3A+Ten+Principles&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E692&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3383%26context%3Dlawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> A video of the lecture is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXKX_whwVzs">YouTube</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2017" class="citation book cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011155/https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/From-the-Bench.pdf">From the Bench: The Constitutional Statesmanship of Chief Justice William Rehnquist (2017 Walter Berns Constitution Day Lecture)</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/From-the-Bench.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Bench%3A+The+Constitutional+Statesmanship+of+Chief+Justice+William+Rehnquist+%282017+Walter+Berns+Constitution+Day+Lecture%29&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FFrom-the-Bench.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> A video of the lecture is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_8Hv4Mes_c">YouTube</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett M. (2016). Garner, Bryan A. (ed.). The Law of Judicial Precedent. St. Paul: Thomson West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-63420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-63420-7"><bdi>978-0-314-63420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Judicial+Precedent&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Thomson+West&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-314-63420-7&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> Brett Kavanaugh is one of thirteen co-authors (including <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>) of the treatise. The chapters are not written separately by the authors.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies">Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_1)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Republican-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Republican_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Republican_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOg3AAAAIAAJ&q=Brett+Kavanaugh+%22registered+republican%22&pg=PA33">Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to be Circuit Judge for The District of Columbia Circuit</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington : 2006. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-076615-2"><bdi>978-0-16-076615-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231429/https://books.google.com/books?id=eOg3AAAAIAAJ&q=Brett+Kavanaugh+%22registered+republican%22&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confirmation+Hearing+on+the+Nomination+of+Brett+Kavanaugh+to+be+Circuit+Judge+for+The+District+of+Columbia+Circuit&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+Washington+%3A+2006&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-16-076615-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOg3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBrett%2BKavanaugh%2B%2522registered%2Brepublican%2522%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-confirmed-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-confirmed_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-confirmed_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellman2006" class="citation news cs1">Kellman, Laurie (May 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/26/AR2006052601122.html">"Kavanaugh Confirmed U.S. Appellate Judge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506072731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/26/AR2006052601122.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Confirmed+U.S.+Appellate+Judge&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.aulast=Kellman&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F05%2F26%2FAR2006052601122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nominees-3"><a href="#cite_ref-nominees_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil (April 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/28/us/bush-aide-on-court-nominees-faces-fire-as-nominee-himself.html">"Bush Aide on Court Nominees Faces Fire as Nominee Himself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310214327/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/28/us/bush-aide-on-court-nominees-faces-fire-as-nominee-himself.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Aide+on+Court+Nominees+Faces+Fire+as+Nominee+Himself&rft.date=2004-04-28&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F04%2F28%2Fus%2Fbush-aide-on-court-nominees-faces-fire-as-nominee-himself.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearings-4"><a href="#cite_ref-hearings_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil (May 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/washington/10judge.html">"Senators Renew Jousting Over Court Pick"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429193204/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/washington/10judge.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senators+Renew+Jousting+Over+Court+Pick&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F10%2Fwashington%2F10judge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuel-5"><a href="#cite_ref-fuel_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil (July 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/26/us/bush-selects-two-for-bench-adding-fuel-to-senate-fire.html">"Bush Selects Two for Bench, Adding Fuel to Senate Fire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810164756/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/26/us/bush-selects-two-for-bench-adding-fuel-to-senate-fire.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Selects+Two+for+Bench%2C+Adding+Fuel+to+Senate+Fire&rft.date=2003-07-26&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2Fbush-selects-two-for-bench-adding-fuel-to-senate-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_20180918-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_20180918_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchekmedyian2018" class="citation news cs1">Tchekmedyian, Alene (September 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-me-ln-christine-blasey-ford-20180918-story.html">"Christine Blasey Ford agonized about going public with Brett Kavanaugh sexual assault allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217073756/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-me-ln-christine-blasey-ford-20180918-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Christine+Blasey+Ford+agonized+about+going+public+with+Brett+Kavanaugh+sexual+assault+allegations&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Tchekmedyian&rft.aufirst=Alene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fla-me-ln-christine-blasey-ford-20180918-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (September 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html">"California professor, writer of confidential Brett Kavanaugh letter, speaks out about her allegation of sexual assault"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235524/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=California+professor%2C+writer+of+confidential+Brett+Kavanaugh+letter%2C+speaks+out+about+her+allegation+of+sexual+assault&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Finvestigations%2Fcalifornia-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault%2F2018%2F09%2F16%2F46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Nguyen, Tina (September 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/09/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-sexual-assault-supreme-court">"Is Brett Kavanaugh cooked?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123034915/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/09/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-sexual-assault-supreme-court">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Is+Brett+Kavanaugh+cooked%3F&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-sexual-assault-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_20180924-9"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_20180924_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45629767">"Trump says Brett Kavanaugh accusations 'totally political'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. September 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116014148/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45629767">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+says+Brett+Kavanaugh+accusations+%27totally+political%27&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-45629767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-response3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-response3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-response3_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstepa2018" class="citation news cs1">Estepa, Jessica (September 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/26/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-michael-avenatti-julie-swetnick/1431133002/">"Third woman makes sexual misconduct allegations about Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926195315/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/26/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-michael-avenatti-julie-swetnick/1431133002/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Third+woman+makes+sexual+misconduct+allegations+about+Supreme+Court+nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Estepa&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F26%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-confirmation-michael-avenatti-julie-swetnick%2F1431133002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday-20181103-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday-20181103_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday-20181103_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday-20181103_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usatoday-20181103_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2018" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Christal (November 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/02/brett-kavanaugh-accuser-referred-fbi-doj-investigation/1863210002/">"'I was angry and I sent it': Another Kavanaugh accuser referred to FBI after recanting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106015239/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/02/brett-kavanaugh-accuser-referred-fbi-doj-investigation/1863210002/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27I+was+angry+and+I+sent+it%27%3A+Another+Kavanaugh+accuser+referred+to+FBI+after+recanting&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F11%2F02%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-accuser-referred-fbi-doj-investigation%2F1863210002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/27/brett-kavanaugh-allegations-sexual-misconduct-complete-list/">"Brett Kavanaugh and allegations of sexual misconduct: The complete list - The Washington Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222182534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/27/brett-kavanaugh-allegations-sexual-misconduct-complete-list/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+and+allegations+of+sexual+misconduct%3A+The+complete+list+-+The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-allegations-sexual-misconduct-complete-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Brett_Kavanaugh_confirmation_hearings#Senate_Judiciary_Committee_vote">"Brett Kavanaugh confirmation hearings and votes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923165254/https://ballotpedia.org/Brett_Kavanaugh_confirmation_hearings#Senate_Judiciary_Committee_vote">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+confirmation+hearings+and+votes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FBrett_Kavanaugh_confirmation_hearings%23Senate_Judiciary_Committee_vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForanCollinson" class="citation news cs1">Foran, Clare; Collinson, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/06/politics/kavanaugh-final-confirmation-vote/index.html">"Brett Kavanaugh confirmed to Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106191954/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/06/politics/kavanaugh-final-confirmation-vote/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+confirmed+to+Supreme+Court&rft.aulast=Foran&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Collinson%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F10%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-final-confirmation-vote%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_sworn_in-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_sworn_in_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_sworn_in_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">"Kavanaugh Is Sworn In After Close Confirmation Vote in Senate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913140833/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Is+Sworn+In+After+Close+Confirmation+Vote+in+Senate&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F06%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/14/conservative-knives-come-out-brett-kavanaugh/">"The conservative knives come out for Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. January 14, 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved May 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+conservative+knives+come+out+for+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F01%2F14%2Fconservative-knives-come-out-brett-kavanaugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNASstudy21-17"><a href="#cite_ref-PNASstudy21_17-0">^</a> Stephen Jesseea, Neil Malhotra, and Maya Sen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2120284119">A decade-long longitudinal survey shows that the Supreme Court is now much more conservative than the public</a>". <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, April 12, 2022. Accessed June 14, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-2022NYT-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022NYT_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022NYT_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022NYT_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménezCramer2022" class="citation news cs1">Jiménez, Jesus; Cramer, Maria (June 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/08/us/brett-kavanaugh-threat-arrest.html">"Armed Man Is Arrested Near Home of Justice Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved June 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Armed+Man+Is+Arrested+Near+Home+of+Justice+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Cramer%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-threat-arrest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnfastfacts-19"><a href="#cite_ref-cnnfastfacts_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/us/brett-kavanaugh-fast-facts/index.html">"Brett Kavanaugh Fast Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. July 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915164348/https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/us/brett-kavanaugh-fast-facts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F07%2F16%2Fus%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=86">"George W. Bush: Remarks at a Swearing-In Ceremony for Brett Kavanaugh as a United States Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia"</a>. presidency.ucsb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161749/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=86">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+W.+Bush%3A+Remarks+at+a+Swearing-In+Ceremony+for+Brett+Kavanaugh+as+a+United+States+Circuit+Judge+for+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=presidency.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwojAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Mrs.+Everett+Edward,+Jr.+(Martha+Gamble+Murphy)+%22+Mr.+Brett+Michael%22">The Social List of Washington, D.C. and Social Precedence in Washington</a>. J.S. Murray. July 10, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwojAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Mrs.+Everett+Edward%2C+Jr.+%28Martha+Gamble+Murphy%29+%22+Mr.+Brett+Michael%22">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+List+of+Washington%2C+D.C.+and+Social+Precedence+in+Washington&rft.pub=J.S.+Murray&rft.date=1990-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwojAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Mrs.%2BEverett%2BEdward%2C%2BJr.%2B%28Martha%2BGamble%2BMurphy%29%2B%2522%2BMr.%2BBrett%2BMichael%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd2018" class="citation news cs1">Dowd, Kevin B. (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-support.amp">"Why I personally know Brett Kavanaugh will make a great Supreme Court judge"</a>. IrishCentral.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000448/https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-support.amp">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Why+I+personally+know+Brett+Kavanaugh+will+make+a+great+Supreme+Court+judge&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Kevin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fopinion%2Fothers%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-support.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/supreme-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-irish-ancestry">"Supreme Court Judge Brett Kavanaugh's Irish ancestry"</a>. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124922/https://www.irishcentral.com/news/politics/supreme-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-irish-ancestry">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+Irish+ancestry&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-irish-ancestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimestalwart-24"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimestalwart_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-trump.html">"Brett Kavanaugh, a Conservative Stalwart in Political Fights and on the Bench"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710030953/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%2C+a+Conservative+Stalwart+in+Political+Fights+and+on+the+Bench&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/31cc/former/html/msa12367.html">Martha G. Kavanaugh, Maryland Circuit Court Judge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406062623/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/31cc/former/html/msa12367.html">Archived</a> April 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, maryland.gov. Retrieved July 2, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/martha-kavanaugh-mother-brett-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nominee">"Who is Martha Kavanaugh, Brett Kavanaugh's mother?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710054352/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/martha-kavanaugh-mother-brett-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nominee/">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+Martha+Kavanaugh%2C+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+mother%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmartha-kavanaugh-mother-brett-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nominee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT11july18-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT11july18_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT11july18_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMervosh2018" class="citation news cs1">Mervosh, Sarah (July 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/10/us/kavanaugh-gorsuch-georgetown-prep.html">"Kavanaugh and Gorsuch Both Went to the Same Elite Prep School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713221213/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/10/us/kavanaugh-gorsuch-georgetown-prep.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+and+Gorsuch+Both+Went+to+the+Same+Elite+Prep+School&rft.pages=A19&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Mervosh&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fus%2Fkavanaugh-gorsuch-georgetown-prep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Bryan, Bob (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/where-did-brett-kavanaugh-go-to-high-school-trump-gorsuch-powell-georgetown-2018-7?r=US&IR=T">"Brett Kavanaugh is the latest high-level Trump appointee to come from a single Washington, D.C.-area high school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711024929/http://www.businessinsider.com/where-did-brett-kavanaugh-go-to-high-school-trump-gorsuch-powell-georgetown-2018-7?r=US&IR=T">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+is+the+latest+high-level+Trump+appointee+to+come+from+a+single+Washington%2C+D.C.-area+high+school&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhere-did-brett-kavanaugh-go-to-high-school-trump-gorsuch-powell-georgetown-2018-7%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2018" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Brittany (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/07/09/brett-kavanaugh-neil-gorsuch-georgetown-prep/">"Trump's Two SCOTUS Picks Also Went to High School Together"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_(magazine)" title="Washingtonian (magazine)">Washingtonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112654/https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/07/09/brett-kavanaugh-neil-gorsuch-georgetown-prep/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018. <q>Kavanaugh was a cornerback and wide receiver for the school's varsity football team and served as captain of the school's basketball team.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Two+SCOTUS+Picks+Also+Went+to+High+School+Together&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Brittany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-neil-gorsuch-georgetown-prep%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Maas, Peter (September 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2018/09/25/brett-kavanaugh-accusations-mike-judge/">"The closer you look, the worse Brett Kavanaugh's relationship with Mark Judge appears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925205624/https://theintercept.com/2018/09/25/brett-kavanaugh-accusations-mike-judge/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+closer+you+look%2C+the+worse+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+relationship+with+Mark+Judge+appears&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-accusations-mike-judge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erinkelly-31"><a href="#cite_ref-erinkelly_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2018" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Erin (September 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/18/mark-judge-what-we-know-brett-kavanaugh-classmate/1344707002/">"Who is Mark Judge? Here's what we know about Brett Kavanaugh's classmate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919203834/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/18/mark-judge-what-we-know-brett-kavanaugh-classmate/1344707002/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Who+is+Mark+Judge%3F+Here%27s+what+we+know+about+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+classmate&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F18%2Fmark-judge-what-we-know-brett-kavanaugh-classmate%2F1344707002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-breakssilence-32"><a href="#cite_ref-breakssilence_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltiwanger2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Haltiwanger, John (September 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mark-judge-testimony-brett-kavanaugh-hearings-allegations-christine-ford-2018-9">"Brett Kavanaugh's friend Mark Judge breaks silence about alleged sexual assault incident but says he will not testify"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084000/https://www.businessinsider.com/mark-judge-testimony-brett-kavanaugh-hearings-allegations-christine-ford-2018-9">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+friend+Mark+Judge+breaks+silence+about+alleged+sexual+assault+incident+but+says+he+will+not+testify&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Haltiwanger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmark-judge-testimony-brett-kavanaugh-hearings-allegations-christine-ford-2018-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kornhaber-33"><a href="#cite_ref-kornhaber_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornhaber2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Kornhaber, Spencer (September 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/09/mark-judge-brett-kavanaugh-writing/570631/">"Brett Kavanaugh, Mark Judge, and the Romanticizing of Teenage Indiscretion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919223818/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/09/mark-judge-brett-kavanaugh-writing/570631/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%2C+Mark+Judge%2C+and+the+Romanticizing+of+Teenage+Indiscretion&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Kornhaber&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2018%2F09%2Fmark-judge-brett-kavanaugh-writing%2F570631%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTkkde-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTkkde_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTkkde_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyEnrich2018" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Kate; Enrich, David (September 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/business/brett-kavanaugh-yearbook-renate.html">"Kavanaugh's Yearbook Page Is 'Horrible, Hurtful' to a Woman It Named"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926001050/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/business/brett-kavanaugh-yearbook-renate.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+Yearbook+Page+Is+%27Horrible%2C+Hurtful%27+to+a+Woman+It+Named&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Enrich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-yearbook-renate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayBaker2018" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Briahna; Baker, Camille (September 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2018/09/29/the-unbearable-dishonesty-of-brett-kavanaugh/">"The unbearable dishonesty of Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929225737/https://theintercept.com/2018/09/29/the-unbearable-dishonesty-of-brett-kavanaugh/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+unbearable+dishonesty+of+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-29&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Briahna&rft.au=Baker%2C+Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2018%2F09%2F29%2Fthe-unbearable-dishonesty-of-brett-kavanaugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon2018" class="citation news cs1">Lemon, Jason (September 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/kavanaugh-said-he-had-no-connections-yale-he-was-legacy-student-1145286">"Kavanaugh said he had "no connections" to Yale. He was, in fact, a legacy student"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930150939/https://www.newsweek.com/kavanaugh-said-he-had-no-connections-yale-he-was-legacy-student-1145286">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+said+he+had+%22no+connections%22+to+Yale.+He+was%2C+in+fact%2C+a+legacy+student.&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fkavanaugh-said-he-had-no-connections-yale-he-was-legacy-student-1145286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richer_Peltz-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richer_Peltz_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richer_Peltz_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richer_Peltz_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richer_Peltz_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkin_RicherPeltz2018" class="citation news cs1">Durkin Richer, Alanna; Peltz, Jennifer (August 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-brett-kavanaugh-yale-20180828-story.html">"At Yale, Kavanaugh Stayed Out Of Debates At A Time Of Many"</a>. Hartford Courant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906020206/http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-brett-kavanaugh-yale-20180828-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=At+Yale%2C+Kavanaugh+Stayed+Out+Of+Debates+At+A+Time+Of+Many&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Durkin+Richer&rft.aufirst=Alanna&rft.au=Peltz%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Fconnecticut%2Fhc-news-brett-kavanaugh-yale-20180828-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Herbst_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2018" class="citation news cs1">Herbst, Diane (September 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/brett-kavanaugh-yale-frat-raided-220247091.html">"Brett Kavanaugh's Yale Frat Raided Female Students' Rooms, Paraded Bras and Underwear on Campus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921053416/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/brett-kavanaugh-yale-frat-raided-220247091.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+Yale+Frat+Raided+Female+Students%27+Rooms%2C+Paraded+Bras+and+Underwear+on+Campus&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-yale-frat-raided-220247091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Oct_2_18-39"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Oct_2_18_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbaraToeniskoetterAnderson2018" class="citation news cs1">Barbara, Michael; Toeniskoetter, Clara; Anderson, Larissa (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/podcasts/the-daily/brett-kavanaugh-fbi-classmates.html">"Kavanaugh's Classmates Speak Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. No. The Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002112428/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/podcasts/the-daily/brett-kavanaugh-fbi-classmates.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+Classmates+Speak+Out&rft.issue=The+Daily&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Barbara&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Toeniskoetter%2C+Clara&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F02%2Fpodcasts%2Fthe-daily%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-fbi-classmates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT15july18-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT15july18_40-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaneEderRuizLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott; Eder, Steve; Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Liptak, Adam; Savage, Charlie; Protess, Ben (July 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/us/politics/judge-brett-kavanaugh.html">"Influential Judge, Loyal Friend, Conservative Warrior — and D.C. Insider"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716115030/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/us/politics/judge-brett-kavanaugh.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Influential+Judge%2C+Loyal+Friend%2C+Conservative+Warrior+%E2%80%94+and+D.C.+Insider&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2018-07-15&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Eder%2C+Steve&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Rebecca+R.&rft.au=Liptak%2C+Adam&rft.au=Savage%2C+Charlie&rft.au=Protess%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjudge-brett-kavanaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711210100/https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/brett-kavanaugh-90-nominated-us-supreme-court">"Brett Kavanaugh '90 Nominated to U.S. Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. July 9, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/brett-kavanaugh-90-nominated-us-supreme-court">the original</a> on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+%2790+Nominated+to+U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.yale.edu%2Fyls-today%2Fnews%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-90-nominated-us-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resume-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resume_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resume_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/kavanaughresume.htm">"Brett M. Kavanaugh resume"</a>. United States Department of Justice Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125143/https://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/kavanaughresume.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brett+M.+Kavanaugh+resume&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Folp%2Fkavanaughresume.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSblog2018june-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog2018june_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog2018june_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog2018june_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog2018june_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog2018june_43-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Edith (June 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/potential-nominee-profile-brett-kavanaugh">"Potential nominee profile: Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132436/http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/potential-nominee-profile-brett-kavanaugh/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potential+nominee+profile%3A+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F06%2Fpotential-nominee-profile-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/LSB10170.pdf">""Brett M. Kavanaugh: Selected Primary Material" 'accessed May 18, 2019'"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806171140/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/LSB10170.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Brett+M.+Kavanaugh%3A+Selected+Primary+Material%22+%27accessed+May+18%2C+2019%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FLSB10170.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT4aug18-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4aug18_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4aug18_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4aug18_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D.; Liptak, Adam (August 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-clinton-impeachment.html">"The Partisan Battle Brett Kavanaugh Now Regrets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822065821/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-clinton-impeachment.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Partisan+Battle+Brett+Kavanaugh+Now+Regrets&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2018-08-04&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Liptak%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F04%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-clinton-impeachment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/kavanaugh.html">"Judicial Nominations - Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422135038/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/kavanaugh.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Judicial+Nominations+-+Judge+Brett+M.+Kavanaugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Finfocus%2Fjudicialnominees%2Fkavanaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003263302">Report on the Death of Vincent W. Foster, Jr</a> (Report). Office of Independent Counsel in Re Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Associations. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123338/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003263302">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Death+of+Vincent+W.+Foster%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=Office+of+Independent+Counsel+in+Re+Madison+Guaranty+Savings+and+Loan+Associations&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F003263302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2018" class="citation news cs1">Wilentz, Sean (September 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/opinion/why-was-kavanaugh-obsessed-with-vince-foster.html">"Why Was Kavanaugh Obsessed With Vince Foster?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929060226/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/opinion/why-was-kavanaugh-obsessed-with-vince-foster.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Was+Kavanaugh+Obsessed+With+Vince+Foster%3F&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-was-kavanaugh-obsessed-with-vince-foster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nat_Law_Journal_20180713-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nat_Law_Journal_20180713_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nat_Law_Journal_20180713_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovelane2018" class="citation news cs1">Lovelane, Ryan (July 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2018/07/13/kavanaugh-at-kirkland-troutman-hires-mofo-moves/">"Kavanaugh at Kirkland; Troutman Hires; MoFo Moves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Law Journal">National Law Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926090035/https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2018/07/13/kavanaugh-at-kirkland-troutman-hires-mofo-moves/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+at+Kirkland%3B+Troutman+Hires%3B+MoFo+Moves&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Lovelane&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnationallawjournal%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Fkavanaugh-at-kirkland-troutman-hires-mofo-moves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranishMarimow2018" class="citation news cs1">Kranish, Michael; Marimow, Michael (July 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaughs-unorthodox-path-to-trumps-supreme-court-shortlist/2018/07/06/dbf3c9de-8077-11e8-b0ef-fffcabeff946_story.html">"Kavanaugh's unorthodox path to Trump's Supreme Court shortlist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231335/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaughs-unorthodox-path-to-trumps-supreme-court-shortlist/2018/07/06/dbf3c9de-8077-11e8-b0ef-fffcabeff946_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+unorthodox+path+to+Trump%27s+Supreme+Court+shortlist&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=Kranish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Marimow%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaughs-unorthodox-path-to-trumps-supreme-court-shortlist%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Fdbf3c9de-8077-11e8-b0ef-fffcabeff946_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Swidler_%26_Berlin_v._United_States" title="Swidler & Berlin v. United States">Swidler & Berlin v. United States</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1997/97-1192"> Oyez Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2019" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-clinton-starr.html">"Brett Kavanaugh Urged Graphic Questions in Clinton Inquiry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231510/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/20/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-clinton-starr.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Urged+Graphic+Questions+in+Clinton+Inquiry&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-clinton-starr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandlerApuzzo2018" class="citation news cs1">Landler, Mark; Apuzzo, Matt (July 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-impeachment.html">"Brett Kavanaugh, Supreme Court Front-Runner, Once Argued Broad Grounds for Impeachment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706065035/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-impeachment.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%2C+Supreme+Court+Front-Runner%2C+Once+Argued+Broad+Grounds+for+Impeachment&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=Landler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Apuzzo%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-impeachment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2018" class="citation news cs1">Gambino, Lauren (August 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/aug/20/brett-kavanaugh-bill-clinton-questions-1998-memo-trump">"Brett Kavanaugh had graphic questions for Bill Clinton about Lewinsky affair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231348/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/aug/20/brett-kavanaugh-bill-clinton-questions-1998-memo-trump">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+had+graphic+questions+for+Bill+Clinton+about+Lewinsky+affair&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2018%2Faug%2F20%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-bill-clinton-questions-1998-memo-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2018" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Amber (August 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/08/20/brett-kavanaughs-explicit-clinton-memo-shows-how-much-he-despised-president-accused-behaving-badly/">"Brett Kavanaugh's explicit Clinton memo shows how much he despised a president accused of behaving badly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/08/20/brett-kavanaughs-explicit-clinton-memo-shows-how-much-he-despised-president-accused-behaving-badly/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+explicit+Clinton+memo+shows+how+much+he+despised+a+president+accused+of+behaving+badly&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F08%2F20%2Fbrett-kavanaughs-explicit-clinton-memo-shows-how-much-he-despised-president-accused-behaving-badly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-protege-56"><a href="#cite_ref-protege_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLewis1998" class="citation news cs1">Chen, David; Lewis, Neil A (September 12, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/12/us/testing-president-authors-young-protege-starr-established-nonfiction-writer.html">"Testing of a President: The Authors; A Young Protege of Starr, and an Established Nonfiction Writer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Testing+of+a+President%3A+The+Authors%3B+A+Young+Protege+of+Starr%2C+and+an+Established+Nonfiction+Writer&rft.date=1998-09-12&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Neil+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F09%2F12%2Fus%2Ftesting-president-authors-young-protege-starr-established-nonfiction-writer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadan2018" class="citation news cs1">Madan, Monique O. (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article214604235.html">"New Supreme Court nominee Kavanaugh has ties to big Florida moments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=New+Supreme+Court+nominee+Kavanaugh+has+ties+to+big+Florida+moments&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=Monique+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fnational%2Farticle214604235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113045123/http://whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/WHTP2017-23-Staff-Secretary.pdf">"The White House Transition Project, 1997–2017 – Report 2017-23 – The Office of the Staff Secretary"</a> (PDF). Rice University, Baker Institute for Public Policy. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/WHTP2017-23-Staff-Secretary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 13, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018 – via White House Transition Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+White+House+Transition+Project%2C+1997%E2%80%932017+%E2%80%93+Report+2017-23+%E2%80%93+The+Office+of+the+Staff+Secretary&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Rice+University%2C+Baker+Institute+for+Public+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitehousetransitionproject.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FWHTP2017-23-Staff-Secretary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/access-to-kavanaughs-staff-secretary-work-becomes-flashpoint-for-senators/">"Access to Kavanaugh's staff secretary work becomes flashpoint for senators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. July 27, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240928100809/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/access-to-kavanaughs-staff-secretary-work-becomes-flashpoint-for-senators/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Access+to+Kavanaugh%27s+staff+secretary+work+becomes+flashpoint+for+senators&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Faccess-to-kavanaughs-staff-secretary-work-becomes-flashpoint-for-senators%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFins2018" class="citation news cs1">Fins, Antonio (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052022/https://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/brett-kavanaugh-florida-ties-elian-2000-vote-recount-terri-schiavo/KW4h9QMoAZd7mogcLv7AdP/">"Brett Kavanaugh Florida ties: Elian, 2000 vote recount, Terri Schiavo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Beach Post">Palm Beach Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/brett-kavanaugh-florida-ties-elian-2000-vote-recount-terri-schiavo/KW4h9QMoAZd7mogcLv7AdP/">the original</a> on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Florida+ties%3A+Elian%2C+2000+vote+recount%2C+Terri+Schiavo&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Fins&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mypalmbeachpost.com%2Fnews%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-florida-ties-elian-2000-vote-recount-terri-schiavo%2FKW4h9QMoAZd7mogcLv7AdP%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkland-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkland_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkland_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauro2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mauro, Tony (July 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2018/07/23/brett-kavanaughs-friends-inside-ex-kirkland-partners-scotus-briefs">"Brett Kavanaugh's 'Friends': Inside Ex-Kirkland Partner's SCOTUS Briefs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Law Journal">National Law Journal</a>. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+%27Friends%27%3A+Inside+Ex-Kirkland+Partner%27s+SCOTUS+Briefs&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft.aulast=Mauro&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnationallawjournal%2F2018%2F07%2F23%2Fbrett-kavanaughs-friends-inside-ex-kirkland-partners-scotus-briefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitch2018" class="citation news cs1">Ravitch, Frank (July 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/07/judge-kavanaugh-on-law-and-religion-issues/">"Judge Kavanaugh on law and religion issues"</a>. SCOTUSblog. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+Kavanaugh+on+law+and+religion+issues&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Ravitch&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fjudge-kavanaugh-on-law-and-religion-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2018" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/supreme-court-conservatives-trump.html">"A Conservative Court Push Decades in the Making, With Effects for Decades to Come"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010121836/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/supreme-court-conservatives-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Conservative+Court+Push+Decades+in+the+Making%2C+With+Effects+for+Decades+to+Come&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-conservatives-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG-64"><a href="#cite_ref-AG_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayer2018" class="citation news cs1">Grayer, Annie (August 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/brett-kavanaugh-federalist-society-emails/index.html">"Brett Kavanaugh was concerned with his Federalist Society membership in 2001, emails show"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011220026/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/politics/brett-kavanaugh-federalist-society-emails/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+was+concerned+with+his+Federalist+Society+membership+in+2001%2C+emails+show&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.aulast=Grayer&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F08%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-federalist-society-emails%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumDevens2017" class="citation news cs1">Baum, Lawrence; Devens, Neal (January 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2017/01/how_the_federalist_society_became_the_de_facto_selector_of_republican_supreme.html">"Federalist Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231341/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/01/how-the-federalist-society-became-the-de-facto-selector-of-republican-supreme-court-justices.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Federalist+Court&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Devens%2C+Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fjurisprudence%2F2017%2F01%2Fhow_the_federalist_society_became_the_de_facto_selector_of_republican_supreme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/nomination/108th-congress/840">"Presidential Nomination 840, 108th United States Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. July 25, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231431/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/108th-congress/840">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Nomination+840%2C+108th+United+States+Congress&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fnomination%2F108th-congress%2F840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg24853/html/CHRG-108shrg24853.htm">"Conformation hearing on the nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to be Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit"</a>. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>. April 27, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231344/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg24853/html/CHRG-108shrg24853.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conformation+hearing+on+the+nomination+of+Brett+M.+Kavanaugh+to+be+Circuit+Judge+for+the+District+of+Columbia+Circuit&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-108shrg24853%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-108shrg24853.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/04/644520404/as-kavanaugh-nomination-hearing-begins-democrats-decry-process">"As Kavanaugh Nomination Hearing Begins, Democrats Decry Process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. September 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027111843/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/04/644520404/as-kavanaugh-nomination-hearing-begins-democrats-decry-process">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=As+Kavanaugh+Nomination+Hearing+Begins%2C+Democrats+Decry+Process&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F09%2F04%2F644520404%2Fas-kavanaugh-nomination-hearing-begins-democrats-decry-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-selk-69"><a href="#cite_ref-selk_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelk2018" class="citation news cs1">Selk, Avi (September 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/28/american-bar-association-had-kavanaugh-concerns-years-ago-republicans-dismissed-those-too/">"The American Bar Association had concerns about Kavanaugh 12 years ago. Republicans dismissed those, too"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231352/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/28/american-bar-association-had-kavanaugh-concerns-years-ago-republicans-dismissed-those-too/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+American+Bar+Association+had+concerns+about+Kavanaugh+12+years+ago.+Republicans+dismissed+those%2C+too.&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Selk&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F28%2Famerican-bar-association-had-kavanaugh-concerns-years-ago-republicans-dismissed-those-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS72095">"Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to be Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. May 9, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation+Hearing+on+the+Nomination+of+Brett+Kavanaugh+to+be+Circuit+Judge+for+the+District+of+Columbia+Circuit%3A+Hearing+before+the+Committee+on+the+Judiciary%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+One+Hundred+Ninth+Congress%2C+Second+Session&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.access.gpo.gov%2FGPO%2FLPS72095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/nomination/109th-congress/1179">"Presidential Nomination 1179, 109th United States Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. January 25, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Nomination+1179%2C+109th+United+States+Congress&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fnomination%2F109th-congress%2F1179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00159">"U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 2nd Session"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. May 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+U.S.+Senate+Roll+Call+Votes+109th+Congress+%E2%80%93+2nd+Session&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D109%26session%3D2%26vote%3D00159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiechmann2006" class="citation news cs1">Riechmann, Deb (November 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128110613/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/B/BUSH_JUDGES?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">"Bush: Review of Judges Is Mean-Spirited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/B/BUSH_JUDGES?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">the original</a> on November 28, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush%3A+Review+of+Judges+Is+Mean-Spirited&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.aulast=Riechmann&rft.aufirst=Deb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fstories%2FB%2FBUSH_JUDGES%3FSITE%3DAP%26SECTION%3DHOME%26TEMPLATE%3DDEFAULT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite>National Fuel Gas Supply Corp. v. FERC</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7691853578046812356">468 F.3d 831</a> (D.C. Cir. 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2007" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Ari (June 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11433231">"Federal Judge Downplayed Role in Detainee Cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+Judge+Downplayed+Role+in+Detainee+Cases&rft.date=2007-06-26&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11433231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (July 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/washington/04judge.html">"2 Senators Accuse Judge of Misleading Committee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Senators+Accuse+Judge+of+Misleading+Committee&rft.date=2007-07-04&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F04%2Fwashington%2F04judge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesniewski2018" class="citation news cs1">Lesniewski, Niels (July 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/democratic-senators-accused-potential-trump-scotus-pick-offering-misleading-testimony">"Democratic Senators Once Accused Potential Trump SCOTUS Pick of Offering Misleading Testimony: Durbin, Leahy had concerns Brett Kavanaugh wasn't truthful during 2006 confirmation hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231346/https://www.rollcall.com/2018/07/06/democratic-senators-once-accused-potential-trump-scotus-pick-of-offering-misleading-testimony/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Democratic+Senators+Once+Accused+Potential+Trump+SCOTUS+Pick+of+Offering+Misleading+Testimony%3A+Durbin%2C+Leahy+had+concerns+Brett+Kavanaugh+wasn%27t+truthful+during+2006+confirmation+hearing&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=Lesniewski&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdemocratic-senators-accused-potential-trump-scotus-pick-offering-misleading-testimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashby-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashby_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashby_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Ashby (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/judge-brett-kavanaugh-in-his-own-words-1531187704">"Judge Brett Kavanaugh: In His Own Words"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231344/https://www.wsj.com/articles/judge-brett-kavanaugh-in-his-own-words-1531187704">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh%3A+In+His+Own+Words&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ashby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjudge-brett-kavanaugh-in-his-own-words-1531187704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2016" class="citation news cs1">Gregory, Patrick (April 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812110924/https://www.bna.com/dc-circuits-kavanaugh-n57982070414/">"D.C. Circuit's Kavanaugh Not Afraid to Say No to Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BNA">Bloomberg BNA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bna.com/dc-circuits-kavanaugh-n57982070414">the original</a> on August 12, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=D.C.+Circuit%27s+Kavanaugh+Not+Afraid+to+Say+No+to+Obama&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.com%2Fdc-circuits-kavanaugh-n57982070414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Garza_v._Hargan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garza v. Hargan">Garza v. Hargan</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4114014/Garza.pdf">2017 WL 9854552, at *1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-Harv2018-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harv2018_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harv2018_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harv2018_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/1812-1819_Online.pdf">"Recent Case: En Banc D.C. Circuit Upholds Order Requiring HHS to Allow an Undocumented Minor to Have an Abortion"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 131: 1812. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231242/https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/1812-1819_Online.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Recent+Case%3A+En+Banc+D.C.+Circuit+Upholds+Order+Requiring+HHS+to+Allow+an+Undocumented+Minor+to+Have+an+Abortion&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=1812&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2F1812-1819_Online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Garza_v._Hargan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garza v. Hargan">Garza v. Hargan</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7032953363014972270">874 F.3d 735</a> (D.C. Cir. 2017) (en banc) (per curiam). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Greenhouse, Linda</a> (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/opinion/abortion-kavanaugh-trump-supreme-court.html">"A Kavanaugh Signal on Abortion?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231350/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/opinion/abortion-kavanaugh-trump-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Kavanaugh+Signal+on+Abortion%3F&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F18%2Fopinion%2Fabortion-kavanaugh-trump-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-654">"Azar v. Garza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801221335/https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-654">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azar+v.+Garza&rft.pub=Oyez+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2017%2F17-654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin" class="citation magazine cs1">Toobin, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/26/holding-court">"Holding Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. No. March 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231326/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/26/holding-court">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Holding+Court&rft.issue=March+26%2C+2012&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F03%2F26%2Fholding-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite>Seven-Sky v. Holder</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12283140068462647556">661 F.3d 1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1176897979">.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFNote2016">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2003-2010-Online.pdf">Recent Cases: D.C. Circuit Reaffirms that Affordable Care Act Falls Outside Scope of the Origination Clause by Denying Petition for En Banc Review</a>, 129 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 2003 (2016).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Sissel_v._United_States_Department_of_Health_%26_Human_Services" title="Sissel v. United States Department of Health & Human Services">Sissel v. United States Department of Health & Human Services</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7566948244478302925">799 F.3d 1035</a> (D.C. Cir. 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2016" class="citation book cs1">Blackman, Josh (September 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taoODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">Unraveled: Obamacare, Religious Liberty, and Executive Power</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16901-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16901-2"><bdi>978-1-107-16901-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231326/https://books.google.com/books?id=taoODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unraveled%3A+Obamacare%2C+Religious+Liberty%2C+and+Executive+Power&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16901-2&rft.aulast=Blackman&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaoODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite>Priests for Life v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1961295051576872809">808 F.3d 1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2015) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman2016">Josh Blackman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/241-305-Blackman_Online.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2015 Term — Comment: Gridlock</a>, 130 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 241 (2016).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2009">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/vol_122_free_enterprise_fund_v_public_accounting_oversight_board.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Holds that the SEC Chairman Is Not the "Head" of the SEC</a>, 122 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 2267 (2009).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite>Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Co. Accounting Oversight Board</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16259979219554553444">537 F.3d 667</a> (D.C. Cir. 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2010">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/vol_12401free_enterprise_fund_v_PCAOB.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2009 Term — Leading Cases</a>, 124 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 179 (2010).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2016">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/big_spring_v_lew.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Limits Prospects for Challenging Dodd-Frank's Orderly Liquidation Authority</a>, 129 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 835 (2016).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite>State National Bank of Big Spring v. Lew</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2579320757355913040">795 F.3d 48</a> (D.C. Cir. 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley2016" class="citation news cs1">Cowley, Stacy (October 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/dealbook/consumer-financial-protection-bureau-court-ruling-unconstitutional.html">"Court Upholds Consumer Agency, Minus Its Leader's Job Security"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. B2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231346/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/dealbook/consumer-financial-protection-bureau-court-ruling-unconstitutional.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Upholds+Consumer+Agency%2C+Minus+Its+Leader%27s+Job+Security&rft.pages=B2&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fconsumer-financial-protection-bureau-court-ruling-unconstitutional.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite>PHH Corp. v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=668509147734540905">839 F.3d 1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite>PHH Corp. v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13735252432428480002">881 F.3d 75</a> (D.C. Cir. 2018) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (January 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/full_dc_circuit_upholds_structure_of_consumer_financial_protection_bureau">"Full DC Circuit upholds structure of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABA_Journal" title="ABA Journal">ABA Journal</a>. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=Full+DC+Circuit+upholds+structure+of+Consumer+Financial+Protection+Bureau&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Ffull_dc_circuit_upholds_structure_of_consumer_financial_protection_bureau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2013">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/vol127_in_re_aiken_county.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Compels Nuclear Regulatory Commission to Follow Statutory Mandate</a>, 127 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 1033 (2013).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite>In re Aiken County</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4044946221491972933">725 F.3d 255</a> (D.C. Cir. 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffner2016" class="citation book cs1">Schaffner, Joan E. (2016). "Blackfish and Public Outcry: A Unique Political and Legal Opportunity for Fundamental Change to the Legal Protection of Marine Mammals in the United States". Animal Law and Welfare - International Perspectives. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Vol. 53. pp. 237–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26818-7_11">10.1007/978-3-319-26818-7_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26816-3"><bdi>978-3-319-26816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackfish+and+Public+Outcry%3A+A+Unique+Political+and+Legal+Opportunity+for+Fundamental+Change+to+the+Legal+Protection+of+Marine+Mammals+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Animal+Law+and+Welfare+-+International+Perspectives&rft.series=Ius+Gentium%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Justice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-26818-7_11&rft.isbn=978-3-319-26816-3&rft.aulast=Schaffner&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite>SeaWorld of Florida, LLC v. Perez</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7763034376466067880">748 F.3d 1202</a> (D.C. Cir. 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2014">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/EPA_v_EME_homer.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2013 Term — Leading Cases</a>, 128 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 351 (2014).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite>EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17833444888230748743">696 F.3d 7</a> (D.C. Cir. 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2014">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/UARG_v_EPA.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2013 Term — Leading Cases</a>, 128 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 361 (2014).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite>Coal. for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17844697753032512423">696 No. 09-1322, 2012 WL 6621785</a> (D.C. Cir. December 20, 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2015">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/311-320-Online.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2014 Term — Leading Cases</a>, 129 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 311 (2015).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite>White Stallion Energy Ctr., LLC v. EPA</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12809509887889779783">748 F.3d 1222</a> (D.C. Cir. 2014) (per curiam). </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2008">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/doe_v_exxon_mobil.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Declines To Overturn Lower Court's Finding of Justiciablity in Tort Suit Brought by Indonesian Villagers</a>, 121 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 898 (2008).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Exxon_Mobil_Corp." title="Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp.">Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp.</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2898355848533048038">473 F.3d 345</a> (D.C. Cir. 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2011">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/vol125_doe_VIII_v_exxon.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Holds Corporations Not Immune from ATS Claims</a>, 125 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 674 (2011).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite>Doe VIII v. Exxon Mobil Corp.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5749540025048255283">654 F.3d 11</a> (D.C. Cir. 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite>Republican Nat. Committee v. Federal Election Comm.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1640495782400720370">698 F.Supp.2d 150</a> (D.D.C. 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite>Bluman v. Federal Election Comm.</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1121532194737627452">800 F.Supp.2d 281</a> (D.D.C. 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2018" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Charles (July 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/07/kavanaugh-and-campaign-finance-republican-national-committee-v-federal-election-commission">"Kavanaugh and campaign finance: Republican National Committee v. Federal Election Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231341/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/07/kavanaugh-and-campaign-finance-republican-national-committee-v-federal-election-commission/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+and+campaign+finance%3A+Republican+National+Committee+v.+Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fkavanaugh-and-campaign-finance-republican-national-committee-v-federal-election-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2015">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/American_Meat_Institute_v_USDA.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Applies Less Stringent Test to Compelled Disclosures</a>, 128 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 1526 (2015).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite>American Meat Institute v. USDA</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3344868595116440261">760 F.3d 18</a> (D.C. Cir. 2017) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2016)" title="United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2016)">United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2016)</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=608357842885836722">855 F.3d 381</a> (D.C. Cir. 2017) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-01/fcc-net-neutrality-case-rehearing-rejected-by-u-s-appeals-court">"FCC Net Neutrality Case Rehearing Rejected by Appeals Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. May 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FCC+Net+Neutrality+Case+Rehearing+Rejected+by+Appeals+Court&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-05-01%2Ffcc-net-neutrality-case-rehearing-rejected-by-u-s-appeals-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2012">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/vol126_united_states_v_jones.pdf">The Supreme Court, 2011 Term — Leading Cases</a>, 126 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 176 (2012).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones (2012)</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10089966427044702344">625 F.3d 766</a> (D.C. Cir. 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/united-states-v-jones">"United States v. Jones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231333/https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/united-states-v-jones/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Jones&rft.pub=SCOTUSblog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2Fcase-files%2Fcases%2Funited-states-v-jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite>Wesby v. District of Columbia</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10564805873804104055">816 F.3d 96</a> (D.C. Cir. 2016) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/15-1485">"District of Columbia v. Wesby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231347/https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/15-1485">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+of+Columbia+v.+Wesby&rft.pub=Oyez+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2017%2F15-1485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2018" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens (July 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/supreme_court_nominee_kavanaughs_record_on_surveillance_could_raise_questio">"Supreme Court nominee Kavanaugh's record on surveillance could raise questions for Rand Paul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABA_Journal" title="ABA Journal">ABA Journal</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+nominee+Kavanaugh%27s+record+on+surveillance+could+raise+questions+for+Rand+Paul&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fsupreme_court_nominee_kavanaughs_record_on_surveillance_could_raise_questio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18099556907815522361">805 F.3d 1148</a> (D.C. Cir. 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2018" class="citation news cs1">Feeney, Matthew (July 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/kavanaugh-klayman-fourth-amendment">"Kavanaugh, Klayman, and the Fourth Amendment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231338/https://www.cato.org/blog/kavanaugh-klayman-fourth-amendment">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%2C+Klayman%2C+and+the+Fourth+Amendment&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fblog%2Fkavanaugh-klayman-fourth-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFVladeck2010">Stephen I. Vladeck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm/1029">The Unreviewable Executive: Kiyemba, Maqaleh, and the Obama Administration</a>, 26 Const. Comm. 603 (2010).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Kiyemba_v._Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiyemba v. Obama">Kiyemba v. Obama</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17744177264046175322">561 F.3d 505</a> (D.C. Cir. 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2009/08-1234">"Kiyemba v. Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231348/https://www.oyez.org/cases/2009/08-1234">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiyemba+v.+Obama&rft.pub=Oyez+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2009%2F08-1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2010">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/vol_12402_el-shifa_pharm_v_us.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Holds That Government Officials' Potentially Defamatory Allegations Regarding Plaintiffs' Terrorist Ties Are Protected by Political Question Doctrine</a>, 124 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 640 (2010).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite>El-Shifa Pharmaceutical Industries Co. v. United States</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17432468308965828460">607 F.3d 836</a> (D.C. Cir. 2010) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2013">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/vol126_hamdan_v_united_states.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Interprets Military Commissions Act of 2006 to Bar Retroactive Application of Material Support Prohibition</a>, 126 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 1683 (2013).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite>Hamdan v. United States</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15648526132006268678">696 F.3d 1238</a> (D.C. Cir. 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite>Al-Bihani v. Obama</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8745018070447430539">619 F.3d 1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2010) (en banc). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2015">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Al_Bahlul2.pdf">Recent Cases: D.C. Circuit Reinterprets Military Commissions Act of 2006 to Allow Retroactive Prosecution of Conspiracy to Commit War Crimes</a>, 128 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 2040 (2015).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite>Al Bahlul v. United States</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8249953016768192848">767 F.3d 1</a> (D.C. Cir. 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarimow2016" class="citation news cs1">Marimow, Ann (October 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/appeals-court-upholds-conspiracy-conviction-of-guantanamo-bay-detainee/2016/10/20/dae889dc-96d9-11e6-bc79-af1cd3d2984b_story.html">"Appeals court upholds conspiracy conviction of Guantanamo Bay detainee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/appeals-court-upholds-conspiracy-conviction-of-guantanamo-bay-detainee/2016/10/20/dae889dc-96d9-11e6-bc79-af1cd3d2984b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Appeals+court+upholds+conspiracy+conviction+of+Guantanamo+Bay+detainee&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.aulast=Marimow&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fpublic-safety%2Fappeals-court-upholds-conspiracy-conviction-of-guantanamo-bay-detainee%2F2016%2F10%2F20%2Fdae889dc-96d9-11e6-bc79-af1cd3d2984b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite>Al Bahlul v. United States</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17350518888748604428">804 F.3d 757</a> (D.C. Cir. 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNote2016">Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1795-1802-Online.pdf">Recent Case: D.C. Circuit Holds that U.S. Citizen Detained and Interrogated Abroad Cannot Hold FBI Agents Individually Liable for Violations of His Constitutional Rights</a>, 129 <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a> 1795 (2016).</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Meshal_v._Higgenbotham" title="Meshal v. Higgenbotham">Meshal v. Higgenbotham</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15408704117368909482">804 F.3d 417</a> (D.C. Cir. 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/judge-kavanaughs-record-on-second-amendment-gun-rights/">"Judge Kavanaugh's Record on Second Amendment/Gun Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. July 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231341/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/judge-kavanaughs-record-on-second-amendment-gun-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Judge+Kavanaugh%27s+Record+on+Second+Amendment%2FGun+Rights&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fbench-memos%2Fjudge-kavanaughs-record-on-second-amendment-gun-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Heller_v._District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heller v. District of Columbia">Heller v. District of Columbia</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8354949939576611637">607 F.3d 1244</a> (D.C. Cir. 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> 671 F.3d 1275 (D.C. Cir. 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSblog-147"><a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSblog_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielson2018" class="citation web cs1">Nielson, Aaron (August 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/08/judge-kavanaugh-and-justiciability/">"Judge Kavanaugh and justiciability"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231352/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/08/judge-kavanaugh-and-justiciability/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Kavanaugh+and+justiciability&rft.pub=SCOTUSblog&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fjudge-kavanaugh-and-justiciability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/group-must-petition-congress-not-court-to-remove-mercury-preservative-in-vaccines">"Group Must Petition Congress, Not Court, To Remove Mercury Preservative in Vaccines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Law" title="Bloomberg Law">Bloomberg Law</a>, United States Law Week. March 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231354/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/group-must-petition-congress-not-court-to-remove-mercury-preservative-in-vaccines">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+Must+Petition+Congress%2C+Not+Court%2C+To+Remove+Mercury+Preservative+in+Vaccines&rft.pub=Bloomberg+Law%2C+United+States+Law+Week&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bloomberglaw.com%2Fus-law-week%2Fgroup-must-petition-congress-not-court-to-remove-mercury-preservative-in-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_20180807-149"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_20180807_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarimow2018" class="citation news cs1">Marimow, Ann E. (August 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brett-kavanaugh-once-called-a-government-program-for-native-hawaiians-a-naked-racial-spoils-system-would-he-end-affirmative-action/2018/08/07/d4123ffc-94f4-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html">"Brett Kavanaugh once predicted 'one race' in the eyes of government. Would he end affirmative action?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/brett-kavanaugh-once-called-a-government-program-for-native-hawaiians-a-naked-racial-spoils-system-would-he-end-affirmative-action/2018/08/07/d4123ffc-94f4-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+once+predicted+%27one+race%27+in+the+eyes+of+government.+Would+he+end+affirmative+action%3F&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Marimow&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fpublic-safety%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-once-called-a-government-program-for-native-hawaiians-a-naked-racial-spoils-system-would-he-end-affirmative-action%2F2018%2F08%2F07%2Fd4123ffc-94f4-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/judge-kavanaugh-clerks-laud-nomination-supreme-court">"Judge Kavanaugh Clerks Laud Nomination to Supreme Court | Chuck Grassley"</a>. www.grassley.senate.gov. July 11, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231355/https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/judge-kavanaugh-clerks-laud-nomination-supreme-court">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Kavanaugh+Clerks+Laud+Nomination+to+Supreme+Court+%7C+Chuck+Grassley&rft.pub=www.grassley.senate.gov&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grassley.senate.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews-releases%2Fjudge-kavanaugh-clerks-laud-nomination-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2018" class="citation news cs1">Chua, Amy (July 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/kavanaugh-is-a-mentor-to-women-1531435729">"Kavanaugh Is a Mentor To Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231401/https://www.wsj.com/articles/kavanaugh-is-a-mentor-to-women-1531435729">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Is+a+Mentor+To+Women&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fkavanaugh-is-a-mentor-to-women-1531435729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_20180920-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_20180920_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_20180920_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchgaessnerGlenza2018" class="citation news cs1">Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Glenza, Jessica (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/20/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-yale-amy-chua">"'No accident' Brett Kavanaugh's female law clerks 'looked like models', Yale professor told students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231406/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/20/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-yale-amy-chua">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27No+accident%27+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+female+law+clerks+%27looked+like+models%27%2C+Yale+professor+told+students&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Kirchgaessner&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Glenza%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fsep%2F20%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-yale-amy-chua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcnews.com-153"><a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelmanHunt2018" class="citation news cs1">Edelman, Adam; Hunt, Kasie (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/yale-law-dean-reports-professor-groomed-female-clerks-kavanaugh-enormous-n911571">"Yale Law dean: Reports that professor groomed female clerks for Kavanaugh 'of enormous concern'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231359/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/yale-law-dean-reports-professor-groomed-female-clerks-kavanaugh-enormous-n911571">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Yale+Law+dean%3A+Reports+that+professor+groomed+female+clerks+for+Kavanaugh+%27of+enormous+concern%27&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Kasie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court%2Fyale-law-dean-reports-professor-groomed-female-clerks-kavanaugh-enormous-n911571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.law.yale.edu/courses/term/22">"Courses | Yale Law School Course Information and Selection Site"</a>. courses.law.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231354/https://courses.law.yale.edu/courses/term/22">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Courses+%7C+Yale+Law+School+Course+Information+and+Selection+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.law.yale.edu%2Fcourses%2Fterm%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandlerHaberman2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Landler" title="Mark Landler">Landler, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Haberman" title="Maggie Haberman">Haberman, Maggie</a> (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">"Brett Kavanaugh Is Trump's Pick for Supreme Court"</a>. Politics. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180710011707/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Is+Trump%27s+Pick+for+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Landler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-announcing-judge-brett-m-kavanaugh-nominee-associate-justice-supreme-court-united-states">"Remarks by President Trump Announcing Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh as the Nominee for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120202929/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-announcing-judge-brett-m-kavanaugh-nominee-associate-justice-supreme-court-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+President+Trump+Announcing+Judge+Brett+M.+Kavanaugh+as+the+Nominee+for+Associate+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fremarks-president-trump-announcing-judge-brett-m-kavanaugh-nominee-associate-justice-supreme-court-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928235050/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/2259">"Pres. Nom. 2259"</a>. 115th Cong. (2018). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/2259">the original</a> on September 28, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pres.+Nom.+2259&rft.pub=115th+Cong.+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fnomination%2F115th-congress%2F2259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/trump-taps-federal-appeals-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-n889921">"Trump taps federal appeals court Judge Brett Kavanaugh for Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231401/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/trump-taps-federal-appeals-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-n889921">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+taps+federal+appeals+court+Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh+for+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court%2Ftrump-taps-federal-appeals-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-n889921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope2018" class="citation news cs1">Cope, Kevin (July 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/07/07/exactly-how-conservative-are-the-judges-on-trumps-short-list-for-the-supreme-court-take-a-look-at-this-one-chart">"Exactly how conservative are the judges on Trump's shortlist for the Supreme Court? Take a look at this one chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/07/07/exactly-how-conservative-are-the-judges-on-trumps-short-list-for-the-supreme-court-take-a-look-at-this-one-chart/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Exactly+how+conservative+are+the+judges+on+Trump%27s+shortlist+for+the+Supreme+Court%3F+Take+a+look+at+this+one+chart.&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F07%2F07%2Fexactly-how-conservative-are-the-judges-on-trumps-short-list-for-the-supreme-court-take-a-look-at-this-one-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brian_Bennett_2018,_p.24-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_Bennett_2018,_p.24_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brian_Bennett_2018,_p.24_160-1">b</a> Brian Bennett. "Trump's Justice". Time magazine. July 23, 2018, p.24. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/From-the-Bench.pdf">Brett Kavanaugh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231308/https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/From-the-Bench.pdf">Archived</a> February 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, September 18, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/08/19/abortion-crime-race-gays-areas-where-brett-kavanaugh-matters/1008303002">Abortion, race, gay rights, death penalty: Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh could make the difference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231358/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/08/19/abortion-crime-race-gays-areas-where-brett-kavanaugh-matters/1008303002/">Archived</a> February 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, Richard Wolf, August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo2018-09-05-163"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo2018-09-05_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeFischman2018" class="citation news cs1">Cope, Kevin; Fischman, Joshua (September 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/05/its-hard-to-find-a-federal-judge-more-conservative-than-brett-kavanaugh">"It's hard to find a federal judge more conservative than Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210212343/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/05/its-hard-to-find-a-federal-judge-more-conservative-than-brett-kavanaugh">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+hard+to+find+a+federal+judge+more+conservative+than+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Fischman%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2Fits-hard-to-find-a-federal-judge-more-conservative-than-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfRflGeTggU&t=1h6m10s">"Brett Kavanaugh Senate Confirmation Hearing For Supreme Court Justice Day 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KSAZ-TV" title="KSAZ-TV">Fox 10 Phoenix</a>. September 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfRflGeTggU&t=1h6m10s">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+10+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Senate+Confirmation+Hearing+For+Supreme+Court+Justice+Day+2&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFfRflGeTggU%26t%3D1h6m10s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatar" class="citation news cs1">Datar, Saurabh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/07/11/how-judge-brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-could-affect-roe-wade/s1ZbShSQk6rcFfjrV6x1mO/story.html">"How Judge Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation could affect Roe v. Wade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231415/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/07/11/how-judge-brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-could-affect-roe-wade/s1ZbShSQk6rcFfjrV6x1mO/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=How+Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+confirmation+could+affect+Roe+v.+Wade&rft.aulast=Datar&rft.aufirst=Saurabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F07%2F11%2Fhow-judge-brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-could-affect-roe-wade%2Fs1ZbShSQk6rcFfjrV6x1mO%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2018" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Alvin (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/7/9/17537808/supreme-court-brett-kavanaugh-right-cartoon">"Brett Kavanaugh and the Supreme Court's drastic shift to the right, cartoonsplained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231420/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/7/9/17537808/supreme-court-brett-kavanaugh-right-cartoon">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+and+the+Supreme+Court%27s+drastic+shift+to+the+right%2C+cartoonsplained&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2018%2F7%2F9%2F17537808%2Fsupreme-court-brett-kavanaugh-right-cartoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2018/09/04/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-hearings-democrats-protest-withheld-documents/">"Democrats Disrupt Start Of Kavanaugh Hearing With Protest Over Withheld Documents"</a>. CBS-2 Chicago. September 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223607/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2018/09/04/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-hearings-democrats-protest-withheld-documents/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democrats+Disrupt+Start+Of+Kavanaugh+Hearing+With+Protest+Over+Withheld+Documents&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.cbslocal.com%2F2018%2F09%2F04%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-confirmation-hearings-democrats-protest-withheld-documents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/04/democrats-surprise-coordinated-attack-tank-brett-kavanaughs-nomination/">"Democrats' Surprise, Coordinated Attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. September 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/04/democrats-surprise-coordinated-attack-tank-brett-kavanaughs-nomination/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats%27+Surprise%2C+Coordinated+Attack&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F04%2Fdemocrats-surprise-coordinated-attack-tank-brett-kavanaughs-nomination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/kavanaugh-debates-and-dodges-on-day-2-of-his-supreme-court-confirmation-hearing/2018/09/05/04adcdf2-b147-11e8-a20b-5f4f84429666_story.html">"Kavanaugh Hearing Day 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. September 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231414/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/kavanaugh-debates-and-dodges-on-day-2-of-his-supreme-court-confirmation-hearing/2018/09/05/04adcdf2-b147-11e8-a20b-5f4f84429666_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Hearing+Day+2&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Fkavanaugh-debates-and-dodges-on-day-2-of-his-supreme-court-confirmation-hearing%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2F04adcdf2-b147-11e8-a20b-5f4f84429666_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/democrats-threaten-release-confidential-kavanaugh-documents/story?id=57643589">"Sen. Booker Releases Emails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. September 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231422/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/democrats-threaten-release-confidential-kavanaugh-documents/story?id=57643589">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Sen.+Booker+Releases+Emails&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fdemocrats-threaten-release-confidential-kavanaugh-documents%2Fstory%3Fid%3D57643589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacyGrim2018" class="citation news cs1">Lacy, Akela; Grim, Ryan (September 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2018/09/25/brett-kavanaugh-alex-kozinski-chris-coons/">"How one senator cornered Brett Kavanaugh about his mentor's sexually explicit emails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231425/https://theintercept.com/2018/09/25/brett-kavanaugh-alex-kozinski-chris-coons/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=How+one+senator+cornered+Brett+Kavanaugh+about+his+mentor%27s+sexually+explicit+emails&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Akela&rft.au=Grim%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-alex-kozinski-chris-coons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchgaessner2018" class="citation news cs1">Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/01/kavanaugh-clerk-hire-casts-light-on-link-to-judge-forced-to-resign-in-metoo-era">"Kavanaugh clerk hire casts light on link to judge forced to quit in #MeToo era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231413/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/01/kavanaugh-clerk-hire-casts-light-on-link-to-judge-forced-to-resign-in-metoo-era">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+clerk+hire+casts+light+on+link+to+judge+forced+to+quit+in+%23MeToo+era&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Kirchgaessner&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Foct%2F01%2Fkavanaugh-clerk-hire-casts-light-on-link-to-judge-forced-to-resign-in-metoo-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/269-kavanaugh-email-re-whether-roe/e6dbbda94dd204fe02af/optimized/full.pdf#page=1">"Leaked Kavanaugh Documents Discuss Abortion and Affirmative Action"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231310/https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/269-kavanaugh-email-re-whether-roe/e6dbbda94dd204fe02af/optimized/full.pdf#page=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaked+Kavanaugh+Documents+Discuss+Abortion+and+Affirmative+Action&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fint.nyt.com%2Fdata%2Fdocumenthelper%2F269-kavanaugh-email-re-whether-roe%2Fe6dbbda94dd204fe02af%2Foptimized%2Ffull.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kavanaugh Questioned on Roe v. Wade". Richmond Times Dispatch. September 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Times+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Questioned+on+Roe+v.+Wade&rft.date=2018-09-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/sep/09/abortion-rights-coat-hangers-collins-kavanaugh-supreme-court-roe-wade">"Kavanaugh's vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. September 9, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231414/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2018/sep/09/abortion-rights-coat-hangers-collins-kavanaugh-supreme-court-roe-wade">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+vote&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2018%2Fsep%2F09%2Fabortion-rights-coat-hangers-collins-kavanaugh-supreme-court-roe-wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/us/politics/kavanaugh-abortion-precedent.html">"The Threat to Roe v. Wade in the Case of the Missing Precedent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231405/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/us/politics/kavanaugh-abortion-precedent.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Threat+to+Roe+v.+Wade+in+the+Case+of+the+Missing+Precedent&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-abortion-precedent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabad2018" class="citation news cs1">Shabad, Rebecca (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/what-know-about-brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-senate-hearing-n913376">"What to know about the Brett Kavanaugh-Christine Blasey Ford Senate hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928030438/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/what-know-about-brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-senate-hearing-n913376">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=What+to+know+about+the+Brett+Kavanaugh-Christine+Blasey+Ford+Senate+hearing&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fwhat-know-about-brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-senate-hearing-n913376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/brett-kavanaugh-hearing-live-testimony-today-after-dr-ford-sexual-assault-allegations-2018-09-27/">"Brett Kavanaugh confirmation: Kavanaugh testifies following Ford's questioning on sex assault allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927215520/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/brett-kavanaugh-hearing-live-testimony-today-after-dr-ford-sexual-assault-allegations-2018-09-27/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+confirmation%3A+Kavanaugh+testifies+following+Ford%27s+questioning+on+sex+assault+allegations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Flive-news%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-hearing-live-testimony-today-after-dr-ford-sexual-assault-allegations-2018-09-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForan2018" class="citation web cs1">Foran, Clare (September 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/27/politics/rachel-mitchell-prosecutor-kavanaugh-hearing/index.html">"GOP senators abandon female outside counsel at Kavanaugh hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231402/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/27/politics/rachel-mitchell-prosecutor-kavanaugh-hearing/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=GOP+senators+abandon+female+outside+counsel+at+Kavanaugh+hearing&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Foran&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fpolitics%2Frachel-mitchell-prosecutor-kavanaugh-hearing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2018" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Mark (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/kavanaugh-facing-prosecutor-said-to-be-unbound-by-politics/2018/09/26/3d468476-c1f3-11e8-9451-e878f96be19b_story.html">"Republicans sideline veteran prosecutor who questioned Ford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/kavanaugh-facing-prosecutor-said-to-be-unbound-by-politics/2018/09/26/3d468476-c1f3-11e8-9451-e878f96be19b_story.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Republicans+sideline+veteran+prosecutor+who+questioned+Ford&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fkavanaugh-facing-prosecutor-said-to-be-unbound-by-politics%2F2018%2F09%2F26%2F3d468476-c1f3-11e8-9451-e878f96be19b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Wells2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/current/the-formal-ping-pong-of-the-questioning-in-the-kavanaugh-ford-hearing">"The Formal Ping-Pong of the Questioning in the Kavanaugh–Ford Hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165748/https://www.newyorker.com/news/current/the-formal-ping-pong-of-the-questioning-in-the-kavanaugh-ford-hearing">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Formal+Ping-Pong+of+the+Questioning+in+the+Kavanaugh%E2%80%93Ford+Hearing&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fcurrent%2Fthe-formal-ping-pong-of-the-questioning-in-the-kavanaugh-ford-hearing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-182"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2018" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/27/brett-kavanaugh-just-got-remarkably-angry-political-supreme-court-nominee/">"Brett Kavanaugh just got remarkably angry—and political—for a Supreme Court nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/27/brett-kavanaugh-just-got-remarkably-angry-political-supreme-court-nominee/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+just+got+remarkably+angry%E2%80%94and+political%E2%80%94for+a+Supreme+Court+nominee&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-just-got-remarkably-angry-political-supreme-court-nominee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hill_20180927-183"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hill_20180927_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2018" class="citation news cs1">Birnbaum, Emily (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408821-kavanaugh-says-hes-victim-of-revenge-on-behalf-of-the-clintons">"Kavanaugh says he's victim of 'revenge on behalf of the Clintons'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927220049/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/408821-kavanaugh-says-hes-victim-of-revenge-on-behalf-of-the-clintons">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+says+he%27s+victim+of+%27revenge+on+behalf+of+the+Clintons%27&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F408821-kavanaugh-says-hes-victim-of-revenge-on-behalf-of-the-clintons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vice_20180927-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Vice_20180927_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2018" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Carter (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/amp/en_us/article/7xj44e/kavanaugh-turns-rage-on-left-wing-conspiracy-that-destroyed-my-family-and-my-name">"Kavanaugh turns rage on left-wing conspiracy that destroyed "my family and my name""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003345/https://news.vice.com/amp/en_us/article/7xj44e/kavanaugh-turns-rage-on-left-wing-conspiracy-that-destroyed-my-family-and-my-name">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kavanaugh+turns+rage+on+left-wing+conspiracy+that+destroyed+%22my+family+and+my+name%22&rft.pub=Vice+News&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Famp%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2F7xj44e%2Fkavanaugh-turns-rage-on-left-wing-conspiracy-that-destroyed-my-family-and-my-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-185"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/17/key-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side/">"A key witness in the Brett Kavanaugh saga comes down on his side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231455/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/17/key-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+key+witness+in+the+Brett+Kavanaugh+saga+comes+down+on+his+side&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F09%2F17%2Fkey-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/03/opinion/kavanaugh-law-professors-letter.html">"The Senate Should Not Confirm Kavanaugh. Signed, 2,400+ Law Professors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 3, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004095744/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/03/opinion/kavanaugh-law-professors-letter.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Senate+Should+Not+Confirm+Kavanaugh.+Signed%2C+2%2C400%2B+Law+Professors.&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fkavanaugh-law-professors-letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2018" class="citation news cs1">Graham, David A. (October 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/democrats-faulted-for-politicizing-trumps-kavanaugh-nomination/572092/">"Did the Democrats Mishandle the Allegations Against Brett Kavanaugh?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Boston, Massachusetts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231435/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/democrats-faulted-for-politicizing-trumps-kavanaugh-nomination/572092/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Did+the+Democrats+Mishandle+the+Allegations+Against+Brett+Kavanaugh%3F&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2018%2F10%2Fdemocrats-faulted-for-politicizing-trumps-kavanaugh-nomination%2F572092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/09/24/brett-kavanaugh-allegations-timeline-supreme-court/1408073002/">"Brett Kavanaugh: A timeline of allegations against the Supreme Court nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. September 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002055609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/09/24/brett-kavanaugh-allegations-timeline-supreme-court/1408073002/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%3A+A+timeline+of+allegations+against+the+Supreme+Court+nominee&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F24%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-allegations-timeline-supreme-court%2F1408073002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberkorn2018" class="citation news cs1">Haberkorn, Jennifer (September 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-congress-kavanaugh-feinstein-20180919-story.html">"The GOP wants to know why Feinstein didn't come forward sooner with Kavanaugh allegation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128102406/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-congress-kavanaugh-feinstein-20180919-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+GOP+wants+to+know+why+Feinstein+didn%27t+come+forward+sooner+with+Kavanaugh+allegation&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Haberkorn&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-pol-congress-kavanaugh-feinstein-20180919-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrim2018" class="citation web cs1">Grim, Ryan (September 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2018/09/12/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-dianne-feinstein/">"Dianne Feinstein Withholding Brett Kavanaugh Document From Fellow Judiciary Committee Democrats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919235823/https://theintercept.com/2018/09/12/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-dianne-feinstein/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Dianne+Feinstein+Withholding+Brett+Kavanaugh+Document+From+Fellow+Judiciary+Committee+Democrats&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2018%2F09%2F12%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-confirmation-dianne-feinstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrowMayer2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Farrow, Ronan; Mayer, Jane (September 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-stirs-tension-among-democrats-in-congress">"A Sexual-Misconduct Allegation Against the Supreme Court Nominee Brett Kavanaugh Stirs Tension Among Democrats in Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231422/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-stirs-tension-among-democrats-in-congress">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Sexual-Misconduct+Allegation+Against+the+Supreme+Court+Nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh+Stirs+Tension+Among+Democrats+in+Congress&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=Farrow&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fa-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-stirs-tension-among-democrats-in-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/09/14/gop-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegation-824699">"Sexual assault claim leaves Kavanaugh nomination in limbo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231454/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/09/14/gop-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegation-824699">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Sexual+assault+claim+leaves+Kavanaugh+nomination+in+limbo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F09%2F14%2Fgop-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegation-824699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-feinstein-investigations-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-feinstein-investigations_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-feinstein-investigations_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-dianne-feinstein.html">"Dianne Feinstein Refers a Kavanaugh Matter to Federal Investigators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. September 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915001235/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-dianne-feinstein.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dianne+Feinstein+Refers+a+Kavanaugh+Matter+to+Federal+Investigators&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-dianne-feinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNBC-Kavanaugh-denies-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNBC-Kavanaugh-denies_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNBC-Kavanaugh-denies_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramuk2018" class="citation news cs1">Pramuk, Jacob (September 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2018/09/14/letter-details-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-brett-kavanaugh.html">"Trump Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh 'categorically' denies sexual misconduct accusation detailed in New Yorker report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914214921/https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2018/09/14/letter-details-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-brett-kavanaugh.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Trump+Supreme+Court+nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh+%27categorically%27+denies+sexual+misconduct+accusation+detailed+in+New+Yorker+report&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=Pramuk&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Famp%2F2018%2F09%2F14%2Fletter-details-sexual-misconduct-allegation-against-brett-kavanaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_20180916-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_20180916_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_20180916_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html">"California professor, writer of confidential Brett Kavanaugh letter, speaks out about her allegation of sexual assault"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235524/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=California+professor%2C+writer+of+confidential+Brett+Kavanaugh+letter%2C+speaks+out+about+her+allegation+of+sexual+assault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Finvestigations%2Fcalifornia-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault%2F2018%2F09%2F16%2F46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/0cd952aedc474df893d50cb9bc9fb4e1">"The Latest: Senator backs Kavanaugh accuser coming forward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. September 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916194750/https://apnews.com/0cd952aedc474df893d50cb9bc9fb4e1">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=The+Latest%3A+Senator+backs+Kavanaugh+accuser+coming+forward&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F0cd952aedc474df893d50cb9bc9fb4e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreslowIngber2018" class="citation news cs1">Breslow, Jason; Ingber, Sasha (September 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/16/648535858/democrats-calls-to-delay-kavanaugh-vote-after-his-accuser-goes-public">"Democrats Call To Delay Kavanaugh Vote After His Accuser Goes Public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916221042/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/16/648535858/democrats-calls-to-delay-kavanaugh-vote-after-his-accuser-goes-public">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Democrats+Call+To+Delay+Kavanaugh+Vote+After+His+Accuser+Goes+Public&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft.aulast=Breslow&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Ingber%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F09%2F16%2F648535858%2Fdemocrats-calls-to-delay-kavanaugh-vote-after-his-accuser-goes-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPost_20180916-198"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_20180916_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/brett-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-letter-author_us_5b9e93d9e4b04d32ebf979c3">"Author Of Brett Kavanaugh Letter Speaks Out: 'I Thought He Might Inadvertently Kill Me'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">HuffPost Canada</a>. September 16, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235235/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/brett-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-letter-author_us_5b9e93d9e4b04d32ebf979c3">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+Canada&rft.atitle=Author+Of+Brett+Kavanaugh+Letter+Speaks+Out%3A+%27I+Thought+He+Might+Inadvertently+Kill+Me%27&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2Fentry%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-letter-author_us_5b9e93d9e4b04d32ebf979c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/27/kavanaugh-accuser-ford-gives-gripping-emotional-opening-statement.html">"Kavanaugh accuser Ford describes her alleged attackers' 'laughter' in gripping testimony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. September 27, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003319/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/27/kavanaugh-accuser-ford-gives-gripping-emotional-opening-statement.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+accuser+Ford+describes+her+alleged+attackers%27+%27laughter%27+in+gripping+testimony&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fkavanaugh-accuser-ford-gives-gripping-emotional-opening-statement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliti" class="citation magazine cs1">Politi, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/09/christine-blasey-ford-woman-who-accused-kavanaugh-of-sexual-assault-comes-forward-to-tell-her-story.html">"Woman Who Accused Kavanaugh of Sexual Assault Comes Forward to Tell Her Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916222859/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/09/christine-blasey-ford-woman-who-accused-kavanaugh-of-sexual-assault-comes-forward-to-tell-her-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Woman+Who+Accused+Kavanaugh+of+Sexual+Assault+Comes+Forward+to+Tell+Her+Story&rft.aulast=Politi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2018%2F09%2Fchristine-blasey-ford-woman-who-accused-kavanaugh-of-sexual-assault-comes-forward-to-tell-her-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox_news_65_women-201"><a href="#cite_ref-fox_news_65_women_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingman2018" class="citation news cs1">Singman, Brooke (September 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/65-women-defend-kavanaugh-as-a-good-person-amid-allegations/">"65 women defend Kavanaugh as 'a good person' amid allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231457/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/65-women-defend-kavanaugh-as-a-good-person-amid-allegations">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=65+women+defend+Kavanaugh+as+%27a+good+person%27+amid+allegations&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.aulast=Singman&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F65-women-defend-kavanaugh-as-a-good-person-amid-allegations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat_rev_kavanaugh_character-202"><a href="#cite_ref-nat_rev_kavanaugh_character_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2018" class="citation magazine cs1">French, David (September 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/brett-kavanaugh-good-character-is-used-against-him/">"Now Even Evidence of Brett Kavanaugh's Good Character Is Used Against Him"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231423/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/brett-kavanaugh-good-character-is-used-against-him/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Now+Even+Evidence+of+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+Good+Character+Is+Used+Against+Him&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-good-character-is-used-against-him%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyslePaschal2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Carlysle, Madeline; Paschal, Olivia (September 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/09/read-brett-kavanaughs-opening-statement-christine-blasey-ford/571372/">"Kavanaugh's Remarks on Ford ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Boston, Massachusetts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231437/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/09/read-brett-kavanaughs-opening-statement-christine-blasey-ford/571372/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+Remarks+on+Ford+...&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Carlysle&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft.au=Paschal%2C+Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2018%2F09%2Fread-brett-kavanaughs-opening-statement-christine-blasey-ford%2F571372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-latest-on-brett-kavanaugh-nominee-denies-accuser-allegation-live-updates/">"Kavanaugh accuser calls for FBI investigation before she testifies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. September 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231449/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-latest-on-brett-kavanaugh-nominee-denies-accuser-allegation-live-updates/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+accuser+calls+for+FBI+investigation+before+she+testifies&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-latest-on-brett-kavanaugh-nominee-denies-accuser-allegation-live-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2018" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, William (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/20/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testimony-friday-deadline/1366515002/">"Chuck Grassley gives Christine Blasey Ford Friday deadline to RSVP for hearing on Kavanaugh allegation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231454/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/20/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testimony-friday-deadline/1366515002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Chuck+Grassley+gives+Christine+Blasey+Ford+Friday+deadline+to+RSVP+for+hearing+on+Kavanaugh+allegation&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F20%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testimony-friday-deadline%2F1366515002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/20/politics/christine-blasey-ford-brett-kavanaugh-testimony/index.html">"Ford lawyers say she is open to testifying, but not Monday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. September 20, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921002806/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/20/politics/christine-blasey-ford-brett-kavanaugh-testimony/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ford+lawyers+say+she+is+open+to+testifying%2C+but+not+Monday&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F20%2Fpolitics%2Fchristine-blasey-ford-brett-kavanaugh-testimony%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VogueForanWestwoodJarrett2018" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane; Foran, Clare; Westwood, Sarah; Jarrett, Laura; Raju, Manu (September 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/politics/kavanaugh-ford-senate-judiciary-hearing/index.html">"Kavanaugh's accuser accepts request to speak to Judiciary Committee next week, lawyers say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231421/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/politics/kavanaugh-ford-senate-judiciary-hearing/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh%27s+accuser+accepts+request+to+speak+to+Judiciary+Committee+next+week%2C+lawyers+say&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft.au=Foran%2C+Clare&rft.au=Westwood%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Laura&rft.au=Raju%2C+Manu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-ford-senate-judiciary-hearing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2018" class="citation news cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (September 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/22/politics/kavanaugh-ford-accuser-nomination/index.html">"Senate Judiciary Committee contacts Ford's friend about party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231439/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/22/politics/kavanaugh-ford-accuser-nomination/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Senate+Judiciary+Committee+contacts+Ford%27s+friend+about+party&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-ford-accuser-nomination%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimSullivanBrown2018" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Seung Min; Sullivan, Sean; Brown, Emma (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lawyers-for-christine-blasey-ford-say-she-has-accepted-senate-judiciary-committees-request-to-testify-against-kavanaugh/2018/09/22/e8199c6a-be8f-11e8-8792-78719177250f_story.html">"Christine Blasey Ford moves closer to deal with Senate Republicans to testify against Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lawyers-for-christine-blasey-ford-say-she-has-accepted-senate-judiciary-committees-request-to-testify-against-kavanaugh/2018/09/22/e8199c6a-be8f-11e8-8792-78719177250f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Christine+Blasey+Ford+moves+closer+to+deal+with+Senate+Republicans+to+testify+against+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Seung+Min&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Brown%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Flawyers-for-christine-blasey-ford-say-she-has-accepted-senate-judiciary-committees-request-to-testify-against-kavanaugh%2F2018%2F09%2F22%2Fe8199c6a-be8f-11e8-8792-78719177250f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dickerson-210"><a href="#cite_ref-dickerson_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dickerson_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickerson (journalist)">Dickerson, John</a> (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7I4P1W9HTo&t=06m03s">"What are the repercussions of a potential Kavanaugh, Ford open hearing?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a> (video). <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. Event occurs at 6:03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112054040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7I4P1W9HTo&t=06m03s">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Face+the+Nation&rft.atitle=What+are+the+repercussions+of+a+potential+Kavanaugh%2C+Ford+open+hearing%3F&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dh7I4P1W9HTo%26t%3D06m03s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallhausBenderPetersonAndrews2018" class="citation news cs1">Ballhaus, Rebecca; Bender, Michael C.-US; Peterson, Kristina; Andrews, Natalie (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-finds-no-corroboration-of-sexual-misconduct-allegations-against-kavanaugh-in-fbi-report-1538625927">"White House Finds No Support in FBI Report for Claims Against Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004041531/https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-finds-no-corroboration-of-sexual-misconduct-allegations-against-kavanaugh-in-fbi-report-1538625927">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=White+House+Finds+No+Support+in+FBI+Report+for+Claims+Against+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Ballhaus&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Bender%2C+Michael+C.-US&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhite-house-finds-no-corroboration-of-sexual-misconduct-allegations-against-kavanaugh-in-fbi-report-1538625927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230am-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-230am_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-230am_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/10/04/in-middle-of-the-night-tweets-white-house-says-it-is-fully-confident-in-kavanaughs-confirmation/">"In 2:30 a.m. tweets, White House says FBI report supports Kavanaugh confirmation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231418/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/10/04/in-middle-of-the-night-tweets-white-house-says-it-is-fully-confident-in-kavanaughs-confirmation/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+2%3A30+a.m.+tweets%2C+White+House+says+FBI+report+supports+Kavanaugh+confirmation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2018%2F10%2F04%2Fin-middle-of-the-night-tweets-white-house-says-it-is-fully-confident-in-kavanaughs-confirmation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTinvestigation-213"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTinvestigation_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebin2019" class="citation web cs1">Pogrebin, Robin (September 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/pogrebin-kelly-kavanaugh/598159/">"We Spent 10 Months Investigating Kavanaugh. Here's What We Found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231425/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/pogrebin-kelly-kavanaugh/598159/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=We+Spent+10+Months+Investigating+Kavanaugh.+Here%27s+What+We+Found.&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2019%2F09%2Fpogrebin-kelly-kavanaugh%2F598159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPoKeyser2019-214"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPoKeyser2019_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/17/key-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side/">"Analysis | A key witness in the Brett Kavanaugh saga comes down on his side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231455/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/17/key-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+A+key+witness+in+the+Brett+Kavanaugh+saga+comes+down+on+his+side&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F09%2F17%2Fkey-witness-brett-kavanaugh-saga-comes-down-his-side%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebinKelly2019" class="citation book cs1">Pogrebin, Robin; Kelly, Kate (2019). The education of Brett Kavanaugh: an investigation. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08439-7"><bdi>978-0-593-08439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+education+of+Brett+Kavanaugh%3A+an+investigation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-593-08439-7&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrow-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrow_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrow_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrowMayer2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronan_Farrow" title="Ronan Farrow">Farrow, Ronan</a>; Mayer, Jane (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/senate-democrats-investigate-a-new-allegation-of-sexual-misconduct-from-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaughs-college-years-deborah-ramirez">"Senate Democrats Investigate a New Allegation of Sexual Misconduct, from Brett Kavanaugh's College Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924000017/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/senate-democrats-investigate-a-new-allegation-of-sexual-misconduct-from-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaughs-college-years-deborah-ramirez">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2021. <q>In a statement, two of those male classmates who Ramirez alleged were involved in the incident, the wife of a third male student she said was involved, and one other classmate, Dan Murphy, disputed Ramirez's account of events "We were the people closest to Brett Kavanaugh during his first year at Yale... In addition, some of us knew Debbie long after Yale, and she never described this incident until Brett's Supreme Court nomination was pending. Editors from The New Yorker contacted some of us because we are the people who would know the truth, and we told them that we never saw or heard about this.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Senate+Democrats+Investigate+a+New+Allegation+of+Sexual+Misconduct%2C+from+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+College+Years&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.aulast=Farrow&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fsenate-democrats-investigate-a-new-allegation-of-sexual-misconduct-from-the-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaughs-college-years-deborah-ramirez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolbergFandos2018" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl; Fandos, Nicholas (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html">"Christine Blasey Ford Reaches Deal to Testify at Kavanaugh Hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928164114/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018. <q>The Times had interviewed several dozen people over the past week in an attempt to corroborate her story, and could find no one with firsthand knowledge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Christine+Blasey+Ford+Reaches+Deal+to+Testify+at+Kavanaugh+Hearing&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft.au=Fandos%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolbergFandos2018" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl; Fandos, Nicholas (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html">"Christine Blasey Ford Reaches Deal to Testify at Kavanaugh Hearing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928164114/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018. <q>Ms. Ramirez herself told the press and friends that, initially, she was not absolutely certain it was Kavanaugh who assaulted her, but after corresponding with friends who had secondhand knowledge of the incident, and taking time to refresh her recollection, stated that she was certain Kavanaugh was her assailant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Christine+Blasey+Ford+Reaches+Deal+to+Testify+at+Kavanaugh+Hearing&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft.au=Fandos%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-christine-blasey-ford-testify.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPoRamirez-219"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPoRamirez_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/24/breaking-down-new-brett-kavanaugh-sexual-misconduct-allegation/">"Analysis | Breaking down the new Brett Kavanaugh sexual misconduct allegation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231453/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/09/24/breaking-down-new-brett-kavanaugh-sexual-misconduct-allegation/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Breaking+down+the+new+Brett+Kavanaugh+sexual+misconduct+allegation&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2F24%2Fbreaking-down-new-brett-kavanaugh-sexual-misconduct-allegation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/michael-avenatti-is-representing-a-woman-with-credible-information-on-kavanaugh-report-12014629">"Michael Avenatti Is Representing A Woman With "Credible Information" On Kavanaugh"</a>. Bustle. September 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924112606/https://www.bustle.com/p/michael-avenatti-is-representing-a-woman-with-credible-information-on-kavanaugh-report-12014629">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=Michael+Avenatti+Is+Representing+A+Woman+With+%22Credible+Information%22+On+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fp%2Fmichael-avenatti-is-representing-a-woman-with-credible-information-on-kavanaugh-report-12014629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/michael-avenatti-tweets-kavanaugh-woman-credible-dc3e1cd0-c03e-410b-b6ec-6a54c53e8873.html">"Michael Avenatti says he represents woman with information on Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. September 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924000149/https://www.axios.com/michael-avenatti-tweets-kavanaugh-woman-credible-dc3e1cd0-c03e-410b-b6ec-6a54c53e8873.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Avenatti+says+he+represents+woman+with+information+on+Kavanaugh&rft.pub=Axios&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fmichael-avenatti-tweets-kavanaugh-woman-credible-dc3e1cd0-c03e-410b-b6ec-6a54c53e8873.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2018/09/23/michael-avenatti-claims-to-represent-a-women-with-credible-information-about-brett-kavanaugh/">"Michael Avenatti claims to represent a woman with credible information about Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a>. September 23, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924012338/https://www.salon.com/2018/09/23/michael-avenatti-claims-to-represent-a-women-with-credible-information-about-brett-kavanaugh/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Michael+Avenatti+claims+to+represent+a+woman+with+credible+information+about+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2018%2F09%2F23%2Fmichael-avenatti-claims-to-represent-a-women-with-credible-information-about-brett-kavanaugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolzNicholas2018" class="citation news cs1">Volz, Dustin; Nicholas, Peter (September 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-directs-fbi-to-interview-first-two-kavanaugh-accusers-but-not-the-third-1538256505">"White House Directs FBI to Interview First Two Kavanaugh Accusers, But Not the Third"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231449/https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-directs-fbi-to-interview-first-two-kavanaugh-accusers-but-not-the-third-1538256505">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=White+House+Directs+FBI+to+Interview+First+Two+Kavanaugh+Accusers%2C+But+Not+the+Third&rft.date=2018-09-29&rft.aulast=Volz&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhite-house-directs-fbi-to-interview-first-two-kavanaugh-accusers-but-not-the-third-1538256505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnbc_2018-10-01-224"><a href="#cite_ref-cnbc_2018-10-01_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuninger2018" class="citation web cs1">Breuninger, Kevin (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/01/kavanaugh-accuser-julie-swetnicks-account-raises-new-questions.html">"Kavanaugh accuser Julie Swetnick alleges he was 'very aggressive,' but her latest interview raises new questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231451/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/01/kavanaugh-accuser-julie-swetnicks-account-raises-new-questions.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+accuser+Julie+Swetnick+alleges+he+was+%27very+aggressive%2C%27+but+her+latest+interview+raises+new+questions&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Breuninger&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Fkavanaugh-accuser-julie-swetnicks-account-raises-new-questions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowSchecter2018" class="citation news cs1">Snow, Kate; Schecter, Anna (October 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/new-questions-raised-about-avenatti-claims-regarding-kavanaugh-n924596">"New questions raised about Avenatti claims regarding Kavanaugh"</a>. National Broadcasting Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027004101/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/new-questions-raised-about-avenatti-claims-regarding-kavanaugh-n924596">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+questions+raised+about+Avenatti+claims+regarding+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Schecter%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-department%2Fnew-questions-raised-about-avenatti-claims-regarding-kavanaugh-n924596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManganPramuk2018" class="citation web cs1">Mangan, Dan; Pramuk, Jacob (October 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/25/chuck-grassley-refers-michael-avenatti-and-julie-swetnick-for-investigation.html">"Senate panel refers Avenatti, Kavanaugh accuser Swetnick for criminal investigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065537/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/25/chuck-grassley-refers-michael-avenatti-and-julie-swetnick-for-investigation.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+panel+refers+Avenatti%2C+Kavanaugh+accuser+Swetnick+for+criminal+investigation&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Pramuk%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F10%2F25%2Fchuck-grassley-refers-michael-avenatti-and-julie-swetnick-for-investigation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2018" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (November 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/11/03/woman-denies-sent-graphic-jane-doe-letter-claiming-sexual-assault-kavanaugh/">"Woman Denies Having Sent Graphic 'Jane Doe' Letter Claiming Sexual Assault by Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Woman+Denies+Having+Sent+Graphic+%27Jane+Doe%27+Letter+Claiming+Sexual+Assault+by+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F03%2Fwoman-denies-sent-graphic-jane-doe-letter-claiming-sexual-assault-kavanaugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABA-228"><a href="#cite_ref-ABA_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser2018" class="citation news cs1">Visser, Nick (September 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/american-bar-association-brett-kavanaugh_us_5bada932e4b09d41eba011c7">"American Bar Association: Delay Kavanaugh Confirmation Vote Until FBI Investigates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044450/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/american-bar-association-brett-kavanaugh_us_5bada932e4b09d41eba011c7">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=American+Bar+Association%3A+Delay+Kavanaugh+Confirmation+Vote+Until+FBI+Investigates&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Famerican-bar-association-brett-kavanaugh_us_5bada932e4b09d41eba011c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/28/politics/kavanaugh-senate-judiciary-vote/index.html">"Flake, Manchin, Murkowski call for FBI probe into Kavanaugh, Senate vote delay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. September 28, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928105514/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/28/politics/kavanaugh-senate-judiciary-vote/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Flake%2C+Manchin%2C+Murkowski+call+for+FBI+probe+into+Kavanaugh%2C+Senate+vote+delay&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F09%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-senate-judiciary-vote%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trumporders-230"><a href="#cite_ref-trumporders_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrowMakTaylor2018" class="citation news cs1">Detrow, Scott; Mak, Tim; Taylor, Jessica (September 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/28/652486413/judiciary-committee-set-to-vote-on-kavanaugh-friday-with-eyes-on-undecided-jeff">"Trump Orders Limited FBI Investigation To Supplement Kavanaugh Background Check"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928134925/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/28/652486413/judiciary-committee-set-to-vote-on-kavanaugh-friday-with-eyes-on-undecided-jeff">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+Orders+Limited+FBI+Investigation+To+Supplement+Kavanaugh+Background+Check&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Detrow&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Mak%2C+Tim&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F09%2F28%2F652486413%2Fjudiciary-committee-set-to-vote-on-kavanaugh-friday-with-eyes-on-undecided-jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin_Kelly2018" class="citation news cs1">Erin Kelly (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/05/fbi-report-kavanaugh-no-corroboration-allegations/1532476002/">"GOP releases summary of FBI report on Kavanaugh: 'No corroboration of the allegations'"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217003003/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/05/fbi-report-kavanaugh-no-corroboration-allegations/1532476002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=GOP+releases+summary+of+FBI+report+on+Kavanaugh%3A+%27No+corroboration+of+the+allegations%27&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.au=Erin+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F10%2F05%2Ffbi-report-kavanaugh-no-corroboration-allegations%2F1532476002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFram2018" class="citation news cs1">Fram, Alan (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-kavanaugh-senate-vote-fbi-report-20181004-story.html">"Key Republican senators accept FBI report on Kavanaugh; retired Justice Stevens opposes nominee"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Key+Republican+senators+accept+FBI+report+on+Kavanaugh%3B+retired+Justice+Stevens+opposes+nominee&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Fram&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fpolitics%2Fct-kavanaugh-senate-vote-fbi-report-20181004-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearPogrebin2018" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael; Pogrebin, Robin (September 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/30/us/politics/fbi-kavanaugh-investigation-scope-democrats.html">"Democrats Denounce Limits on F.B.I.'s Kavanaugh Inquiry as a 'Farce'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Democrats+Denounce+Limits+on+F.B.I.%27s+Kavanaugh+Inquiry+as+a+%27Farce%27&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pogrebin%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ffbi-kavanaugh-investigation-scope-democrats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkEgan2018" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Dartunorro; Egan, Lauren (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/sham-cover-so-called-investigation-democrats-blast-fbi-kavanaugh-report-n916701">"'Bull---- investigation,' 'sham,' 'horrific cover-up': Democrats blast FBI Kavanaugh report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Bull----+investigation%2C%27+%27sham%2C%27+%27horrific+cover-up%27%3A+Democrats+blast+FBI+Kavanaugh+report&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Dartunorro&rft.au=Egan%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fsham-cover-so-called-investigation-democrats-blast-fbi-kavanaugh-report-n916701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Totenberg, Nina (December 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/12/18/678004085/federal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh">"Federal Panel Of Judges Dismisses All 83 Ethics Complaints Against Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123238/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/18/678004085/federal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+Panel+Of+Judges+Dismisses+All+83+Ethics+Complaints+Against+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2F678004085%2Ffederal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2023" class="citation news cs1">Yuan, Jada (January 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/01/21/brett-kavanaugh-doug-liman-sundance/">"Takeaways from Sundance's secret Brett Kavanaugh documentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Takeaways+from+Sundance%27s+secret+Brett+Kavanaugh+documentary&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Jada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2F2023%2F01%2F21%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-doug-liman-sundance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiang2023" class="citation web cs1">Kiang, Jessica (January 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/justice-review-doug-liman-brett-kavanaugh-1235497555/">"'Justice' Review: Doug Liman's New Brett Kavanaugh Doc Can Only Reignite the Same Old Outrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Justice%27+Review%3A+Doug+Liman%27s+New+Brett+Kavanaugh+Doc+Can+Only+Reignite+the+Same+Old+Outrage&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.aulast=Kiang&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fjustice-review-doug-liman-brett-kavanaugh-1235497555%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchager2023" class="citation news cs1">Schager, Nick (January 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-brett-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegations-in-secret-sundance-doc-justice">"New Damning Brett Kavanaugh Sexual Assault Allegations in Secret Sundance Doc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=New+Damning+Brett+Kavanaugh+Sexual+Assault+Allegations+in+Secret+Sundance+Doc&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.aulast=Schager&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnew-brett-kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegations-in-secret-sundance-doc-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlegenheimer2017" class="citation news cs1">Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court-senate.html">"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002075315/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court-senate.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Republicans+Deploy+%27Nuclear+Option%27+to+Clear+Path+for+Gorsuch&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Flegenheimer&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fneil-gorsuch-supreme-court-senate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnellNaylor2018" class="citation news cs1">Snell, Kelsey; Naylor, Brian (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654552328/senate-to-take-decisive-vote-on-kavanaugh-amid-protest-from-democrats">"Kavanaugh Passes Critical Senate Hurdle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005115711/https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654552328/senate-to-take-decisive-vote-on-kavanaugh-amid-protest-from-democrats">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Passes+Critical+Senate+Hurdle&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F10%2F05%2F654552328%2Fsenate-to-take-decisive-vote-on-kavanaugh-amid-protest-from-democrats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuncombe2018" class="citation news cs1">Buncombe, Andrew (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/brett-kavanaugh-vote-result-senate-supreme-court-confirmation-senators-a8570571.html">"Senate votes to proceed Brett Kavanaugh confirmation for the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005191008/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/brett-kavanaugh-vote-result-senate-supreme-court-confirmation-senators-a8570571.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Senate+votes+to+proceed+Brett+Kavanaugh+confirmation+for+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Buncombe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-vote-result-senate-supreme-court-confirmation-senators-a8570571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampathkumar2018" class="citation news cs1">Sampathkumar, Mythili (October 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/brett-kavanaugh-confirmed-supreme-court-justice-senate-donald-trump-christine-blasey-ford-a8572201.html">"Brett Kavanaugh confirmed to Supreme Court amid widespread outcry over sexual assault allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006233748/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/brett-kavanaugh-confirmed-supreme-court-justice-senate-donald-trump-christine-blasey-ford-a8572201.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+confirmed+to+Supreme+Court+amid+widespread+outcry+over+sexual+assault+allegations&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Sampathkumar&rft.aufirst=Mythili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-confirmed-supreme-court-justice-senate-donald-trump-christine-blasey-ford-a8572201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelselThorp2018" class="citation news cs1">Helsel, Phil; Thorp, Frank (October 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/why-murkowski-still-opposed-will-be-marked-present-kavanaugh-n917306">"Why Murkowski, still opposed, will be marked 'present' on Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006113046/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/why-murkowski-still-opposed-will-be-marked-present-kavanaugh-n917306">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Murkowski%2C+still+opposed%2C+will+be+marked+%27present%27+on+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Helsel&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Thorp%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitics-news%2Fwhy-murkowski-still-opposed-will-be-marked-present-kavanaugh-n917306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ktla.com/2018/10/06/senate-approval-of-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nomination-expected-saturday/">"Senate Votes 50-48 to Confirm Brett Kavanaugh to Supreme Court"</a>. KTLA. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006224315/https://ktla.com/2018/10/06/senate-approval-of-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nomination-expected-saturday/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senate+Votes+50-48+to+Confirm+Brett+Kavanaugh+to+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fktla.com%2F2018%2F10%2F06%2Fsenate-approval-of-kavanaughs-supreme-court-nomination-expected-saturday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">"U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present"</a>. senate.gov. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209085119/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Supreme+Court+Nominations%3A+1789%E2%80%93Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fpagelayout%2Freference%2Fnominations%2FNominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue2010" class="citation web cs1">Hogue, Henry H. (August 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31171.pdf">"Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-August 2010"</a> (PDF). CRS Report for Congress (RL31171). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206235643/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31171.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress+%28RL31171%29&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations+Not+Confirmed%2C+1789-August+2010&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL31171.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2018" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Kristine (October 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2018/10/08/moral-dry-rot-only-supreme-court-justice-who-divided-senate-more-than-kavanaugh/">"'Moral dry-rot': The only Supreme Court justice who divided the Senate more than Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528074844/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2018/10/08/moral-dry-rot-only-supreme-court-justice-who-divided-senate-more-than-kavanaugh/">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Moral+dry-rot%27%3A+The+only+Supreme+Court+justice+who+divided+the+Senate+more+than+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2018%2F10%2F08%2Fmoral-dry-rot-only-supreme-court-justice-who-divided-senate-more-than-kavanaugh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2018" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Chris (October 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html">"Senate vote on Kavanaugh was historically close"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701215620/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+vote+on+Kavanaugh+was+historically+close&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/honorable-brett-m-kavanaugh-officially-sworn-114th-justice-supreme-court-united-states/">"The Honorable Brett M. Kavanaugh officially sworn in as the 114th Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. October 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200842/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/honorable-brett-m-kavanaugh-officially-sworn-114th-justice-supreme-court-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=The+Honorable+Brett+M.+Kavanaugh+officially+sworn+in+as+the+114th+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fhonorable-brett-m-kavanaugh-officially-sworn-114th-justice-supreme-court-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2018" class="citation web cs1">Egan, Lauren (October 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956">"Trump apologizes to Kavanaugh on 'behalf of our nation,' says judge 'proven innocent'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009205734/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+apologizes+to+Kavanaugh+on+%27behalf+of+our+nation%2C%27+says+judge+%27proven+innocent%27&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Ftrump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRe2018" class="citation web cs1">Re, Gregg (October 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/president-trump-apologizes-to-brett-kavanaugh-and-his-family-at-ceremonial-swearing-in-as-supreme-court-justice">"President Trump apologizes to Brett Kavanaugh and his family at ceremonial swearing-in as Supreme Court justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016225639/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/president-trump-apologizes-to-brett-kavanaugh-and-his-family-at-ceremonial-swearing-in-as-supreme-court-justice">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=President+Trump+apologizes+to+Brett+Kavanaugh+and+his+family+at+ceremonial+swearing-in+as+Supreme+Court+justice&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Re&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpresident-trump-apologizes-to-brett-kavanaugh-and-his-family-at-ceremonial-swearing-in-as-supreme-court-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallhorn2018" class="citation web cs1">Schallhorn, Katelyn (October 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/kavanaugh-hires-team-of-4-women-as-his-law-clerks-first-supreme-court-justice-to-do-so">"Kavanaugh hires team of 4 women as his law clerks, first Supreme Court justice to do so"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231405/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/kavanaugh-hires-team-of-4-women-as-his-law-clerks-first-supreme-court-justice-to-do-so">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kavanaugh+hires+team+of+4+women+as+his+law+clerks%2C+first+Supreme+Court+justice+to+do+so&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Schallhorn&rft.aufirst=Katelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-hires-team-of-4-women-as-his-law-clerks-first-supreme-court-justice-to-do-so&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Quinn, Melissa (October 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/courts/the-kavanaugh-effect-most-diverse-supreme-court-staff-in-history">"The Kavanaugh effect: Most diverse Supreme Court staff in history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Examiner">The Washington Examiner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231423/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/tag/donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=The+Kavanaugh+effect%3A+Most+diverse+Supreme+Court+staff+in+history&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fpolicy%2Fcourts%2Fthe-kavanaugh-effect-most-diverse-supreme-court-staff-in-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptakWeiland2018" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam; Weiland, Noah (October 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/us/politics/justice-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">"Justice Kavanaugh Takes the Bench on the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231445/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/us/politics/justice-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Kavanaugh+Takes+the+Bench+on+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Weiland%2C+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawandcrime.com/supreme-court/supreme-court-reveals-new-circuit-assignments-for-justices/">"What Are Supreme Court Justices Circuit Assignments?"</a>. November 20, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231419/https://lawandcrime.com/supreme-court/supreme-court-reveals-new-circuit-assignments-for-justices/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Supreme+Court+Justices+Circuit+Assignments%3F&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandcrime.com%2Fsupreme-court%2Fsupreme-court-reveals-new-circuit-assignments-for-justices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CircuitAssignments-256"><a href="#cite_ref-CircuitAssignments_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/circuitAssignments.aspx">"Circuit Assignments"</a>. Supreme Court of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221051625/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/circuitAssignments.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Circuit+Assignments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2FcircuitAssignments.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/10/court-issues-new-circuit-assignments/">"Court Issues New Circuit Assignments"</a>. ScotusBlog. October 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231407/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/10/court-issues-new-circuit-assignments/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScotusBlog&rft.atitle=Court+Issues+New+Circuit+Assignments&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fcourt-issues-new-circuit-assignments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2019" class="citation news cs1">Wolf, Richard (January 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/08/brett-kavanaugh-first-supreme-court-opinion-unanimous/2512350002/">"Brett Kavanaugh issues first Supreme Court opinion, in unanimous arbitration case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231429/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/08/brett-kavanaugh-first-supreme-court-opinion-unanimous/2512350002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+issues+first+Supreme+Court+opinion%2C+in+unanimous+arbitration+case&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F01%2F08%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-first-supreme-court-opinion-unanimous%2F2512350002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallmeyer2019" class="citation web cs1">Gallmeyer, Charles (February 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/news/2019/02/supreme-court-further-defines-ineffective-counsel/">"Supreme Court further defines ineffective counsel"</a>. Jurist.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231431/https://www.jurist.org/news/2019/02/supreme-court-further-defines-ineffective-counsel/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jurist.org&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+further+defines+ineffective+counsel&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Gallmeyer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurist.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2Fsupreme-court-further-defines-ineffective-counsel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2018" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Tucker (December 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/10/supreme-court-hamstrings-states-efforts-to-defund-planned-parenthood.html">"Supreme Court hamstrings states' efforts to defund Planned Parenthood"</a>. www.cnbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231408/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/10/supreme-court-hamstrings-states-efforts-to-defund-planned-parenthood.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+hamstrings+states%27+efforts+to+defund+Planned+Parenthood&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F12%2F10%2Fsupreme-court-hamstrings-states-efforts-to-defund-planned-parenthood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenbergMontanaroGonzales2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Totenberg" title="Nina Totenberg">Totenberg, Nina</a>; Montanaro, Domenico; Gonzales, Richard (February 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/02/07/690319510/supreme-court-stops-louisiana-abortion-law-from-being-implemented">"Supreme Court Stops Louisiana Abortion Law From Being Implemented"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231412/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/07/690319510/supreme-court-stops-louisiana-abortion-law-from-being-implemented">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Stops+Louisiana+Abortion+Law+From+Being+Implemented&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Montanaro%2C+Domenico&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2F690319510%2Fsupreme-court-stops-louisiana-abortion-law-from-being-implemented&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/07/politics/read-brett-kavanaugh-dissent-abortion-louisiana/index.html">"Read: Justice Brett Kavanaugh's dissent in Louisiana abortion clinic case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. February 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231424/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/07/politics/read-brett-kavanaugh-dissent-abortion-louisiana/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Read%3A+Justice+Brett+Kavanaugh%27s+dissent+in+Louisiana+abortion+clinic+case&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fread-brett-kavanaugh-dissent-abortion-louisiana%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2019" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Tucker (February 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/08/chief-justice--roberts-protects-abortion--buts-sets-up-2020-showdown.html">"Chief Justice Roberts protects abortion — but sets up 2020 showdown"</a>. www.cnbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231409/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/08/chief-justice--roberts-protects-abortion--buts-sets-up-2020-showdown.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Roberts+protects+abortion+%E2%80%94+but+sets+up+2020+showdown&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2Fchief-justice--roberts-protects-abortion--buts-sets-up-2020-showdown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Breyer2020" class="citation web cs1">Justice Breyer (June 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-1323_c07d.pdf">"JUNE MEDICAL SERVICES L. L. C., ET AL"</a> (PDF). U.S. Supreme Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231318/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-1323_c07d.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.atitle=JUNE+MEDICAL+SERVICES+L.+L.+C.%2C+ET+AL.&rft.date=2020-06-29&rft.au=Justice+Breyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F19pdf%2F18-1323_c07d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptakGoodmanTavernise2021" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam; Goodman, J. David; Tavernise, Sabrina (September 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/us/supreme-court-texas-abortion.html">"Supreme Court, Breaking Silence, Won't Block Texas Abortion Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901165835/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/us/supreme-court-texas-abortion.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court%2C+Breaking+Silence%2C+Won%27t+Block+Texas+Abortion+Law&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Goodman%2C+J.+David&rft.au=Tavernise%2C+Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F01%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-texas-abortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn">"Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending right to abortion upheld for decades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved September 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+overturns+Roe+v.+Wade%2C+ending+right+to+abortion+upheld+for+decades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2F1102305878%2Fsupreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2qq1wqw3w2o">"US Supreme Court rejects challenge to abortion drug mifepristone"</a>. BBC News. June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+Supreme+Court+rejects+challenge+to+abortion+drug+mifepristone&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc2qq1wqw3w2o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alabama-execution-idUSKCN1PX07C">"Muslim man executed after U.S. Supreme Court denies request for..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. February 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231433/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alabama-execution-idUSKCN1PX07C">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Muslim+man+executed+after+U.S.+Supreme+Court+denies+request+for...&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-alabama-execution-idUSKCN1PX07C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/19/supreme-court-bobby-james-moore-death-penalty-case/2914569002/">"Divided Supreme Court blocks Texas from executing intellectually disabled man, citing 'lay stereotypes'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231415/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/19/supreme-court-bobby-james-moore-death-penalty-case/2914569002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Divided+Supreme+Court+blocks+Texas+from+executing+intellectually+disabled+man%2C+citing+%27lay+stereotypes%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F02%2F19%2Fsupreme-court-bobby-james-moore-death-penalty-case%2F2914569002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2019" class="citation web cs1">Rowland, Geoffrey (February 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/430556-supreme-court-tosses-death-sentence-for-texas-man">"Supreme Court tosses death sentence for Texas man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231443/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/430556-supreme-court-tosses-death-sentence-for-texas-man">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+tosses+death+sentence+for+Texas+man&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fcourt-battles%2F430556-supreme-court-tosses-death-sentence-for-texas-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2022" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/27/politics/supreme-court-death-penalty-matthew-reeves-alabama/index.html">"5-4 Supreme Court clears the way for Alabama execution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved January 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=5-4+Supreme+Court+clears+the+way+for+Alabama+execution&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-death-penalty-matthew-reeves-alabama%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovarsky2023" class="citation web cs1">Kovarsky, Lee (April 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/04/supreme-court-reed-goertz-death-penalty-kavanaugh.html">"A Supreme Court Win for Due Process—Written by Brett Kavanaugh?"</a>. Slate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Supreme+Court+Win+for+Due+Process%E2%80%94Written+by+Brett+Kavanaugh%3F&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=Kovarsky&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2023%2F04%2Fsupreme-court-reed-goertz-death-penalty-kavanaugh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___, slip op., dissent of Kavanaugh, J., at p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2020" class="citation web cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett (June 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf">"Nos. 17–1618, 17–1623 and 18–107. JUSTICE KAVANAUGH, dissenting"</a> (PDF). U.S. Supreme Court. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615161652/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.atitle=Nos.+17%E2%80%931618%2C+17%E2%80%931623+and+18%E2%80%93107.+JUSTICE+KAVANAUGH%2C+dissenting.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F19pdf%2F17-1618_hfci.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124">"Supreme Court rejects appeal from county clerk who wouldn't issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. October 5, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231434/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+appeal+from+county+clerk+who+wouldn%27t+issue+marriage+licenses+to+same-sex+couples&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2021" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/supreme-court-gay-rights-foster-care.html">"Supreme Court Backs Catholic Agency in Case on Gay Rights and Foster Care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706112400/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/us/supreme-court-gay-rights-foster-care.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Backs+Catholic+Agency+in+Case+on+Gay+Rights+and+Foster+Care&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F17%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-gay-rights-foster-care.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriane_de_Vogue_and_Veronica_Stracqualursi2021" class="citation web cs1">Ariane de Vogue and Veronica Stracqualursi (July 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/02/politics/supreme-court-flower-shop-same-sex-wedding-case/index.html">"Supreme Court rejects appeal from florist who wouldn't make arrangement for same-sex wedding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703163750/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/02/politics/supreme-court-flower-shop-same-sex-wedding-case/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+appeal+from+florist+who+wouldn%27t+make+arrangement+for+same-sex+wedding&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft.au=Ariane+de+Vogue+and+Veronica+Stracqualursi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F02%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-flower-shop-same-sex-wedding-case%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2021" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Tucker (July 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/02/supreme-court-declines-to-say-whether-flower-shop-can-reject-same-sex-weddings.html">"Supreme Court declines to decide whether religious flower shop owner can refuse same-sex weddings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702153841/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/02/supreme-court-declines-to-say-whether-flower-shop-can-reject-same-sex-weddings.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+declines+to+decide+whether+religious+flower+shop+owner+can+refuse+same-sex+weddings&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F07%2F02%2Fsupreme-court-declines-to-say-whether-flower-shop-can-reject-same-sex-weddings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/gay-couple-wins-case-florist-supreme-court-rejects/story?id=78631214">"Gay couple wins case against florist after Supreme Court rejects appeal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703153015/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/gay-couple-wins-case-florist-supreme-court-rejects/story?id=78631214">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Gay+couple+wins+case+against+florist+after+Supreme+Court+rejects+appeal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fgay-couple-wins-case-florist-supreme-court-rejects%2Fstory%3Fid%3D78631214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/us-supreme-court-business-religion-california-discrimination-b7ecdd5c56deec5be7782843b21b6e34">"Supreme Court won't hear case involving transgender rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP News</a>. November 1, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103103329/https://apnews.com/article/us-supreme-court-business-religion-california-discrimination-b7ecdd5c56deec5be7782843b21b6e34">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+won%27t+hear+case+involving+transgender+rights&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fus-supreme-court-business-religion-california-discrimination-b7ecdd5c56deec5be7782843b21b6e34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungHurley2021" class="citation news cs1">Chung, Andrew; Hurley, Lawrence (November 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/us-supreme-court-spurns-catholic-hospital-appeal-over-transgender-patient-2021-11-01/">"U.S. Supreme Court spurns Catholic hospital appeal over transgender patient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194853/http://www.reuters.com/legal/government/us-supreme-court-spurns-catholic-hospital-appeal-over-transgender-patient-2021-11-01/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court+spurns+Catholic+hospital+appeal+over+transgender+patient&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flegal%2Fgovernment%2Fus-supreme-court-spurns-catholic-hospital-appeal-over-transgender-patient-2021-11-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_|2021" class="citation web cs1">Press |, Associated (November 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/11/02/supreme-court-wont-hear-case-involving-transgender-rights">"Supreme Court turns down Northern California Catholic hospital appeal over transgender patient"</a>. The Mercury News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102200356/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/11/02/supreme-court-wont-hear-case-involving-transgender-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+turns+down+Northern+California+Catholic+hospital+appeal+over+transgender+patient&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft.aulast=Press+%7C&rft.aufirst=Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2021%2F11%2F02%2Fsupreme-court-wont-hear-case-involving-transgender-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2020" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/trump-taxes-supreme-court.html">"Supreme Court Rules Trump Cannot Block Release of Financial Records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709143014/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/trump-taxes-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rules+Trump+Cannot+Block+Release+of+Financial+Records&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2Fus%2Ftrump-taxes-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2020" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Melissa (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-trump-tax-records-manhattan-district-attorney/">"Supreme Court rules Manhattan prosecutor can access Trump financial records"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231441/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-trump-tax-records-manhattan-district-attorney/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rules+Manhattan+prosecutor+can+access+Trump+financial+records&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsupreme-court-trump-tax-records-manhattan-district-attorney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2020" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Ian (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/506662-five-takeaways-from-supreme-courts-rulings-on-trump-tax-returns">"Five takeaways from Supreme Court's rulings on Trump tax returns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231437/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/506662-five-takeaways-from-supreme-courts-rulings-on-trump-tax-returns">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Five+takeaways+from+Supreme+Court%27s+rulings+on+Trump+tax+returns&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fcourt-battles%2F506662-five-takeaways-from-supreme-courts-rulings-on-trump-tax-returns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-wisconsin-mail-ballots/2020/10/26/70fa459e-12fc-11eb-ad6f-36c93e6e94fb_story.html">"Supreme Court rejects request to extend Wisconsin's deadline for counting mail-in ballots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231456/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-wisconsin-mail-ballots/2020/10/26/70fa459e-12fc-11eb-ad6f-36c93e6e94fb_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+request+to+extend+Wisconsin%27s+deadline+for+counting+mail-in+ballots&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Fsupreme-court-wisconsin-mail-ballots%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2F70fa459e-12fc-11eb-ad6f-36c93e6e94fb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman2020" class="citation web cs1">Tillman, Zoe (October 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/supreme-court-republicans-wisconsin-ballots-election">"The Supreme Court Gave Republicans A Win In Wisconsin, Ruling That Ballots That Arrive After Election Day Won't Count"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231426/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/supreme-court-republicans-wisconsin-ballots-election">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=The+Supreme+Court+Gave+Republicans+A+Win+In+Wisconsin%2C+Ruling+That+Ballots+That+Arrive+After+Election+Day+Won%27t+Count&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fzoetillman%2Fsupreme-court-republicans-wisconsin-ballots-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessler2020" class="citation news cs1">Fessler, Pam (October 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/19/922411176/supreme-court-rules-pennsylvania-can-count-ballots-received-after-election-day">"Supreme Court Rules Pennsylvania Can Count Ballots Received After Election Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231533/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/19/922411176/supreme-court-rules-pennsylvania-can-count-ballots-received-after-election-day">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rules+Pennsylvania+Can+Count+Ballots+Received+After+Election+Day&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft.aulast=Fessler&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F10%2F19%2F922411176%2Fsupreme-court-rules-pennsylvania-can-count-ballots-received-after-election-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/10/28/928890290/supreme-court-allows-ballot-extensions-in-pennsylvania-north-carolina-for-now">"Supreme Court Allows Ballot Extensions in Pennsylvania, North Carolina, for Now"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231414/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/28/928890290/supreme-court-allows-ballot-extensions-in-pennsylvania-north-carolina-for-now">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Allows+Ballot+Extensions+in+Pennsylvania%2C+North+Carolina%2C+for+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F10%2F28%2F928890290%2Fsupreme-court-allows-ballot-extensions-in-pennsylvania-north-carolina-for-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresko2021" class="citation news cs1">Gresko, Jessica. (June 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ncaa-supreme-court-alston-college-athlete-benefits-5be12caeaf014da7d71baf0bb60646fe">"Supreme Court win for college athletes in compensation case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703050819/https://apnews.com/article/ncaa-supreme-court-alston-college-athlete-benefits-5be12caeaf014da7d71baf0bb60646fe">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+win+for+college+athletes+in+compensation+case&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Gresko&rft.aufirst=Jessica.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fncaa-supreme-court-alston-college-athlete-benefits-5be12caeaf014da7d71baf0bb60646fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/08/armed-man-arrested-justice-brett-kavanaugh-00038069">"Court: Armed man arrested near Kavanaugh's house"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Court%3A+Armed+man+arrested+near+Kavanaugh%27s+house&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F06%2F08%2Farmed-man-arrested-justice-brett-kavanaugh-00038069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718002245/https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/home.nsf/Content/VL+-+Judges+-+BMK">"BRETT M. KAVANAUGH"</a>. District of Columbia Circuit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/home.nsf/Content/VL+-+Judges+-+BMK">the original</a> on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRETT+M.+KAVANAUGH&rft.pub=District+of+Columbia+Circuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadc.uscourts.gov%2Finternet%2Fhome.nsf%2FContent%2FVL%2B-%2BJudges%2B-%2BBMK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViser2018" class="citation news cs1">Viser, Matt (July 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/07/10/kagankavanaugh/gToNHQ4Ko7LzW4si4NI1QM/story.html">"At Harvard Law School, he's Professor Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231503/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/07/10/kagankavanaugh/gToNHQ4Ko7LzW4si4NI1QM/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=At+Harvard+Law+School%2C+he%27s+Professor+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Viser&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fkagankavanaugh%2FgToNHQ4Ko7LzW4si4NI1QM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.law.harvard.edu/judge-brett-kavanaugh-hls-williston-lecturer-on-law-nominated-to-supreme-court">"Judge Brett Kavanaugh, HLS Williston Lecturer on Law, nominated to Supreme Court – Harvard Law Today"</a>. today.law.harvard.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231453/https://today.law.harvard.edu/judge-brett-kavanaugh-hls-williston-lecturer-on-law-nominated-to-supreme-court/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh%2C+HLS+Williston+Lecturer+on+Law%2C+nominated+to+Supreme+Court+%E2%80%93+Harvard+Law+Today&rft.pub=today.law.harvard.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.law.harvard.edu%2Fjudge-brett-kavanaugh-hls-williston-lecturer-on-law-nominated-to-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2018" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">"'Best Professor.' 'Very Evenhanded.' 'Great Hair!': Brett Kavanaugh, as Seen by His Law Students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231432/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Best+Professor.%27+%27Very+Evenhanded.%27+%27Great+Hair%21%27%3A+Brett+Kavanaugh%2C+as+Seen+by+His+Law+Students&rft.pages=A18&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvrluga2018" class="citation news cs1">Svrluga, Susan (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/10/02/kavanaugh-withdraws-teaching-harvard-law-this-winter-graduates-gather-signatures-objecting-his-role/">"Kavanaugh withdraws from teaching at Harvard Law this winter, as graduates gather signatures objecting to his role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231447/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/10/02/kavanaugh-withdraws-teaching-harvard-law-this-winter-graduates-gather-signatures-objecting-his-role/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+withdraws+from+teaching+at+Harvard+Law+this+winter%2C+as+graduates+gather+signatures+objecting+to+his+role&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Svrluga&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2018%2F10%2F02%2Fkavanaugh-withdraws-teaching-harvard-law-this-winter-graduates-gather-signatures-objecting-his-role%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStracqualursi2019" class="citation news cs1">Stracqualursi, Veronica (March 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/23/politics/brett-kavanaugh-george-mason-professor-summer-class/index.html">"Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh to teach summer class in England for George Mason law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231457/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/23/politics/brett-kavanaugh-george-mason-professor-summer-class/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Brett+Kavanaugh+to+teach+summer+class+in+England+for+George+Mason+law&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Stracqualursi&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F03%2F23%2Fpolitics%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-george-mason-professor-summer-class%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlr-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlr_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlr_298-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlr_298-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Kavanaugh_MLR.pdf">"Separation of Powers During the Forty-Fourth Presidency and Beyond"</a> (PDF). Minnesota Law Review. 93: 1454. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231337/https://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Kavanaugh_MLR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Powers+During+the+Forty-Fourth+Presidency+and+Beyond&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=1454&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotalawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F01%2FKavanaugh_MLR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_2018-06-29-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_2018-06-29_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_2018-06-29_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranishMarimow2018" class="citation news cs1">Kranish, Michael; Marimow, Ann E. (June 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/top-supreme-court-prospect-has-argued-presidents-should-not-be-distracted-by-investigations-and-lawsuits/2018/06/29/2dd9c1cc-7baa-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html">"Top Supreme Court prospect has argued presidents should not be distracted by investigations and lawsuits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/top-supreme-court-prospect-has-argued-presidents-should-not-be-distracted-by-investigations-and-lawsuits/2018/06/29/2dd9c1cc-7baa-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Top+Supreme+Court+prospect+has+argued+presidents+should+not+be+distracted+by+investigations+and+lawsuits&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Kranish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Marimow%2C+Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftop-supreme-court-prospect-has-argued-presidents-should-not-be-distracted-by-investigations-and-lawsuits%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2F2dd9c1cc-7baa-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-katzmannreview-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katzmannreview_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-katzmannreview_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavanaugh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kavanaugh, Brett M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2118-2163-Online.pdf">"Fixing Statutory Interpretation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 129: 2118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231339/http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2118-2163-Online.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Fixing+Statutory+Interpretation&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=2118&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Brett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.harvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2F2118-2163-Online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_301-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_301-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/09/supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-five-things/770210002">"Five things to know about Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. July 9, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231455/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/09/supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-five-things/770210002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Five+things+to+know+about+Supreme+Court+nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fsupreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-five-things%2F770210002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/us/brett-kavanaugh-fast-facts/index.html">"Brett Kavanaugh Fast Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. July 16, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Brett+Kavanaugh+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F07%2F16%2Fus%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2018" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Mark (July 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/07/09/who-is-judge-brett-kavanaugh">"Who is Judge Brett Kavanaugh? Trump's Supreme Court nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231534/https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/07/09/who-is-judge-brett-kavanaugh">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Who+is+Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh%3F+Trump%27s+Supreme+Court+nominee&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2Fwho-is-judge-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marathoninvestigation.com/2018/09/supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-didnt-cheat-to-run-boston-stop-asking.html">"Supreme Court Nominee Brett Kavanaugh Didn't Cheat To Run Boston – Stop Asking"</a>. September 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231432/https://www.marathoninvestigation.com/2018/09/supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-didnt-cheat-to-run-boston-stop-asking.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh+Didn%27t+Cheat+To+Run+Boston+%E2%80%93+Stop+Asking&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marathoninvestigation.com%2F2018%2F09%2Fsupreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-didnt-cheat-to-run-boston-stop-asking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NR-305"><a href="#cite_ref-NR_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddie2018" class="citation web cs1">Eddie, Wooten (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greensboro.com/blogs/wooten_running_shorts/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-nominee-runner-and-boston-marathon-finisher/article_bf78fc04-8480-11e8-9675-f71776b05ee6.html">"Brett Kavanaugh: Supreme Court nominee, runner and Boston Marathon finisher"</a>. News and Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231451/https://greensboro.com/blogs/wooten_running_shorts/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-nominee-runner-and-boston-marathon-finisher/article_bf78fc04-8480-11e8-9675-f71776b05ee6.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brett+Kavanaugh%3A+Supreme+Court+nominee%2C+runner+and+Boston+Marathon+finisher&rft.pub=News+and+Record&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Eddie&rft.aufirst=Wooten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Fblogs%2Fwooten_running_shorts%2Fbrett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-nominee-runner-and-boston-marathon-finisher%2Farticle_bf78fc04-8480-11e8-9675-f71776b05ee6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.athlinks.com/search/unclaimed/?term=Brett%20Kavanaugh&category=unclaimed">"Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. ATHLINKS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231455/https://www.athlinks.com/search/unclaimed/?term=Brett+Kavanaugh&category=unclaimed">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.pub=ATHLINKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.athlinks.com%2Fsearch%2Funclaimed%2F%3Fterm%3DBrett%2520Kavanaugh%26category%3Dunclaimed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2018/07/09/5-faith-facts-on-trumps-supreme-court-pick-brett-kavanaugh">"5 faith facts on Trump's Supreme Court pick, Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. Religion News Service. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231429/https://religionnews.com/2018/07/09/5-faith-facts-on-trumps-supreme-court-pick-brett-kavanaugh/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+faith+facts+on+Trump%27s+Supreme+Court+pick%2C+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2018%2F07%2F09%2F5-faith-facts-on-trumps-supreme-court-pick-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeMoney-308"><a href="#cite_ref-TimeMoney_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlum2018" class="citation news cs1">Glum, Julia (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.com/supreme-court-nominee-brett-avanaugh-net-worth/">"Supreme Court Nominee Brett Kavanaugh Has a $1 Million House — and Very Little in Savings. Here's What We Know About His Money"</a>. Money.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810035752/https://money.com/supreme-court-nominee-brett-avanaugh-net-worth/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Money.com&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Nominee+Brett+Kavanaugh+Has+a+%241+Million+House+%E2%80%94+and+Very+Little+in+Savings.+Here%27s+What+We+Know+About+His+Money&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Glum&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.com%2Fsupreme-court-nominee-brett-avanaugh-net-worth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanno-Youngs2022" class="citation news cs1">Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (May 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/12/us/politics/abortion-protests-supreme-court-justices.html">"A Battle Over How to Battle Over Roe: Protests at Justices' Homes Fuel Rancor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved June 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Battle+Over+How+to+Battle+Over+Roe%3A+Protests+at+Justices%27+Homes+Fuel+Rancor&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kanno-Youngs&rft.aufirst=Zolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F12%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fabortion-protests-supreme-court-justices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-08/abortion-rights-protest-targets-homes-of-kavanaugh-roberts">"Abortion-Rights Protest Targets Homes of Kavanaugh, Roberts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Abortion-Rights+Protest+Targets+Homes+of+Kavanaugh%2C+Roberts&rft.date=2022-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-05-08%2Fabortion-rights-protest-targets-homes-of-kavanaugh-roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuninger2022" class="citation web cs1">Breuninger, Dan Mangan, Kevin (June 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/08/armed-man-arrested-outside-brett-kavanaughs-home-after-threatening-supreme-court-justice.html">"Armed man who sought to kill Brett Kavanaugh arrested near Supreme Court justice's home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved June 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Armed+man+who+sought+to+kill+Brett+Kavanaugh+arrested+near+Supreme+Court+justice%27s+home&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.aulast=Breuninger&rft.aufirst=Dan+Mangan%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F06%2F08%2Farmed-man-arrested-outside-brett-kavanaughs-home-after-threatening-supreme-court-justice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatfordyChenBasile2017" class="citation journal cs1">Watfordy, Paul J.; Chen, Richard C.; Basile, Marco (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103022/https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/543-580_Online.pdf">"Book Review: Craftung Precedent: The Law of Judicial Precedent. By Bryan A. Garner et al. St. Paul, Minn.: Thomson Reuters. 2016. Pp. xxvi, 910. $49.95"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 131: 543–580. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/543-580_Online.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Craftung+Precedent%3A+The+Law+of+Judicial+Precedent.+By+Bryan+A.+Garner+et+al.+St.+Paul%2C+Minn.%3A+Thomson+Reuters.+2016.+Pp.+xxvi%2C+910.+%2449.95.&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E580&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Watfordy&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Basile%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2F543-580_Online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/108/chrg/shrg24853/CHRG-108shrg24853.pdf">"Conformation [sic] Hearing on the Nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to be Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit: Hearing"</a>, 108th Cong., 2nd Sess. April 27, 2004. Washington: U.S. GPO, 2006. iii, 159 p.; 24 cm. Serial No. J-108-69. S.Hrg. 108–878</li> <li>———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/109/chrg/shrg27916/CHRG-109shrg27916.pdf">"Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to be Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit: Hearing"</a>, 109th Cong., 2nd Sess. May 9, 2006. Washington: U.S. GPO, 2006. iii, 103 p.; 24 cm. Serial No. J-109-73. S.Hrg. 109–435</li> <li>———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Brett%20M.%20Kavanaugh%20SJQ%20(PUBLIC).pdf">"Questionnaire for the Nominee to the Supreme Court of Brett Michael Kavanaugh"</a>, 115th Cong., 2nd Sess. July 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> Report R45269, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45269.pdf">"Judicial Opinions of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh"</a>, Coordinated by Michael John Garcia (2018)</li> <li>Congressional Research Service Report R45293, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45293.pdf">"Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh: His Jurisprudence and Potential Impact on the Supreme Court"</a>, Coordinated by Andrew Nolan and Caitlain Devereaux Lewis (2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brett_Michael_Kavanaugh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brett Michael Kavanaugh">Brett Michael Kavanaugh</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brett_Kavanaugh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1392406">Brett Kavanaugh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?brettkavanaugh">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4962244#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Brett_Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/advocates/brett_m_kavanaugh">Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/find/kavanaugh.php">Selected Resources on Brett M. Kavanaugh</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/kavanaugh.html">Biography</a> from the Bush White House</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112175839/http://www.usdoj.gov/olp/kavanaughresume.htm">Resumé</a> from the Justice Department's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Policy" title="Office of Legal Policy">Office of Legal Policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedsoc.org/contributors/brett-kavanaugh">Contributor profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/investigations/kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh Attorney Work Files</a> for Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113837/https://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/Research/Digital-Library/BrettMKavanaughRecords">Records on Brett M. Kavanaugh</a> from the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/nominations/supreme/pn2259-115">Nomination documents</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?451895-1/judge-kavanaugh-professor-blasey-ford-testify-sexual-assault-allegations">"Judge Brett Kavanaugh & Professor Christine Blasey Ford Testify"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh+%26+Professor+Christine+Blasey+Ford+Testify&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F451895-1%2Fjudge-kavanaugh-professor-blasey-ford-testify-sexual-assault-allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-11-02%20Kavanaugh%20Report.pdf">Report on Investigation</a> by the Senate Judiciary Committee</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House Staff Secretary</a> 2003–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Raul F. Yanes</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> 2006–2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neomi_Rao" title="Neomi Rao">Neomi Rao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 2018–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></div>as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></div>as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_justices" title="Template:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as chief justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brett_Kavanaugh_opinions" title="Template:Brett Kavanaugh opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brett_Kavanaugh_opinions" title="Template talk:Brett Kavanaugh opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brett_Kavanaugh_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brett Kavanaugh opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Brett Kavanaugh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> (May 30, 2006 – October 6, 2018); by calendar year</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia opinions of Brett Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">2018</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (October 6, 2018 – present); by term</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2018 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2019 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2020 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2021 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2022 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2023 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Brett_Kavanaugh" title="2024 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Brett Kavanaugh">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_House_staff_secretaries75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_House_staff_secretaries" title="Template:White House staff secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_House_staff_secretaries" title="Template talk:White House staff secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_House_staff_secretaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White House staff secretaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_House_staff_secretaries75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House staff secretaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Carroll" title="Paul T. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodpaster" title="Andrew Goodpaster">Goodpaster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hartigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hartigan (page does not exist)">Hartigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Reese_Cole_Jr." title="Kenneth Reese Cole Jr.">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Brown_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Brown III (page does not exist)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Sr." title="Jon Huntsman Sr.">Huntsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_A._Kehrli" title="Bruce A. Kehrli">Kehrli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_H._Jones" title="Jerry H. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Connor" title="James E. Connor">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_G._Hutcheson_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard G. Hutcheson III (page does not exist)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gergen" title="David Gergen">Gergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Darman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_L._Chew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David L. Chew (page does not exist)">Chew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Cicconi" title="James W. Cicconi">Cicconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_D._Brady" title="Phillip D. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Podesta" title="John Podesta">Podesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Stern" title="Todd Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillip_M._Caplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillip M. Caplan (page does not exist)">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Maloney" title="Sean Patrick Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisel_Loy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisel Loy (page does not exist)">Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Miers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raul_F._Yanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raul F. Yanes (page does not exist)">Yanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Brown_(lawyer)" title="Lisa Brown (lawyer)">L. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_De" title="Rajesh De">De</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Kramer_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Kramer (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joani_Walsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joani Walsh (page does not exist)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Porter" title="Rob Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Lyons" title="Derek Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hertz" title="Jessica Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neera_Tanden" title="Neera Tanden">Tanden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefanie_Feldman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefanie Feldman (page does not exist)">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Scharf" title="Will Scharf">Scharf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/80px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/120px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/160px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4962244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1038" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4962244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1038" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4962244#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000044138643">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51433694">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1631749/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4tH6PhyHhQF9f7j6xjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1168502950">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006002148">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810643749805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007383135005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&oldid=1273241129">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&oldid=1273241129</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Category:Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1965_births" title="Category:1965 births">1965 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_lawyers" title="Category:20th-century American lawyers">20th-century American lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_lawyers" title="Category:21st-century American lawyers">21st-century American lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_Maryland" title="Category:Catholics from Maryland">Catholics from Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush_administration_personnel" title="Category:George W. Bush administration personnel">George W. Bush administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgetown_Preparatory_School_alumni" title="Category:Georgetown Preparatory School alumni">Georgetown Preparatory School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgetown_University_Law_Center_faculty" title="Category:Georgetown University Law Center faculty">Georgetown University Law Center faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:Harvard Law School faculty">Harvard Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judges_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_D.C._Circuit" title="Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit">Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Kirkland_%26_Ellis" title="Category:People associated with Kirkland & Ellis">People associated with Kirkland & Ellis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States">Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.">Lawyers from Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maryland_Republicans" title="Category:Maryland Republicans">Maryland Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Category:Lawyers from Bethesda, Maryland">Lawyers from Bethesda, Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_court_of_appeals_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush">United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Department_of_Justice_lawyers" title="Category:United States Department of Justice lawyers">United States Department of Justice lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="Category:United States federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">United States federal judges appointed by Donald Trump</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:White_House_staff_secretaries" title="Category:White House staff secretaries">White House staff secretaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_College_alumni" title="Category:Yale College alumni">Yale College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Yale Law School alumni">Yale Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_Law_School_faculty" title="Category:Yale Law School faculty">Yale Law School faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Munger,_Tolles_%26_Olson" title="Category:People associated with Munger, Tolles & Olson">People associated with Munger, Tolles & Olson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Williams_%26_Connolly_people" title="Category:Williams & Connolly people">Williams & Connolly people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use American English from July 2018">Use American English from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2023">Use mdy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:FJC_Bio_template_with_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata">FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 12:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Brett Kavanaugh</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 41 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-8dc8fc9cd-2t2tg","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.046","walltime":"3.441","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35543,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":831811,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43310,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1112911,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2955.840 1 -total"," 54.40% 1607.945 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.62% 786.985 164 Template:Cite_news"," 11.91% 352.062 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 10.92% 322.751 74 Template:Cite_web"," 6.64% 196.201 33 Template:Cite_court"," 6.49% 191.720 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.28% 126.600 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.23% 125.122 1 Template:Conservatism_US"," 2.81% 82.983 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.840","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12945863,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","16.3"],["?","280","15.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","13.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.3"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.3"],["reformatter \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation:922\u003E","40","2.2"],["date","40","2.2"],["[others]","560","30.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-wn8tk","timestamp":"20250212063756","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Brett Kavanaugh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brett_Kavanaugh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4962244","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4962244","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-17T21:45:25Z","dateModified":"2025-02-01T12:25:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Associate_Justice_Brett_Kavanaugh_Official_Portrait_%28full_length%29.jpg","headline":"U.S. Supreme Court justice since 2018 (born 1965)"}</script> </body> </html>